Apostasy in Islam - Knowledge

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Muhammad Rashid Rida excludes freedom to apostatize expressis verbis with the argument that apostasy infringes on the freedom of others and on the respect due to the religion of the State. Muhammad al-Ghazali does the same, using the reductio ad absurdum as an argument: "Must Islam allow rebellion against itself? No religion of a similar nature will readily answer in the affirmative... 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi and S.A. Rahman, follow the other method of escaping from the contradiction. They state unequivocally that capital punishment for the apostate is not compatible with freedom of religion and... must therefore be abolished

4140:, among scholars of shari'ah "of every century ... available on record", there is unanimous agreement that the punishment for apostate is death, and that "no room whatever remains to suggest" that this penalty has not "been continuously and uninterruptedly operative" through Islamic history; evidence from early texts that Muhammad called for apostates to be killed, and that companions of the Prophet and early caliphs ordered beheadings and crucifixions of apostates and has never been declared invalid over the course of the history of Islamic theology (Christine Schirrmacher). 4693: 3763: 11507:"Freedom of belief is protected and preserved in the Qur'an. Moreover, given that this is the stance of the Qur'an, it is likewise the stance of the Sunnah. The Qur'an makes clear that the punishment for a change in belief is one that will take effect in the life to come, while the Sunnah likewise makes clear that although a change in belief unaccompanied by anything else may have been interpreted to imply hostility against the Ummah and as a threat to its citizens and interests, there is, never-theless, no prescribed punishment for it in this earthly life 11346:...the essential question before us is can a person who is Muslim choose a religion other than Islam? The answer is yes, they can because the Quran says, 'Unto you your religion, and unto me my religion,' , and, 'Whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve,' , and, 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is distinct from error,' .... the matter is left until the Day of Judgement, and it is not to be dealt with in the life of this world. It is an issue of conscience, and it is between the individual and Allah. 4789:, in "religious polemic" in the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy were not unusual", but the accused were seldom prosecuted, and "some even held high offices in the Muslim state". Later, "as the rules and penalties of the Muslim law were systematized and more regularly enforced, charges of apostasy became rarer." When action was taken against an alleged apostate, it was much more likely to be "quarantine" than execution, unless the innovation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive". Another source, legal historian 2772:) Sunni hadith collection where Muhammad calls for the death of apostates or traitors. The wording of the hadith are almost identical, but in one, the hadith ends with the phrase "one who reverts from Islam and leaves the Muslims", and in the other it ends with "one who goes forth to fight Allah and His Apostle" (in other words, the council argues the hadith were likely reports of the same incident but had different wording because "reverting from Islam" was another way of saying "fighting Allah and His Apostle"): 3192:. According to one source, Jamileh Kadivar, the majority of the "27,947 terrorist deaths" ISIL has been responsible for (as of 2020) have been Muslims it regards "as kafir", as ISIL gives fighting alleged apostates a higher priority than fighting self-professed non-Muslims—Jews, Christians, Hindus, etc. An open letter to ISIL by 126 Islamic scholars includes as one of its points of opposition to ISIL: "It is forbidden in Islam to declare people non-Muslim unless he (or she) openly declares disbelief". 5083:

have been infrequent in recent times, with four cases reported since 1985: one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992. In Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Yemen apostasy laws have been used to charge persons for acts other than conversion. In addition, some predominantly Islamic countries without laws specifically addressing apostasy have prosecuted individuals or minorities for apostasy using broadly-defined blasphemy laws. In many nations, the

4433:); it's a man-made rule enacted in the early Islamic community to prevent and punish the equivalent of desertion or treason (John Esposito); it is probable that the punishment was prescribed by Muhammad during early Islam to combat political conspiracies against Islam and Muslims, those who desert Islam out of malice and enmity towards the Muslim community, and is not intended for those who simply change their belief, converting to another religion after investigation and research (Ayatollah 4454:); and every religion "underpinned the political and social order within ... the states they established" (Jonathan Brown); "This was also an era in which religion and the state were one unified entity. ... no Jew, Christian, Zoroastrian, or Muslim of this time would have considered his or her religion to be rooted in the personal confessional experiences of individuals. ... Your religion was your ethnicity, your culture, and your social identity... your religion was your citizenship." 5066: 5201:, sharing tales of the tension and anxieties of "leaving a close-knit belief-based community" and confronting "parental disappointment", "rejection by friends and relatives", and charges of "trying to assimilate into a Western culture that despises them", often using terminology first uttered by the LGBT community – "'coming out,' and leaving 'the closet'". Atheists in the Muslim world maintain a lower profile, but according to the Editor-in-chief of FreeArabs.com: 6313:"Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way." Footnote 38: "According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" 1640: 16834: 3400:

children, annulment of marriage, loss of inheritance rights. (A subsidiary law, also applied throughout the history of Islam, forbade non-Muslims from proselytizing Muslims to leave Islam and join another religion, because it encouraged Muslims to commit a crime). Starting in the 19th century the legal code of many Muslim states no longer included apostasy as a capital crime, and to compensate some Islamic scholars called for vigilante justice of

4567:, an Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body, issued a fatwa in the case of an Egyptian Christian convert to Islam but "sought to return to Christianity", stating: "Those who embraced Islam voluntarily and without coercion cannot later deviate from the public order of society by revealing their act of apostasy because such behavior would discourage other people from embracing Islam." (The Egyptian court followed the fatwa.) 15237: 2457: 2263: 16823: 1629: 669: 2744:

kafir after his Islam.' Umar asked, 'What have you done with him?' He said, 'We let him approach and struck off his head.' Umar said, 'Didn't you imprison him for three days and feed him a loaf of bread every day and call on him to tawba that he might turn in tawba and return to the command of Allah?' Then Umar said, 'O Allah! I was not present and I did not order it and I am not pleased since it has come to me!'

15249: 2766:, among others) that the hadiths above – traditionally cited as proof that apostates from Islam should be punished by death – have been misunderstood. In fact (the council argues), the victims were executed for changing their allegiances to the armies fighting the Muslims (i.e. for treason), not for their personal beliefs. As evidence, they point to two hadith, each from a different "authentic" ( 2438:. The verse includes the phrase that "there is no compulsion in religion". Immediately after making this statement, the Quran offers a rationale for it: Since the revelation has, through explanation, clarification, and repetition, clearly distinguished the path of guidance from the path of misguidance, it is now up to people to choose the one or the other path. This verse comes right after the 1942: 4920:(1839–1861), Stratford Canning, led diplomatic representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France in a "tug of war" with the Ottoman government. In the end (following the execution of the Armenian), the Sublime Porte agreed to allow "complete freedom of Christian missionaries" to try to convert Muslims in the Empire. The death sentence for apostasy from Islam was abolished by the 68: 3685:, the victim was legally executed and the government made clear he was being executed for apostasy, but the technical "legal basis" for his killing was another crime or crimes, namely "heresy, opposing the application of Islamic law, disturbing public security, provoking opposition against the government, and re-establishing a banned political party." When post-modernist professor 6218:, and it is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or one's freedom to leave Islam and embrace another faith, on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is imposed as a safety precaution when conditions warrant the imposition of it, for example, the punishment is imposed if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder ( 2110:, but with a number of options for leniency (such as a waiting period to allow time for repentance or enforcement only in cases involving politics), depending on the era, the legal standards and the school of law. In the late 19th century, the use of legal criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, although civil penalties were still applied. 12795: 4845:(d. 169/785) persecuted Freethinkers, and executed them in large numbers. He was the first Caliph to order composition of polemical works to in refutation of Freethinkers and other heretics; and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely, hunting them down throughout all provinces and putting accused persons to death on mere suspicion. 3749:

the Muslim community but who are considered unbelievers by other Muslims, there are also "serious forms of ostracism". These include the refusal of other Muslims to pray together with or behind a person accused of kufr, the denial of the prayer for the dead and burial in a Muslim cemetery, boycott of whatever books they have written, etc.

3739:(e) In case the apostate is not executed – such as in case of women apostates in Hanafi school – the person also loses all inheritance rights. Hanafi Sunni school of jurisprudence allows waiting till execution, before children and property are seized; other schools do not consider this wait as mandatory but mandates time for repentance. 3333:, a distinction is made between "fetri" or "innate" apostates who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty until converting to another religion, and "national apostates" – essentially people who grew up non-Muslim and converted to Islam. "National apostates" are given a chance to repent, but "innate apostates are not. 5104:

brave dissenting voices within Muslim societies, the threat of the application of the apostasy and blasphemy laws against any who criticize its application is an efficient weapon used to intimidate opponents, silence criticism, punish rivals, reject innovations and reform, and keep non-Muslim communities in their place.

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Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way. Footnote 38: According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later

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according to one "well known Muslim journalist of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik", "All great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside the pale of Islam according to one or

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Overall, the figures in the 2012 survey suggest that the percentage of Muslims in the countries surveyed who approve the death penalty for Muslims who leave Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion varies widely, from 0.4% (in Kazakhstan) to 78.2% (in Afghanistan). The Governments of

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between 2008 and 2012 among thousands of Muslims in many countries, found varied views on the death penalty for those who leave Islam to become an atheist or to convert to another religion. In some countries (especially in Central Asia, Southeast Europe, and Turkey), support for the death penalty for

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Efforts to convert Muslims to other religions were extremely unpopular with the Muslim community. Despite these edicts on apostasy, there was constant pressure on non-Muslims to convert to Islam, and apostates from Islam continued to be persecuted, punished and threatened with execution, particularly

4189:", i.e. according to classical Quranic scholars it has been overruled/cancelled by verses of Quran revealed later, (in other words, compulsion was not allowed in the very earliest days of Islam but this was changed by divine revelation a few years later) (Peters and Vries explaining traditional view). 3399:

From 11th century onwards, apostasy of Muslims from Islam was forbidden by Islamic law, earlier apostasy law was only applicable if a certain number of witnesses testify which for the most past was impossible. Apostasy was punishable by death and also by civil liabilities such as seizure of property,

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there is widespread consensus that apostasy undoubtedly exists where the truth of the Koran is denied, where blasphemy is committed against God, Islam, or Muhammad, and where breaking away from the Islamic faith in word or deed occurs. The lasting, willful non-observance of the five pillars of Islam,

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Allah's Apostle said: "The blood of a Muslim man who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle should not lawfully be shed except only for one of three reasons: a man who committed fornication after marriage, in which case he should be stoned; one who goes forth to

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Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and

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Malik related to me from Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Qari that his father said, "A man came to Umar ibn al-Khattab from Abu Musa al-Ashari. Umar asked after various people, and he informed him. Then Umar inquired, 'Do you have any recent news?' He said, 'Yes. A man has become a

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A bedouin gave the Pledge of allegiance to Allah's Apostle for Islam and the bedouin got a fever where upon he said to the Prophet "Cancel my Pledge." But the Prophet refused. He came to him (again) saying, "Cancel my Pledge.' But the Prophet refused. Then (the bedouin) left (Medina). Allah's Apostle

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Khomeini, Ruhollah (2014). "The Modern Period: Sources. Theological and Philosophical Texts. On Apostasy and Non-Muslims Author: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: 1981 Source: J. Borujerdi, trans., A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael". In Anderson, Matthew;

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that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of intolerance of other religions, and is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or to leave Islam and embrace another faith, but that on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is enforced as a safety precaution when

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More than 20 Muslim-majority states have laws that punish apostasy by Muslims to be a crime some de facto other de jure. As of 2014, apostasy was a capital offense in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Executions for religious conversion

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Some (Louay M. Safi), have argued that this situation, with the adoption of "European legal codes ... enforced by state elites without any public debate", created an identification of tolerance with foreign/alien control in the mind of the Muslim public, and rigid literalist interpretations (such as

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also states that after the early period, with some notable exceptions, the practice in Islam regarding atheism or various forms of heresy, grew more tolerant as long as it was a private matter. However heresy and atheism expressed in public may well be considered a scandal and a menace to a society;

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Unlike some other sharia laws, those on how to deal with apostates from Islam are not set in stone but should be adjusted according to circumstances based on what best serves the interests of society. In the past, the death penalty for leaving Islam "protected the integrity of the Muslim community",

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In Islam, apostasy has traditionally had both criminal and civil penalties. In the late 19th century, when the use of criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, civil penalties were still applied. The punishment for the criminal penalties such as murder includes death or prison, while In all

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In contemporary situations where apostates, (or alleged apostates), have ended up being killed, it is usually not be through the formal criminal justice system, especially when "a country's law does not punish apostasy." It is not uncommon in some countries for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt

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One motive for caution is that it is an act of apostasy (in Shafi'i and other fiqh) for a Muslim to accuse or describe another innocent Muslim of being an unbeliever, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is

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movement – disagree with their accusers on an important doctrinal point. (Ahmadi quote a Muslim journalist, Abdul-Majeed Salik, claiming that, "all great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside

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Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill

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Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Syria voted in favor of the Declaration. The governments of other Muslim-majority countries have responded by criticizing the Declaration as an attempt by the non-Muslim world to impose their values on Muslims, with a presumption of cultural superiority,

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The field of apostasy and blasphemy and related "crimes" is thus obviously a complex syndrome within all Muslim societies which touches a raw nerve and always arouses great emotional outbursts against the perceived acts of treason, betrayal and attacks on Islam and its honour. While there are a few

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The source of most violence or threats of violence against apostate has come from outside of state judicial systems in the Muslim world in recent years, either from extralegal acts by government authorities or from other individuals or groups operating unrestricted by the government. There has also

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In contrast, historian David Cook maintains the issue of apostasy and punishment for it was not uncommon in Islamic history. However, he also states that prior to 11th century execution seems rare he gives an example of a Jew who had converted to Islam and used the threat of reverting to Judaism in

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had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day. This principle was upheld "even in extreme situations", such as when an offender adopted Islam "only for fear of death" and their sincerity seemed highly implausible. It was based on the hadith that Muhammad had upbraided a

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The "premise and reasoning underlying the sunna rule of death penalty for apostasy were valid in the historical context" where 'disbelief is equated with high treason' because citizenship was 'based on belief in Islam', but doesn't apply today (Abdullahi An-Na'im, et al.); the prescription of death

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Another verse condemning apostasy – Q.4:137, "Those who believe then disbelieve, then believe again, then disbelieve and then increase in their disbelief – God will never forgive them nor guide them to the path" – makes no sense if apostasy is punished by death, because killing apostates "would not

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Compulsion in faith is "explicitly" forbidden by the Quran ('Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi); Quranic statements on freedom of religion – 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right path has been distinguished from error' (Q.2:256) (and also 'Whoever wants, let him believe, and whoever wants, let him

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Still others support a "centrist or moderate position" of executing only those whose apostasy is "unambiguously provable" such as if two just Muslim eyewitnesses testify; and/or reserving the death penalty for those who make their apostacy public. According to Christine Schirrmacher, "a majority of

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From around 1800 up until 1970, there were only a few cases of executions of apostates in the Muslim world, including the strangling of a woman in Egypt (sometime between 1825 and 1835), and the beheading of an Armenian youth in the Ottoman Empire in 1843. Western powers campaigned intensely for a

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The punishment is "rarely invoked" because there are numerous qualifications or ways for the apostate to avoid death (to be found guilty they must openly reject Islam, have made their decision without coercion, be aware of the nature of their statements, be an adult, be completely sane, refused to

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The conversion of a Muslim to another faith is often considered a "disgrace" and "scandal" as well as a sin, so in addition to penal and civil penalties, loss of employment, ostracism and proclamations by family members that they are "dead", is not at all "unusual". For those who wish to remain in

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According to sharia, to be found guilty the accused must at the time of apostasizing be exercising free will, an adult, and of sound mind, and have refused to repent when given a time period to do so (not all schools include this last requirement). The free will requirement excludes from judgement

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Orthodox apostasy fiqh can be problematic for someone who was raised by a non-Muslim (or non-Muslims) but has an absentee Muslim parent, or was raised by an apostate (or apostates) from Islam. A woman born to a Muslim parent is considered an apostate if she marries a non-Muslim, even if her Muslim

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A man from among the Ansar accepted Islam, then he apostatized and went back to Shirk. Then he regretted that, and sent word to his people (saying): 'Ask the Messenger of Allah , is there any repentance for me?' His people came to the Messenger of Allah and said: 'So and so regrets (what he did),

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The situation for apostates from Islam varies markedly between Muslim-minority and Muslim-majority regions. In Muslim-minority countries "any violence against those who abandon Islam is already illegal". But in Muslim-majority countries, violence is sometimes "institutionalised", and (at least in

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Throughout Islamic history the Muslim community, scholars, and schools of fiqh have agreed that scripture prescribes this penalty; scripture must take precedence over reason or modern norms of human rights, as Islam is the one true religion; "no compulsion in religion" (Q.2:256) does not apply to

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can be executed, whether apostasy is a violation of "the rights of God", whether apostates who were born Muslims may be spared if they repent, whether conviction requires the accused be a practicing Muslim, or whether it is enough to simply intend to commit apostasy rather than actually doing it.

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A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu'adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "What is wrong with this (man)?" Abu Musa replied, "He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism." Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the

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Writing in 2015, Ahmed Benchemsi argued that while Westerners have great difficulty even conceiving of the existence of an Arab atheist, "a generational dynamic" is underway with "large numbers" of young people brought up as Muslims "tilting away from ... rote religiosity" after having "personal

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In the colonial era, the death penalty for apostasy was abolished in Islamic countries that had come under Western rule or in places, such as the Ottoman Empire, Western powers could apply enough pressure to abolish it. Writing in the mid 1970s, Rudolph Peters and Gert J. J. De Vries stated that

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The three types (conversion, blasphemy and heresy) of apostasy may overlap – for example some "heretics" were alleged not to be actual self-professed Muslims, but (secret) members of another religion, seeking to destroy Islam from within. (Abdullah ibn Mayun al-Qaddah, for example, "fathered the

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killings have been directly by ISIL or through affiliated groups, from its inception in 2014 to 2020 according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance

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When I recently searched Facebook in both Arabic and English, combining the word ‘atheist’ with names of different Arab countries I turned up over 250 pages or groups, with memberships ranging from a few individuals to more than 11,000. And these numbers only pertain to Arab atheists (or Arabs

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Verse Q.2:217 – "hindering ˹others˺ from the Path of Allah, rejecting Him, and expelling the worshippers from the Sacred Mosque is ˹a˺ greater ˹sin˺ in the sight of Allah" – indicates the punishment for apostasy from Islam is death (Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi), Quranic verses in general "appear to

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The first method is used by those who are of the opinion that freedom of religion, as guaranteed by Islam, is embodied in the right of unbelievers to practise their religion freely without being forced to give it up or change it, excluding,....the freedom for Moslems to change their religion.

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Arguments against the death penalty include: that some scholars throughout Islamic history have opposed that punishment for apostasy; that it constitutes a form of compulsion in faith, which the Quran explicitly forbids in Q.2.256 and other verses, and that these override any other scriptural

4321:(Q.9:5), and there can be little doubt capital punishment for apostasy is incompatible with this principle – after all, if someone has the threat of death hanging over their head in a matter of faith, it cannot be said that there is "no compulsion or coercion" in their belief (Tariq Ramadan). 4781:

and early Abbasid periods, measures to defend Islam from apostasy "appear to have mostly remained limited to intellectual debates" He also states that "the most common category of apostates" – at least of apostates who converted to another religion – "from the very first days of Islam" were

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of those who refuse to repent of apostasy from Islam, what statements or acts qualify as apostasy and whether and how they should be punished, are disputed among Islamic scholars. The penalty of killing of apostates is in conflict with international human rights norms which provide for the

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points out that the logic of widely accepted claim that anyone helping an apostate is themselves an apostate, is a powerful weapon in spreading fear among those who oppose the killings (in at least the country of Pakistan). It means that a doctor who agrees to treat an apostate wounded by

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In Saheeh al-Bukhaari (6104) and Saheeh Muslim (60) it is narrated from ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Umar ... that the Prophet ... said: “If a man declares his brother to be a kaafir, it will apply to one of them.” According to another report: “Either it is as he said, otherwise it will come back to

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In Islamic history, laws calling for severe penalties against apostasy (and blasphemy) have not been used to protect Islam, but "almost exclusively" to either eliminate "political dissidents" or target "vulnerable religious minorities" (Javaid Rehman), which is hardly something worthy of

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whole complex development of the Ismaili religion and organisation up to Fatimid times," was accused by his different detractors of being (variously) "a Jew, a Bardesanian and most commonly as an Iranian dualist") In Islamic literature, the term "blasphemy" sometimes also overlaps with

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861 AH/1457 CE); these days, the number of apostates is small, and does not politically threaten the Islamic community (Christine Schirrmacher describing the "liberal" position on apostasy); it should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder

3317:. As described above, the difference between legitimate Muslim sects and illegitimate apostate groups can be subtle and Muslims have not agreed on where the line dividing them lies. According to Gianluca Parolin, "collective apostasy has always been declared on a case-by-case basis". 2684:

There was a Christian who became Muslim and read the Baqarah and the Al Imran, and he used to write for the Prophet. He then went over to Christianity again, and he used to say, Muhammad does not know anything except what I wrote for him. Then Allah caused him to die and they buried

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Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and

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The hadith(s) "calling for apostates to be killed" are actually referring to "what can be considered in modern terms political treason", not change in personal belief (Mohamed Ghilan), (Adil Salahi), or collective conspiracy and treason against the government (Enayatullah Subhani),

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Miller introduced the term 'Muslim-background believers' (MBBs) to encompass both groups, adding that the latter group are generally regarded as apostates from Islam, but orthodox Muslims' opinions on the former group is more mixed (either that 'Muslim followers of Jesus' are

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and he has told us to ask you if there is any repentance for him?' Then the Verses: 'How shall Allah guide a people who disbelieved after their Belief up to His saying: Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful' was revealed. So he sent word to him, and he accepted Islam.

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The Prophet Muhammad did not call for the deaths of contemporaries who left Islam (Mohamed Ghilan) – for example, apostates like "Hishâm and 'Ayyash", or converts to Christianity, such as "Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh" – and since what The Prophet did is by definition part of the

2376:) in the context of attitudes associated with impending punishment, divine anger, and the rejection of repentance for individuals who commit this act. Traditionally, these verses are thought to "appear to justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (according to 7678:

There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say that apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan

4370:"According to most established juristic schools, a hadith can limit the application of a general Qur'anic statement, but can never negate it", so the hadith calling for execution cannot abrogate the "There is no compulsion in religion" verse (Q.2:256) (Louay M. Safi). 2158:. Those who disagree argue that its punishment should be less than death, should occur in the afterlife, (human punishment being inconsistent with Quranic injunctions against compulsion in belief), or should apply only in cases of public disobedience and disorder ( 10164:

The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'When a person calls his brother (in Islam) a disbeliever, one of them will certainly deserve the title. If the addressee is so as he has asserted, the disbelief of the man is confirmed, but if it is untrue, then it will revert to

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7479: 5039:"apostasy no longer falls under criminal law" in the Muslim world, but that some Muslims (such as 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) were preaching that "the killing of an apostate" had "become a duty of individual Moslems" (rather than a less important collective duty in 4865:

wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj. (Previously al-Hallaj had been punished for talking about being at one with God by being shaved, pilloried and beaten with the flat of a sword. He was not executed because the

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Heresy; or "implicit" apostasy (by a Muslim), where the alleged apostate does not formally renounce Islam, but has (in the eyes of their accusers) verbally denied some principle of belief prescribed by Qur'an or a Hadith; deviated from approved Islamic tenets

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Other hadith give differing statements about the fate of apostates; that they were spared execution by repenting, by dying of natural causes or by leaving their community (the last case sometimes cited as an example of open apostasy that was left unpunished).

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At least some conservative jurists and preachers have attempted to reconcile following the traditional doctrine of death for apostasy while addressing the principle of freedom of religion. Some of whom argue apostasy should have a lesser penalty than death.

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Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Sadr, a Shi'a cleric based in Iraq, has also stated that Verse 2:256 was revealed to the Prophet Mohammad regarding Muslims who had converted to Christianity, and that the Prophet Mohammad advised against forcing them to return to

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another reason not to use the hadith(s) stating “whoever changes his religion kill him” as the basis for law is that it is not among the class of hadith eligible to be used as the basis for "legal rulings binding upon all Muslims for all times" (Muhammad

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While identifying someone who publicly converted to another religion as an apostate was straightforward, determining whether a diversion from orthodox doctrine qualified as heresy, blasphemy, or something permitted by God could be less so. Traditionally,

2380:), including the traditional capital punishment. Other scholars, by contrast, have pointed to a lack of any Quranic passage requiring the implementation of force to return apostates to Islam, nor any specific corporal punishment to apply to apostates in 11211:...participants generally refer to the established Saudi scholars. In this case, the most common source of reference was Muhammad Salih al-Munajid's well-known website: Islam Question and Answer which provides normative Saudi Arabian Salafi responses. 3457:, there are numerous doctrinal fine points outlined in fiqh manuals whose violation should render the violator an apostate, but there are also hurdles and exacting requirements that spare (self-proclaimed) Muslims conviction for apostasy in classical 8019:, 8, Tome 37, pp. 187–210, Mofid University (Iran), quote: "Shi'a jurisprudence makes a distinction between an apostate who is born to Muslim parents (murtad-i fitri) and an apostate who is born to non-Muslim parents (murtad-i milli)." (section 1.3) 4516:

Executing apostates is a violation of the human right to freedom of religion, and somewhat hypocritical for a religion that enthusiastically encourages non-Muslims to apostatize from their current faith and convert to Islam (Non-Muslims and liberal

6188:

From 1985 to 2006, only four individuals were officially executed for apostasy from Islam by governments, "one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992." These were sometimes charged with unrelated political

5062:, particularly if the apostate is vocal. In some countries, it is not uncommon for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt to kill apostates or alleged apostates, in the belief they are enforcing sharia law that the government has failed to. 10509: 10913:

No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009", Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown

14154: 3847:

channel, reaches a reported 100 million viewers, and whose debates and talks are widely distributed, supports the death penalty only for those apostates who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" as he considers it

3811:− as well as a valuable ally of the Egyptian government in its struggle against the "growing tide of Islamic fundamentalism", was "widely credited" with contributing to the 20th century Islamic revival in the largest Arabic country, 2143:). Another thirteen countries have penal or civil penalties for apostates – such as imprisonment, the annulment of their marriages, the loss of their rights of inheritance and the loss of custody of their children. 8810: 5049:

the execution of apostates), with authenticity and legitimacy. Autocratic rulers "often align themselves with traditional religious scholars" to deflect grassroots discontent, which took the form of angry pious traditionalists.

3794:"The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present" consider apostasy "a crime deserving the death penalty", according to Abdul Rashided Omar, writing circa 2007. Some notable contemporary proponents include: 8515:, pp. 23–24. New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications. Quote: "This was an open case of apostasy. But the Prophet neither punished the Bedouin nor asked anyone to do it. He allowed him to leave Madina. Nobody harmed him." 3036:

did not formulate general rules for establishing unbelief, instead, compiled sometimes lengthy lists of statements and actions which in their view implied apostasy or were incompatible with Islamic "theological consensus".

6353:

Muhammad had been unimpressed by claims that the dead man had adopted Islam only for fear of death. 'Who will absolve you, Usama,` he asked the killer repeatedly, for ignoring the confession of faith?`" source: ibn Ishaq,

4196:

Apostasy is usually "a psychological pretext for rebellion against worship, traditions and laws and even against the foundations of the state", and so "is often synonymous with the crime of high treason ... " (Muhammad

3782:: "Since he left Islam, he will be invited to express his regret. If he does not regret, he will be killed according to rights and obligations of the Islamic law." The Fatwa also mentions that the same applies to his 3293:. Some jurists believe that blasphemy automatically implies a Muslim has left the fold of Islam. A Muslim may find himself accused of being a blasphemer, and thus an apostate on the basis of one action or utterance. 14645: 3172:

writes that "used wrongly or unrestrainedly, this sanction would quickly lead to discord and sedition in the ranks of the faithful. Muslims might resort to mutually excommunicating one another and thus propel the

4350:) (e.g. "If they do not withdraw from you, and offer you peace, and restrain their hands, take them and kill them wherever ye come upon them" Q.4:90), (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists). 3732:(d) In case the entire family has left Islam, or there are no surviving Muslim relatives recognized by Sharia, the apostate's inheritance rights are lost and property is liquidated by the Islamic state (part of 11673: 8739: 6483: 3148:

writes that in "religious polemic" of early Islamic times, it was common for one scholar to accuse another of apostasy, but attempts to bring an alleged apostate to justice (have them executed) were very rare.

6787: 9750:"Blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions (sabb al-rasul, sabb al-sahabah): The introduction of the topic into shafi'i legal literature and its relevance for legal practice under Mamluk rule" 2848:

secondly, there had to follow unbelief (meaning the public declaration of a breaking-away from Islam), (having done these two the Muslim is now an unbeliever but not yet an apostate and thus not eligible for

3415:, (according to Abdul Rashied Omar), although "a growing body of Islamic jurists" oppose this, (according to Javaid Rehman) as inconsistent with "freedom of religion" as expressed in the Quranic injunctions 3870:, one of the most popular Islamic websites, and (as of November 2015 and according to Alexa.com) the world's most popular website on the topic of Islam generally (apart from the website of an Islamic bank). 3160:, "that takfir is not a fruitful path and that utmost caution is to taken in applying it", but in other writing, he made sure to condemn as beyond the pale of Islam "philosophers and Ismaili esotericists". 4192:

Because "the social order of every Moslem society is Islam", apostasy constitutes "an offense" against that social order, "that may lead in the end to the destruction of this order" (Muhammad Muhiy al-Din

5160:), who continue to self-identify as 'Muslims', or at least say Islam is (part of) their 'culture' rather than religion, but "understand themselves to be following Jesus as he is portrayed in the Bible". 5057:

While as of 2004 apostasy from Islam is a capital offence in only eight majority-Muslim states, in other states that do not directly execute apostates, apostate killing is sometimes facilitated through

13215: 10785: 2545:, Heffening holds that contrary to the Quran, "in traditions , there is little echo of these punishments in the next world... and instead, we have in many traditions a new element, the death penalty." 3689:

was found to be an apostate by an Egyptian court, it meant only an involuntary divorce from his wife (who did not want to divorce), but it put the proverbial target on his back and he fled to Europe.

10506: 3346:; and whether or not they know anything about Islam, by simply practicing the (new) religion of their parent(s) they become apostates (according to the committee of fatwa scholars at Islamweb.net). 11484: 4647:) after the death of Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. Shias believe 11126: 14140: 10992: 4175:

It "does not merit discussion" because apostasy from Islam is so rare (Ali Kettani), (Mahmud Brelvi); before the modern era, there was virtually no apostasy from Islam (Syed Barakat Ahmad).

3289:(apostasy). Because blasphemy in Islam included rejection of fundamental doctrines, blasphemy has historically been seen as an evidence of rejection of Islam, that is, the religious crime of 3128:, this act was automatically deemed to be proof of apostasy—because Islam teaches Muhammad was the last prophet, there could be no more after him. This view is alleged to be the basis of the 4560:

takes a less strict line (mentioned above), stating that only those Muslims who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" after converting from Islam should be put to death.

9254:

Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, Volume 14, pp. 275–289, 321–324

12494:, (Amarko Book Agency, New Delhi: 1975. First edn. published by Marshall Bros. Ltd., London: 1924) p. 9. Zwemer cites from 'Apostasy and its Consequences under Islam and Christianity' in 7311: 14897:

Monshipouri (1998), "Muslim World Half a Century after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Progress and Obstacles", The Netherlands Quarterly Hum. Rts., 16(3), pp. 289–290, 287–314

13975: 13526: 11022: 10605: 10118: 8658: 7901: 8089: 3469:

those who embraced Islam under conditions of duress and then went back to their old religion, or Muslims who converted to another religion involuntarily, either force or as concealment (

10925:

Product Description: The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Paperback)by Bettina Graf (Author, Editor), Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen (Editor) C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd

9003:

But, added al-Ghazali, that applies only to Muslim apostates, and one commits apostasy only when one denies the essential dogmas: monotheism, Muhammad's prophecy, and the Last Judgment.

3537:) agree on some issues—that male apostates should be executed, and that most but not all perpetrators should not be given a chance to repent; among the excluded are those who practice 10819: 5139:

have suffered from accusations of apostasy and demands to execute them, issued by Islamic clerics such as Mahmoud Ashur, Mustafa Al-Shak'a, Mohammed Ra'fat Othman and Yusif Al-Badri.

4486:

Transcending tribalism with religious (Islamic) unity could mean prevention of civil war in Muhammad's era, so to violate religious unity meant violating civil peace (Mohamed Ghilan).

4398:) and were not widely known amongst the Companions of the Prophet," and so ought not abrogate Quranic verses of tolerance (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists). 10754: 2387:– let alone commands to kill apostates – either explicitly or implicitly. Some verses have been cited as emphasizing mercy and a lack of compulsion with respect to religious belief ( 13192: 11306: 4951:(d. 1996), on the other hand, asserted that public, explicit apostasy automatically tened public order and hence; punishable by death. These scholars reconciled the Qur'anic verse 4580:

The charge of apostasy has often been used by religious authorities to condemn and punish skeptics, dissidents, and minorities in their communities. From the earliest times of the

7640: 6600:

By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith

4182:

The verse only forbids compulsion to believe "things that are wrong", when it comes to accepting the truth, compulsion is allowed (Peters and Vries explaining a traditional view).

14428: 14340: 14321: 12777: 5642:(Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait) did not permit Pew Research to survey nationwide public opinion on apostasy in 2010 or 2012. The survey also did not include 2879:

in particular the duty to pray, clearly count as apostasy for most theologians. Additional distinguishing features are a change of religion, confessing atheism, nullifying the

2092: 13047:

Silverman, A. L. (2002), "Just War, jihad, and terrorism: a comparison of Western and Islamic norms for the use of political violence", Journal Ch. & State, 44, pp. 73–89

4489:

Capital punishment for apostasy is a time-bound command, applying only to those Arabs who denied the truth even after having Muhammad himself explain and clarify it to them (

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caliphs al-Mu'taṣim (218–28 AH/833–42 CE) and al-Mutawakkil (233–47 /847–61) that we find detailed accounts" of apostates and what was done with them. Prior to that, in the

1096: 804: 11938:

verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" (p. 15).

5189:

doubts" about the "illogicalities" of the Quran and Sunnah. Immigrant apostates from Islam in Western countries "converting" to Atheism have often gathered for comfort in

30:

This article is about a general description and examination of apostasy from Islam. For the situation of those accused of apostasy from Islam (ex-Muslims) by country, see

12834: 11458: 10568: 7019: 12942: 4734:. Notable Christian converts to Islam who reportedly reverted to Christianity and were executed under the Islamic death penalty for this reason include "Kyros", who was 8261:. Quote: "He notes that the Qur'ān itself does not mandate any this-worldly punishment for religious apostasy but defers punishment until the next (cf. Qur'ān 2:217)." 4857:

pilgrimage was not required of a pure Muslim (i.e. killed for heresy which made him an apostate), but it is thought he would have been spared execution except that the

11667: 8731: 6475: 2920:) (by a Muslim) against God, Islam, its laws or its prophet, which can be defined, in practice, as any objection to the authenticity of Islam, its laws or its prophet. 12320:), circa late 1950s, English Translation entitled Murder in the Name of Allah, translated by Syed Barakat Ahmad (Lutterworth Press, Cambridge: 1989) p. 75; quoted in 6776: 5012:. The Edict of Toleration ultimately failed when Sultan Abdul Hamid II assumed power, re-asserted pan-Islamism with sharia as Ottoman state philosophy, and initiated 4421:

The punishment or lack for apostasy should reflect the circumstances of the Muslim community which is very different now then when the death penalty was established;

2117:

where apostasy from Islam was punishable by death, but legal executions are rare. Most punishment is extra-judicial/vigilante, and most executions are perpetrated by

14199: 12201: 9956: 4277: 13709:| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-'Adni, Abu 'Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.) 13283: 12716: 5220:

apostasy was confined to a tiny fringe; in other countries (especially in the Arab world and South Asia) majorities and large minorities support the death penalty.

16573: 13351: 9288:

Burhani A. N. (2013), Treating minorities with fatwas: a study of the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia, Contemporary Islam, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp. 286–288, 285–301

9140: 8959: 10900: 5227:

the law of the land were asked for their views on the death penalty for apostasy from Islam. The results are summarized in the table below. (Note that values for

5087:

doctrine of Islam has traditionally allowed any Muslim to accuse another Muslim or ex-Muslim for beliefs that may harm Islamic society, i.e. violate the norms of

4889:

were captured and executed on charges of apostasy from Islam by his brother Aurangzeb although historians agree it was more political than a religious execution.

3579:

crime. Unlike in other schools, it is not obligatory to call on the apostate to repent. Apostate males are to be killed, while apostate females are to be held in

1952: 16455: 10965: 4906: 4726:

for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent

15823: 14542: 11432: 11226: 7426: 4209:

arguments; and especially that the death penalty in hadith and applied by Muhammad was for treasonous/seditious behavior, not for a change in personal belief.

4002: 13226: 10777: 5163:'Christians from a Muslim background' (abbreviated CMBs), also known as 'ex-Muslim Christians', who have completely abandoned Islam in favour of Christianity. 3203:'s jihadis were wrong, but there is less unanimity in other cases, such as what to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) – post-modernist academic 14672: 4943:(d. 1905) argued that to be executed, it was not enough to be an apostate, the perpetrator had to pose a real threat to public safety. Islamic scholars like 3615:, according to the traditional view of the Mālikī school. Unlike other schools, the apostates must have a history of being "good" (i.e., practicing) Muslims. 2049:

or heresy by those who consider themselves Muslims, through any action or utterance which implies unbelief, including those who deny a "fundamental tenet or

15308: 10714: 9554:(Musalmanon ki Takfir ka Mas‘alah, by Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik, pp. 7–8, printed by Naqoosh Press Lahore, Anjuman Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan Lahore); quoted in 2088: 9609: 9530: 7075: 6453: 4955:

by arguing that freedom of religion in Islam doesn't extend for Muslims who seek to change their religion. Other authors like 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi,

3152:

The tension between desire to cleanse Islam of heresy and fear of inaccurate takfir is suggested in the writings of some of the leading Islamic scholars.

3144:, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is right." Historian 16440: 11491: 9401: 8926: 8709: 6629: 5069:

Penalties for apostasy in Muslim-majority countries as of 2020. Many other Muslim countries impose a prison term for apostasy or they prosecute it under

2755: 1923: 1091: 799: 13514:

Khoury, Adel Theodoro. 1994. Christen unterm Halbmond. Religiöse Minderheiten unter der Herrschaft des Islams. Freiburg: Herder, pp. 101–192; quoted in

2866:), should not be given a chance to repent, eliminating Al-Shafi'i's third condition for them although his view was not accepted by his Shafi'i madhhab. 2797:

fight Allah and His Apostle, in which case he should be killed or crucified or exiled from the land; or one who commits murder for which he is killed."

2788: 2716: 2696: 2657: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2561: 12754: 11123: 4274:(707–774 CE), all distinguished between non-seditious religious apostasy on the one hand and treason on the other, with execution reserved for treason. 10988: 8050: 5677:

2007) "hundreds and thousands of closet apostates" live in fear of violence and are compelled to live lives of "extreme duplicity and mental stress."

3663:

crime. The "mere intention of unbelief" without expression qualifies as apostasy. Unlike the other schools, repentance will not save a defendant from

2808: 10353: 8031: 6818:

Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In

2820:

Scholars of Islam differ as to what constitutes apostasy in that religion and under what circumstances an apostate is subject to the death penalty.

12594: 9651: 9576: 2581: 2571: 16539: 14637: 14118: 12492:

The Law of Apostasy in Islam: Answering the Question Why There are so Few Moslem Converts, and Giving Examples of Their Moral Courage and Martyrdom

10711:"English: This Fatawa describes how an Egyptian man turned apostate and the subsequent punishment prescribed for him by the Al-Azhr Fatawa council" 6344:

the prescription of death penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state

3301:

In collective apostasy, a self-proclaimed Islamic group/sect are declared to be heretics/apostates. Groups treated as collective apostates include

3233: 1213: 1180: 12296: 10688: 9230: 9045: 8600: 8480:

Sherazad Hamit (2006), "Apostasy and the Notion of Religious Freedom in Islam", Macalester Islam Journal, Volume 1, Spring 2006 Issue 2, pp. 32–38

7778: 7303: 4928:

in 1844. The implementation of this ban was resisted by religious officials and proved difficult. A series of edicts followed during the Ottoman

1225: 13966: 13517: 11102: 11074: 11018: 10596: 10109: 8649: 7892: 7349: 1963: 14941: 11739: 11710: 8071: 1515: 14196: 9896: 5633:

Visualisation of the total % of Muslims per country who support the death penalty for apostasy according to the 2013 Pew report's values.

5117:

attacker(s), or a police officer who has agreed to protect that doctor after they have been threatened is also an apostate – "and on and on".

4813:

in some societies they are punishable, at least to the extent the perpetrator is silenced. In particular, blasphemy against God and insulting

16878: 10238:

Muslims who were forced to choose between recanting Islam or suffering persecution were, and still are, permitted to lie by feigning apostasy

8401: 3667:, unless they are "national apostates" who were not born Muslims but converted to Islam before apostasizing, although it is disputed by some 3354:

In the 19th, 20th and 21 century issues affecting shariʿah on apostasy include modern norms of freedom of religion, the status of members of

3195:

There is general agreement among Muslims that the takfir and mass killings of alleged apostates perpetrated not only by ISIL but also by the

2845:"first, the apostate had to once have had faith (which, according to Al-Shafi'i's definition, means publicly professing all tenets of Islam); 1165: 4762:, and Eulogius' hagiography describes in detail the executions of the martyrs for capital violations of Islamic law, including apostasy and 3819:

law to be apostates who should ideally be punished by the state, but "when the state fails to punish apostates, somebody else has to do it".

2883:

as well as judging what is allowed to be forbidden and judging what is forbidden to be allowed. Fighting against Muslims and Islam (Arabic:

14967: 11539: 10738: 10413: 9847: 1250: 1175: 13184: 8843: 7382: 7246:. associate editors Patricia Crone, Wadid Kadi, Devin J. Stewart and Muhammad Qasim Zaman; assistant editor Mahan Mirza. Princeton, N.J.: 5091:(Islamic law). This principle has been used in countries such as Egypt, Pakistan and others to bring blasphemy charges against apostates. 16470: 11303: 10844: 9300:

Nuh Ha Mim Keller (1997), Umdat as-Salik by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law,

7636: 4898: 3671:. "Innate" apostates, who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty and until converting to another religion, should be executed. 1201: 14337: 14318: 13702: 9091: 7971: 4738:

in 769 CE, “Holy Elias” in 795 CE, and “Holy Bacchus” in 806 CE. The martyrdoms of forty-eight Christian martyrs that took place in the

4584:, the crime of apostasy and execution for apostasy has driven major events in the development of the Islamic religion. For example, the 4292:(d. 1090), believed that an apostate should be asked to repent indefinitely (which would be incompatible with being sentenced to death). 3248:) have killed hundreds of Ahmadis in that country. Whether this is unjust takfir or applying sharia to collective apostasy is disputed. 3196: 2140: 2136: 15171: 14611: 14436: 13161: 5714: 5690: 4833:, atheist or heretic who conceal their religion), experienced a wave of persecutions from 779 to 786. A history of those times states: 3432: 3424: 3420: 2184:, which means 'one who turns back' from Islam. (Another source – Oxford Islamic Studies Online – defines 1668: 10811: 16544: 16460: 7434: 5686: 5121: 4025: 3396:

There are differences of opinion among Islamic scholars about whether, when and especially how apostasy in Islam should be punished.

1835: 1505: 893: 8884: 16561: 14463: 12932:"Freedom of expression, apostasy, and blasphemy within Islam: Sharia, criminal justice systems, and modern Islamic state practices" 12677: 12162: 11367: 6973: 5741:, etc. Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Rashid Rida in Tafsir al-Minar, argue that the "freedom to apostatize", is different from 5109: 1170: 12137:

Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.).

10861: 6948:

Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.).

16868: 16524: 16445: 14722: 13561: 11329: 4546:) noted, this "freedom" has the advantage that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to". 3621:

school – waiting period of three days is required to allow the apostates time to repent and return to Islam. Failing repentance,

1916: 1510: 442: 15241: 7049: 6803:, that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance or ... renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty. 4324:

Neither verse Q.2:217, (Mirza Tahir Ahmad), nor any other Quranic verse say anything to indicate an apostate should be punished

3681:

to kill apostates or alleged apostates (or force them to flee the country). In at least one case, the high profile execution of

16465: 15355: 14286: 12818: 11454: 10892: 10552: 7602: 7003: 6897: 5809: 5718: 5629: 3826: 3801:(1903–1979), who "by the time of his death had become the most widely read Muslim author of our time", according to one source. 3041:, for example, devoting "chapters to dealing with takfir and the reasons for which one can be accused of unbelief" in his work 12931: 11672:. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 69–70. 3605:

school – allows up to ten days for recantation, after which the apostates must be killed. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3362:

faiths (considered appostates from Islam in Pakistan and elsewhere), those who "refuse to judge or be judged according to the

16883: 16475: 16432: 12560: 11849: 11059: 10928: 9877:. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 77–78. 5700: 2084: 329: 13897: 13736: 12984: 12878: 4112:

The question of whether apostates should be killed, has been "a matter for contentious dispute throughout Islamic history".

16863: 13578: 9926: 7673: 6304:

More recently, a growing body of Islamic jurists have relied on Quranic verses which advocate absolute freedom of religion.

4962: 4429:

penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state (

3917:, Director of Department of Philosophy and Theology - Center of Scientific and Cultural Publishing, Tehran (1998–2003) and 3435:("there is no compulsion in religion"); and a relic of the early Islamic community when apostasy was desertion or treason. 3181: 13816: 13675: 13634: 12904: 11816: 11770: 10646: 9948: 3807:(1917–1996), considered an Islamic "moderate" and "preeminent" faculty member of Egypt's preeminent Islamic institution – 11567: 4793:, argues execution was rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the 4121:

this punishment; apostasy is "spiritual and cultural" treason; it hardly ever happens and so is not worth talking about.

14386: 13382:"Decapitation of Christians and Muslims in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula: Narratives, Images, Contemporary Perceptions" 9129: 8951: 3185: 3168:

also "warned against unbridled takfir" while takfiring "specific categories" of theological opponents as "unbelievers".

15253: 15219: 15198: 15179: 15145: 15043: 15014: 14916: 14885: 14865: 14841: 14813: 14753: 14702: 14583: 14416: 14365: 14184: 14039: 14007: 13949: 13927: 13861: 13784: 13730: 13464: 13337: 13277: 13105: 13085: 13065: 12978: 12872: 12828: 12710: 12440: 12413: 12389: 12275: 12195: 12148: 12121: 12091: 12066: 12041: 11598: 11533: 11203: 11150: 10682: 10562: 10535: 10479: 10455: 10407: 10374: 10258: 10231: 10060: 10032: 9996: 9841: 9735: 9645: 9570: 9395: 9368: 9305: 9273: 9224: 9039: 8996: 8920: 8783: 8703: 8594: 8438: 8333: 8287: 8227: 8195: 8083: 7954: 7845: 7810: 7711: 7287: 7255: 7198: 7171: 7144: 7108: 7013: 6959: 6932: 6857: 6762: 6741: 6717: 6623: 6439: 6090: 6080: 6066: 6047: 6025: 6003: 5981: 5959: 5937: 5916: 5892: 5870: 4538:, stated that "if an individual doubts Islam, he does not become the subject of punishment, but if the doubt is openly 1909: 12082:

Saeed, Abdullah (2005). "Ridda and the case for decriminalization of apostasy". In Oliver Leaman; et al. (eds.).

10962: 9326: 5885:

Nieuwe Vrijdenkers: 12 voormalige moslims vertellen hun verhaal (New Freethinkers: 12 Former Muslims Tell Their Story)

4440:

The concept of apostasy as treason is not so much part of Islam, as part of the pre-modern era when classical Islamic

16327: 16281: 15941: 15935: 13891: 12663: 11420: 11398: 11162: 9749: 8120:

Other verses nonetheless appear to justify coercion and severe punishment for apostates, renegades and unbelievers...

6153: 4910: 4081: 4043: 3994: 2500: 2306: 1981: 1784: 1362: 1150: 507: 14550: 11613:

Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi, The Penal Law of Islam (International Islamic Publishers, New Delhi: 1991) p. 96; quoted in

11223: 10279: 10151: 4881:

declared Central Asian Turko-Mongol Muslims as apostates due to the invasion of Ghazan Khan; in 17th-century India,

2482: 2288: 16873: 16198: 16054: 15531: 15427: 12529: 12351: 11644: 10198: 8161: 6692: 5198: 4959:, etc assert that capital punishment for apostasy is contradictory to freedom of religion and need to be banished. 3117: 107: 14668: 11051: 9705: 4242:(though a minority) over the centuries who argued against the death penalty for apostasy in some way, such as ... 16692: 16498: 15312: 14092: 13965:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

13516:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

10595:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

10108:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

8648:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

7891:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

6143: 5842: 5190: 5045:

doctrine) and giving advice on how to plead in court after being arrested for such a murder to avoid punishment.

5017: 4992: 4902: 3245: 3136:

While there are numerous requirements for a Muslim to avoid being an apostate, it is also an act of apostasy, in

699: 39: 11193: 8548: 4877:

along with followers of Ismaili sect of Islam were killed on charges of being apostates; in 14th-century Syria,

4785:

Some sources emphasize that executions of apostates have been "rare in Islamic history". According to historian

3106:

Though disputed to express uncertainty such as "'I do not know why God mentioned this or that in the Quran'...";

3052:

and other scholarly works (i.e. works written by Islamic scholars) that allegedly demonstrate apostasy include:

2705:

said: "Medina is like a pair of bellows (furnace): It expels its impurities and brightens and clears its good."

16757: 16305: 16203: 15115: 14220: 13477: 13386: 13155: 12789: 12430: 10748: 9601: 9520:"Open Letter to 'Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi', To the fighters and followers of the self-declared 'Islamic State' ..." 9519: 8360: 8258: 7229: 7071: 6405: 6322:

See for example al-Shatibi, al-Muafaqat (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma'rifah, n.d.), vol. 3, pp. 15–26; quoted in

6148: 3998: 3090:

According to some to ridicule Islamic scholars or address them in a derisive manner, to reject the validity of

2467: 2273: 1774: 1661: 644: 14494: 9385: 8910: 8693: 6613: 5152:

Regarding Muslim converts to Christianity, Duane Alexander Miller (2016) identified two different categories:

4481:); Jews who abandoned the God of Israel to worship other deities "were condemned to stoning" (Jonathan Brown). 3355: 2829: 2106:

jurists held the view that for adult men, apostasy from Islam was a crime as well as a sin, punishable by the

1704: 16115: 15874: 15551: 10088: 8552: 8525: 4608:, and numerous deaths on both sides. Sunni and Shia sects of Islam have long accused each other of apostasy. 3952: 2763: 1372: 378: 12746: 11666:

Ali, Cheragh (December 2014). "The Modern Period: Sources". In Anderson, Matthew; Taliaferro, Karen (eds.).

10300:

Frank Griffel (2001), "Toleration and exclusion: al-Shafi 'i and al-Ghazali on the treatment of apostates",

8489:

David Forte (1994), "Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan", Conn. Journal Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 43–45, 27–47

3573:, although the delay before killing the apostates is not mandatory. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a 2975: 1412: 16677: 16654: 16264: 16120: 16110: 16016: 15669: 14459: 8047: 5927: 5671: 4933: 4496:

Now the only reason to kill an apostate is to eliminate the danger of war, not because of their disbelief (

1733: 1562: 410: 31: 12502:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 12324:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 11617:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 10507:

Professor Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid: Modernist islamic philosopher who was forced into exile by fundamentalists

10350: 8800: 8134:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 8028: 16779: 16644: 16450: 16218: 16011: 15388: 13403: 12590: 9632: 9557: 6128: 5194: 4782:"Christians and Jews who converted to Islam and after some time" reconverted back to their former faith. 4723: 4682: 4317:), "general, overriding principle(s)" (Khaled Abou El Fadl) of Islam, and not abrogated by hadith or the 3664: 3644: 3622: 3612: 3588: 3570: 3501: 3412: 2155: 2107: 2075: 2037:, in thought, word, or through deed. It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by 1789: 1759: 837: 457: 284: 5095:

been social persecution for Muslims converting to Christianity. For example, the Christian organisation

4414:

should be defined as "the public act of political secession from the Muslim community" (Jonathan Brown).

3448: 2906:, an Afghan who was arrested in February 2006 and threatened with the death penalty in a lower court in 16858: 16529: 16412: 15929: 15348: 13699: 13399: 13329: 13269: 12293: 10672: 9754: 9214: 9029: 8584: 7729:

Forte, D. F. (1994), Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan, Conn. Journal of Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 27–41

7279: 7247: 6331:"The sunnah, which is consistent with the Qur’an, reserves the death penalty for those who apostatised 6237:

writes that "nothing in the law governing apostates and apostasy derives from the letter" of the Quran.

4727: 4271: 3779: 3488:

Some of these requirements have served as "loopholes" to exonerate apostates (apostasy charges against

3343: 2739:

admonishes a Muslim leader for not giving an apostate the opportunity to repent before being executed:

1852: 1482: 1145: 959: 761: 497: 14002:

Selim Deringi (2012), Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press,

5952:

The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam (Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah)

4916:

prohibition on the execution of apostates in the Ottoman Empire. British envoy to the court of Sultan

3366:" and more recently the status of Muslims authorities and governments that do not implement classical 16622: 16609: 16310: 16139: 15835: 15557: 15520: 13846:

Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr Al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought

13261:

A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

13260: 11874:, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: 'Isa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1387–88/1967–68, 4 volumes; v. 1 p. 233; quoted in 11098: 11071: 5730: 4719: 4711: 4071: 3411:

In contemporary times the majority of Islamic jurists still regard apostasy as a crime deserving the

3378: 3241: 2154:; among Islamic jurists, the majority of them continue to regard apostasy as a crime which should be 2114: 1714: 1684: 1654: 1609: 924: 592: 304: 14933: 4841:) had once said, "except in matters dangerous to religious beliefs, or to the Sovereign's dignity." 4077: 16774: 16493: 16317: 16090: 15570: 15071: 14027: 11081:'s response to Mohamed Nazim; Location: Maafaanu stadium, Male', 10:30 pm Friday 28 May 2010, p. 4. 9888: 9480:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 9438:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 9121: 9072: 7703: 7503:"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism" 6118: 5783: 5639: 4921: 4874: 4597: 4564: 3859: 3650: 1891: 1857: 1754: 524: 324: 14517:"Anti-al Qaeda base envisioned; Exiled Egyptian cleric seeking to reclaim Islam in 'war of ideas'" 10710: 10447: 8393: 4759: 3330: 1956:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

16632: 15443: 14141:"Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All" 10974: 8250: 7341: 7221: 5858: 5274: 4095: 4051: 4029: 3938: 3217: 3212:

the pale of Islam according to one or the other group of religious leaders".) In the case of the

2852:"third, there had to be the omission or failure to repent after the apostate was asked to do so." 2478: 2284: 1719: 1552: 119: 15597: 14963: 11523: 10397: 9831: 8775: 8502:, in Encyclopedia of Islam, 3rd Edition, Leiden: Brill, Eds: Gudrun Kramer et al, Vol. 1, p. 132 8325: 8319: 8015:

Mousavian, S. A. A. (2005), "A Discussion on the Apostate's Repentance in Shi'a Jurisprudence",

5231:

have been derived from the values for the other two groups and are not part of the Pew report.)

3076:

belief that things in themselves or by their nature have a cause independent of the will of God;

1294: 16789: 16718: 16687: 16617: 15541: 15536: 15454: 14031: 14021: 13570: 13325: 11254: 10024: 8832: 7937: 7371: 6138: 6108: 4770: 4707: 4659:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to 4655:

to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shias and the Sunnis during the

4636: 4612: 4299:

There are problems with the scriptural basis for sharia commanding the execution of apostates.

3932: 3894: 3884: 3637:

school – waiting period not necessary, but may be granted. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3489: 3478: 3359: 3129: 3121: 2903: 2007: 1709: 1427: 843: 573: 339: 13770: 12185: 12111: 12031: 10841: 7098: 4747: 3625:

for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a

16735: 16713: 15464: 15341: 14573: 14112: 13574: 13321: 13255: 12700: 12652:

Wood, Asimi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law".

10221: 9988: 9982: 9080: 8988: 8982: 8275: 8183: 7979: 7835: 7188: 7161: 6687: 6215: 4969: 4553: 4497: 4434: 4343: 4033: 4021: 3924: 3836: 2935: 2837:

listed three necessary conditions to pass capital punishment on a Muslim for apostasy in his

2768: 2541: 2526: 2200:

in a political context. A person born to a Muslim father who later rejects Islam is called a

1830: 1805: 1500: 1329: 1135: 568: 393: 177: 132: 17: 14806:

Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights

14603: 13313: 13131: 10439: 7695: 7132: 6920: 6040:

Leaving Faith Behind: The journeys and perspectives of people who have chosen to leave Islam

4829:(often a "blanket phrase" for "intellectuals" under suspicion of having abandoned Islam" or 4751: 4739: 4700: 16392: 16299: 16244: 9476:

This is our aqidah and this is our methodology . (2015). Al-Himmah Publications; cited in

8353:

La 'ikraha fi al-din: 'ichkaliyat al-riddah wa al-murtaddin min sadr al-Islam hatta al-yawm

6367:

examples of countries where the government does not facilitate extra-judicial killings are

5814: 5803: 5696: 4692: 4310:

disbelieve,' (Q.18:29) – are "absolute and universal" statement(s) (Jonathan A.C. Brown), (

4246: 4125: 3851: 3798: 3682: 3654: 3580: 3236:, that Ahmadis are non-Muslims and deprived them of religious rights. Several large riots ( 3200: 2951: 2895: 2474: 2280: 2146:

In the contemporary Muslim world, public support for capital punishment varies from 78% in

2038: 1959: 1867: 1417: 1334: 1206: 766: 11669:

Islam and Religious Freedom : A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological and Legal Texts

5156:'Muslims followers of Jesus Christ', 'Jesus Muslims' or 'Messianic Muslims' (analogous to 3762: 3706:(a) the property of the apostate is seized and distributed to his or her Muslim relatives; 3653:

or Imāmī school – Male apostates must be executed, while female apostates must be held in

3314: 2891:

Kamran Hashemi classifies apostasy or unbelief in Islam into three different "phenomena":

2227: 8: 16627: 16503: 16397: 16213: 15652: 15449: 15163: 13473: 12900: 12263: 11315: 11257:(1998). "Punishment in Islamic Law: a Critique of The Hudud Bill of Kelantan, Malaysia". 10440: 8869: 8348: 7798: 7696: 7507: 6277:

Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014; 2015

6198: 6133: 6123: 5742: 5216: 5177: 5128: 5032: 4948: 4763: 4731: 4588:(civil wars of apostasy) shook the Muslim community in 632–633 AD, immediately after the 4490: 4089: 4057: 4017: 4013: 3965: 3948: 3808: 3804: 3771: 3584: 3257: 3080: 2913: 2518: 2080: 2046: 1862: 1840: 1820: 1724: 1693: 1597: 1547: 746: 692: 578: 212: 112: 12673: 12653: 12158: 12138: 11359: 6969: 6949: 16794: 16708: 16639: 16549: 16485: 16293: 16269: 15946: 15924: 15884: 15726: 15629: 15580: 15546: 15437: 15102: 15094: 14786: 14718: 14255: 14084: 13600: 13497: 13433: 13425: 13030: 12669: 12633: 12521: 12473: 12343: 12245: 12154: 12012: 11972: 11928: 11893: 11733: 11704: 11636: 11276: 11259: 10190: 10017: 9697: 9501: 9459: 9192: 8805: 8768: 8153: 7569: 7471: 6965: 6668: 6591: 5947: 5798: 5544: 5013: 4715: 4378:

of Islam, this indicates "that one who changes her/his religion should not be killed" (

4085: 4061: 3959: 3783: 2750: 2724: 2675: 2514: 1872: 1522: 1367: 1352: 1140: 1115: 1025: 873: 602: 559: 529: 512: 487: 432: 388: 100: 15792: 14996: 11333: 11124:

Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude

7932: 7041: 5206:

concerned with the topic of atheism) who are committed enough to leave a trace online.

3829:, who as of 2009 was "considered one of the most influential" Islamic scholars living. 16769: 16764: 16659: 16649: 16322: 16160: 16003: 15914: 15617: 15607: 15602: 15592: 15587: 15420: 15215: 15194: 15175: 15151: 15141: 15106: 15039: 15020: 15010: 15006: 14992: 14912: 14881: 14861: 14837: 14809: 14749: 14698: 14579: 14412: 14361: 14283: 14216: 14180: 14045: 14035: 14003: 13945: 13923: 13887: 13857: 13780: 13726: 13604: 13592: 13501: 13489: 13437: 13417: 13412: 13381: 13343: 13333: 13273: 13151: 13101: 13081: 13061: 13034: 13005:

Administrative court, judicial year 61, case 1318, decision 8 January 2008; cited in

12974: 12868: 12824: 12785: 12706: 12659: 12436: 12409: 12385: 12271: 12191: 12144: 12117: 12087: 12062: 12037: 11594: 11529: 11425:[Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: 'Not Every Conversion is Apostasy']. 11394: 11199: 11146: 10744: 10678: 10558: 10531: 10475: 10451: 10403: 10370: 10323: 10254: 10227: 10056: 10028: 9992: 9875:

Islam and Religious Freedom: A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological, and Legal Texts

9837: 9731: 9641: 9566: 9505: 9463: 9391: 9364: 9301: 9269: 9220: 9125: 9076: 9035: 8992: 8916: 8779: 8699: 8590: 8434: 8356: 8329: 8283: 8254: 8223: 8191: 8079: 7950: 7946: 7841: 7806: 7755: 7707: 7594: 7538: 7475: 7463: 7283: 7251: 7225: 7194: 7167: 7140: 7104: 7009: 6955: 6928: 6863: 6853: 6758: 6737: 6713: 6709: 6619: 6445: 6435: 6295:, not a single sect or a single family has been spared the accusations of apostasy." 6086: 6062: 6043: 6021: 5999: 5977: 5955: 5933: 5912: 5888: 5880: 5866: 5832: 5157: 5136: 5028: 5020: 4981: 4589: 4458: 4232: 4156: 4148: 4039: 3822: 3815:. (Al-Ghazali was on record as declaring all those who opposed the implementation of 3511: 3326: 3237: 3125: 2999:("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani 2984: 2522: 2377: 1845: 1825: 1779: 1764: 1602: 1532: 1467: 1432: 1407: 1387: 1299: 1260: 1236: 985: 937: 898: 883: 816: 811: 756: 718: 653: 639: 607: 467: 427: 289: 13318:

Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World

13078:

The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split

11135:"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafist movement)." 10472:

Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives

8526:"Sunan an-Nasa'i 4068 – The Book of Fighting [The Prohibition of Bloodshed]" 7557: 6889: 4107: 3618: 16799: 16784: 16534: 16239: 15961: 15899: 15889: 15879: 15864: 15612: 15515: 15487: 15375: 15131: 15127: 15086: 14778: 14247: 14076: 13849: 13582: 13481: 13407: 13127: 13020: 12625: 12513: 12465: 12335: 12237: 12004: 11964: 11920: 11885: 11628: 11268: 9763: 9689: 9491: 9449: 9184: 8321:

Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy

8145: 7942: 7586: 7582: 7528: 7453: 7443: 6843: 6839: 6819: 6705: 6701: 6660: 6583: 6425: 6421: 5991: 5906: 5745:

on the grounds that apostasy from Islam infringes on the freedom of others and the

5725:, Egypt. The Cairo Declaration differs from the Universal Declaration in affirming 4755: 4735: 4581: 4355: 4346:); the verses only indicate that dangerous, aggressive apostates should be killed ( 4285: 3390: 3066: 3024: 2803: 2783: 2711: 2691: 2652: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2556: 1472: 1422: 1015: 913: 908: 888: 452: 447: 398: 383: 368: 277: 156: 15286: 13460:

The Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion

12552: 11841: 11796:

The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in honor of Bernard Lewis

11591:

After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East

8057:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Milli Murtad 8038:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Fitri Murtad 4665:(excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunni and Shia Muslims to be either 2860:

wrote that one group, known as "secret apostates" or "permanent unbelievers" (aka

16725: 16422: 16367: 16167: 15853: 15813: 15702: 15658: 15432: 15327: 15209: 15033: 14876:

Denny F. M. (2005)," Muslim ethical trajectories in the contemporary period", in

14344: 14325: 14290: 14203: 13883:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

13881: 13776: 13722:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

13720: 13706: 13251: 13147: 12970:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

12968: 12862: 12377: 12300: 11310: 11230: 11130: 11094: 11078: 11055: 10969: 10848: 10513: 10357: 9918: 8623:

Toleration and exclusion: al-Shāfi'ī and al-Ghazālī on the treatment of apostates

8242: 8054: 8035: 7665: 7213: 7042:"UN rights office deeply concerned over Sudanese woman facing death for apostasy" 6247: 5902: 4462: 3942: 3928: 2943: 2219: 2204:, and a person who converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a 1998: 1644: 1577: 1382: 1289: 1120: 1030: 954: 794: 789: 751: 634: 587: 403: 363: 352: 334: 237: 182: 95: 13140:

The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām

11019:"Why a Saudi award for televangelist Zakir Naik is bad news for India's Muslims" 10091:(2000), "Islamic Da 'wa and Christian Mission: Towards a comparative analysis", 4461:

had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of Christianity; the

16837: 16554: 16407: 16249: 15951: 14136: 13841: 13801: 13660: 13619: 12916: 11951:

al-Nuzum allati yaqum 'alayha kiyan al-mudhtama' al-Islami. Madjallat al-Azhar,

11801: 11755: 11272: 10631: 10369:

Mohamed El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications,

10144:"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222" 9319:"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222" 8464: 7868:

warranted if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (

5768: 5734: 5024: 5009: 4996: 4985: 4940: 4925: 4696: 4466: 4430: 4403: 4347: 4186: 3914: 3890: 3880: 3724:(1) if they were not married at the time of apostasy they could not get married 3554: 2980: 2728: 1590: 1537: 1447: 1397: 1357: 1324: 1284: 1218: 1130: 1110: 1081: 1056: 1010: 685: 547: 534: 492: 437: 51: 15136: 14575:

Living among the Breakage: Contextual Theology-Making and Ex-Muslim Christians

14358:

Apostasy, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics

14305:

Living among the Breakage: Contextual Theology-Making and Ex-Muslim Christians

14236:, Bayrut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. 2 volumes; v. 1 pp. 535–538; quoted in 13587: 13552: 13025: 13008: 11561: 7590: 6848: 6430: 4219:) from the beginning of Islam in favor of capital punishment when a number of 4213:

How can it be claimed that there was a consensus among scholars or community (

3982: 3109:

Some also say include for the wife of an Islamic scholar to curse her husband;

2947: 16852: 16740: 16567: 16417: 15956: 15919: 15894: 15731: 15282: 15155: 15024: 14516: 14432: 14378: 13596: 13493: 13421: 13009:"Law and Moral Regulation in Modern Egypt: Hisba from Tradition to Modernity" 12864:

No god but God (Updated Edition): The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam

10327: 9496: 9479: 9454: 9437: 8114:

Dale F. Eickelman (2005). "Social sciences". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).

7831: 7759: 7598: 7542: 7467: 7448: 6925:

Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition

6867: 6449: 6113: 6035: 5738: 5096: 5070: 5059: 4952: 4878: 4790: 4786: 4543: 4379: 4253:) held that apostasy was liable only to a discretionary punishment (known as 3990: 3718: 3686: 3216:– who are accused by mainstream Sunni and Shia of denying the basic tenet of 3204: 3165: 3145: 3048:

Some heretical or blasphemous acts or beliefs listed in classical manuals of

2946:– but can involve the collective takfir of a large group and mass killings – 2939: 2834: 2416: 2132: 1877: 1815: 1738: 1542: 1457: 1442: 1392: 1377: 1319: 1304: 1230: 1125: 966: 903: 612: 517: 477: 15090: 14049: 12517: 12339: 11632: 9767: 9387:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8912:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8695:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8530:

Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)

8149: 6615:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

4425:

but today this goal is no longer met by punishing apostasy (Jonathan Brown).

16827: 16752: 16402: 16254: 16132: 15848: 15697: 15682: 15396: 15291: 14132: 13766: 13485: 12373: 9318: 9120: 9071: 7870: 6260: 6220: 6013: 5746: 5215:

A survey based on face-to-face interviews conducted in 80 languages by the

5113: 4956: 4917: 4535: 4503: 4335: 4067: 3867: 3657:

until they repent and return to Islam. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3566: 3482: 3229: 3169: 2576: 2566: 2439: 2160: 1896: 1633: 1614: 1572: 1567: 1477: 1462: 1402: 1279: 1076: 1061: 1020: 949: 920: 673: 619: 356: 88: 77: 14769:

Said, Abdul Aziz (1979). "Precept and Practice of Human Rights in Islam".

13853: 11170: 9816:. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2005. pp. 974–976. 7413:

Silenced. How Apostasy & Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide

5065: 2948:

takfir of Algerians who did not support the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria

16379: 15869: 15777: 15677: 15564: 14215:

William Cleveland (2000), A History of the Modern Middle East (2nd ed.),

12226:, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, , pp. 158–160; quoted in 11993:

al-Qahirah: al-Maktabah al-Tidjariyyah. 1383/1963, 272 p. 102; quoted in

11563:

Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Killing Of Apostates Is Essential For Islam To Survive

11427: 11296: 10932: 10271: 10143: 9678:"Some Observations on the Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam" 8870:"Fundamentally Danish? The Muhammad Cartoon Crisis as Transitional Drama" 7271: 7137:

Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians

7133:"The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization" 6234: 5788: 5655: 5377: 5132: 4973: 4944: 4882: 4862: 4830: 4743: 4706:

Modern historians recognize that the Christian populations living in the

4656: 4624: 4601: 4593: 4391: 4387: 4339: 4318: 4311: 4263: 4047: 3908: 3898: 3384: 3113: 3045:("The Criterion of Distinction between Islam and Clandestine Unbelief"). 2899: 2147: 2099: 1557: 1452: 1437: 1314: 1243: 415: 373: 297: 15268:"Why should a person who disbelieves after becoming Muslim be executed?" 14638:"Leaving Islam for Atheism, and Finding a Much-Needed Place Among Peers" 14409:

Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy codes are choking freedom worldwide

13429: 12525: 12501: 12347: 12323: 11640: 11616: 10989:"Saudi Arabia gives top prize to cleric who blames George Bush for 9/11" 10194: 10178: 8453: 8157: 8133: 7533: 7502: 5838:

Becoming Ex-Muslim: The secret group for Aussies who've left their faith

5729:

as the sole source of rights, and in limits of equality and behavior in

3442: 2902:), also described as "explicit" apostasy. (Hashemi gives the example of 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2373: 2349: 2337: 2329: 1639: 16682: 15764: 15721: 15692: 15267: 15260:

Apostasy, Freedom and Da'wah: Full Disclosure in a Business-Like Manner

15098: 14695:

Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations

14307:, Edinburg, UK: PhD Thesis, School of Divinity, University of Edingburg 14259: 14088: 12637: 12477: 12249: 12016: 11976: 11932: 11897: 11455:"REPORT – Definition of Islamic Law and the Crime of Apostasy in Islam" 11280: 11145:

Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 355.

11048: 10179:"The Danger of Takfir (Excommunication): Exposing IS' Takfiri Ideology" 9701: 9677: 9196: 7935:. In C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs; et al. (eds.). 7458: 6823: 6672: 6595: 6076: 5969: 5608: 5528: 5512: 5425: 5169: 4886: 4867: 4853:

was officially executed for possessing a heretical document suggesting

4628: 4620: 4616: 4605: 4585: 4549: 4478: 4451: 4281: 4267: 4250: 4133: 4007: 3832: 3538: 3153: 3137: 3056:

to deny the obligatory character of something considered obligatory by

3038: 2857: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2151: 2103: 2042: 1527: 1309: 1071: 828: 420: 35: 14790: 14197:

Fifty Thousand Orphans – Made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians

14064: 7304:"Death sentence for apostasy in nearly a dozen countries, report says" 4722:

multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers; many

4162:

If this doctrine is called into question, what's next? Ritual prayer (

4137: 16387: 15818: 15760: 15707: 15575: 15002: 14660: 14631: 14629: 14175:

Angold, Michael (2006), "Eastern Christianity", in Editor: O'Mahony,

13265: 12650:

Adil Salahi, Muhammad: Man and the Prophet (2002) 603–632.;quoted in

11299: 8556: 8430: 6686:

Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". In

5863:

Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus: A Devout Muslim Encounters Christianity

5823: 5457: 4850: 4838: 4314: 4224: 3918: 3904: 3710: 3213: 3208: 2427: 1086: 878: 319: 15054: 14251: 14080: 12782:

Religious Human Rights in global perspective: religious perspectives

12629: 12498:, November 1916, pp. 485ff, in his own Bibliography p.163. cited in 12469: 12241: 12008: 11991:

Huquq al-Insan bayn ta'alim al-ISlam wa-i'lan al-Umam al-Muttahidah.

11968: 11924: 11889: 11224:

Deutsche Welle: "Women in Islam: Behind the veil and in front of it"

10674:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

9693: 9602:"The Promised Messiah – Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (peace be on him)" 9188: 9031:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

8586:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

6664: 6587: 4825: 4410:

as simply "apostasy" – a standard practice – is really an error, as

2874:

Describing what qualifies as apostasy Christine Schirrmacher writes

2485:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2291:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 16730: 16226: 16084: 16036: 15830: 15736: 15687: 15415: 15259: 14782: 14543:"علماء أزهريون: القرآنيون مرتدون.. والأدلة من الكتاب المقدس تدينهم" 14490: 14238:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

14150: 12616:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

12456:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

12228:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11995:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11955:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11911:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11876:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11794:

Syed Barakat Ahmad, "Conversion from Islam," in C.E. Bosworth, ed.

10019:

Essential Islam : a comprehensive guide to belief and practice

9175:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

8770:

Essential Islam : a comprehensive guide to belief and practice

8247:

Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought

7218:

Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought

6651:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

6574:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

6263:

wrote "not everyone who falls into unbelief becomes an unbeliever"

5777: 5441: 5409: 5393: 5125: 4929: 4842: 4814: 4652: 4470: 4289: 3969: 3844: 3290: 3189: 3161: 3070: 2732: 2128: 2118: 1066: 942: 784: 726: 629: 597: 311: 245: 15118:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 14626: 13347: 13098:

After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

9949:"The child of an apostate Muslim remains Muslim. Fatwa No: 272422" 8444: 7372:"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws in Islam are applied" 6408:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 6250:

or the six most important collections of hadith for Sunni Muslims)

4575: 3854:, a Syrian Islamic scholar, considered a respected scholar in the 3729:(c) any children removed and considered ward of the Islamic state. 3184:(ISIL), for example, takfired all those who opposed its policy of 3142:

to accuse or describe another devout Muslim of being an unbeliever

2189: 16745: 16341: 16029: 15909: 15787: 15782: 15769: 15753: 15746: 15741: 15473: 15236: 14145: 11049:"Maldivian renounces Islam, gets attacked by Zakir Naik audience" 7427:"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" 6163: 5659: 5592: 5338: 5322: 4977: 4802: 4795: 4778: 4774: 4674: 4632: 4557: 4220: 4129: 4108:

Rationale, arguments, criticism for and against killing apostates

3840: 3699: 3634: 3592: 3546: 3530: 3225: 3020: 2970: 2862: 2123: 1769: 1051: 823: 462: 139: 14467: 11099:"10 Times Zakir Naik Proved That He Promoted Anything But Peace" 8533: 6732:

Frank Griffel, "Apostasy", in (Editor: Gerhard Bowering et al.)

4394:); the hadith are in a category relying "on only one authority ( 4354:

permit repeated conversion from and to Islam" (Louay M. Safi), (

4060:, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Professor of Law at the 3958:

Intisar Rabb, faculty director of the Program in Islamic Law at

16259: 16233: 16192: 16153: 16070: 15983: 15904: 15806: 15716: 15647: 15642: 15409: 15333: 15248: 15123: 15055:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 14808:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 241–242, 259, 260–263. 11391:

Blasphemy and apostasy in Islam: debates on Shi'a jurisprudence

8366: 8296: 8282:. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 122. 7578: 7407: 7405: 7403: 6835: 6831: 6697: 6417: 6413: 6372: 6368: 6158: 5726: 5576: 5560: 5496: 5290: 5224: 5173: 5088: 5084: 5041: 5005: 4966: 4870:

judge had ruled that his words were not "proof of disbelief.")

4858: 4661: 4474: 4375: 4144: 4010:, an Iranian-American scholar of religious studies and writer. 3972: 3855: 3816: 3787: 3602: 3562: 3474: 3470: 3401: 3310: 3302: 3141: 3100: 3092: 3084: 3011: 3005: 2964: 2930: 2880: 2536: 2234: 2210: 2050: 2034: 972: 865: 482: 472: 261: 229: 221: 206: 200: 84: 10360:, Revue des Sciences Politiques, No. 29, pp. 93, 97–98, 92–101 9282: 8877:

Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge

7556:

Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017).

4465:

had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of

3599:) after leaving Islam, not for converting to another religion. 3553:), and "recidivists". They disagree on issues such as whether 3156:"is often credited with having persuaded theologians", in his 2093:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

16508: 16333: 16287: 16275: 16077: 16063: 16022: 15799: 15637: 15494: 15480: 15401: 15364: 15214:. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 38–39. 13143: 12289: 12287: 10079:, Theologische Bibliothek Topelmann, Walter de Gruyter, p. 66 9512: 8450: 7520: 6755:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

6376: 5974:

Het recht om ex-moslim te zijn (The Right to Be an Ex-Muslim)

5792: 5722: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5258: 4989: 4666: 4640: 4330: 4255: 4239: 4163: 4147:", not just "one or two", call for the killing of apostates ( 3976: 3863: 3812: 3775: 3767: 3668: 3659: 3639: 3627: 3607: 3575: 3507: 3428: 3416: 3266: 3221: 3174: 3000: 2988: 2907: 2532: 2435: 2431: 2381: 2325: 2030: 991: 979: 931: 741: 624: 502: 193: 151: 144: 67: 59: 12113:

The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam

12033:

The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam

9781: 9266:

Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

8946: 8944: 8109: 8107: 7941:. Vol. 7. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 635–636. 7400: 4288:(97 AH/716 CE – 161 AH/778 CE) as well as the Hanafi jurist 3752: 2830:

Takfir § Characteristics of apostasy in classical Islam

2823: 16174: 16146: 16096: 16043: 15988: 15501: 15287:"Lives torn apart in battle for the soul of the Arab world" 14062: 13611: 10170: 8421: 8419: 7524: 7501:

Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.).

6784:

Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences

5488:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

5369:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

5306: 5250:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

4854: 4442: 4215: 4167: 3522: 3458: 3306: 3058: 3049: 3033: 2736: 2423: 2071: 1953:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

253: 161: 15122:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 14836:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 254, 258. 13058:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

12284: 9250: 9248: 6830:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. 6412:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 6287:

the other group of religious leaders. In the realm of the

3099:

Some also say to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate

2083:, as demonstrated in human rights instruments such as the 14804:

Brems, E (2001). "Islamic Declarations of Human Rights".

14234:

al-tashri al-djina'i al-Islam muqaran bi-al-qanun al-wadi

12784:. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. pp. 356–357. 10812:"Mohammed al-Ghazali, 78, An Egyptian Cleric and Scholar" 10220:

Ibrahim, R. (2009). Gallagher, J.; Patterson, E. (eds.).

9805: 9793: 8941: 8833:"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws are applied" 8104: 6214:

that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of

5060:

extrajudicial killings performed by the apostate's family

4651:

is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider

4648: 4531: 4530:

At a 2009-human rights conference at Mofid University in

4223:

and early Islamic scholars (Ibn al-Humam, al-Marghinani,

3140:

and other schools of Islamic jurisprudence, for a Muslim

3083:

and/or to translate the Quran in any language other than

2531:

The classical shariah punishment for apostasy comes from

14429:"The Application of the Apostasy Law in the World Today" 13764: 10671:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

10590: 10588: 10586: 10103: 10101: 9213:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

9028:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

8583:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

8416: 7425:

Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).

5680: 5035:

apostates from Islam in Turkey (Stavriotes, Kromlides).

4924:, and substituted with other forms of punishment by the 4563:

While not speaking to the issue of executing apostates,

4227:, Sarakhsi, Ibrahim al-Nakh'i) opposed the execution of 3825:(b. 1926), another "moderate" Islamist, chairman of the 3492:, were dropped on the grounds he was "mentally unfit"). 15168:

Apostasy in Islam: A Historical and Scriptural Analysis

13555:

The Martyrs of Cordoba, 850–859. A Study of the Sources

13146:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 10978:. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 7 August 2011. 9361:

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9245: 7886: 7884: 7698:

The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought

7244:

The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought

7100:

The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

6734:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

5996:

From Al Qaeda to Atheism: The Girl Who Would Not Submit

4907:

Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques

4390:(1759–1834 CE)); as their authenticity is not certain ( 4155:

justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (

3065:

revile, question, wonder, doubt, mock, and/or deny the

34:. For the sociological perspectives of ex-Muslims, see 15311:. Understanding Islam. 6 December 1998. Archived from 14697:, British Institute of International Comparative Law, 14597: 14595: 13700:

Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah

10446:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10302:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

9867: 9865: 9384:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8909:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8692:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8641: 7159: 6786:. The American University in Cairo, Egypt. p. 2. 6612:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

4746:

written by the Iberian Christian and Latinist scholar

4003:

Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford

3449:

Takfir § Exemptions_and_extenuating_circumstances

27:

Islamic views on the renunciation of Islam by a Muslim

14909:

Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law, Volume 10

13958: 13508: 12705:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Global Media. p. 65. 10840:

Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA),

10583: 10530:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–231. 10098: 9976: 9974: 9941: 9825: 9823: 9741: 9139:. p. Chapter O8.0: Apostasy from Islam (Ridda). 7694:

Ibrahim, Hassan (2006). Abu-Rabi', Ibrahim M. (ed.).

6018:

The Atheist Muslim: A Journey from Religion to Reason

3647:

for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam.

3516: 3443:

Who qualifies for judgement for the crime of apostasy

3228:) – the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has declared in 2192:(non-believer)", but "a particularly heinous type".) 15053:

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015).

14338:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

14319:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

12268:

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists

11554: 11517: 11515: 8952:"Zarqawi's Anti-Shi'a Legacy: Original or Borrowed?" 8761: 8759: 8757: 7881: 7803:

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists

7558:"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 4939:

This was also the time that Islamic modernists like

3284: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3220:(Ahmadis state they believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a 2089:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2024: 2012: 14592: 14063:Peters, J. J. De Vries, Rudolph, Gert (1976–1977). 13652: 12609: 12449: 12023: 10842:"Faraj Fawda, or the cost of Freedom of Expression" 10623: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10383: 9862: 8987:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 7859: 7857: 7364: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6042:. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 192. 4619:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between 3786:if they entered Islam and left it after they reach 3645:

Death penalty is the traditional form of punishment

3623:

death penalty is the recommended form of punishment

3130:

rejection of Ahmadi Muslims as apostates from Islam

3015:decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine 14226: 12658:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 152–171. 12105: 12103: 10016: 9971: 9820: 9268:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6, 8. 8767: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8190:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 120. 7549: 7235: 7135:. In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). 6813: 6811: 5699:run contrary to Article 18 of the United Nations' 4800:follower for killing a raider who had uttered the 4266:(d. 483 AH/ 1090 CE) and Imam Ibnul Humam (d. 681 4238:In addition there have been a number of prominent 3611:crime. Both male and female apostates deserve the 2934:, often involve public thinkers and theologians – 2815: 15172:International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) 15059:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 14911:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 17. 14401: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13447: 12183: 12109: 12056: 12029: 11872:Ahkam al-Qura'an. Tahqiq 'Ali Muhammad al-Badjawi 11512: 10893:"Qatar-based cleric calls for Egypt vote boycott" 10890: 10670: 10243: 9594: 9212: 9027: 8754: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8471:, p.63, note v.256, éditions Albin Michel, Paris. 8113: 8065: 8063: 7555: 7494: 7326: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 5717:—a joint declaration of the member states of the 5052: 4837:"Tolerance is laudable", the Spiller (the Caliph 4570: 3758:Support among contemporary preachers and scholars 16850: 15328:Apostasy: Oxford Bibliographies, Islamic Studies 14460:"The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam" 14331: 14131: 13998: 13996: 13802:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13661:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13620:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13136:): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem" 12923: 12780:. In John Witte; Johan D. Van Der Vyver (eds.). 12484: 12429:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2001). "Apostasy". 11870:Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Allah Ibn al-'Arabi, 11802:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 11756:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 10991:. Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2015. 10907: 10632:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 10516:|By Adel Darwish | 14 July 2010 |The Independent 10380: 10264: 10213: 10046: 10044: 9987:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 9208: 9206: 7854: 7689: 7687: 7241: 7186: 6927:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–159. 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6392: 5108:Similar views are expressed by the non-theistic 4170:)? Even Muhammad's mission? (Abul A'la Maududi). 3951:(1935–2016), founder and former chairman of the 14858:Philosophy of Human Rights: Theory and Practice 14827: 14825: 13793: 13375: 13373: 13371: 13369: 13307: 13305: 13303: 13301: 13216:"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism" 13122: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13114: 12810: 12778:"Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights" 12740: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12100: 11589:Kendal, Elizabeth (2016). "Hasten to Success". 11093: 10947:Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists 10853: 10544: 10433: 10431: 10077:Christians and Muslims: The Dialogue Activities 10023:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 9377: 8902: 8825: 8801:"Afghan Case Against Christian Convert Falters" 8774:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 8676: 8125: 6808: 6644: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 5491:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 5372:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 5253:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 4710:between the 7th and 10th centuries AD suffered 4576:From the Middle Ages to the early modern period 3116:; i.e., for someone to declare that they are a 38:. For organisations by and for ex-Muslims, see 15162: 15070:Peters, Rudolph; De Vries, Gert J. J. (1976). 13444: 13244: 13185:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'" 12499: 12321: 12130: 11614: 10805: 10803: 10740:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 10664: 10528:Islamic law and international human rights law 10519: 9836:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 52–53. 9669: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9021: 8571: 8372: 8302: 8131: 8060: 7090: 7005:Human Rights : Universality and Diversity 6988: 6874: 6605: 4821:order to gain better treatment and privilege. 3454: 3358:(considered unbeliever/apostates in Iran) and 15349: 14934:"Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond" 14578:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 49–52. 14360:, Editors: Suad Joseph and Afsāna Naǧmābādī, 14347:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014) 14328:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014) 13993: 13875: 13873: 13314:"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam" 12553:"Arguments for and against the death penalty" 12143:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 169. 11842:"Arguments for and against the death penalty" 10500: 10041: 9429: 9203: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9067: 9065: 9063: 8474: 7930: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7830: 7684: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7276:Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations 6954:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 164. 5016:in 1894 against Christians, particularly the 4849:The famous Sufi mystic of 10th-century Iraq, 4724:were executed under the Islamic death penalty 4542:, this is not permissible." As one observer ( 4406:); and in fact, translating the Islamic term 4185:Others maintain that verse Q.2:256 has been " 2841:. (In the words of Frank Griffel) these are: 2180:in Islamic literature. An apostate is called 2098:Until the late 19th century, the majority of 1917: 1662: 693: 15330:Andrew March (2010), Oxford University Press 15113: 14931: 14822: 14117:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13964: 13544: 13515: 13366: 13298: 13111: 13013:International Journal of Middle East Studies 12856: 12854: 12852: 12775: 12731: 12575: 12550: 12372: 12262: 11659: 11195:Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God 11044: 11042: 11040: 11012: 11010: 10809: 10769: 10594: 10485: 10428: 10107: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9016:Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa 8647: 8636:Fayasl al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-zandaqa 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8207: 7890: 7797: 7500: 7180: 6498: 6403: 6358:, p. 667; al-Bukhari, 5.59.568; Muslim 1.176 5485:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 5366:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 5247:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 4179:repent, etc.) (Religious Tolerance website). 3043:Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa 2958: 2167: 2062: 2029:) is commonly defined as the abandonment of 2018: 1214:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 14878:The Blackwell companion to religious ethics 14719:"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 14635: 14237: 12999: 12615: 12455: 12435:. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. p. 120. 12227: 11994: 11954: 11910: 11875: 11528:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 121. 11422:آيت الله منتظری: هر تغيير مذهبی ارتداد نيست 10981: 10800: 10743:. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. 9416: 9174: 9158: 8273: 7660: 7658: 7207: 7072:"Saudi Arabia: Writer Faces Apostasy Trial" 6777:"Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity" 6650: 6573: 4899:Anti-Christian sentiment in the Middle East 4742:between 850 and 859 CE are recorded in the 4699:is venerated in Christianity as one of the 3405: 15356: 15342: 15207: 14713: 14711: 14279: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14271: 14269: 13870: 13760: 13758: 13756: 13754: 13712: 12960: 12366: 11738:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11709:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11249: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11239: 10957: 10955: 10730: 10402:. 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Simon & Schuster UK. 5776:(2015) – Benjamin Zand for 5774:Ex-Muslim: Leaving Religion 5195:Ex-Muslims of North America 4364: 3999:St Antony's College, Oxford 3852:Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid 3502:Capital punishment in Islam 3337:Children raised in apostasy 3285: 3279: 3273: 3265: 3218:the Finality of Prophethood 3186:exterminating and enslaving 3003:, are threatening him with 2950:in 1997, takfir of Shia by 2481:the claims made and adding 2287:the claims made and adding 2228: 2113:As of 2021, there were ten 2025: 2013: 1162:Militant Islamism based in 241:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 16900: 16595: 15116:"Chapter 7: Leaving Islam" 14293:Library of Congress (2014) 13886:. Macmillan. p. 237. 13725:. Macmillan. p. 239. 13400:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 13330:Princeton University Press 13270:Cambridge University Press 12973:. Macmillan. p. 249. 12699:Subhani, M E Asad (2005). 12110:Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). 12030:Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). 11273:10.1163/026805598125826102 11198:. Routledge. p. 335. 10051:Hackett, Rosalind (2008). 9873:Taliaferro, Karen (eds.). 9755:Journal of Semitic Studies 9728:Religion: Beyond a Concept 8511:Dr. M. E. Subhani (2005), 7805:. HarperOne. p. 158. 7280:Cambridge University Press 7248:Princeton University Press 6406:"Chapter 7: Leaving Islam" 5998:. Free Hearts Free Minds. 5831:(2017) – Mobeen Azhar for 5684: 5669: 5607: 5591: 5575: 5559: 5543: 5527: 5511: 5495: 5456: 5440: 5424: 5408: 5392: 5376: 5337: 5321: 5305: 5289: 5273: 5257: 4896: 4615:with the emergence of the 4303: 3505: 3499: 3446: 3255: 2983:educator and intellectual 2968: 2962: 2827: 2512: 2414: 1483:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1146:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 805:Salafism by country/region 29: 16816: 16701: 16668: 16608: 16604: 16590: 16517: 16484: 16456:Geography and cartography 16431: 16378: 16374: 16358: 16184: 16106: 16053: 16002: 15998: 15974: 15844: 15668: 15628: 15511: 15463: 15387: 15383: 15372: 15309:"Punishment for Apostasy" 15137:10.1163/9789004331471_008 13588:10.1215/00182168-44.4.644 13256:"The Reign of Antichrist" 13076:Barnaby Rogerson (2007), 13026:10.1017/S002074382000080X 12823:. Springer. p. 212. 12406:Punishment in Islamic Law 12378:"Summary and Conclusions" 12294:Tariq Ramadan on Apostasy 11192:Gauvain, Richard (2012). 10737:Brown, Daniel W. (1996). 10557:. Springer. p. 209. 10512:25 September 2015 at the 10223:Debating the War of Ideas 10053:Proselytization revisited 8657:. Brill. pp. 81–82. 7863:Ahmet Albayrak writes in 7591:10.1163/15730255-31020044 7187:John L. Esposito (2004). 7166:. Routledge. p. 10. 7008:. Springer. p. 210. 6849:10.1163/9789004435544_026 6431:10.1163/9789004331471_008 6210:Ahmet Albayrak writes in 6201:taken from 2008 and 2012. 5926:Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2011). 5822:(2016) – Poppy Begum for 5358:South and Southeast Asia 5122:reformist/liberal Muslims 4469:; in China at that time, 4446:was developed, and when " 3780:converted to Christianity 3370:law in its completeness. 3242:1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots 3112:to make a declaration of 2959:Issues in defining heresy 2446: 2168:Etymology and terminology 2115:Muslim-majority countries 1610:Islam and other religions 1563:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 1092:International propagation 800:International propagation 16775:Islamic view of miracles 14356:Nancy Gallagher (2005), 14028:Walnut Creek, California 13705:4 September 2015 at the 12674:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 12159:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 11421: 11389:Kadīvar, Moḥsen (2021). 11309:24 December 2008 at the 11077:8 September 2013 at the 10438:Peters, Rudolph (2005). 10356:3 September 2014 at the 10226:. Springer. p. 68. 9814:Encyclopedia of Religion 9497:10.1177/2347798920921706 9455:10.1177/2347798920921706 9122:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri 9073:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri 8732:"No God, not even Allah" 8070:McAuliffe, Jane (2020). 7449:10.1177/0261927X19868494 7308:National Secular Society 6970:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 6476:"No God, not even Allah" 6175: 6119:Apostasy in Christianity 6038:; Mughal, Fiyaz (2018). 5640:Gulf Cooperation Council 4995:were perpetrated by the 4565:Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah 3921:Duke University (2009–). 3709:(b) his or her marriage 3081:createdness of the Quran 3019:, N. 17, 28 April 1908, 2319: 1254:Governance of the Jurist 330:Medieval Islamic science 16874:Persecution of atheists 16530:Creationism (evolution) 15091:10.1163/157006076X00017 14907:Cotran, Eugene (2006). 14289:11 October 2017 at the 14202:9 November 2012 at the 13880:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 13719:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 12967:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 12518:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 12340:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 12314:Mazhab ke Nam per Khoon 11724:Brelvi, Mahmud (1968). 11633:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 11255:Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 10975:Daily News and Analysis 10968:13 January 2012 at the 10945:Raymond William Baker, 10322:(4): 41–42, Chapter 2. 9981:Esposito, John (1996). 9676:Lewis, Bernard (1953). 9359:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 9264:Minahan, James (2012). 8251:Oxford University Press 8150:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 8053:22 October 2013 at the 8017:Modarres Human Sciences 8003:The Islamic Middle East 7754:(4): 36–37, chapter 2. 7222:Oxford University Press 7163:Islam: the key concepts 7097:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 6057:Sultan, Harris (2018). 5758:Films and documentaries 4744:hagiographical treatise 4639:to the guidance of the 4363:Hadith and Sunnah (see 4272:Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i 4052:University of Amsterdam 3939:Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr 3858:movement (according to 3585:beaten every three days 3529:) and their respective 3177:to complete disaster." 2856:Three centuries later, 2735:(rightly guide) Caliph 1363:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 16790:Persecution of Muslims 16688:List of former Muslims 15537:Succession to Muhammad 15240:Quotations related to 15038:. Hurst. p. 288. 15032:Cottee, Simon (2015). 14832:Cismas, Ioana (2014). 14771:Universal Human Rights 14746:Ethics of human rights 14693:Nisrine Abiad (2008), 14343:6 October 2014 at the 14232:'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, 14020:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 13809:J Studies Arabic Islam 13571:Durham, North Carolina 13486:10.1353/earl.1996.0079 13326:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 11728:. Karachi. p. ix. 11054:27 August 2013 at the 10349:David F Forte (2011), 10015:Morgan, Diane (2010). 9800:Saeed & Saeed 2004 9788:Saeed & Saeed 2004 9034:. Brill. p. 220. 8766:Morgan, Diane (2010). 8498:Frank Griffel (2007), 8425:Mustansir Mir (2008), 8184:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 8034:22 August 2013 at the 7938:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7931:Heffening, W. (1993). 7637:"Beliefs about Sharia" 6688:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 6139:List of former Muslims 6109:List of former Muslims 5710: 5634: 5208: 5106: 5074: 5000: 4893:Colonial era and after 4873:In 12th-century Iran, 4847: 4703: 4635:was disputed over the 4613:early history of Islam 4221:companions of Muhammad 3901:of Egypt (2002–2003). 3895:Grand Imam of Al-Azhar 3885:Grand Imam of Al-Azhar 3862:); and founder of the 3791: 3393: 3252:Overlap with blasphemy 3122:early history of Islam 3028: 2889: 2813: 2793: 2760: 2721: 2701: 2681: 2662: 2642: 2586: 1962:by rewriting it in an 1428:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 844:Islamic fundamentalism 340:Succession to Muhammad 16574:Conversion to mosques 16441:Alchemy and chemistry 13974:. Brill. p. 83. 13942:Encyclopedia of Islam 13918:Robert Burns (2011), 13854:10.1163/9789004452848 13575:Duke University Press 13525:. Brill. p. 82. 13322:Princeton, New Jersey 13214:Hasan, Usama (2012). 11989:Muhammad al-Ghazali, 11695:Kettani, Ali (1986). 11129:23 March 2019 at the 10866:Oxford Bibliographies 10847:14 March 2009 at the 10677:. Brill. p. 14. 10604:. Brill. p. 85. 10304:, 64(03), pp. 348–349 10251:Hispano-Arabic Poetry 10117:. Brill. p. 86. 9768:10.1093/jss/XLII.1.39 9219:. Brill. p. 10. 8915:. Brill. p. 26. 8698:. Brill. p. 23. 8589:. Brill. p. 11. 8276:Jane Dammen McAuliffe 8220:Encyclopedia of Islam 7900:. Brill. p. 81. 7002:Brems, Evams (2001). 6921:"Chapter 4: Apostasy" 6753:Diane Morgan (2009), 6618:. Brill. p. 21. 5784:Islam's Non-Believers 5705: 5632: 5203: 5101: 5068: 4965: 4835: 4712:religious persecution 4695: 4554:Islamic televangelist 4498:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam 4435:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4344:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4326:in the temporal world 4204:Against death penalty 4116:For the death penalty 4034:Georgetown University 4022:Georgetown University 3925:Hossein-Ali Montazeri 3911:of Egypt (2003–2013). 3837:Islamic televangelist 3765: 3717:) (as in the case of 3676:Vigilante application 3523:Islamic jurisprudence 3506:Further information: 3447:Further information: 3381: 3103:the Iranian New Year; 3050:Islamic jurisprudence 2978: 2969:Further information: 2936:Mahmoud Mohammed Taha 2876: 2828:Further information: 2794: 2777:leaves the Muslims." 2774: 2741: 2702: 2682: 2667: 2643: 2587: 2550:leaves the Muslims." 2547: 2542:Encyclopedia of Islam 2527:Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh 2328:references apostasy ( 2253:Scriptural references 2072:Islamic jurisprudence 1501:Criticism of Islamism 1495:Criticism of Islamism 1413:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 1330:Hibatullah Akhundzada 16300:Ma malakat aymanukum 15875:Association football 15774:Moderate Kharijites 15256:at Wikimedia Commons 15164:Jabir Alalwani, Taha 14744:Monteiro, A (2014). 14604:"Invisible Atheists" 14521:The Washington Times 14470:on 27 September 2011 14324:25 July 2016 at the 14030:: AltaMira. p. 13922:, University Press, 13800:Cook, David (2006). 13659:Cook, David (2006). 13618:Cook, David (2006). 12915:(11). Archived from 12901:Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad 12861:Aslan, Reza (2011). 12490:1 Samuel M. Zwemer, 12299:15 June 2015 at the 12264:Abou El Fadl, Khaled 11884:(1/4): 15, note 38. 11800:Cook, David (2006). 11754:Cook, David (2006). 10630:Cook, David (2006). 10526:Emon, Anver (2012). 10249:J.T. Munroe (2004), 9390:. Brill. p. 8. 8738:. 24 November 2012. 7799:Abou El Fadl, Khaled 7310:. 16 November 2021. 6842:. pp. 485–512. 6482:. 24 November 2012. 5697:religious conversion 5143:Apostate communities 4949:Muhammad al Ghazzali 4945:Muhammad Rashid Rida 4932:period, such as the 4342:), (Grand Ayatollah 4338:), (W. Heffening), ( 4247:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 3683:Mahmud Muhammad Taha 3655:solitary confinement 3581:solitary confinement 3547:treacherous heretics 3309:, and more recently 3201:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 3118:prophet or messenger 2952:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2233:) is the act of one 2081:freedom of religions 1863:Religious conversion 1335:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 1295:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1252:Islamic Government: 379:Association football 15285:(20 October 1999). 15079:Die Welt des Islams 15072:"Apostasy in Islam" 14553:on 12 November 2013 14523:. 26 September 2007 14240:Die Welt des Islams 14139:(4 November 2021). 14103:– via JSTOR. 14069:Die Welt des Islams 14065:"Apostasy in Islam" 13474:Baltimore, Maryland 12817:Brems, Eva (2001). 12618:Die Welt des Islams 12557:religious tolerance 12458:Die Welt des Islams 12312:Mirza Tahir Ahmad, 12230:Die Welt des Islams 11997:Die Welt des Islams 11957:Die Welt des Islams 11913:Die Welt des Islams 11878:Die Welt des Islams 11846:Religious Tolerance 11497:on 8 September 2017 11485:"Apostasy in Islam" 11364:Kadivar.com English 11336:on 8 September 2017 11316:The Washington Post 10862:"Yusuf al-Qaradawi" 10782:The Washington Post 10727:Description Section 10551:Brems, Eva (2001). 10075:J. Sperber (2000), 9984:Islam and democracy 9955:. 8 November 2014. 9631:Musa, A.S. (2016). 9556:Musa, A.S. (2016). 9177:Die Welt des Islams 8981:Ess, Josef (2006). 8958:. 1 November 2006. 8547:Badawi, Dr. Jamal. 8536:on 15 January 2018. 8373:Jabir Alalwani 2011 8349:Taha Jabir Alalwani 8303:Jabir Alalwani 2011 8001:Lindholm, Charles. 7534:10.3390/rel10080483 6653:Die Welt des Islams 6576:Die Welt des Islams 6199:Pew Research Center 6134:Islam and blasphemy 6124:Apostasy in Judaism 5948:Al-Husseini, Waleed 5851:Books by ex-Muslims 5753:Literature and film 5743:freedom of religion 5713:and by issuing the 5478: 5359: 5240: 5217:Pew Research Center 5129:Ahmed Subhy Mansour 4922:Edict of Toleration 4748:Eulogius of Córdoba 4736:executed by burning 4507:) (Ahmet Albayrak). 4491:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 4090:Istanbul University 4058:Khaled Abou El Fadl 4018:Associate professor 4014:Jonathan A.C. Brown 3966:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 3949:Taha Jabir Alalwani 3897:(2010–Present) and 3809:Al Azhar University 3805:Mohammed al-Ghazali 3772:Al-Azhar University 3297:Collective apostasy 3258:Islam and blasphemy 3138:Shāfiʿī te doctrine 2731:offers a case were 2519:Criticism of Hadith 2172:Apostasy is called 2156:punishable by death 2150:to less than 1% in 2055:apostate from Islam 2043:abandoning religion 1695:Abrahamic religions 1687:and other religions 1645:Politics portal 1598:Islam and modernity 1256:("Velayat-e faqih") 1238:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 140:Profession of Faith 113:Day of Resurrection 16795:Quran and miracles 16709:Criticism of Islam 16413:Geometric patterns 16265:Gender segregation 15836:Non-denominational 15130:. pp. 81–95. 14993:Ahmad, Mirza Tahir 14938:The New York Times 14860:, Westview Press, 14721:. United Nations. 14644:. New York Times. 14642:The New York Times 14491:"Fear and silence" 14439:on 28 October 2010 13272:. pp. 20–37. 13223:Quiliam Foundation 13189:The Globe and Mail 13056:Wilferd Madelung, 12551:Sisters in Islam. 11726:Islam on the March 11260:Arab Law Quarterly 11229:5 May 2016 at the 10961:Shukla, Ashutosh. 10816:The New York Times 10351:Islam’s Trajectory 9895:. September 2016. 9527:operation pakistan 9088:Amana Publications 8840:Set My People Free 8806:The New York Times 7874:). Oliver Leaman, 7777:Kazemi F. (2000), 7570:Arab Law Quarterly 7379:Set My People Free 7346:The New York Times 6424:. pp. 81–95. 5881:Ham, Boris van der 5799:Among Nonbelievers 5658:countries such as 5635: 5476: 5357: 5238: 5075: 5014:Hamidian massacres 5008:parts of the then 5001: 4926:Ottoman government 4885:and other sons of 4817:are major crimes. 4752:Martyrs of Córdoba 4740:Emirate of Córdoba 4716:religious violence 4704: 4701:Martyrs of Córdoba 4649:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 4534:, Iran, Ayatollah 4278:Ibrahim al-Nakhaʿī 4262:The Hanafi jurist 4245:The Maliki jurist 4097:Allah ile Aldatmak 4086:Islamic Philosophy 4062:UCLA School of Law 4030:Alwaleed bin Talal 3960:Harvard Law School 3792: 3744:Social liabilities 3394: 3029: 2979:Caricature of the 2676:Al-Sunan al-Sughra 2515:Malik ibn Nuwayrah 2466:possibly contains 2272:possibly contains 2196:can also refer to 1964:encyclopedic style 1951:is written like a 1523:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 1368:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 1353:Abu Hamza al-Masri 1181:Sub-Saharan Africa 1141:Muslim Brotherhood 1116:Iranian Revolution 1026:Islamic Golden Age 894:Islamic liberalism 874:Islamic governance 16859:Apostasy in Islam 16846: 16845: 16812: 16811: 16808: 16807: 16780:Domestic violence 16770:Islamic terrorism 16765:Islamic extremism 16586: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16354: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16140:Marriage contract 15970: 15969: 15930:Political aspects 15659:Story of Prophets 15428:Prophets of Islam 15315:on 1 January 2009 15254:Apostasy in Islam 15252:Media related to 15242:Apostasy in Islam 15191:Apostasy in Islam 15007:Lutterworth Press 14010:, Chapter 1 and 2 13848:. Leiden: Brill. 13577:on behalf of the 13332:. pp. 1–28. 13150:. pp. 1–20. 13128:Izutsu, Toshihiko 13096:Lesley Hazleton, 12903:(November 1996). 12702:apostasy in islam 11358:Kadivar, Mohsen. 10377:, pp. 53–54, 1–68 10278:. 28 March 2006. 10253:, Gorgias Press, 9790:, pp. 38–39. 9126:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 9077:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 8513:Apostasy in Islam 8375:, pp. 35–39. 8305:, pp. 32–33. 6820:Cusack, Carole M. 6797:apostate (murtad) 5992:Mohammed, Yasmine 5833:BBC World Service 5695:Laws prohibiting 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5472: 5471: 5353: 5352: 5137:Mohammed Shahrour 4934:1856 Reform Edict 4590:death of Muhammad 4459:Holy Roman Empire 4457:For example, the 4233:Mirza Tahir Ahmad 4157:Dale F. Eickelman 4149:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 4126:Abul A'la Maududi 4078:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk 4040:Rudolph F. Peters 3823:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3799:Abul A'la Maududi 3693:Civil liabilities 3512:Violence in Islam 3477:) out of fear of 3327:Ruhollah Khomeini 3244:) and a bombing ( 3238:1953 Lahore riots 2985:Ismail Gasprinsky 2523:Abdullah ibn Saad 2511: 2510: 2503: 2468:original research 2378:Dale F. Eickelman 2317: 2316: 2309: 2274:original research 2188:as "not just any 2011: 1995:Apostasy in Islam 1992: 1991: 1984: 1934: 1933: 1679: 1678: 1533:Abdelwahab Meddeb 1468:Haji Shariatullah 1433:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1418:Abul A'la Maududi 1408:Ruhollah Khomeini 1388:Rached Ghannouchi 1300:Ruhollah Khomeini 1207:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 1097:by country/region 986:Two-nation theory 938:Islamic terrorism 899:Islamic socialism 884:Islamic democracy 860:Apostasy in Islam 817:Deobandi jihadism 812:Deobandi movement 710: 709: 640:Deobandi jihadism 16:(Redirected from 16891: 16836: 16835: 16828:Islam portal 16826: 16825: 16824: 16606: 16605: 16598: 16592: 16591: 16433:Medieval science 16376: 16375: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16017:Economic history 16000: 15999: 15976: 15975: 15962:Islam by country 15747:Bektashi Alevism 15385: 15384: 15376:Outline of Islam 15358: 15351: 15344: 15335: 15334: 15324: 15322: 15320: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15278: 15276: 15274: 15251: 15239: 15225: 15204: 15185: 15159: 15139: 15128:Brill Publishers 15110: 15076: 15066: 15049: 15028: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14960: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14929: 14923: 14922: 14904: 14898: 14895: 14889: 14874: 14868: 14856:David Boersema, 14854: 14848: 14847: 14829: 14820: 14819: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14766: 14760: 14759: 14741: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14730: 14715: 14706: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14680: 14671:. The Guardian. 14664: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14653: 14633: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14619: 14608:The New Republic 14599: 14590: 14589: 14569: 14563: 14562: 14560: 14558: 14549:. Archived from 14539: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14528: 14513: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14502: 14486: 14480: 14479: 14477: 14475: 14466:. 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Archived from 13220: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13200: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13124: 13109: 13094: 13088: 13074: 13068: 13054: 13048: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13028: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12964: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12947: 12936: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12858: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12751:yaqeen institute 12742: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12696: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12586: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12548: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12426: 12417: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12310: 12304: 12291: 12282: 12281: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12107: 12098: 12097: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12027: 12021: 12020: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11947: 11941: 11940: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11821: 11806: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11775: 11760: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11737: 11729: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11708: 11700: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11519: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11496: 11490:. Archived from 11489: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11468: 11466: 11451: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11416: 11405: 11404: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11341: 11332:. Archived from 11326: 11320: 11294: 11285: 11284: 11251: 11234: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11189: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11169:. Archived from 11159: 11153: 11143: 11137: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11091: 11082: 11069: 11063: 11046: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11014: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10985: 10979: 10959: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10921: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10857: 10851: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10734: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10651: 10636: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10610: 10603: 10592: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10523: 10517: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10489: 10483: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10445: 10435: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10393: 10378: 10367: 10361: 10347: 10332: 10331: 10316:The Muslim World 10311: 10305: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10268: 10262: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10123: 10116: 10105: 10096: 10086: 10080: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10048: 10039: 10038: 10022: 10012: 10003: 10002: 9978: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9869: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9827: 9818: 9817: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9745: 9739: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9656: 9639: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9564: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9524: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9499: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9457: 9433: 9427: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9356: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9315: 9309: 9298: 9289: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9210: 9201: 9200: 9171:Madjma' al-anhur 9167: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9145: 9134: 9118: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9096: 9085: 9069: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9025: 9019: 9012: 9006: 9005: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8956:Hudson Institute 8948: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8889: 8874: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8773: 8763: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8689: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8663: 8656: 8645: 8639: 8632: 8626: 8621:Griffel, Frank, 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8580: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8559:on 22 March 2017 8555:. Archived from 8544: 8538: 8537: 8532:. Archived from 8522: 8516: 8509: 8503: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8481: 8478: 8472: 8462: 8456: 8448: 8442: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8389: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8315: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8271: 8262: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8215: 8202: 8201: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8067: 8058: 8045: 8039: 8026: 8020: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7982:on 22 March 2019 7978:. Archived from 7967: 7961: 7960: 7928: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7888: 7879: 7861: 7852: 7851: 7828: 7817: 7816: 7795: 7786: 7775: 7764: 7763: 7748:The Muslim World 7743: 7730: 7727: 7718: 7717: 7701: 7691: 7682: 7681: 7662: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7633: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7607: 7583:Brill Publishers 7566: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7461: 7451: 7431: 7422: 7416: 7409: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7376: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7337: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7239: 7233: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7128: 7115: 7114: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 6999: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6885: 6872: 6871: 6851: 6840:Brill Publishers 6815: 6806: 6805: 6792: 6781: 6772: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6702:Brill Publishers 6683: 6677: 6676: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6571: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6433: 6422:Brill Publishers 6401: 6380: 6365: 6359: 6356:Life of Muhammad 6351: 6345: 6342: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6296: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6238: 6233:Legal historian 6231: 6225: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6096: 6072: 6053: 6031: 6014:Rizvi, Ali Amjad 6009: 5987: 5965: 5943: 5922: 5903:Hirsi Ali, Ayaan 5898: 5876: 5721:made in 1990 in 5479: 5475: 5360: 5356: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5178:crypto-Christian 5033:crypto-Christian 4851:Mansur Al-Hallaj 4756:Abd al-Rahman II 4641:Muslim community 4582:history of Islam 4356:Sisters in Islam 4286:Sufyan al-Thawri 4103: 4102: 3987: 3391:Alfred Dehodencq 3325:Among Ayatollah 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3158:Fayal al-tafriqa 3126:Muhammad's death 3067:existence of God 3025:Oskar Schmerling 2811: 2804:Sunan Abu Dawood 2791: 2784:Sahih al-Bukhari 2758: 2719: 2712:Sahih al-Bukhari 2699: 2692:Sahih al-Bukhari 2679: 2660: 2653:Sahih al-Bukhari 2640: 2633:Sahih al-Bukhari 2624:Sahih al-Bukhari 2615:Sahih al-Bukhari 2606:Sahih al-Bukhari 2597:Sahih al-Bukhari 2584: 2557:Sahih al-Bukhari 2506: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483:inline citations 2459: 2458: 2451: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289:inline citations 2265: 2264: 2257: 2231: 2225: 2066: 2065: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1696: 1681: 1680: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1643: 1642: 1634:Islam portal 1632: 1631: 1630: 1516:in North America 1473:Hassan Al-Turabi 1423:Abul Hasan Nadwi 1016:Anti-imperialism 914:Islamic republic 909:Islamic monarchy 889:Islamic feminism 729: 723: 722: 712: 711: 702: 695: 688: 674:Islam portal 672: 671: 670: 70: 47: 46: 21: 16899: 16898: 16894: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16849: 16848: 16847: 16842: 16822: 16820: 16804: 16726:Cultural Muslim 16697: 16664: 16610:Other religions 16600: 16596: 16578: 16513: 16480: 16427: 16370: 16368:Islamic studies 16364: 16346: 16180: 16125: 16102: 16049: 15994: 15993: 15966: 15915:Moral teachings 15858: 15840: 15814:Nation of Islam 15727:Twelver Shi'ism 15664: 15630:Religious texts 15624: 15542:Early conquests 15525: 15507: 15459: 15379: 15368: 15362: 15318: 15316: 15307: 15298: 15296: 15281: 15272: 15270: 15265: 15232: 15222: 15201: 15188: 15182: 15148: 15074: 15069: 15052: 15046: 15031: 15017: 14991: 14988: 14986:Further reading 14983: 14973: 14971: 14966:. 3 June 2021. 14962: 14961: 14957: 14947: 14945: 14930: 14926: 14919: 14905: 14901: 14896: 14892: 14875: 14871: 14855: 14851: 14844: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14802: 14798: 14767: 14763: 14756: 14742: 14738: 14728: 14726: 14717: 14716: 14709: 14692: 14688: 14678: 14676: 14665: 14661: 14651: 14649: 14634: 14627: 14617: 14615: 14600: 14593: 14586: 14570: 14566: 14556: 14554: 14547:Asharq Al-Awsat 14541: 14540: 14536: 14526: 14524: 14515: 14514: 14510: 14500: 14498: 14487: 14483: 14473: 14471: 14456: 14452: 14442: 14440: 14427: 14426: 14422: 14406: 14402: 14392: 14390: 14377: 14376: 14372: 14355: 14351: 14345:Wayback Machine 14336: 14332: 14326:Wayback Machine 14317: 14313: 14301: 14297: 14291:Wayback Machine 14282: 14267: 14252:10.2307/1570336 14231: 14227: 14214: 14210: 14204:Wayback Machine 14195: 14191: 14174: 14170: 14160: 14158: 14130: 14126: 14110: 14109: 14098: 14096: 14081:10.2307/1570336 14061: 14057: 14042: 14018: 14014: 14001: 13994: 13984: 13982: 13978: 13971: 13963: 13959: 13952: 13938: 13934: 13917: 13913: 13903: 13901: 13894: 13878: 13871: 13864: 13842:Stroumsa, Sarah 13839: 13835: 13825: 13823: 13819: 13804: 13798: 13794: 13787: 13779:. p. 492. 13777:Rowman Altamira 13763: 13752: 13742: 13740: 13733: 13717: 13713: 13707:Wayback Machine 13698: 13694: 13684: 13682: 13678: 13663: 13657: 13653: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13622: 13616: 13612: 13549: 13545: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13522: 13513: 13509: 13456: 13445: 13378: 13367: 13357: 13355: 13340: 13310: 13299: 13289: 13287: 13280: 13249: 13245: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13218: 13212: 13208: 13198: 13196: 13181: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13158: 13148:Keio University 13125: 13112: 13095: 13091: 13075: 13071: 13055: 13051: 13046: 13042: 13004: 13000: 12990: 12988: 12981: 12965: 12961: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12934: 12928: 12924: 12919:on 5 July 2008. 12898: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12875: 12859: 12850: 12840: 12838: 12831: 12815: 12811: 12801: 12799: 12792: 12774: 12770: 12760: 12758: 12743: 12732: 12722: 12720: 12713: 12697: 12693: 12683: 12681: 12666: 12649: 12645: 12630:10.2307/1570336 12614: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12587: 12576: 12566: 12564: 12549: 12545: 12535: 12533: 12489: 12485: 12470:10.2307/1570336 12454: 12450: 12443: 12427: 12420: 12403: 12399: 12392: 12371: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12311: 12307: 12301:Wayback Machine 12292: 12285: 12278: 12261: 12257: 12242:10.2307/1570336 12221: 12217: 12207: 12205: 12198: 12182: 12178: 12168: 12166: 12151: 12135: 12131: 12124: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12028: 12024: 12009:10.2307/1570336 11988: 11984: 11969:10.2307/1570336 11948: 11944: 11925:10.2307/1570336 11909: 11905: 11890:10.2307/1570336 11869: 11865: 11855: 11853: 11840: 11839: 11835: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11804: 11793: 11789: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11758: 11751: 11747: 11731: 11730: 11722: 11718: 11702: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11664: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11612: 11608: 11601: 11587: 11583: 11573: 11571: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11536: 11520: 11513: 11500: 11498: 11494: 11487: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11464: 11462: 11457:. 19 May 2015. 11453: 11452: 11448: 11438: 11436: 11423: 11417: 11408: 11401: 11387: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11356: 11352: 11339: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11319:, 25 July 2007. 11311:Wayback Machine 11295: 11288: 11252: 11237: 11231:Wayback Machine 11222: 11218: 11206: 11190: 11186: 11176: 11174: 11173:on 3 March 2009 11161: 11160: 11156: 11144: 11140: 11131:Wayback Machine 11122: 11118: 11108: 11106: 11097:(7 July 2016). 11095:Huffington Post 11092: 11085: 11079:Wayback Machine 11070: 11066: 11056:Wayback Machine 11047: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11015: 11008: 10998: 10996: 10987: 10986: 10982: 10970:Wayback Machine 10960: 10953: 10944: 10940: 10923: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10908: 10889: 10885: 10875: 10873: 10858: 10854: 10849:Wayback Machine 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10808: 10801: 10791: 10789: 10774: 10770: 10760: 10758: 10751: 10735: 10731: 10720: 10718: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10685: 10669: 10665: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10593: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10565: 10549: 10545: 10538: 10524: 10520: 10514:Wayback Machine 10505: 10501: 10492:Wright, Robin. 10490: 10486: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10436: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10410: 10394: 10381: 10368: 10364: 10358:Wayback Machine 10348: 10335: 10312: 10308: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10270: 10269: 10265: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10175: 10171: 10157: 10155: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10099: 10087: 10083: 10074: 10070: 10063: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9979: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9930: 9925:. 15 May 2014. 9917: 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9870: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9844: 9828: 9821: 9811: 9810: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9746: 9742: 9725: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9694:10.2307/1595009 9682:Studia Islamica 9674: 9670: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9615: 9613: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9562: 9553: 9549: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9529:. 4 July 2014. 9522: 9518: 9517: 9513: 9475: 9471: 9434: 9430: 9422:Kepel, Gilles; 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9398: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9357: 9348: 9342: 9338: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9299: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9236: 9234: 9227: 9211: 9204: 9189:10.2307/1570336 9168: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9132: 9119: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9083: 9070: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9042: 9026: 9022: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8950: 8949: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8923: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8764: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8715: 8713: 8706: 8690: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8633: 8629: 8620: 8616: 8606: 8604: 8597: 8581: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8545: 8541: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8510: 8506: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8463: 8459: 8449: 8445: 8424: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8390: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8272: 8265: 8243:Asma Afsaruddin 8241: 8237: 8230: 8216: 8205: 8198: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8130: 8126: 8112: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8086: 8068: 8061: 8055:Wayback Machine 8046: 8042: 8036:Wayback Machine 8027: 8023: 8014: 8010: 8005:. p. xxvi. 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7929: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7889: 7882: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7829: 7820: 7813: 7796: 7789: 7783:Social Research 7776: 7767: 7744: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7692: 7685: 7672:. 15 May 2014. 7664: 7663: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7564: 7554: 7550: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7338: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7282:. p. 319. 7272:B. Hallaq, Wael 7269: 7265: 7258: 7240: 7236: 7214:Asma Afsaruddin 7212: 7208: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7129: 7118: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7048:. 16 May 2014. 7040: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7016: 7000: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6886: 6875: 6860: 6816: 6809: 6790: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6752: 6748: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6696:. Vol. I. 6684: 6680: 6665:10.2307/1570336 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6626: 6610: 6606: 6588:10.2307/1570336 6572: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6402: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6375:, and parts of 6366: 6362: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6258: 6254: 6248:Kutub al-Sittah 6245: 6241: 6232: 6228: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6075: 6069: 6056: 6050: 6034: 6028: 6012: 6006: 5990: 5984: 5968: 5962: 5946: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5901: 5895: 5879: 5873: 5859:Qureshi, Nabeel 5857: 5853: 5848: 5760: 5755: 5693: 5685:Main articles: 5683: 5674: 5668: 5213: 5145: 5080: 5055: 5004:in eastern and 4913: 4895: 4683:worthy of death 4578: 4573: 4524: 4463:Sasanian Empire 4270:/ 1388 CE) and 4130:schools of fiqh 4110: 4100: 3943:Grand Ayatollah 3929:Grand Ayatollah 3755: 3695: 3678: 3669:Muslim scholars 3519: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3451: 3445: 3376: 3260: 3190:Yazidi religion 3188:members of the 3034:Islamic jurists 3017:Molla Nasreddin 2973: 2967: 2961: 2944:Hashem Aghajari 2872: 2870:Characteristics 2832: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2801: 2792: 2781: 2759: 2748: 2720: 2709: 2700: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2661: 2650: 2641: 2594: 2585: 2554: 2529: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2472: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2434:scripture, the 2420: 2322: 2313: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2278: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2170: 2053:" of Islam. An 1988: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1960:help improve it 1957: 1945: 1941: 1930: 1901: 1770:Pagan Sabianism 1747:Other religions 1694: 1686: 1675: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1593: 1583: 1582: 1578:Magnus Ranstorp 1496: 1488: 1487: 1383:Hassan al-Banna 1348: 1340: 1339: 1290:Muammar Gaddafi 1275: 1267: 1266: 1253: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1121:Jamaat-e-Islami 1044: 1036: 1035: 1031:Islamic revival 1006: 998: 997: 955:Political Islam 855: 847: 846: 840: 795:Salafi jihadism 790:Salafi movement 780: 772: 771: 737: 725: 724: 716: 715: 706: 668: 666: 659: 658: 635:Salafi jihadism 593:Other religions 588:Arabic language 550: 540: 539: 468:Moral teachings 359: 345: 344: 335:Spread of Islam 280: 270: 269: 257:(jurisprudence) 239:Qisas al-Anbiya 188: 187: 167: 166: 135: 125: 124: 80: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16897: 16887: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16840: 16830: 16817: 16814: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16761: 16760: 16750: 16749: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16728: 16723: 16722: 16721: 16716: 16705: 16703: 16702:Related topics 16699: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16674: 16672: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16614: 16612: 16602: 16601: 16588: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16577: 16576: 16571: 16564: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16490: 16488: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16437: 16435: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16384: 16382: 16372: 16371: 16356: 16355: 16352: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16345: 16344: 16339: 16338: 16337: 16325: 16323:Sources of law 16320: 16315: 16314: 16313: 16303: 16296: 16291: 16284: 16279: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16230: 16223: 16222: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16201: 16196: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16136: 16128: 16126: 16124: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16100: 16093: 16088: 16081: 16074: 16067: 16059: 16057: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16047: 16040: 16033: 16026: 16019: 16014: 16008: 16006: 15996: 15995: 15992: 15991: 15986: 15980: 15972: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15947:Social welfare 15944: 15939: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15861: 15859: 15857: 15856: 15851: 15845: 15842: 15841: 15839: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15816: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15804: 15803: 15802: 15797: 15796: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15772: 15758: 15757: 15756: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15719: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15710: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15674: 15672: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15662: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15634: 15632: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15573: 15568: 15561: 15554: 15552:Historiography 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15523: 15518: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15498: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15469: 15467: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15424: 15423: 15413: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15393: 15391: 15381: 15380: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15361: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15338: 15332: 15331: 15325: 15305: 15283:Eltahawy, Mona 15279: 15263: 15257: 15245: 15231: 15230:External links 15228: 15227: 15226: 15221:978-0754630838 15220: 15205: 15200:978-8188869114 15199: 15186: 15181:978-1565643635 15180: 15160: 15147:978-9004330924 15146: 15111: 15067: 15050: 15045:978-1849044691 15044: 15029: 15016:978-0718828059 15015: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14981: 14955: 14924: 14918:978-9004144446 14917: 14899: 14890: 14886:978-1405177580 14869: 14866:978-0813344928 14849: 14843:978-0198712824 14842: 14821: 14815:978-9041116185 14814: 14796: 14783:10.2307/761831 14761: 14755:978-3319035666 14754: 14736: 14707: 14703:978-1905221417 14686: 14659: 14625: 14591: 14585:978-1498284165 14584: 14564: 14534: 14508: 14481: 14450: 14420: 14417:978-0199812288 14400: 14370: 14366:978-9004128187 14349: 14330: 14311: 14295: 14265: 14225: 14208: 14189: 14185:978-0521811132 14168: 14124: 14055: 14041:978-0759101890 14040: 14012: 14008:978-1107004559 13992: 13957: 13951:978-0816054541 13950: 13932: 13928:978-0761855590 13911: 13892: 13869: 13863:978-9004315471 13862: 13833: 13792: 13786:978-0759101906 13785: 13765:Cyril Glassé; 13750: 13732:978-0099523277 13731: 13711: 13692: 13651: 13610: 13543: 13507: 13443: 13365: 13339:978-0691179100 13338: 13297: 13279:978-0521347709 13278: 13243: 13206: 13175: 13156: 13132:"The Infidel ( 13110: 13106:978-0385523943 13089: 13086:978-1585678969 13069: 13066:978-0521646963 13049: 13040: 13019:(4): 665–684. 12998: 12980:978-0099523277 12979: 12959: 12922: 12892: 12874:978-0679643777 12873: 12848: 12830:978-9041116185 12829: 12809: 12790: 12768: 12730: 12712:978-8188869114 12711: 12691: 12664: 12643: 12608: 12574: 12543: 12496:Islamic Review 12483: 12448: 12442:978-9004114654 12441: 12418: 12414:978-0892591428 12397: 12391:978-9839541496 12390: 12365: 12305: 12303:(25 July 2007) 12283: 12277:978-0061189036 12276: 12255: 12215: 12197:978-0754630838 12196: 12176: 12150:978-0987171801 12149: 12129: 12123:978-1853728501 12122: 12099: 12093:978-0415775298 12092: 12074: 12068:978-0754630838 12067: 12049: 12043:978-1853728501 12042: 12022: 11982: 11942: 11903: 11863: 11833: 11787: 11745: 11716: 11687: 11658: 11606: 11600:978-1498239868 11599: 11581: 11553: 11535:978-9089640451 11534: 11511: 11476: 11446: 11431:(in Persian). 11406: 11399: 11381: 11350: 11321: 11286: 11267:(3): 203–234. 11235: 11216: 11205:978-0710313560 11204: 11184: 11154: 11151:978-0710313560 11138: 11116: 11083: 11064: 11062:7 August 2011. 11036: 11006: 10980: 10951: 10938: 10916: 10906: 10883: 10852: 10833: 10799: 10768: 10749: 10729: 10702: 10684:978-9004307834 10683: 10663: 10622: 10582: 10564:978-9041116185 10563: 10543: 10537:978-0199641444 10536: 10518: 10499: 10496:. p. 203. 10484: 10480:978-9004233362 10463: 10457:978-0521796705 10456: 10427: 10409:978-9089640451 10408: 10379: 10375:978-0892591428 10362: 10333: 10306: 10293: 10263: 10259:978-1593331153 10242: 10233:978-0230101982 10232: 10212: 10169: 10135: 10097: 10081: 10068: 10062:978-1845532284 10061: 10040: 10034:978-0313360251 10033: 10004: 9998:978-0195108163 9997: 9970: 9940: 9910: 9880: 9861: 9843:978-9089640451 9842: 9819: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9740: 9736:978-0823227242 9719: 9668: 9647:978-1848800700 9646: 9623: 9593: 9572:978-1848800700 9571: 9547: 9511: 9490:(3): 259–285. 9469: 9448:(3): 259–285. 9428: 9415: 9397:978-9047431534 9396: 9376: 9370:978-0684832807 9369: 9346: 9336: 9310: 9306:978-0915957729 9290: 9281: 9275:978-1598846591 9274: 9256: 9244: 9226:978-9004307834 9225: 9202: 9157: 9137:Shafiifiqh.com 9108: 9059: 9041:978-9004307834 9040: 9020: 9007: 8998:978-0674022089 8997: 8973: 8940: 8922:978-9047431534 8921: 8901: 8860: 8824: 8791: 8785:978-0313360251 8784: 8753: 8723: 8705:978-9047431534 8704: 8675: 8640: 8627: 8614: 8596:978-9004307834 8595: 8570: 8539: 8517: 8504: 8491: 8482: 8473: 8465:Jacques Berque 8457: 8443: 8439:978-0321355737 8415: 8377: 8365: 8341: 8335:978-1780744209 8334: 8307: 8295: 8289:978-9004123557 8288: 8263: 8235: 8229:978-0816054541 8228: 8203: 8197:978-9004123557 8196: 8175: 8124: 8103: 8085:978-0190867706 8084: 8059: 8040: 8021: 8008: 7993: 7962: 7956:978-9004094192 7955: 7918: 7880: 7878:, pp. 526–527. 7853: 7847:978-0199794133 7846: 7818: 7812:978-0061189036 7811: 7787: 7765: 7731: 7719: 7713:978-1405121743 7712: 7683: 7654: 7619: 7548: 7493: 7417: 7399: 7363: 7325: 7295: 7289:978-0521861472 7288: 7263: 7257:978-0691134840 7256: 7250:. p. 40. 7234: 7206: 7200:978-0195125597 7199: 7179: 7173:978-0415396387 7172: 7152: 7146:978-0739135235 7145: 7116: 7110:978-0684807126 7109: 7089: 7063: 7046:UN News Centre 7033: 7015:978-9041116185 7014: 6987: 6961:978-0987171801 6960: 6940: 6934:978-1139440790 6933: 6911: 6873: 6859:978-9004435544 6858: 6824:Upal, M. Afzal 6807: 6767: 6763:978-0313360251 6746: 6742:978-0691134840 6725: 6719:978-9004147430 6718: 6678: 6643: 6625:978-9047431534 6624: 6604: 6497: 6467: 6441:978-9004330924 6440: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6360: 6346: 6337: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6279: 6269: 6252: 6239: 6226: 6203: 6191: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092:978-1591020684 6091: 6073: 6068:978-1984502124 6067: 6054: 6049:978-0232533644 6048: 6036:Saleem, Aliyah 6032: 6027:978-1250094445 6026: 6010: 6005:978-1724790804 6004: 5988: 5983:978-9025958367 5982: 5966: 5961:978-1628726756 5960: 5944: 5939:978-1847398185 5938: 5923: 5918:978-0743295031 5917: 5899: 5894:978-9044636840 5893: 5877: 5872:978-0310515029 5871: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5806: 5795: 5780: 5771: 5769:Deutsche Welle 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5682: 5679: 5670:Main article: 5667: 5664: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5212: 5211:Public opinion 5209: 5186: 5185: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5158:Messianic Jews 5150: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5079: 5076: 5073:or other laws. 5054: 5051: 5010:Ottoman Empire 4997:Ottoman Empire 4947:(d. 1935) and 4941:Muhammad Abduh 4894: 4891: 4594:sectarian wars 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4473:rulers fought 4467:Zoroastrianism 4438: 4431:Mahmud Shaltut 4426: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4404:Mahmud Shaltut 4399: 4396:khadar al-ahad 4383: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4348:Mahmud Shaltut 4322: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4260: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4180: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4160: 4152: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4037: 4011: 4005: 3988: 3963: 3956: 3946: 3936: 3922: 3915:Mohsen Kadivar 3912: 3902: 3891:Ahmed el-Tayeb 3888: 3881:Mahmud Shaltut 3877: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3849: 3830: 3820: 3802: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3707: 3694: 3691: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3648: 3632: 3616: 3600: 3518: 3515: 3500:Main article: 3497: 3494: 3444: 3441: 3389:a painting by 3375: 3372: 3352: 3351: 3339: 3338: 3329:and others in 3323: 3322: 3299: 3298: 3283:(insult), and 3271:("unbelief"), 3256:Main article: 3254: 3253: 3134: 3133: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3097: 3088: 3079:to assert the 3077: 3074: 3063: 3023:(illustrator: 3001:Muslim clerics 2997:Khoja-i-Sübyan 2989:Jadid movement 2963:Main article: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2921: 2911: 2871: 2868: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2799: 2779: 2746: 2707: 2687: 2672: 2648: 2592: 2552: 2535:("authentic") 2509: 2508: 2463: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2421: 2413: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2169: 2166: 2127:" insurgents ( 2074:calls for the 2057:is known as a 1990: 1989: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1790:Zoroastrianism 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1717: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1689: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1591:Related topics 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538:Maryam Namazie 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448:Ata Abu Rashta 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1398:Muhammad Iqbal 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358:Muhammad Abduh 1355: 1349: 1347:Key ideologues 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1325:House of Thani 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1285:Omar al-Bashir 1282: 1276: 1274:Heads of state 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1247: 1240:("Milestones") 1234: 1222: 1210: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1176:Southeast Asia 1173: 1168: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1131:Salafist Front 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111:Hizb ut-Tahrir 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1082:Sahwa movement 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057:Dawat-e-Islami 1054: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011:Anti-communism 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 988: 983: 976: 969: 964: 963: 962: 952: 947: 946: 945: 940: 928: 918: 917: 916: 911: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 870: 869: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 842: 841: 834: 833: 832: 831: 821: 820: 819: 809: 808: 807: 802: 797: 787: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 708: 707: 705: 704: 697: 690: 682: 679: 678: 677: 676: 661: 660: 657: 656: 650: 649: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 622: 617: 616: 615: 610: 600: 595: 590: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 563: 562: 557: 551: 548:Related topics 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 530:Social welfare 527: 522: 521: 520: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 424: 423: 418: 408: 407: 406: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 316: 315: 308: 301: 293: 292: 287: 281: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 259: 250: 249: 243: 235: 227: 218: 217: 197: 189: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 148: 147: 142: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 120:Predestination 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 101:Revealed Books 98: 92: 91: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16896: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16839: 16831: 16829: 16819: 16818: 16815: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16755: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16741:Post-Islamism 16739: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16700: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16634: 16633:Protestantism 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16611: 16607: 16603: 16593: 16589: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16556: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16516: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16471:Ophthalmology 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16430: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16383: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16361: 16357: 16343: 16340: 16336: 16335: 16331: 16330: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16301: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16277: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16235: 16231: 16229: 16228: 16224: 16220: 16219:Death penalty 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16194: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16185:Other aspects 16183: 16177: 16176: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16165: 16163: 16162: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16151: 16149: 16148: 16144: 16142: 16141: 16137: 16135: 16134: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16108: 16105: 16099: 16098: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16086: 16082: 16080: 16079: 16075: 16073: 16072: 16068: 16066: 16065: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16056: 16052: 16046: 16045: 16041: 16039: 16038: 16034: 16032: 16031: 16027: 16025: 16024: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15990: 15989:Jurisprudence 15987: 15985: 15982: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15937: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15846: 15843: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15767: 15766: 15762: 15759: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15709: 15706: 15705: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15680: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15671: 15670:Denominations 15667: 15661: 15660: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15635: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15566: 15562: 15560: 15559: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15513: 15510: 15504: 15503: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15492: 15490: 15489: 15485: 15483: 15482: 15478: 15476: 15475: 15471: 15470: 15468: 15466: 15462: 15456: 15455:Holiest sites 15453: 15451: 15450:Judgement Day 15448: 15446: 15445: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15377: 15371: 15366: 15359: 15354: 15352: 15347: 15345: 15340: 15339: 15336: 15329: 15326: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15269: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15255: 15250: 15246: 15243: 15238: 15234: 15233: 15223: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15206: 15202: 15196: 15192: 15187: 15183: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15085:(1/4): 1–25. 15084: 15080: 15073: 15068: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15051: 15047: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14990: 14989: 14969: 14965: 14959: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14928: 14920: 14914: 14910: 14903: 14894: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14867: 14863: 14859: 14853: 14845: 14839: 14835: 14828: 14826: 14817: 14811: 14807: 14800: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14765: 14757: 14751: 14747: 14740: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14712: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14674: 14670: 14663: 14647: 14643: 14639: 14632: 14630: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14598: 14596: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14576: 14568: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14538: 14522: 14518: 14512: 14496: 14492: 14485: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14454: 14438: 14434: 14433:Barnabas Fund 14430: 14424: 14418: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14374: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14353: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14334: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14315: 14306: 14299: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14280: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14272: 14270: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14229: 14223:, pp. 108–127 14222: 14218: 14212: 14205: 14201: 14198: 14193: 14187:, pp. 510–517 14186: 14182: 14178: 14172: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14133:Morris, Benny 14128: 14120: 14114: 14107: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14059: 14051: 14047: 14043: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14016: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13997: 13977: 13970: 13969: 13961: 13953: 13947: 13943: 13936: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13915: 13899: 13895: 13893:9780099523277 13889: 13885: 13884: 13876: 13874: 13865: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13724: 13723: 13715: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13696: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13662: 13655: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13606: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13558: 13556: 13547: 13528: 13521: 13520: 13511: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13479: 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12695: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12665:9780987171801 12661: 12657: 12656: 12647: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12612: 12596: 12593:. aljazeera. 12592: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12547: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12493: 12487: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12452: 12444: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12425: 12423: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12393: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12315: 12309: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12290: 12288: 12279: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12189: 12188: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12146: 12142: 12141: 12133: 12125: 12119: 12115: 12114: 12106: 12104: 12095: 12089: 12085: 12078: 12070: 12064: 12060: 12053: 12045: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11992: 11986: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11939: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11919:(1/4): 1–25. 11918: 11914: 11907: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11757: 11749: 11741: 11735: 11727: 11720: 11712: 11706: 11698: 11691: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11662: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11610: 11602: 11596: 11592: 11585: 11569: 11566:(in Arabic). 11565: 11564: 11557: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11518: 11516: 11508: 11493: 11486: 11480: 11473: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11434: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11402: 11400:9781474457576 11396: 11392: 11385: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11354: 11347: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11293: 11291: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11220: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11188: 11172: 11168: 11167:www.alexa.com 11164: 11158: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11120: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11068: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11024: 11020: 11013: 11011: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10948: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10910: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10887: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10856: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10837: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10804: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10733: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10667: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10607: 10600: 10599: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10503: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10459: 10453: 10449: 10444: 10443: 10434: 10432: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10224: 10216: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10120: 10113: 10112: 10104: 10102: 10094: 10090: 10085: 10078: 10072: 10064: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10045: 10036: 10030: 10026: 10021: 10020: 10011: 10009: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9977: 9975: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9876: 9868: 9866: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9826: 9824: 9815: 9808: 9802:, p. 48. 9801: 9796: 9789: 9784: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9738:. pp. 589–592 9737: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9636: 9635: 9627: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9560: 9551: 9532: 9528: 9521: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9380: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9340: 9333: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9295: 9285: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9251: 9249: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9207: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9183:(1/4): 1–25. 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169:Shaykhzadeh, 9166: 9164: 9162: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9024: 9017: 9011: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8977: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8945: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8905: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8828: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8741: 8737: 8736:The Economist 8733: 8727: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8660: 8653: 8652: 8644: 8637: 8631: 8624: 8618: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8508: 8501: 8495: 8486: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8355:, pp. 93–94. 8354: 8350: 8345: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8314: 8312: 8304: 8299: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8231: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8108: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8025: 8018: 8012: 8004: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7903: 7896: 7895: 7887: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7832:John Esposito 7827: 7825: 7823: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7715: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7690: 7688: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7563: 7561: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7367: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7259: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7007: 7006: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6944: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6765:, pp. 182–183 6764: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6582:(1/4): 1–25. 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6485: 6481: 6480:The Economist 6477: 6471: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6341: 6334: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6185: 6181: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:Al-Baqara 256 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5865:. Zondervan. 5864: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767:(2014) – for 5766: 5763: 5762: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5218: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5176:Muslims' or ' 5175: 5171: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120:Contemporary 5118: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5097:Barnabas Fund 5092: 5090: 5086: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879:Ibn Taymiyyah 4876: 4875:al-Suhrawardi 4871: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4791:Sadakat Kadri 4788: 4787:Bernard Lewis 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4675:false Muslims 4672: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4552:, the Indian 4551: 4547: 4545: 4544:Sadakat Kadri 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4380:Tariq Ramadan 4377: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991:Tariq Ramadan 3989: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770:committee at 3769: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719:Nasr Abu Zayd 3716: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3690: 3688: 3687:Nasr Abu Zayd 3684: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3496:Death penalty 3493: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3453:As mentioned 3450: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:death penalty 3409: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3277:(depravity), 3275: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3205:Nasr Abu Zayd 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3166:Ibn Taymiyyah 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3146:Bernard Lewis 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981:Crimean Tatar 2977: 2972: 2966: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940:Nasr Abu Zayd 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2821: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2505: 2502: 2494: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2464:This section 2462: 2453: 2452: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2417:Al-Baqara 256 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2311: 2308: 2300: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2270:This section 2268: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206:murtadd milli 2203: 2202:murtadd fitri 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:Islamic State 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2108:death penalty 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2076:death penalty 2073: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1949:This article 1947: 1938: 1937: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1816:No Compulsion 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720:Protestantism 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1543:Maajid Nawaaz 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1458:Navvab Safavi 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Tariq Ramadan 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393:Safwat Hegazi 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1378:Muhammad Asad 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:House of Saud 1318: 1316: 1315:Mohammed Omar 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1305:Mohamed Morsi 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1261:Khomeini 1970 1258: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1126:Salafist Call 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 994: 993: 989: 987: 984: 982: 981: 977: 975: 974: 970: 968: 967:Post-Islamism 965: 961: 958: 957: 956: 953: 951: 948: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 934: 933: 929: 926: 922: 919: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904:Islamic state 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 867: 863: 862: 861: 858: 857: 851: 850: 845: 839: 838:Shia Islamism 836: 835: 830: 827: 826: 825: 822: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 776: 775: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 728: 720: 714: 713: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 683: 681: 680: 675: 665: 664: 663: 662: 655: 652: 651: 646: 645:Military laws 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 626: 623: 621: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 549: 544: 543: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503:Proselytizing 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411:Denominations 409: 405: 402: 401: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 354: 349: 348: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 299: 295: 294: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 279: 274: 273: 266: 264: 260: 258: 256: 252: 251: 247: 244: 242: 240: 236: 234: 232: 228: 226: 224: 220: 219: 215: 214: 209: 208: 203: 202: 198: 196: 195: 191: 190: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 171: 170: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 134: 129: 128: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 90: 86: 83: 82: 79: 74: 73: 69: 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 16753:Islamophobia 16669: 16618:Christianity 16566: 16499:Contemporary 16393:Architecture 16332: 16298: 16286: 16274: 16232: 16225: 16208: 16191: 16173: 16168:Nikah mut'ah 16166: 16159: 16152: 16145: 16138: 16131: 16095: 16083: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16042: 16035: 16028: 16021: 15934: 15657: 15581: 15563: 15556: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15479: 15472: 15465:Five Pillars 15442: 15408: 15397:God in Islam 15374: 15317:. Retrieved 15313:the original 15297:. Retrieved 15292:The Guardian 15290: 15271:. Retrieved 15244:at Wikiquote 15210: 15190: 15167: 15119: 15082: 15078: 15062: 15058: 15034: 14997: 14972:. Retrieved 14958: 14948:12 September 14946:. Retrieved 14937: 14927: 14908: 14902: 14893: 14877: 14872: 14857: 14852: 14833: 14805: 14799: 14777:(1): 63–79. 14774: 14770: 14764: 14745: 14739: 14727:. Retrieved 14694: 14689: 14677:. Retrieved 14662: 14650:. Retrieved 14641: 14616:. Retrieved 14607: 14574: 14567: 14555:. Retrieved 14551:the original 14546: 14537: 14525:. Retrieved 14520: 14511: 14499:. Retrieved 14484: 14472:. Retrieved 14468:the original 14453: 14441:. Retrieved 14437:the original 14423: 14408: 14403: 14391:. Retrieved 14382: 14373: 14357: 14352: 14333: 14314: 14304: 14298: 14243: 14239: 14233: 14228: 14211: 14192: 14176: 14171: 14159:. Retrieved 14144: 14137:Ze'evi, Dror 14127: 14113:cite journal 14104: 14097:. Retrieved 14072: 14068: 14058: 14022: 14015: 13983:. 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Retrieved 6409: 6363: 6355: 6349: 6340: 6332: 6327: 6318: 6309: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6272: 6264: 6261:Ibn Taymiyya 6259:for example 6255: 6246:(two of the 6242: 6229: 6219: 6211: 6206: 6194: 6184: 6149:Anwar Shaikh 6081: 6058: 6039: 6017: 5995: 5973: 5951: 5928: 5907: 5884: 5862: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5808: 5797: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5711: 5706: 5694: 5675: 5656:West African 5636: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5204: 5187: 5166: 5151: 5119: 5114:Mohsin Hamid 5107: 5102: 5093: 5081: 5056: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5018:Genocides of 5002: 4938: 4918:Abdulmejid I 4914: 4872: 4861:at the time 4848: 4839:Abu al-Abbās 4836: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4784: 4768: 4705: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4660: 4644: 4610: 4579: 4562: 4548: 4539: 4536:Mohsen Araki 4529: 4525: 4502: 4447: 4441: 4411: 4407: 4395: 4365:hadith above 4336:S. A. Rahman 4329: 4325: 4254: 4228: 4214: 4207: 4197:al-Ghazali). 4166:)? Fasting ( 4119: 4111: 4096: 4068:S. A. Rahman 3983: 3975:theologian, 3935:(1985-1989). 3887:(1958–1963). 3793: 3747: 3733: 3714: 3696: 3679: 3658: 3638: 3626: 3606: 3596: 3574: 3567:imprisonment 3550: 3542: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3490:Abdul Rahman 3487: 3467: 3463: 3452: 3437: 3410: 3398: 3395: 3382: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3340: 3331:Ja'fari fiqh 3324: 3305:, sometimes 3300: 3261: 3230:Ordinance XX 3194: 3179: 3170:Gilles Kepel 3157: 3151: 3135: 3124:, following 3091: 3057: 3047: 3042: 3030: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2904:Abdul Rahman 2890: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2855: 2849:punishment); 2839:Kitab al-Umm 2838: 2833: 2819: 2802: 2795: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2749: 2742: 2722: 2710: 2703: 2690: 2683: 2668: 2663: 2651: 2644: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2588: 2577:Sahih Muslim 2575: 2567:Sahih Muslim 2565: 2555: 2548: 2540: 2530: 2497: 2488: 2465: 2440:Throne Verse 2382: 2323: 2303: 2294: 2271: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2226: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2159: 2145: 2122: 2112: 2097: 2069: 2058: 2054: 1994: 1993: 1978: 1969: 1950: 1810: 1806:Antisemitism 1798:Islam and... 1710:Christianity 1705:Baháʼí Faith 1625: 1615:Islamophobia 1573:Shiraz Maher 1568:Gilles Kepel 1478:Ahmed Yassin 1463:Ali Shariati 1403:Ali Khamenei 1280:Ali Khamenei 1251: 1249: 1237: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1156: 1155: 1104: 1103: 1062:Ahl-i Hadith 1046: 1021:Anti-Zionism 990: 978: 971: 950:Pan-Islamism 930: 925:of knowledge 921:Islamization 864: 859: 736:Fundamentals 620:Islamophobia 554: 399:Demographics 394:Circumcision 310: 303: 296: 262: 254: 238: 230: 222: 211: 205: 199: 192: 44: 16623:Catholicism 16518:Other areas 16509:Theological 16504:Eschatology 16461:Mathematics 16398:Calligraphy 16328:Theological 16282:Inheritance 16199:Cleanliness 15571:Shi'a Imams 15565:Ahl al-Bayt 14729:29 November 14705:, pp. 25–31 14679:13 February 14652:16 February 14618:15 February 14557:12 November 14501:10 December 14246:(1/4): 17. 13930:, pp. 61–67 13904:27 November 13743:27 November 13480:: 581–582. 13462:(review)". 13406:: 137–164. 13236:17 November 13108:, pp. 76–78 12991:27 November 12909:Renaissance 12885:25 November 12841:12 December 12802:21 February 12624:(1/4): 15. 12601:14 December 12567:10 December 12464:(1/4): 14. 12236:(1/4): 14. 12003:(1/4): 17. 11963:(1/4): 17. 11856:10 February 11501:7 September 11465:7 September 11428:BBC Persian 11360:"Biography" 11340:7 September 11297:Grand Mufti 10721:16 November 10695:25 December 10575:12 December 10205:10 February 10189:(4): 3–12. 10158:10 February 10027:, 182–184. 9712:12 February 9661:12 February 9616:15 February 9586:12 February 9237:25 December 9052:25 December 9018:, pp. 53–67 8966:12 February 8894:25 November 8817:12 February 8607:25 December 8408:13 December 7585:: 134–162. 7459:10871/37355 7356:28 November 7318:16 December 7026:11 December 6795:Whereas an 6744:, pp. 40–41 6235:Wael Hallaq 6077:Warraq, Ibn 5970:Jami, Ehsan 5789:Deeyah Khan 5708:observance. 5378:Afghanistan 5172:Muslims', ' 5133:Edip Yuksel 4957:S.A. Rahman 4883:Dara Shikoh 4863:Al-Muqtadir 4831:freethinker 4657:First Fitna 4596:caused the 4392:Wael Hallaq 4388:al-Shawkani 4340:Wael Hallaq 4319:Sword Verse 4312:Grand Mufti 4304:Quran above 4302:Quran (see 4264:Al-Sarakhsi 4193:al-Masiri). 4048:Islamic Law 3909:Grand Mufti 3899:Grand Mufti 3569:before the 3479:persecution 3385:Sol Hachuel 3114:prophethood 2914:Blaspheming 2564:, see also 2422:The verse ( 2148:Afghanistan 2045:, but also 1715:Catholicism 1558:Bassam Tibi 1553:Olivier Roy 1453:Rashid Rida 1438:Sayyid Qutb 1219:Iqbal 1930s 1166:MENA region 1136:Millî Görüş 298:Ahl al-Bayt 183:Foundations 16853:Categories 16683:Ex-Muslims 16568:Shu'ubiyya 16562:Psychology 16550:Literature 16540:Inventions 16486:Philosophy 16294:Leadership 16270:Honorifics 15925:Philosophy 15732:Isma'ilism 15693:Maturidism 15576:Caliphates 15547:Golden Age 15438:Revelation 15319:15 October 15299:15 October 15273:15 October 14974:28 October 14527:6 February 14474:15 October 14443:15 October 14221:0813334896 14161:5 November 13348:2017956010 13157:9839154702 12791:9041116184 12761:8 December 12536:21 January 12358:21 January 11680:2 February 11651:21 January 11546:16 January 11439:14 October 11374:27 October 11029:3 December 10933:1850659397 10914:University 10897:Yahoo News 10876:6 December 10826:9 December 10750:0521570778 10420:16 January 10286:13 October 10148:Sunnah.com 10089:David Kerr 9963:1 February 9854:16 January 9408:15 January 9323:Sunnah.com 8933:15 January 8716:15 January 8563:30 October 8398:Islamicity 8361:9770909963 8259:0199730938 8249:, p. 242. 8168:21 January 7612:25 October 7230:0199730938 7220:, p. 242. 6904:14 October 6636:15 January 6171:References 5666:By country 5609:Kazakhstan 5529:Kyrgyzstan 5513:Tajikistan 5426:Bangladesh 5078:Background 4970:Christians 4897:See also: 4887:Shah Jahan 4771:David Cook 4769:Historian 4760:Muhammad I 4621:Kharijites 4617:Kharijites 4586:Ridda wars 4550:Zakir Naik 4522:Middle way 4513:imitating. 4479:Reza Aslan 4452:Reza Aslan 4008:Reza Aslan 3860:Al Jazeera 3833:Zakir Naik 3736:, الْفيء). 3481:or during 3374:Punishment 3154:Al-Ghazali 3039:Al-Ghazali 2858:Al-Ghazali 2835:Al-Shafi'i 2751:Al-Muwatta 2729:Imam Malik 2513:See also: 2475:improve it 2281:improve it 2245:is termed 2152:Kazakhstan 2139:, and the 2091:, and the 1868:Secularism 1858:Shia–Sunni 1836:Liberalism 1548:Sam Harris 1528:Farag Foda 1310:Zia ul-Haq 1171:South Asia 1072:Madkhalism 1047:Scholastic 1005:Influences 829:Khomeinism 779:Ideologies 767:Secularism 488:Philosophy 225:(exegesis) 162:Pilgrimage 152:Almsgiving 36:Ex-Muslims 16800:Symbolism 16758:Incidents 16736:Criticism 16628:Mormonism 16525:Astrology 16451:Cosmology 16446:Astronomy 16388:Arabesque 16255:Etiquette 16214:Blasphemy 16004:Economics 15819:Ahmadiyya 15761:Muhakkima 15708:Wahhabism 15698:Mu'tazili 15683:Ash'arism 15156:1874-6691 15107:162376591 15025:243438689 15003:Guildford 14368:, pp. 7–9 14099:29 August 13985:6 January 13826:6 January 13685:6 January 13644:6 January 13605:227325750 13597:1527-1900 13557:(review)" 13536:6 January 13502:170001371 13494:1086-3184 13438:161217907 13422:1528-4212 13266:Cambridge 13254:(1987) . 13130:(2006) . 13035:224988970 12952:8 January 12684:6 January 12512:(2): 63. 12334:(2): 63. 12208:19 August 12169:9 January 11826:6 January 11780:6 January 11752:cited in 11734:cite book 11705:cite book 11627:(2): 63. 11574:8 January 11300:Ali Gomaa 10656:6 January 10615:6 January 10328:0027-4909 10128:6 January 9540:2 January 9506:219460446 9464:219460446 8746:9 January 8668:6 January 8431:Routledge 8429:, p. 54. 8096:2 January 7986:2 January 7933:"Murtadd" 7911:6 January 7760:0027-4909 7647:30 August 7599:1573-0255 7543:2077-1444 7508:Religions 7486:3 January 7476:195448888 7468:1552-6526 6980:9 January 6868:1874-6691 6801:('rtidad) 6490:9 January 6450:1874-6691 6387:Citations 5824:Vice News 5787:(2016) – 5739:sexuality 5458:Indonesia 5275:Palestine 5180:liars'). 5174:heretical 5170:heterodox 5112:. Author 5099:reports: 5071:blasphemy 5029:Assyrians 5021:Armenians 4993:genocides 4978:Trebizond 4868:Shafi'ite 4764:blasphemy 4720:martyrdom 4679:munāfiḳūn 4540:expressed 4517:Muslims). 4315:Ali Gomaa 4225:Ibn Abbas 4187:abrogated 4082:Professor 4044:Professor 3995:Professor 3979:scholar. 3970:Pakistani 3919:Professor 3905:Ali Gomaa 3835:, Indian 3665:execution 3571:execution 3364:shariʿah, 3214:Ahmadiyya 3209:Ahmadiyya 3120:. In the 2954:in 2005). 2479:verifying 2428:Al-Baqara 2426:) 256 of 2285:verifying 2198:secession 2047:blasphemy 2008:romanized 1846:Modernism 1841:Modernity 1826:Democracy 1821:Blasphemy 1739:Mandaeism 1725:Mormonism 1603:Modernism 1511:in Europe 1244:Qutb 1965 1231:Asad 1961 1195:Key texts 1105:Political 1087:Wahhabism 1043:Movements 879:Caliphate 757:Economics 608:terrorism 560:Criticism 513:Sexuality 483:Mysticism 453:Festivals 433:Education 428:Economics 364:Academics 320:Caliphate 133:Practices 16838:Category 16731:Islamism 16714:Muhammad 16670:Apostasy 16645:Hinduism 16535:Feminism 16466:Medicine 16306:Military 16260:Gambling 16209:Apostasy 16204:Criminal 16116:Marriage 16085:Tayammum 16037:Murabaha 15910:Madrasas 15900:Holidays 15890:Clothing 15885:Children 15880:Calendar 15831:Quranism 15765:Khawarij 15737:Alawites 15688:Atharism 15582:Rashidun 15421:In Islam 15416:Muhammad 15295:. London 15166:(2011). 14995:(1968). 14968:Archived 14942:Archived 14723:Archived 14673:Archived 14646:Archived 14612:Archived 14495:Archived 14493:. 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