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staff speaking with
British accents. He discovered that some of these officers had been living in London for so long they had become almost identical to the British foreign service members with whom they often met and socialized. Carr would later comment that "I have seen some of these young secretaries, who have had exceptional social opportunities and advantages in the capitals abroad, become the most abject followers of the social regime in the foreign capital. One of the things that I hope is going to follow from this bill is to send some of these de-Americanized secretaries to Singapore as vice consul, or to force them out of the service."
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With small appropriations from
Congress, overseas service could not be sustained based on salary alone. Diplomatic and consular service appointments fell on those with the financial means to sustain their work abroad. That and a government-wide practice of political appointments based on nomination,
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Carr began his initial overseas tour in London in 1916. He noted tensions between the diplomatic and consular corps in London and was "shocked to see the staff still wearing top hats and long-tailed coats to work each day". He was further surprised when he heard some of the
American diplomatic
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authorized the
President to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, "Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls." From 1789 to 1924, the diplomatic service, which staffed US legations and embassies, and the consular service, which was primarily responsible for promoting
271:, the chief of the consular bureau, sought to end the political turmoil that affected both the diplomatic and consular services. Working with his colleague Francois Jones, they composed a congressional bill to change the services into one based on a merit system.
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is authorized to assign and rotate diplomats abroad. It merged the low-paid high prestige diplomatic service with the higher paid, middle class consul service. The act provided a merit-based career path, with guaranteed rotations and better pay.
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After passage of the Rogers Act, the
Executive Committee of the Foreign Service Personnel Board drafted a memorandum on avoiding appointment of blacks and women in the new competitive process. Then Secretary of State
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sought to complete reforms started by Carr, now
Assistant Secretary of State. The bill passed May 24 as the Foreign Service Act of 1924 although it is also called the Rogers Act in honor of the principal author.
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in 1905, a reformer himself, discovered Mr. Carr as head of the consular bureau. Taking the original ideas, Root worked with
Senator
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476:"A Corps Is Born, How a State Department Insider and A Young Congressman Joined Forces To Create America's Foreign Service"
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The Making of the
Diplomatic Mind: The Training Outlook and Style of the United States Foreign Service Officers, 1908-1931
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An Act for the reorganization and improvement of the
Foreign Service of the United States, and for other purposes.
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Stewart, Irvin. "American
Government and Politics: Congress, the Foreign Service, and the Department of State,
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Roberts, Priscilla. "'All the Right People: The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment."
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rather than merit, led to careers for those with relations and wealth, rather than skill and knowledge.
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While he was allowed to serve, his initial treatment appeared to be far from ideal.
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Between 1895 and 1905, the bill was continually defeated. Then Secretary of State
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American commerce and assisting distressed American sailors, developed separately.
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dismissed such views. The first black candidate to pass the exam in 1925 was
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and succeeded in passing a merit-based bill for the consular service in 1906.
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Personnel system for assigning diplomats and support personnel
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Merged the diplomatic and consular services into the unified
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Retirement at age 65, which was later lowered to 60 in 1946
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American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service
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History of the foreign relations of the United States
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238:. It defined a personnel system under which the
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193:on May 15, 1924 (Passed) with amendment
125:22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
595:United States foreign relations legislation
316:Competitive examinations for new personnel
430:"World Affairs, Rogers Act, May 24, 1924"
402:"Frequently Asked Historical Questions"
380:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 339–56.
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519:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
552:The American Political Science Review
460:. November 29, 1926. Archived from
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160:in the House as H.R. 6357 by
87:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
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580:United States Department of State
406:United States Department of State
350:United States Department of State
240:United States Secretary of State
197:House agreed to Senate amendment
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590:1924 in international relations
554:(1930) 24#2 pp. 355–366,
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355:United States Foreign Service
338:Clifton Reginald Wharton, Sr.
309:United States Foreign Service
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251:Article II, section 2 of the
236:United States Foreign Service
199:on May 20, 1924 (Agreed)
187:on May 1, 1924 (Passed)
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585:68th United States Congress
539:Journal of American Studies
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224:Foreign Service Act of 1924
222:, often referred to as the
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49:Foreign Service Act of 1924
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374:J. Robert Moskin (2013).
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319:Promotion through merit
176:Committee consideration
18:Rogers Free Library Act
541:26#3 (1992): 409–434.
180:House Foreign Affairs
172:) on February 5, 1924
600:1924 in American law
464:on January 31, 2011.
454:"Consuls, Diplomats"
334:Charles Evans Hughes
149:Legislative history
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234:services into the
220:Rogers Act of 1924
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432:. u-s-history.com
291:John Jacob Rogers
280:Henry Cabot Lodge
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191:Passed the Senate
162:John Jacob Rogers
99:Statutes at Large
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436:2007-10-19
412:2007-10-19
361:References
302:Provisions
276:Elihu Root
228:diplomatic
158:Introduced
78:Public law
38:Long title
24:Rogers Act
138:22 U.S.C.
73:Citations
65:Effective
46:Nicknames
515:cite web
344:See also
232:consular
104:43
247:History
83:Pub. L.
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264:Reform
142:ch. 52
132:U.S.C.
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382:ISBN
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