Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

2017: 5573:, or any of the earlier talks, Russia in particular calls for the region's inclusion and does to some degree carry the region's positions into the talks, as documented in Russia's May 2016 draft for a new constitution for Syria. In October 2016, there were reports of a Russian initiative for federalization with a focus on northern Syria, which at its core called to turn the existing institutions of the region into legitimate institutions of Syria; also reported was its rejection for the time being by the Syrian government. The Damascus ruling elite is split over the question whether the new model in the region can work in parallel and converge with the Syrian government, for the benefit of both, or if the agenda should be to centralize again all power at the end of the civil war, necessitating preparation for ultimate confrontation with the region's institutions. 4805: 150: 4406:, who encouraged their immigration, and granted them Syrian citizenship. Consequently, the French official reports show the existence of at most 45 Kurdish villages in Jazira prior to 1927. A new wave of refugees arrived in 1929. The mandatory authorities continued to encourage Kurdish immigration into Syria, and by 1939, the villages numbered between 700 and 800. Another account by Sir John Hope Simpson estimated the number of Kurds in Jazira province at 20,000 out of 100,000 people at the end of 1930. The number of Kurds continued to grow and the French geographers Fevret and Gibert estimated that in 1953 out of the total 146,000 inhabitants of Jazira, agriculturalist Kurds made up 60,000 (41%), nomad Arabs 50,000 (34%), and a quarter of the population were Christians. 4064:, policing is a competence of the regions. The Asayish forces of the regions are composed of 26 official bureaus that aim to provide security and solutions to social problems. The six main units of Asayish are Checkpoints Administration, Anti-Terror Forces Command (HAT), Intelligence Directorate, Organized Crime Directorate, Traffic Directorate and Treasury Directorate. 218 Asayish centers were established and 385 checkpoints with 10 Asayish members in each checkpoint were set up. 105 Asayish offices provide security against ISIL on the frontlines across Northern Syria. Larger cities have general directorates responsible for all aspects of security including road controls. Each region has a HAT command, and each Asayish center organizes itself autonomously. 131: 2127: 5748: 1645: 2562: 4124: 3741: 2710: 4041: 1542:. The government also recruited Kurdish officials, in particular as mayors, to ease ethnic relations. Regardless, northern Syrian ethnic groups remained deliberately underrepresented in the bureaucracy, and many Kurdish majority areas were run by Arab officials from other parts of the country. Security and intelligence agencies worked hard to suppress dissidents, and most Kurdish parties remained underground movements. The government monitored, though generally allowed this "sub-state activity" because the northern minorities including the Kurds rarely caused unrest with the exception of the 3923: 5604: 2650: 4366: 1710: 1472:, non-Arab languages were forbidden at Syrian public schools. This compromised the education of students belonging to minorities like Kurds, Turkmen, and Assyrians. Some groups like Armenians, Circassians, and Assyrians were able to compensate by establishing private schools, but Kurdish private schools were also banned. Northern Syrian hospitals lacked equipment for advanced treatment and instead patients had to be transferred outside the region. Numerous place names were arabized in the 1960s and 1970s. In his report for the 12th session of the UN 2793: 1932: 2872: 4260:. After the report, the YPG publicly accepted the deficiencies and in October 2015 the YPG demobilized 21 minors from the military service in its ranks. Reports have been comprehensively debated and contested by both the YPG and other human rights organizations. In 2018, HRW again accused the YPG of recruiting minors. The YPG responded that if 16- and 17-year-olds are hired, the relatives are notified, but do not have to consent, and the minors are kept away from combat zones. Since September 2015, the YPG have received human rights training from 10998:"Whereas before the greater Afrin region was under Kurdish occupation with both Arab majorities and Kurdish majorities, the situation reversed into a complete Turkish occupation of entirely Kurdish areas as well as the initially disputed Arab majority areas. Meanwhile, Tel Rifaat and Menagh remained under YPG control with semi-official Russian protection. The Kurdish battalions that remained in the Tel Rifaat area and guarded the camps of displaced Kurds from Afrin have lived in a tense environment, well within reach of the Turkish pincers". 2951: 4425:, for its local armed forces. The last significant wave of Kurdish incoming migration from Turkey happened between 1945 and 1961 which strongly contributed to the growth of al-Hasakah Governorate's population from 240,000 to 305,000 between 1954 and 1961. In addition to the demographic changes brought about by the Kurdish immigration from Turkey, the Syrian government initiated Arabization policy. Therefore, 4000 Arab families from areas flooded by the Tabqa Dam in Raqqa and Aleppo were resettled in new village in al-Hasakah Governorate. 5834: 1493: 5854: 5845: 5536: 3463:

classes approved by the Assad regime and originally developed by Syrian Education Ministry in cooperation with Christian clergy in the 1950s. The threatening of the closure of schools not complying with this resulted in protests erupting in Qamishli. A deal was later reached in September 2018 between the region's authorities and the local Syriac Orthodox archbishopric, where the two first grades in these schools would learn the region's Syriac curriculum and grades three to six would continue to learn the Damascus approved curriculum.

896:. The name "Rojava" was thus associated with a Kurdish identity of the administration. As the region expanded and increasingly included areas dominated by non-Kurdish groups, mostly Arabs, "Rojava" was used less and less by the administration in hopes of deethnicising its appearance and making it more acceptable to other ethnicities. Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers, with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019. 1901:

liberation of many areas, it requires us to go to a wider and more comprehensive system that can embrace all the developments in the area, that will also give rights to all the groups to represent themselves and to form their own administrations". In July 2016, a draft for the new constitution was presented, based on the principles of the 2014 constitution, mentioning all ethnic groups living in Northern Syria and addressing their cultural, political and linguistic rights. The main political opposition to the constitution have been

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as well. However, as of January 2018, only two million people are estimated to remain in the area under the region's administration with estimates of around half a million people emigrating since the beginning of the civil war, to a large degree because of the economic hardships the region has faced during the war. As result of the civil war, estimates as to the ethnic composition of northern Syria vary widely, ranging from claims about a Kurdish majority and Arab minority to claims about Kurds being a small minority;

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donations. In 2015, the autonomous administration shared information about the region's finances where its 2014 revenue was about LS 3 billion (≈US$ 5.8 million) of which 50% was spent on "self-defense and protection", 18% for the Jazira Canton (now Jazira Region), 8.5% for the Kobani Canton (now Euphrates Region), 8.5% for the Afrin Canton (now Afrin Region), 15% for the "Internal Committee" and any remainder was a reserve for the next year. The AANES has by far the highest average

117: 1810: 5649:(KDP), views itself and its affiliated Kurdish parties in other countries as a more conservative and nationalist alternative and competitor to the KCK political agenda and blueprint in general. The political system of Iraqi Kurdistan stands in stark contrast to the region's system. Like the KCK umbrella organization, the PYD has some anti-nationalist ideological leanings while having Kurdish nationalist factions as well. They have traditionally been opposed by the Iraqi-Kurdish KDP-sponsored 2603:"For a former diplomat like me, I found it confusing: I kept looking for a hierarchy, the singular leader, or signs of a government line, when, in fact, there was none; there were just groups. There was none of that stifling obedience to the party, or the obsequious deference to the "big man"—a form of government all too evident just across the borders, in Turkey to the north, and the Kurdish regional government of Iraq to the south. The confident assertiveness of young people was striking. 3882: 1129: 1834:) was approved. The Syrian opposition and the Kurdish parties belonging to the KNC condemned this move, regarding the canton system as illegal, authoritarian, and supportive of the Syrian government. The PYD countered that the constitution was open to review and amendment, and that the KNC had been consulted on its drafting beforehand. From September 2014 to spring 2015, the YPG forces in Kobanî Canton, supported by some Free Syrian Army militias and leftist international and 4829: 1262: 1246: 3545: 3379: 1688: 21666: 3243: 3411: 1114: 2669:, but also includes various "tribal, ethno-sectarian, capitalist and patriarchal structures." The region has a "co-governance" policy in which each position at each level of government in the region includes a "female equivalent of equal authority" to a male. Similarly, there are aspirations for equal political representation of all ethno-religious components – Arabs, Kurds and Assyrians being the most sizeable ones. This has been compared this to the 4136: 3737:

Syria. In May 2016, Ahmed Yousef, head of the Economic Body and chairman of Afrin University, stated that at the time, the economic output of the region (including agriculture, industry and oil) accounted for about 55% of Syria's gross domestic product. In 2014, the Syrian government was still paying some state employees, but fewer than before. However, the administration of the region stated that "none of our projects are financed by the regime".

5940:"In its fight against IS, the Autonomous Administration appears to be trampling all over the rights of civilians who are caught in the middle. We saw extensive displacement and destruction that did not occur as a result of fighting. This report uncovers clear evidence of a deliberate, co-ordinated campaign of collective punishment of civilians in villages previously captured by IS, or where a small minority were suspected of supporting the group." 5948:"Though allegations of ‘ethnic cleansing’ continued to be received during the period under review, the Commission found no evidence to substantiate claims that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the basis of ethnicity, nor that YPG cantonal authorities systematically sought to change the demographic composition of territories under their control through the commission of violations directed against any particular ethnic group," 4229: 1732: 1721: 4554: 3848:

allow business people or goods to cross its border. The blockade from adjacent territories held by Turkey and ISIL, and partially also the KRG, temporarily caused heavy distortions of relative prices in Jazira Region and Euphrates Region (while separate, Afrin Region borders government-controlled territory since February 2016); for example in Jazira Region and Euphrates Region, through 2016 petrol cost only half as much as bottled water.

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the KCK, as differences emerged between the PKK and PYD leadership. The PYD was determined to maintain the regional autonomy and hoped for a continued alliance with the United States. In contrast, the PKK central command was now willing to restart negotiations with Turkey, distrusted the United States, and emphasized the international success of its leftist ideology over the survival of Rojava as administrative entity.

5562:(YPG) and Syrian government forces has been rare, in the most instances some of the territory still controlled by the Syrian government in Qamishli and al-Hasakah has been lost to the YPG. In some military campaigns, in particular in northern Aleppo governate and in al-Hasakah, YPG and Syrian government forces have tacitly cooperated against Islamist forces, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others. 1581:, where other Kurdish parties maintained more influence. Many Syrian Kurds developed a long-lasting sympathy for the PKK, and a large number, possibly more than 10,000, joined its insurgency in Turkey. A rapprochement between Syria and Turkey brought an end to this phase in 1998, when Öcalan and the PKK were formally expelled from northern Syria. Regardless, the PKK maintained a clandestine presence in the region. 4276: 1806:. It also eclipsed rival Kurdish militias, and absorbed some government loyalist groups. According to researcher Charles R. Lister, the government's withdrawal and concurrent rise of the PYD "raised many eyebrows", as the relationship between the two entities was "highly contentious" at the time. The PYD was known to oppose certain government policies, but had also strongly criticised the Syrian opposition. 1854: 14219:, p. 116: "To the east of Kurd-Dagh and separated from it by the Afrin valley lies the western and mountainous part of the Syrian district of Azaz which is also inhabited by Kurds, and a Kurdish minority lives in the northern counties of Idlib and Jerablos. There is reason to believe that the establishment of Kurds in these areas, a defensive site commanding the path to Antioch, goes back to the 5911:

Syria to be recognized and to be included in UN-led Constitutional Committee tasked to draft a new constitution for Syria. The official position of the European Union remained the same however, that the Autonomous Administration should be "respected" and included in talks while rejecting "any recognition in the national sense of the word" and that "the territorial integrity of Syria is fundamental".

3327: 3658: 2769:, a new name for the region was adopted, the "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria", encompassing the Euphrates, Afrin, and Jazira regions as well as the local civil councils in the regions of Raqqa, Manbij, Tabqa, and Deir ez-Zor. During the meeting, a 70-member "General Council for the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" was formed. 1821:(TEV-DEM), controlled the Kurdish Supreme Committee until the latter was dissolved by the cantonal Democratic Autonomous Administration. On 19 July 2013, the PYD announced that it had written a constitution for an "autonomous Syrian Kurdish region", and planned to hold referendum to approve the constitution in October 2013. Qamishli served as first 12157: 5716:, ISIL's stronghold and capital, and that SDF commanders would plan the operation with advice from American and coalition troops. At various times, the U.S. deployed U.S. troops embedded with the SDF to the border between the region and Turkey, in order to deter Turkish aggressions against the SDF. In February 2018, the 5932:"By deliberately demolishing civilian homes, in some cases razing and burning entire villages, displacing their inhabitants with no justifiable military grounds, the Autonomous Administration is abusing its authority and brazenly flouting international humanitarian law, in attacks that amount to war crimes." 8248: 12211: 2084:

was unacceptable. An unintended consequence of the attack was that it raised the worldwide popularity and legitimacy of the northeastern Syrian administration, and several PYD and YPG representatives became internationally known to an unprecedented degree. However, these events caused tensions within

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Since 2012, when the first YPG pockets appeared, Turkey had been alarmed by the presence of PKK-related forces at its southern border and grew concerned when the YPG entered into an alliance with the US to oppose ISIS forces in the region. The Turkish government refused to allow aid to be sent to the

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held that "Successive Syrian governments continued to adopt a policy of ethnic discrimination and national persecution against Kurds, completely depriving them of their national, democratic and human rights – an integral part of human existence. The government imposed ethnically-based

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occurred across towns and villages in the region, with communes consisting of approximately 20–35 people. According to the region's "Ministry of Economics", approximately three-quarters of all property has been placed under community ownership and a third of production has been transferred to direct

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network had its license to work in the region withdrawn and had its offices confiscated by Rojava authorities. International media and journalists operate with few restrictions in the region, one of the only regions in Syria where they can operate with some degree of freedom. Internet connections in

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For Assyrian private confessional schools there had at first been no changes. However, in August 2018 it was reported that the region's authorities was trying to implement its own Syriac curriculum in private Christian schools that have been continuing to use an Arabic curriculum with limited Syriac

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Article 8 of the 2014 constitution stipulates that "All Cantons in the autonomous regions are founded on the principle of local self-government. Cantons may freely elect their representatives and representative bodies, and may pursue their rights insofar as it does not contravene the articles of the

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demonstrated for two weeks, regarding the new regional leadership as Kurdish-dominated and non-inclusive, citing arrests of suspected ISIL members, looting of oil, lack of infrastructure as well as forced conscription into the SDF as reasons. The protests resulted in deaths and injuries. It has been

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capital of the PYD-led governing body, which was official called the "Interim Transitional Administration". The announcement was widely denounced by both moderate as well as Islamist factions of the Syrian opposition. In January 2014, three areas declared their autonomy as cantons (now Afrin Region,

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became widespread in the country's north, to a large part directed against the Kurdish population. The region received little investment or development from the central government and laws discriminated against Kurds owning property, driving cars, working in certain professions and forming political

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was "Interim Transitional Administration", adopted in 2013. After the three autonomous cantons were proclaimed in 2014, PYD-governed territories were also nicknamed "the Autonomous Regions" or "Democratic Autonomous Administration". On 17 March 2016, northern Syria's administration self-declared the

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Another shift in modern times was the Baath policy of settling additional Arab population in northern Syria, while displacing local Kurds. Most recently, during the Syrian Civil War, many refugees have fled to the north of the country. Some ethnic Arab citizens from Iraq have fled to northern Syria

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During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, organizations such as the Turkish government, Amnesty International and the Middle East Observer have stated that SDF was forcibly displacing inhabitants of captured areas with predominantly Arab population such as Tell Abyad. These displacements were considered

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in May 2016. In addition, the autonomous regions have imposed some limits on press freedom, for example forcing the press to get work permits. These can be cancelled, thereby curtailing the ability of certain press agencies to operate. However, the extent of these restrictions differed greatly from

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In many instances, the Syrian government arbitrarily deprived ethnic Kurdish citizens of their citizenship. The largest such instance was a consequence of a census in 1962, which was conducted for exactly this purpose. 120,000 ethnic Kurdish citizens saw their citizenship arbitrarily taken away and

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and entrepreneurship are protected under the principle of "ownership by use". Dr. Dara Kurdaxi, a regional official, has stated: "The method in Rojava is not so much against private property, but rather has the goal of putting private property in the service of all the peoples who live in Rojava."

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Oil and food production is substantial, so they are important exports. Agricultural products include sheep, grain and cotton. Important imports are consumer goods and auto parts. Trade with Turkey and access to humanitarian and military aid is difficult due to a blockade by Turkey. Turkey does not

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seized control of several regions, while security forces were overstretched. In mid-2012 the government responded to this development by withdrawing its military from three mainly Kurdish areas and leaving control to local militias. This has been described as an attempt by the Assad regime to keep

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In December 2019, an international conference hosted by the International Alliance for the Defence of Rights and Freedoms (AIDL) was held at the European Parliament which condemned the Turkish invasion of northeastern Syria, and called for the self-declared Autonomous Administration of North East

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It has been theorized that the Assad government had deliberately underdeveloped parts of Northern Syria in order to Arabize the region and make secession attempts less likely. During the Syrian Civil War, the infrastructure of the region on average experienced less destruction than other parts of

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an additional language in public schools in Jazira Region, which then started in the 2016/17 academic year. According to the region's Education Committee, in 2016/2017 "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Syriac." In August 2017

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in the international arena, while the U.S. does not. After peace talks between Syrian civil war parties in Astana in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would, among other things, change the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce

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attempted to work within the system, hoping to bring about changes through soft pressure. In general, parties that openly represented certain ethnic and religious minorities were not allowed to participate in elections, but their politicians were occasionally allowed to run as Independents. Some

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On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of Manbij and Kobani in order to dissuade a Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian

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Regarding the status of different languages in the autonomous region, its "Social Contract" stipulates that "all languages in Northern Syria are equal in all areas of life, including social, educational, cultural, and administrative dealings. Every people shall organize its life and manage its

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Communes and co-operatives have been established to provide essentials. Co-operatives account for a large proportion of agricultural production and are active in construction, factories, energy production, livestock, pistachio and roasted seeds, and public markets. Several hundred instances of

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were granted to Arab families, while tens of thousands of Kurdish inhabitants of the villages concerned were evicted. These and other expropriations was part of the so-called "Arab Belt initiative" which aimed to change the demographic fabric of the resource-rich region. Accordingly, relations

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By the 9th century, northern Syria was inhabited by a mixed population of Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Turkic groups, and others. Kurdish tribes in the area often operated as soldiers for hire, and were still placed in specific military settlements in the northern Syrian mountains. There existed a

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According to Dr. Ahmad Yousef, an economic co-minister, three-quarters of traditional private property is being used as commons and one quarter is still being owned by use of individuals...According to the Ministry of Economics, worker councils have only been set up for about one third of the

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An analysis released in June 2017 described the region's "relationship with the regime fraught but functional" and a "semi-cooperative dynamic". In late September 2017, Syria's Foreign Minister said that Damascus would consider granting Kurds more autonomy in the region once ISIL is defeated.

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The main sources of revenue for the autonomous region have been presented as: 1. Public properties such as grain silos and oil and gas in the Jazira Region, 2. Local taxation and customs fees taken at the border crossings, 3. Service delivery, 4. Remittances from Iraq and Turkey, and 5. Local

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in Afrin started teaching, with initial programs in literature, engineering and economics, including institutes for medicine, topographic engineering, music and theater, business administration and the Kurdish language. After the Turkish army invaded Afrin in 2018, several of it students were

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have been made against the YPG since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, such as in the take-over of the border town of Tal Abyad from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other operations. Some of the accusations have come from Turkey and Turkish-backed Syrian militias and

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In July 2016, Jazira Canton Board of Education started the University of Rojava in Qamishli, with faculties for Medicine, Engineering, Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. Programs taught include health, computer and agricultural engineering; physics, chemistry, history, psychology, geography,

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affairs using its mother tongue." In practice, Arabic and Kurmanji are predominantly used across all areas and for most official documents, with Syriac being mainly used in the Jazira Region with some usage across all areas while Turkish and Circassian are also used in the region of Manbij.

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were elected co-chairpersons for the executive committee to organise a constitution for the region, to replace the 2014 constitution. Yousef said the decision to set up a federal government was in large part driven by the expansion of territories captured from Islamic State: "Now, after the

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in the region were held on 22 September 2017. 12,421 candidates competed for around 3,700 communal positions during the elections, which were organized by the region's High Electoral Commission. Elections for the councils of the Jazira Region, Euphrates Region and Afrin Region were held in

14634:) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. ... The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them. 1390:, between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias. Many Assyrians fled to Syria during the genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area. Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the 9372:

A member of YPG's central command … said that the YPG formed in 2004 shortly after the Qamishlo riots, when a number of Kurdish youth realized that they needed to be able to defend themselves more efficiently. They did not officially declare themselves until the revolution started in

3988:, which make group decisions on minor criminal cases and disputes as well as in separate committees resolve issues of specific concern to women's rights like domestic violence and marriage. At the regional level, citizens (who need not be trained jurists) are elected by the regional 5899:

opposition fighters hostile to the autonomous region, with some reports even including ISIL among these. Turkey has on several occasions militarily attacked the region's territory and defence forces. This has resulted in some expressions of international solidarity with the region.

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of land from Kurdish owners and settling of tribal Arabs there in 1973 and 2007. There have been calls to expel the settlers and return the land to its previous owners, which has led the political leadership of the region to press the Syrian government for a comprehensive solution.

15475: 12163: 5907:"to destroy the terror corridor" on the Turkish southern border, as president Erdogan put it, after US President Donald Trump abandoned his support. Subsequent media reports have speculated that the offensive would lead to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. 2050:

to the SDF. Journalists called the withdrawal "a serious betrayal to the Kurds" and "a catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and Washington's standing on the world stage"; one journalist stated that "this was one of the worst US foreign policy disasters since the

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The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition which have been described as pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and private enterprise. In 2012, the PYD launched what it called the "Social Economy Plan", later renamed the "People's Economy Plan" (PEP).

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during the 9-day operation before a 120-hour ceasefire was announced. The operation was condemned by the international community, and human rights violations by Turkish forces were reported. Media outlets labelled the attack "no surprise" because Turkish president

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erupted in Syria, prompting hasty government reforms. One of the issues addressed during this time was the status of Syria's stateless Kurds, as President Bashar al-Assad granted about 220,000 Kurds citizenship. In course of the next months, the crisis in Syria

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Amnesty International this month faulted the Kurdish administration for arbitrary detentions and unfair trials.... Ibrahim said ... efforts were underway to improve its human rights record.... The Geneva Call ... promotes good treatment of civilians in war

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The political system of the region is based on its adopted constitution, officially titled "Charter of the Social Contract". The constitution was ratified on 9 January 2014 and provides that all residents of the region shall enjoy fundamental rights such as

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The federal, regional and local administrations in the region put much emphasis on promoting libraries and educational centers, to facilitate learning and social and artistic activities. Examples are the Nahawand Center for Developing Children's Talents in

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education (Kurdish and Arabic) for public schools, with English as a mandatory third language. There are ongoing disagreements and negotiations over curriculums with the Syrian central government, which generally still pays the teachers in public schools.

5708:(YPG) militia as having "proven to be excellent partners of ours on the ground in fighting ISIL. We are grateful for that, and we intend to continue to do that, recognizing the complexities of their regional role." Late October 2016, U.S. Army Lt. Gen. 4318:(HXP) has been called a human rights violation by those who call the region's institutions illegitimate, whilst extra-legal abduction into military service has been reported, such as in 2014 when a 15-year-old girl was kidnapped and recruited into the 3443:. Local reactions to the changes to the school system and curriculum were mixed. While many praised the new system because it encouraged tolerance and allowed Kurds and other minorities to be taught in their own languages, others have criticised it as 10100: 5895:(PKK). Turkey's policy towards the region is based on an economic blockade, persistent attempts of international isolation, opposition to the cooperation between the American-led anti-ISIL coalition and the Syrian Democratic Forces, and support of 3863:(KRG), but has been open permanently since June 2016, and along with the establishment of a corridor to Syrian government controlled territory in April 2017, economic exchange has increasingly normalized. Further, in May 2017 in northern Iraq, the 3669:

After the establishment of the de facto autonomous region, the Center of Art and Democratic Culture, located in Jazira Region, has become a venue for aspiring artists who showcase their work. Among major cultural events in the region is the annual

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Executive Board member Îlham Ehmed. The SDC appoints an Executive Council which deal with the economy, agriculture, natural resources, and foreign affairs. General elections were planned for 2014 and 2018, but this was postponed due to fighting.

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stated that the new political structures created in the region have been based on top-down structures, which have placed obstacles for the return of refugees, created dissent as well as a lack of trust between the SDF and the local population.

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area to area. By 2016, Kobani Canton was the least restrictive, followed by Jazira Canton which closely monitored and occasionally regulated press activity. Afrin Canton was the most restrictive, and many local reporters operated anonymously.

1105:) also sometimes translated into English as the "Self-Administration of North and East Syria", encompassing the Euphrates, Afrin, and Jazira regions as well as the local civil councils in the regions of Raqqa, Manbij, Tabqa, and Deir ez-Zor. 6524: 4385:

historically been the domain of nomad and sedentary Arabs. Most of the Kurdish population in the area have immigrated from Turkey during the 20th century. One major shift in modern times was in the early part of the 20th century due to the

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While there was no institution of tertiary education on the territory of the region at the onset of the Syrian Civil War, an increasing number of such institutions have been established by the regional administrations in the region since.

1374:. By the 18th century, five Kurdish tribes existed in northeastern Syria. The demographics of this area underwent a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century. Some Circassian, Kurdish and Chechen tribes cooperated with the Ottoman ( 12351: 15483: 16869: 5805:. A broad range of public voices in the U.S. and Europe have called for more formal recognition of the region. International cooperation has been in the field of educational and cultural institutions, like the cooperation agreement of 10246:[Regime forces begin entering the city of Manbij, northeast of Aleppo, in conjunction with the continued withdrawal of the coalition forces from the city] (in Arabic). The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 October 2019. 1333:

and successive Arab Islamic caliphates. In course of these regimes, different groups settled in northern Syria, often contributing to population shifts. Arabic tribes have been present in the area for millennia. Under the Hellenistic

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rebutted these reports and the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry find no evidence of YPG or SDF forces committing ethnic cleansing in order to change the demographic composition of territories under their control.

1406:. The number of Turkish Kurds settled in al-Jazira province during the 1920s was estimated at 20,000 people, out of 100,000 inhabitants, with the remainder of the population being Christians (Syriac, Armenian, Assyrian) and Arabs. 3712:

The Jazira Region is a major wheat and cotton producer and has a considerable oil industry. The Euphrates Region suffered most destruction of the three regions and has huge challenges in reconstruction, and has recently seen some

1588:(KCK) to implement Öcalan's ideas in various Middle Eastern countries. A KCK branch was also set up in Syria, led by Sofi Nureddin and known as "KCK-Rojava". In an attempt to outwardly distance the Syrian branch from the PKK, the 4607:, a Semitic language. There are many Assyrians among recent refugees to Northern Syria, fleeing Islamist violence elsewhere in Syria back to their traditional lands. In the secular polyethnic political climate of the region, the 1358:

in the 12th century were part of. Under Saladin's rule, northern Syria experienced a mass immigration of Turkic groups who came into conflict with Kurdish tribes, resulting in clashes that wiped out several Kurdish communities.

1517:, which was owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of Kurdish citizens, and gave it to Arab families brought in from other provinces. In 2007, in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, 600 square kilometres (230 square miles) around 5767:

In the diplomatic field, the de facto autonomous region lacks any formal recognition. While there is comprehensive activity of reception of the region's representatives and appreciation with a broad range of countries, only

17304: 16256: 12803: 10373: 1338:(312–63 BC), different tribal groups and mercenaries were settled in northern Syria as military colonists; these included Arabs and possibly Kurds. Jan Retso argued that Abai, an Arab settlement where the Seleucid king 13745: 10403: 5581:

rebels. The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer. Following the creation of the

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Aside of the representation offices the AANES has established in France, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland the region's role in the international arena is comprehensive military cooperation of its militias under the

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In March 2015, the Syrian Information Minister announced that his government considered recognizing the Kurdish autonomy "within the law and constitution". While the region's administration is not invited to the

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Healthcare is organized through the region's "Health and Environment Authority" and through sub-region and canton-level Health Committees. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the

11357: 8016: 6373: 11564: 8226: 15599: 15695: 12239: 11105: 10921: 10964:"The eastern part of Syria's Afrin region is comprised of two districts: Tel Rifaat, currently occupied by the terrorist group , and Azaz, which remains under the control of Syrian opposition forces". 10221: 3423:

Galenos Yousef Issa of the Ourhi Centre announced that the Syriac curriculum would be expanded to grade 6, which earlier had been limited to grade 3, with teachers being assigned to Syriac schools in

1513:(HRW) estimated the number of such "stateless" Kurdish people in Syria at 300,000. In 1973, the Syrian authorities confiscated 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) of fertile agricultural land in 21446: 12417: 6528: 17248: 9915: 2342: 15453: 15569: 12358: 11818: 1865:

After the YPG victory over ISIL in Kobanî in March 2015, an alliance between YPG and the United States was formed, which greatly worried Turkey, because Turkey stated the YPG was a clone of the

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Syrian civil laws are valid in the region if they do not conflict with the Constitution of the autonomous region. One example for amendment is personal status law, which in Syria is based on

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Following a deadly PYD repression of opposition demonstrations in Amuda, the Kurdish National Council withdrew from the Kurdish Supreme Committee. Unopposed, the PYD's political coalition,

10269: 8049: 6584: 13719: 12303: 20348: 17145: 7686: 20556: 19031: 15934: 14137: 12325: 7939: 7129: 17091: 14493: 14169: 13119: 12504: 11779: 10068: 9405: 6687: 6619: 6406: 1569:. Syria and Turkey were hostile toward each other at the time, resulting in the use of the PKK as proxy group. The party began to deeply influence the Syrian Kurdish population in the 14111: 11413: 10130: 9798: 8287: 14626:

The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey. ... We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term

11869: 10546: 4314:. The political agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial in conservative quarters of society. Conscription into the 3973:

over retribution. The death penalty was abolished. Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to ISIL and other extremist groups. A September 2015 report of

20340: 17828: 14085: 13571: 13399: 11210: 8997: 2360: 2348: 2294: 2117: 1886: 17312: 16264: 15676: 12889: 11040: 10462: 1905:, in particular the KNC, who have different ideological aspirations than the TEV-DEM coalition. On 28 December 2016, after a meeting of the 151-member Syrian Democratic Council in 1754:(KSC). The People's Protection Units (YPG) militia was reestablished to defend Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria. In July 2012, the YPG established control in the towns of 20659: 16432: 14030: 12020: 4528:

indigenous peoples and preexisting Arab groups. Arabs form the majority or plurality in some parts of Northern Syria, in particular in the southern parts of the Jazira Region, in

4381:

The demographics of the region have historically been highly diverse, with several major shifts in regard to which groups form majorities or minorities in the last centuries. The

13835: 12799: 11275: 10598: 7751: 16038: 13934: 13046: 10365: 7622: 2354: 1481: 719:, and displacement. At the same time, the AANES has also been described by partisan and non-partisan sources as the most democratic system in Syria, with direct open elections, 10781: 9968: 4330: 1485:

programs, regulations and exclusionary measures on various aspects of Kurds' lives – political, economic, social and cultural." Kurdish cultural festivals like

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In March 2017 the "United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria" was unable to find evidence to substantiate claims about ethnic cleansing, stating:

3561: 3439:" classes had also been introduced. In general, schools are encouraged to teach the administration's "uptopian doctrine" which promotes diversity, democracy, and the ideas of 1909:, a new constitution was resolved; despite objections by 12 Kurdish parties, the region was renamed the "Democratic Federation of Northern Syria", removing the name "Rojava". 15762: 8315: 7709: 6651: 6224: 21613: 20397: 17194: 16307: 14543: 11642: 10985: 9254: 8110: 3608:. A landscape of local newspapers and radio stations has developed. However, media agencies often face economic pressure, as was demonstrated by the closure of news website 16008: 6441: 6023:

It is difficult to properly define early Kurds, as "Kurdish" was often used as a catch-all word for nomadic tribal groups west of Iran during antiquity and medieval times.

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police force, which is organized in every area with Assyrian population, provides security and solutions to social problems in collaboration with other Asayish units. The

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to the northeast. The region is at latitude approximately 36°30' north and mostly consists of plains and low hills, however there are some mountains in the region such as

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previously under SDF control. The SDF handed over part of the region to the Syrian government to act as a buffer zone against Turkey. Manbij remained under SDF control.

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Bois, T.; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D.N. (2009). "Kurds, Kurdistan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, T.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.).

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President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Sunday said he was troubled by the advance of Kurdish forces, saying they could in the future create a structure to threaten Turkey.

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through a series of military operations against the SDF. AANES and its SDF have stated they will defend all regions of autonomous administration from any aggression.

19985: 19969: 19842: 19608: 19389: 19205: 18903: 18709: 18580: 16410: 14580:, "The Dutch court said it considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets requirement under Genocide Conventions as an ethnic group"." 13956: 11944: 9854: 8824: 2282: 1577:, where it promoted Kurdish identity through music, clothing, popular culture, and social activities. In contrast, the PKK remained much less popular among Kurds in 16145: 15591: 15015: 14875: 13634: 13604: 12478: 6032:

Since at least the early Middle Ages, northern Syria has been settled by a mixed population of Arabs, Turkmen, Kurds, and Christian ethnoreligious groups including

4402:, there was a large influx of Kurds to Syria's northeast, called "Jazira province" at the time. It is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria, under 21618: 20065: 19338: 19231: 19047: 18907: 15964: 6974: 2403: 2366: 2016: 16690: 15702: 11066: 9764: 7777: 7338: 5668: 198: 19873: 18848: 13808: 12915: 11383: 6502: 6283: 4118: 2492: 1617: 12231: 11097: 10917: 10652: 7831:, p. 154: "On 19 July the PYD formally announced that it had written a constitution for an autonomous Syrian Kurdish region to be known as West Kurdistan." 7399: 5622:(KCK) organization; however, the other KCK member organisations in the neighbouring states (Turkey, Iran and Iraq) with Kurdish minorities are either outlawed ( 3774:

reported that traders in Syria experience the region as "the one place where they aren't forced to pay bribes." The highest amount of energy is produced by the

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This list includes all cities and towns in the region with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The population figures are given according to the 2004 Syrian census.

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is consistently hostile, which has been attributed to a perceived threat from the region's emergence, in that it would encourage activism for autonomy among

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in Qamishli started classes. More such academies designed under a non-traditional academic philosophy and concept are in the process of founding or planning.

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It has also been criticized for banning journalists, media outlets and political parties that are critical of the YPG narrative in areas under its control.

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Actual numbers are expected to be higher.... A number of pro-Government groups, including Hizbullah, also reportedly recruited children in small numbers.

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language public schools, supplemented by Assyrian private confessional schools. In 2015, the region's administration introduced primary education in the

3023: 15561: 15234: 12859: 11808: 10717:"YPG, backed by al-Khabour Guards Forces, al-Sanadid army and the Syriac Military Council, expels IS out of more than 230 towns, villages and farmlands" 10694: 8196: 7540:

Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2018). "When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism".

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the SDF stated that it was ready to merge with the Syrian Army if or when a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF is achieved.

3764:

and selling oil and other natural resources. However, in July 2017, it was reported that the administration in the Jazira Region had started to collect

3592:

languages of the land, as well as in English, and media outlets frequently use more than one language. Among the most prominent media in the region are

19639: 19572: 19425: 19155: 18656: 18289: 15074:, René Dirven, Ning Yu, Susanne Niemeier, Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Cultures and Languages, p. 268 13513: 9885: 4307: 16333: 14183: 13260: 12121: 12051: 10432: 7907: 7586: 7304: 6130: 6099: 20515: 19644: 12743: 11704: 11503: 11184: 10513: 6882: 5510:

left thousands of people in the region without access to basic necessities as the majority of international aid groups withdrew during the violence.

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The PYD-led rule has triggered protests in various areas since they first captured territory. In 2019, residents of tens of villages in the eastern

19908: 19170: 19059: 18346: 18269: 15324: 13539: 13372: 12984: 11840: 10152: 7655: 4249: 3529:, and with mutual agreement the institution continues to be operated under the authority of the Damascus government's Ministry of Higher Education. 16488: 4326: 4303: 3373: 1766:, and the Kurdish Supreme Committee established a joint leadership council to administer the towns. Soon YPG also gained control of the cities of 21536: 21451: 21421: 20035: 19938: 19868: 19789: 19709: 19465: 18816: 18811: 18372: 18059: 15912: 13012: 12143: 11206: 10273: 8993: 6580: 5880: 5507: 4008:

renders decisions on compatibility of acts of government and legal proceedings with the constitution of the region (called the Social Contract).

2032: 2024: 1956: 1926: 1566: 17561: 17149: 13711: 12299: 9560: 8041: 2634:

Besides the parties represented in TEV-DEM and the KNC, several other political groups operate in northern Syria. Several of these, such as the

770:. The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and market enterprise, through a system of 20780: 20148: 20050: 19552: 19200: 18341: 18054: 18049: 16839: 15938: 12639: 12329: 10347: 10191: 7678: 5924:

opposition groups in the region, while others have come from numerous human rights organizations, as well as Western and regional journalists.

5704:. In a public statement in March 2016, the day after the declaration of the regions autonomy, U.S. Defense Secretary Ashton Carter praised the 3435:. At the start of the academic year 2018–2019, the curricula in Kurdish and Arabic had been expanded to grades 1–12 and Syriac to grades 1–9. " 2942: 2933: 1666: 578:, the region is neither officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria, state or other governments institutions except for the 16436: 15256: 14160: 14133: 12695: 11783: 7947: 7137: 6525:"Delegation from the Democratic administration of Self-participate of self-participate in the first and second conference of the Shaba region" 4299: 21456: 20584: 20406: 19587: 19557: 19500: 18947: 18504: 18279: 18249: 17099: 14707: 14501: 13320: 13115: 12500: 10060: 9794: 9395: 6677: 6609: 6398: 6291: 4399: 2854: 17659:

Sinclair, Christian; Kajjo, Sirwan (2013). "The Evolution of Kurdish Politics in Syria". In David A. McMurray; Amanda Ufheil-Somers (eds.).

16608: 16238: 15874: 14107: 11877: 11753: 11612: 11421: 11331: 10861: 10122: 8770: 8283: 21441: 21416: 20623: 20611: 20606: 20589: 19898: 19654: 19343: 19021: 18882: 18730: 18596: 18428: 18398: 18315: 17444: 15732: 10538: 7014: 3616:

Political extremism in the context of the Syrian Civil War can put media outlets under pressure; for example in April 2016 the premises of

2548: 1661: 17382: 16289: 16171: 16094: 14685: 14081: 13561: 13403: 12881: 7362: 7249: 7049: 5630:) or politically marginal with respect to other Kurdish parties (Iraq). Expressions of sympathy for Syrian Kurds have been numerous among 21514: 21431: 20795: 20767: 20601: 20576: 20197: 19353: 19069: 18403: 18393: 18377: 15680: 14973: 14026: 11044: 10459: 10295: 4623:

with a major presence in the area between Afrin Region and Euphrates Region, where they form regional majorities in the countryside from

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armed formation. Asayish was established on 25 July 2013 to fill the gap of security when the Syrian security forces withdrew. Under the

1885:

was declared in the areas they controlled in Northern Syria. The declaration was quickly denounced by both the Syrian government and the

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from the SDF. Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces prevented the linking of Rojava's cantons and captured all settlements in

16046: 15150: 13664: 13286: 13035: 11914: 7611: 6641: 5891:(KCK) network of organisations, which also includes both political and military Kurdish organizations in Turkey itself, including the 3624:

was threatened and burned down by unidentified assailants. In December 2018 the Rojava Information Center was established. During the

2754:. Most of Afrin Region was occupied by Turkish-led forces in early 2018, though the administrative division continued to operate from 20790: 20168: 19537: 19420: 19138: 18673: 16769: 15393: 13689: 12604: 12574: 11677: 11279: 10829: 10796: 9976: 5973: 5662: 3819: 3418:

In August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make

2665:

The politics of the region has been described as having "libertarian transnational aspirations" influenced by the PKK's shift toward

2318: 575: 16220: 15301: 9998: 8347:

Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki, 7–11 September 1995.

8174: 21526: 20676: 19893: 19883: 19649: 19328: 15754: 8673: 7394: 4410: 4403: 4088: 3321: 1403: 1289:, with the last surviving Assyrian imperial records, from between 604 BC and 599 BC, were found in and around the Assyrian city of 314: 16311: 14535: 13093: 11236: 10977: 8118: 7508:"The Experiment of the Rojava System in Grassroots Participatory Democracy: Its Theoretical Foundation, Structure, and Strategies" 6216: 1398:. While many of the Kurds in Syria have been there for centuries, waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syrian 20775: 20296: 20238: 20184: 20130: 19903: 19263: 19081: 18693: 18423: 16348: 16016: 15203: 13161: 12661: 12185: 9262: 6558: 6431: 5996:-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016. Since then, the name is still used by locals and international observers. 3502:

mathematics and primary school teaching and Kurdish literature. There is an additional Faculty for Petroleum and Pharmacology in

16362: 13460: 11731: 10244:"قوات النظام تبدأ دخول مدينة منبج شمال شرق حلب بالتزامن مع استمرار انسحاب قوات التحالف من المدينة • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان" 9537: 21633: 21561: 20664: 20436: 20416: 20212: 19948: 19333: 18745: 18418: 16720: 13871: 13342: 12717: 10943: 9469: 9439: 6777: 4804: 3885:

The autonomous administration is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives, such as this sewing cooperative in Derik.

2751: 16813: 15844: 12264: 12090: 10759: 10317: 9092:"Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria, Report for the 12th session of the UN Human Rights Council" 8072: 6186: 2521: 774:

in minority, cultural, and religious representation. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the

149: 21695: 21476: 20358: 20330: 20099: 20000: 19759: 19684: 19624: 19358: 19268: 19215: 18641: 17784: 17757: 17732: 17707: 17678: 17603: 17550: 17400: 15363: 14908: 14869: 14657: 14052: 12391: 11138: 9156: 8818: 7217: 7084: 6943: 5272: 4592: 3553: 3428: 2745:

The cantons were later reorganized into regions with subordinate cantons/provinces, areas, districts and communes. The first

2639: 17065: 15505: 14754: 14598: 14471: 14273: 11144: 10037: 8971: 8866: 8736: 8646: 1740:

Map of the changing territory controlled by the region in February 2014, June 2015, October 2016, April 2018, and March 2020

20686: 20426: 20291: 20143: 19774: 19495: 19490: 18408: 18264: 17885: 16992: 16586: 14925: 14567: 12447: 11018: 9062: 8707: 6246: 5555: 4817: 4492:

was conquered by the Medes. Kurds formed 55% of the 2010 population of what now is both Jazira Region and Euphrates Region.

4223: 4061: 3930: 3917: 3913: 3565: 3483: 2482: 2330: 2094: 1922: 1839: 1827: 1635: 1530: 1419: 794: 688: 17810: 17122: 13960: 11952: 9937: 9846: 6852:"Non-territorial autonomy and gender equality: The case of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria - Rojava" 4433:

stated in October 2019 that just 10 percent of the 4.5 million inhabitants of northern and northeastern Syria were Kurds.

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and Manbij Internal Security Forces operate as police forces. Deir ez-Zor also maintain an Internal Security Forces unit.

21643: 20838: 20030: 19547: 19373: 18651: 17900: 17017: 13693: 13626: 13596: 12470: 11590: 10721: 7742:"Syria Crisis: MSF provides healthcare to Syrians crossing into Iraqi Kurdistan | MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES - MIDDLE EAST" 5717: 4343: 3625: 2746: 2288: 2264: 2239: 20701: 17334: 17171: 8932: 6982: 5558:

are legally incompatible with respect to legislative and executive authority. In the military realm, combat between the

21556: 21546: 21411: 21390: 21370: 21355: 20737: 20411: 20311: 19953: 19006: 18838: 18626: 18464: 18305: 17624: 17188: 16743: 15960: 11070: 10894: 10576: 10483: 9772: 9143: 9033: 8965: 8419: 8391: 8366: 7773: 7348: 5713: 5570: 3649:, which as of January 2017 is working on a major extension of the fibre optic cable network in southern Jazira Region. 2635: 2507: 2413: 1539: 520: 178: 13798: 13429: 12911: 11391: 8743: 6510: 6296: 4268:

found that the SDF was continuing to recruit child soldiers, despite signing an action plan on July 1, 2019, with the

2620: 2001:, a subdivision of the region, was occupied and over 100,000 civilians were displaced and relocated to Afrin Region's 1342:

was raised, was located in northern Syria. By the 3rd century, the Arab tribe of the Fahmids lived in northern Syria.

21571: 21521: 21395: 21360: 20820: 20377: 20271: 19804: 19794: 19592: 19455: 19243: 19210: 18833: 18413: 18274: 17649: 17575: 17261: 14967: 14787: 14748: 14398: 14365: 14328: 10662: 8627: 8560: 8532: 7978: 7389: 5785:

by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation. The region opened official representation offices in

5582: 4675:

The four main languages spoken in Northern Syria are the following, and are from three different language families:

4315: 4211: 4112: 4092: 4068: 4025: 2643: 2407: 2010: 1952: 1818: 1534: 872: 19440: 15625: 13217: 12940: 11481: 11309: 9102: 7223: 21592: 21461: 21012: 20530: 20367: 20138: 19923: 19415: 18794: 18683: 18564: 18492: 18310: 18244: 16642: 15119: 14316: 13491: 12526: 9731: 9639: 9359: 9195: 7849: 6436: 3726: 2541: 2336: 594: 15089: 15045:

Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517

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throughout Syria, with salaries being twice as large as in regime-controlled Syria, following the collapse of the

2126: 21576: 20922: 20520: 20462: 19913: 19779: 19704: 19542: 19363: 19288: 17279: 16194: 15814: 13656: 10630: 5565:

The region does not state to pursue full independence but rather autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria.

5495: 2775: 2704: 1990: 779: 759: 528: 492: 136: 20202: 17356: 16943: 15539: 12829: 12777: 8144: 4294:

The region's civil government has been hailed in international media for human rights advancement in particular

4256:(YPG). The reports from 2014 include reports of arbitrary arrests and torture, other reports include the use of 1064:

has adopted a new name for the region, naming it the "Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" (NES) (

21720: 21710: 21380: 20828: 20431: 20109: 19754: 19577: 19522: 19470: 19323: 19248: 19185: 19116: 18930: 18184: 15784: 15009: 14824: 14438: 9596:"Peacebuilding in a conflict setting: Peace and reconciliation committees in de facto Rojava Autonomy in Syria" 6713: 5993: 5884: 5615: 5299: 4160: 4096: 4045: 4029: 2300: 2246: 2226: 2104: 2040: 1589: 20005: 17717:

Vanly, Ismet Chériff (1992). "The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Stefan Sperl (eds.).

15647: 13194: 11504:"What is reality of educational process in North Syria, new year's curricula? – ANHA | Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar" 10247: 7971:

Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) Dictionary & Phrasebook: Swadaya-English, Turoyo-English, English-Swadaya-Turoyo

7799: 4071:(HXP) also serve local-level security. In Jazira Region, the Asayish are further complemented by the Assyrian 21541: 21499: 21155: 20963: 20932: 20727: 20040: 19928: 19744: 19694: 19517: 19293: 19253: 18991: 18787: 18725: 18616: 18601: 17820: 15446:"Al-Hasaka Health Directorate: One person infection to endanger everyone's life – ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English" 15226: 12851: 10684: 5642: 3867:

fighting ISIL cleared a corridor connecting the autonomous region and Iraqi government-controlled territory.

3860: 1486: 20421: 18519: 18514: 17469: 15423: 13252: 9877: 8200: 5747: 1469: 116: 21638: 21551: 21509: 20912: 20382: 20104: 20045: 19918: 19674: 19669: 19430: 19410: 19303: 19298: 19258: 19143: 18621: 18549: 17934: 17924: 17189:

U.S. Senator John McCain, Chairman of the United States Senate Armed Services Committee (27 October 2016).

16664: 12985:'Rojava – the formation of an economic alternative: Private property in the service of all' 12113: 7575: 7294: 6122: 5756: 5705: 5559: 4253: 4148: 2431: 2216: 1948: 1597: 474: 122: 18139: 12751: 11700: 11180: 7422: 6851: 6089: 5952:

The region has also been criticized extensively by various partisan and non-partisan sides over political

4757: 4413:

and enjoyed considerable rights as the French Mandate authority encouraged minority autonomy as part of a

3510:

in France for cooperation, the university opened registration for students in the academic year 2016–2017.

1963:

the YPG's parent organisation, the PYD, provided the PKK with militants, explosives, arms and ammunition.

1644: 21628: 21471: 21385: 21375: 21365: 21350: 21290: 21190: 21037: 20917: 20896: 20861: 20752: 20747: 20628: 20261: 20192: 19739: 19699: 19532: 19450: 19435: 19011: 18976: 18757: 18524: 18351: 17939: 17890: 17249:

EU condemns Turkey again while sticking to its position on the Kurdish administration in north-east Syria

14433:(1. publ. ed.). London : Pluto Press, in association with Kurdish Human Rights Project. p. 25. 12691: 5892: 5888: 5619: 4861: 4739: 4319: 4184: 4128: 3864: 3518: 2616: 2534: 2475: 2270: 2221: 1866: 1835: 1791: 1585: 1558: 743: 13531: 13368: 11844: 7647: 5638:, some ethnic Kurdish citizens of Turkey crossed the border and volunteered in the defense of the town. 3733:

are managed by local committees, which can set the price of basic goods such as food and medical goods.

21715: 21566: 20757: 20089: 19729: 19527: 18969: 18740: 18529: 16921: 11451: 10428: 7507: 5646: 5524: 4172: 3836: 3717:

agriculture construction. The Afrin Region has had a traditional specialization on olive oil including

3629: 2378: 2252: 2198: 2081: 1967: 464: 16257:"Kurdish citizens 'rest easy' after American military patrols parade through cities in northern Syria" 15904: 13004: 5720:

released a budget blueprint for 2019 with respect to the region, which included $ 300 million for the

1813:

Military situation in December 2015, the SDF would be successful in pushing ISIS out of northern Syria

1529:'s Ba'athist government varied greatly. Some parties opted for resistance, whereas others such as the 21669: 20983: 20856: 20651: 20566: 20387: 20153: 20025: 19769: 19724: 19629: 19460: 19126: 19121: 18952: 18925: 18920: 18782: 18661: 18469: 18177: 18124: 17895: 16123: 14453:

McDowall, David. Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2004. pp. 473–474.

12534: 12217: 7714: 5712:, the commander of the international Anti-ISIL-coalition, said that the SDF would lead the impending 5685: 4723: 4701: 4687: 4204: 3585: 3339: 3317: 3292: 3223: 3154: 3085: 3008: 2923: 2844: 2762: 2193: 1874: 1751: 1432: 1081: 1061: 1041: 985: 904: 355: 333: 85: 16847: 13931:"What the Syrian Kurds Have Wrought. The radical, unlikely, democratic experiment in northern Syria" 12627: 10351: 10183: 8284:"Final statement of Autonomous Administration of North , East Syria – ANHA | Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar" 3977:

stated that 400 people were incarcerated by the region's authorities and criticized deficiencies in

3620:("the first, and only, independent radio station staffed and broadcast by Syrians inside Syria") in 1557:

internal policies which officially suppressed a Kurdish identity, the Syrian government allowed the

695:

as a whole, rather than outright independence. The region's administration has also been accused by

20973: 20848: 20833: 20301: 20020: 20010: 19995: 19819: 19664: 19485: 19190: 18887: 18828: 18438: 17929: 17912: 17670: 15267: 7260: 5741: 5721: 5697: 5650: 5540: 4853: 4709: 4604: 4430: 4144: 4108: 4083:, though not police units, also have a presence in the area, providing security in towns along the 4035: 3926: 3707: 3343: 2792: 2628: 2425: 1971: 1747: 1285:

kingdom, its centre being the Khabur river valley in modern-day Jazira Region. It was then part of

656: 568: 14715: 13899: 13316: 4476:

living in northeastern and northwestern Syria, culturally and linguistically classified among the

4123: 1600:" (YPG), a paramilitary wing of the PYD, was also founded during this time, but remained dormant. 20927: 20886: 20876: 20671: 20525: 20446: 20251: 20114: 19943: 19933: 19679: 19659: 19445: 19195: 19165: 19148: 19026: 18678: 17969: 17959: 17949: 17567: 15882: 15325:"Only way to keep Syria united by the adoption of a decentralised, democratic and secular system" 15039:

Mordechai Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, p. 180

11757: 11620: 11335: 10852: 8762: 7746: 7290: 7045: 6673: 5778: 5773: 5530: 5503: 4882:

Cities highlighted in light grey are partially under the civil control of the Syrian government.

4691: 4200: 4196: 4168: 3852: 3832: 3770: 3740: 2950: 2871: 2680: 1639: 1613: 1415: 1227: 1189: 1151: 787: 692: 598: 579: 556: 16965: 16554: 15728: 15562:"In Northern Syria, Destruction and Displacement Confront Health Workers – Syrian Arab Republic" 13984:"Civil Resistance to Military Conscription in Kurdish Areas of Northern Syria: the Untold Story" 7010: 4040: 2077: 21504: 20441: 20246: 20207: 19858: 19809: 19764: 19734: 19348: 19308: 19283: 19273: 19131: 19106: 18996: 18959: 18935: 18735: 18019: 17875: 17805: 14840: 14677: 7372: 7037: 5781:

like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize

5760: 4857: 4849: 4705: 4382: 3760:

on people or businesses in the region; instead, the administration raised money mainly through

3346:. The co-leaders selected to lead the SDC at its founding were prominent human rights activist 3018: 2709: 2172: 2160: 1986: 1918: 1803: 1578: 1514: 1181: 1030: 974: 944: 708: 17: 16458: 16411:"Build Kurdistan relationship or risk losing vital Middle East partner – News from Parliament" 14957: 14647: 13836:"SDF continues to recruit child soldiers, despite pledges to stop the practice - Syria Direct" 11643:"Why Did the Kurdish "Self-Management" Close the Syriac Private School in Eastern al-Hasakah?" 10303: 8808: 6714:"Beyond Orientalism: Exploring the Distinctive Feminism of democratic confederalism in Rojava" 5669:

Syrian Democratic Forces § Support by the United States, France and other Western nations

19888: 19368: 18559: 18534: 18433: 17870: 17815: 14999: 14898: 14859: 14777: 13566: 8617: 7343: 5925: 5904: 5551: 4810: 4747: 4717: 4546:, in Euphrates Region and in Jazira Region it mainly denotes ethnic Arab Bedouin populations. 4505: 4394:, when many Assyrians and Armenians fled to Syria from Turkey. In the 1920s after the failed 4356: 4245: 4017: 3974: 2487: 2167: 1452: 1391: 1339: 1177: 1155: 660: 301: 154:

Territory controlled by Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria shown in dark green

16459:"Mark C. Toner, Deputy Spokesperson. Daily Press Briefing. Washington, DC. November 7, 2016" 16388: 13660: 7038:"The Rojava Revolution: Oil, Water, and Liberation – Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation" 6217:"Amina Omar ,Ryad Derrar elected as co-chairs of MSD - ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English" 6153: 4147:, an alliance of Syrian rebel groups formed in 2015. The SDF is led by the Kurdish majority 3242: 2080:

had for months warned that the presence of the YPG on the Turkish-Syrian border despite the

21491: 21130: 20891: 20717: 20691: 20217: 19749: 19562: 19313: 19278: 19111: 19096: 18942: 18631: 18554: 18356: 18254: 18134: 18099: 18029: 17666: 15146: 13294: 11922: 10792: 5810: 5782: 5491: 4731: 3922: 3703: 3645:

the region are often slow due to inadequate infrastructure. Internet lines are operated by

3573: 3495: 2611:

stated that power is heavily centralized in the hands of the Democratic Union Party (PYD).

2561: 1847: 1574: 1473: 940: 775: 684: 17426: 16777: 13742:"Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban Despite Promises, Children Still Fight" 12596: 12564: 11673: 10821: 9821:"Kurds, Arabs and Assyrians talk to Enab Baladi about the 'Federal Constitution' in Syria" 1974:(SDF) from linking Afrin Canton (now Afrin Region) with the rest of Rojava and to capture 8: 21310: 21265: 21230: 20742: 20546: 20325: 19990: 19826: 19180: 19160: 18981: 18964: 18865: 18767: 18544: 16532: 15385: 15293: 13343:"Syria: Arbitrary detentions and blatantly unfair trials mar PYD fight against terrorism" 11870:"Rojava university seeks to eliminate constraints on education in Syria's Kurdish region" 10033: 5598: 4834: 4529: 4214:(HXP) is a territorial defense militia and the only conscript armed force in the region. 4164: 3970: 3901: 3633: 3526: 3490: 3414:

High school students in Tev-Cand in a classroom, dancing during a class on Syrian culture

2575: 2502: 2258: 2046:

had ordered United States troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria where they had been

1902: 1543: 1306: 755: 712: 696: 680: 8700:"Ray J. Mouawad, Syria and Iraq – Repression Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" 8113:[Draft of the Social Coalition of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]. 7130:"PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular" 4611:

modernization movement has a growing influence on Assyrian identity in the 21st century.

1546:. The situation improved after the death of Hafez al-Assad and the election of his son, 21250: 20696: 20163: 20094: 20055: 18772: 18750: 18094: 18084: 17695: 16099: 15185: 14708:"Culturally Sensitive Social Work Practice with Arab Clients in Mental Health Settings" 14186:"There's no 'ethnic cleansing' in Til Abyad against the Turkmen and Arabic population." 14003: 13535: 13089: 12944: 11232: 10689: 9631: 9623: 8664: 8013:"The Autonomous Administration in Northern Syria: Questions of Legitimacy and Identity" 7557: 7367: 7176: 6874: 6744: 5806: 5603: 5499: 5403: 4641: 4596: 4450: 4395: 4360: 4241: 4084: 3896: 3876: 3791: 3662: 3507: 3472: 3369: 2624: 2595: 1709: 1510: 1509:. This status was passed to the children of a "stateless" Kurdish father. In 2010, the 1399: 1302: 1235: 1193: 1118: 783: 630: 19318: 19175: 17191:"Statement by SASC Chairman John McCain on Turkish Government Attacks on Syrian Kurds" 16485:"US-led coalition has no intention to create federal Kurdish state in Syria: official" 15199: 13690:

YPG demobilizes 21 children under the age of 18 from the military service in its ranks

13153: 9704: 9054: 8699: 6550: 5635: 4868:. The dominant PYD party and the political administration in the region are decidedly 3440: 2612: 1959:

between the PKK and Turkish forces. According to the Turkish pro-government newspaper

1843: 1562: 1561:(PKK) to set up training camps from 1980. The PKK was a militant Kurdish group led by 21608: 21315: 21270: 20871: 20866: 20642: 20551: 20507: 19863: 19064: 18777: 18336: 17954: 17780: 17753: 17728: 17703: 17674: 17645: 17620: 17599: 17571: 17546: 17224: 16366: 15005: 14963: 14904: 14865: 14820: 14783: 14744: 14653: 14434: 14394: 14361: 14324: 13452: 13426:"Rojava Dispatch Six: Innovations, the Formation of the Hêza Parastina Cewherî (HPC)" 12137: 11813: 11134: 10657: 10625:[The Democratic Conservatives are a new party declaring itself in Qamishlo]. 10602: 9635: 9615: 9152: 9029: 8961: 8858: 8814: 8623: 8556: 8528: 8415: 8387: 8362: 8359:

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC

8170: 8080: 7974: 7561: 7522: 7445: 7213: 7080: 6939: 6878: 6748: 6736: 6646: 6052:. In addition, Cherkessians farmers migrated to northern Syria in the 19th century. 6045: 6037: 5627: 5623: 5547: 5457: 4743: 4713: 4679: 4521: 4391: 4387: 4240:

In the course of the Syrian Civil War, including the years 2014 and 2015, reports by

4188: 3699: 3593: 3577: 3576:. As a result, a diverse media landscape has developed in the region, in each of the 3569: 2649: 2445: 2147: 2140: 2055:". Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces captured 68 settlements, including 2036: 1670: 1649: 1492: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1367: 1294: 1185: 921: 893: 767: 606: 251: 12318: 12265:"Efrîn Economy Minister Yousef: Rojava challenging norms of class, gender and power" 9477: 9447: 8960:(1. publ. in paperback. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 61. 4550:

Two ethnic groups have a significant presence in certain regions of Northern Syria:

4409:

Under the French Mandate of Syria, newly arriving Kurds were granted citizenship by

4365: 4067:

Throughout the region, the municipal Civilian Defense Forces (HPC) and the regional

3173: 21285: 21275: 21255: 21245: 21150: 21140: 21135: 21073: 21032: 21017: 20722: 20372: 20256: 19582: 19505: 19091: 18915: 18870: 18821: 18804: 18799: 18646: 18611: 18239: 18200: 18119: 18104: 18039: 17092:"Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported" 16817: 15181: 15071: 14390: 14383: 14285: 13995: 12272: 12082: 9607: 7549: 7476: 7465:"The Rojava Experience: Possibilities and Challenges of Building a Democratic Life" 7437: 6866: 6830: 6820: 6728: 6279: 5968: 5953: 5709: 5535: 5082: 4911: 4893: 4761: 4753: 4683: 4458: 4339: 4176: 3891: 3745: 3695: 3691: 3589: 3399: 3277: 3208: 3139: 3070: 2993: 2908: 2877: 2859: 2829: 2583: 2457: 2006: 1931: 1795: 1631: 1456: 1424: 1330: 1310: 1274: 1250: 1219: 1213: 1170: 1162: 1098: 1065: 1013: 957: 888: 840: 826: 771: 732: 704: 700: 664: 652: 564: 540: 281: 99: 57: 31: 16533:"Syrian draft constitution recognizes Kurdish language, no mentions of federalism" 16070:"The opening of a Syrian Kurdish 'representation office' in Geneva stirs tensions" 16039:"Kurdish National Council announces plan for setting up 'Syrian Kurdistan Region'" 15065:

The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, p. 3

13999: 12383: 10029: 9611: 7553: 6825: 6808: 6732: 6061:

Concerns over Turkish actions were expressed by US, Russian, and German officials.

4480:. Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the ancient Iranian people of the 3104: 3035: 2276: 21300: 21205: 21180: 21103: 21093: 21088: 21078: 21027: 21022: 20594: 19689: 19510: 19076: 18843: 18666: 18539: 18443: 17743: 17718: 17689: 17660: 17635: 17614: 17589: 17536: 16800:"L'écrivain Patrice Franceschi veut créer un centre culturel au Kurdistan syrien" 15355: 14738: 14673: 14590: 14571: 14220: 12991: 12021:"Syrian Kurdish administration condemns burning of radio ARTA FM office in Amude" 11128: 10466: 9400: 9354: 9023: 8955: 8851: 8740: 8733: 8650: 8643: 7319: 7299: 6033: 5876: 5729: 5702:

international (US-led) coalition against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

5631: 4905: 4787: 4780: 4735: 4697: 4563: 4477: 4417:

strategy and recruited heavily from the Kurds and other minority groups, such as

4414: 4180: 4057: 3959: 3856: 3828: 3637: 3564:, as well as other internationally recognized human rights conventions, the 2014 3419: 3403: 3262: 3193: 3124: 3055: 2978: 2893: 2814: 2579: 2571: 2497: 1609: 1547: 1465: 1351: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1166: 1073: 1021: 965: 810: 720: 668: 622: 560: 491:

Several symbols have been used to represent the entity in official settings. See

298: 286: 271: 261: 159: 71: 17777:

Statelet of Survivors: The Making of a Semi-Autonomous Region in Northeast Syria

17563:

The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency

14564: 14494:"Rojava hosts thousands of displaced Iraqi civilians as war on ISIS intensifies" 12439: 10296:"Syrian army enters Kurdish-held city, air base to help counter Turkish assault" 8763:"Abandoned by America: How the Kurds have once again been 'stabbed in the back'" 7648:"The medical care situation in Rojava - Cadus e.V. - Redefine Global Solidarity" 7071:

Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, David, eds. (2017). "Preface".

6254: 6048:

tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from

5853: 5844: 5833: 4768:

For these four languages, three different scripts are in use in Northern Syria:

3947: 3824: 3802:, and allow for good wages. The AANES still faces challenges with distribution, 2727: 2691:

capital of the administration, but the area's governing body later relocated to

1464:

parties. Property was routinely confiscated by government loansharks. After the

1370:

tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from

1290: 1122: 559:. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing 21531: 21240: 21210: 21160: 21145: 21125: 21113: 21098: 21083: 21007: 20320: 19101: 18986: 18860: 18762: 18606: 18089: 18074: 17470:"Kurdish authorities handed over political prisoner to Syrian regime: Official" 16389:"Syrian Kurdish PYD, Turkey's HDP leaders attend 'Ocalan conference' in Athens" 16334:"Syrie : Emmanuel Macron annonce l'envoi de soldats au secours des Kurdes" 13222: 11414:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian" 10366:"India slams Turkey for its 'unilateral military offensive' in northeast Syria" 8407: 8111:"Reşnivîsa Hevpeymana Civakî ya Federaliya Demokratîk a Bakurê Sûriyeyê – ANHA" 7710:"Free Burma Rangers activist and medic killed by Turkish drone strike in Syria" 7576:"NATION-BUILDING IN ROJAVA: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMIDST THE SYRIAN CIVL WAR" 6955: 6938:. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12. 6041: 5673: 4773: 4615: 4513: 4454: 4442: 4269: 4257: 4076: 3955: 3954:

autonomous region proclaims absolute equality of women under the law, allowing

3730: 3721:

made from it, and had drawn much industrial production from the nearby city of

3646: 3539: 3395: 1940: 1799: 1570: 1526: 1436: 1375: 1363: 1231: 1132: 949: 936: 739: 728: 672: 626: 20968: 17850: 15506:"An appeal from Health Body of Al-Jazeera region – ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English" 14317:"Ethnonational Minorities in the Middle East Berbers, Kurds, and Palestinians" 11586: 10599:"High Electoral Commission disclosed Local Administration elections' outcomes" 1809: 320: 21684: 21295: 21260: 21215: 21185: 21165: 21120: 21108: 20955: 20732: 19086: 19001: 18636: 18034: 17964: 17228: 17018:"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'" 14360:(3. revised and updated. ed., repr. ed.). London : Tauris. p. 469. 12414:"Efrîn Economy Minister: Rojava Challenging Norms Of Class, Gender And Power" 10754: 10214:"Trump's decision on Syria has already turned into a foreign policy disaster" 9619: 8920: 8750: 8084: 7526: 7480: 7449: 6740: 6614: 5920: 5724:(SDF) and $ 250 million for border security. In April 2018, the President of 5450: 5423: 5371: 5344: 5292: 5162: 5135: 5001: 4974: 4572: 4537: 4533: 4192: 3803: 3514: 3347: 2798: 2735: 2713: 2673: 2608: 2452: 2002: 1893: 1775: 1627: 1506: 1223: 1209: 716: 644:

The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially

610: 536: 213: 200: 15815:"Syrian army to deploy along Turkish border in deal with Kurdish-led forces" 14289: 11674:"Rojava authority's efforts to provide Syriac education met with resistance" 11358:"Education in Rojava: Academy and Pluralistic versus University and Monisma" 11163: 11161: 10886: 10479: 9162: 7876: 6123:"Turkish-backed groups launch attack near strategic Syrian town of Ain Issa" 5956:. A KDP-S politician accused the PYD of delivering him to the Assad regime. 3881: 1522:

between the Syrian government and the Syrian Kurdish population were tense.

1128: 21225: 21200: 21175: 21170: 20978: 20616: 20561: 18044: 16009:"Syrian Kurdish leader: We will respect outcome of independence referendum" 15875:"Syrian Kurds accuse Turkey of violations, Russia says peace plan on track" 15592:"Syria: Caring for displaced people and preparing for coronavirus in Idlib" 13840: 13425: 11809:"Afrin University students continuing their studies at Rojava's University" 11780:"Syria's first Kurdish university attracts controversy as well as students" 10568: 10270:"Syrian Army enters strategic city in Al-Raqqa with heavy equipment: video" 6900: 5752: 5677: 5645:

in Iraq is complicated. One context is that the governing party there, the

5378: 5324: 5240: 5142: 4620: 4588: 4568: 4501: 4473: 4265: 3795: 3757: 3641: 3432: 3335: 2956: 2462: 2372: 2064: 2043: 1998: 1994: 1897: 1767: 1763: 1623: 1554: 1518: 1429: 1318: 1266: 1205: 724: 532: 448: 324: 18109: 17801:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) official website

17538:

The Kurds of Northern Syria. Volume 2: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts

17495:"Journalism in Rojava (II): Independent media between freedom and control" 17305:"Syrian rebels accuse Kurdish forces of 'ethnic cleansing' of Sunni Arabs" 17040: 8167:"Second day of Northern Syria Constituent Assembly conference takes place" 3601: 1603: 935:

The first name of the local government for the Kurdish-dominated areas in

21623: 21305: 21235: 21220: 21195: 17542: 17512: 16124:"ANALYSIS: Kurds welcome US support, but want more say on Syria's future" 15051:

Richard T. Schaefer, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, p. 107

13483: 13290: 12235: 11945:"In blow to Kurdish independent media, Syrian Kurdish website shuts down" 11892: 11538: 11526: 11158: 9349: 8804: 8316:"Amina Omar : Autonomous Administration its purpose to serve people" 7992: 7990: 7774:"Kurdish-led SDF says Turkish invasion has revived IS, urges no-fly zone" 7679:"In Northern Syria, Destruction and Displacement Confront Health Workers" 6682: 6094: 5681: 5351: 5220: 4845: 4525: 4463:

Two ethnic groups have a significant presence throughout Northern Syria:

4261: 3978: 3718: 2755: 1779: 1525:

The response of northern Syrian parties and movements to the policies of

1460: 1444: 762:. Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to 751: 747: 634: 17637:

The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads

16609:"Rojava's first representation office outside Kurdistan opens in Moscow" 15123: 14959:

Understanding Arabs, Fifth Edition: A Contemporary Guide to Arab Society

14861:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

14007: 13983: 10123:"US betrayal of Kurds destroys the West's credibility for years to come" 9969:"BREAKING: Kurdish-led SDF to handover huge section of territory to SAA" 9627: 9595: 9187: 8241: 8197:"Syrian Kurdish groups, allies say approve blueprint for federal system" 7110: 6870: 6251:

Syrian Civil War Map – Live Middle East Map/ Map of the Syrian Civil War

5680:, co-chairman of the region's leading Democratic Union Party (PYD) with 3378: 2186: 1674:

the Kurdish population out of the initial civil uprising and civil war.

1261: 20988: 17616:

The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187

17594:. Routledge encyclopedias of Middle Edges. New York City & London: 17585: 13400:"Rojava Asayish: Security institution not above but within the society" 10569:""The Kurdish National Alliance," a new political entity in the column" 9663: 9661: 9532: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8862: 8601:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294. 8336:

Consolidation of administrations – ANHA | Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar

7912: 6456: 5247: 5035: 4954: 4917: 4869: 4828: 4813: 4652: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4284: 4091:

also maintain a police branch. In the areas taken from ISIL during the

3951: 3807: 3765: 3753: 3714: 3636:

was also banned from reporting in the region. On 2 September 2019, the

3522: 3424: 2658: 2654: 2590: 2072: 2060: 2056: 2020: 1783: 1771: 1746:

Existing underground Kurdish political parties, namely the PYD and the

1687: 1278: 1254: 1245: 1136: 645: 591: 587: 548: 341: 14516: 14464:"Syrian Kurds provide safe haven for thousands of Iraqis fleeing ISIS" 13514:"Translation: Law concerning military service in North and East Syria" 13484:"Meet the YPG, the Kurdish Militia That Doesn't Want Help from Anyone" 13036:"Rojava experience of the social economy : reality and prospects" 12852:"Iran-backed Iraqi force says takes Islamic State villages near Syria" 12800:"Business booming in Rojava after outlet opened with Kurdistan Region" 12501:"In Syria's Mangled Economy, Truckers Stitch Together Warring Regions" 10396:"Damning evidence of war crimes by Turkish forces and allies in Syria" 9999:"Terrified children, empty streets in Syria's Afrin as Turkey attacks" 9507: 9350:"Meet the YPG, the Kurdish militia that doesn't want help from anyone" 8143:[Social Democratic Alliance for Northern Syria] (in Kurdish). 7987: 7441: 6835: 6480: 3544: 3342:(SDC) was established to serve as the political representative of the 3334:

In December 2015, during a meeting of the region's representatives in

2627:, Turkey, has become an iconic figure in the region whose ideology of 21280: 17749: 17724: 17699: 17662:

The Arab Revolts. Dispatches on Militant Democracy in the Middle East

17641: 17595: 16239:"Ever-closer ties between US and Kurds stoke Turkish border tensions" 16172:"US general: Syrian Democratic Forces will lead the assault on Raqqa" 15535: 13712:"Amnesty accuses US-backed Syrian Kurdish group of demolishing homes" 11979: 11251: 9908:"Interpol removes top PKK-affiliated figure from its red notice list" 9765:"Syrian Kurds declare Qamishli as capital for the new federal system" 9559:

Khalaf, Rana (2016). "PYD Pragmatism and the Emergence of 'Rojava'".

8140: 7942:[Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds]. 7423:"Communal Democracy: The Social Contract and Confederalism in Rojava" 7256: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 5802: 5790: 5594: 5194: 4632: 4608: 4553: 4374: 4264:

and other international organizations. A September 2020 article from

4228: 4004:, which serves the region as a whole. Separate from this system, the 3799: 3779: 3775: 3506:. Its language of instruction is Kurdish, and with an agreement with 3436: 3410: 2666: 2108: 1979: 1870: 1277:, and includes archaeological sites dating to the Neolithic, such as 1147: 1113: 899:

The territory around Jazira province of northeastern Syria is called

602: 583: 15386:"Kurdish force may leave Raqqa campaign if Turkey continues attacks" 13957:"Assyrian leader accuses PYD of monopolizing power in Syria's north" 13834:

Christou, Will; Ibrahim, Mohammad Abdulssattar (17 September 2020).

13280: 13278: 11967: 10539:"Writings of Obscure American Leftist Drive Kurdish Forces in Syria" 9658: 9289: 9234: 8881: 7940:"Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert" 6809:"Gender Revolution in Rojava: The Voices beyond Tabloid Geopolitics" 5772:

has on occasion openly supported the region's political ambition of

1877:

was created. On 17 March 2016, at a TEV-DEM-organized conference in

1850:

of summer of 2015, the regions of Jazira and Kobanî were connected.

1755: 1731: 1720: 1409: 20998: 20946: 18169: 17095: 16843: 16716: 16638: 16582: 16042: 16012: 14497: 14467: 13190: 13187:"Syrian Kurds tackle conscription, underage marriages and polygamy" 12024: 11948: 11873: 11417: 11387: 11305: 11041:"Haytham Manna Elected Joint Chairman of Syrian Democratic Council" 10243: 10095: 9768: 8729: 7807: 7133: 7076: 6978: 6049: 5896: 5863: 5814: 5169: 4981: 4647: 4628: 4576: 4540:

the term Arab is mainly used to denote arabized Kurds and arabized

4080: 4049: 3963: 3787: 3597: 3548:

Public performance in the AANES (Rojava) in administration Tev Cand

2766: 2692: 2068: 2052: 1787: 1698: 1653: 1371: 1004:

The updated December 2016 constitution of the polity uses the name

766:

and other extremist groups, and are a large strain on the region's

517: 452: 255: 192: 175: 16713:"Syrian Kurds inaugurate representation office in the Netherlands" 14536:"'We're Arabs just as much as Kurds': Syrian Kurds call for unity" 13799:"Western states train Kurdish force in Syria, force's leader says" 12774:"US welcomes opening of border between Rojava and Iraqi Kurdistan" 12186:"Kurdish art, music flourish as regime fades from northeast Syria" 12162:(in Arabic). syriannewscenter.net. 12 January 2017. Archived from 11728:"Syriacs protest Kurdish authorities over Syria school curriculum" 11276:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools" 10153:"Trump's Syria move 'delivers a blow to US credibility worldwide'" 6517: 6503:"Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage | ANHA" 6333: 5992:

The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's

4167:, but was first active in the Syrian Civil War. There is also the 4135: 3374:

Human rights in North and East Syria § Ethnic minority rights

2738:, canals are used for reliable source of water and travel between 18079: 15415: 14176: 13803: 13275: 13074:(1st ed.). Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness. 4 March 2015. 12406: 11474:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time – ANHA" 10620: 6678:"Catalan parliament recognizes administration in northeast Syria" 6432:"The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria" 4865: 4542: 4517: 4489: 4485: 4446: 4418: 4280: 3617: 3600:

agencies and websites as well as TV outlets Rojava Kurdistan TV,

3351: 2739: 2670: 1887:

National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

1347: 1314: 1286: 1282: 814: 805: 676: 638: 16221:"US Troops in Manbij to 'Deter' Skirmishes Between Turks, Kurds" 16095:"Inside Syria: Kurds Roll Back ISIS, but Alliances Are Strained" 15987:"Kurdistan's Politicized Society Confronts a Sultanistic System" 14161:"Syrian Kurds accused of ethnic cleansing and killing opponents" 12973:(1st ed.). Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness. 4 March 2015. 12114:"Statement from Kurdistan 24 Company for Media and Research Ltd" 12083:"Rudaw expresses regret over ban by Kobani authorities in Syria" 12052:"Rojava Information Center, a media bridge to the world outside" 10887:"المفوضية العليا للانتخابات – Komseriya Bilind Ya Hilbijartinan" 9878:"The World Condemns Erdogan's War on Kurds. But Turkey Applauds" 8957:

Blood and belief: the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence

8599:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

8141:"Hevpeymana Civakî ya Federaliya Demokratîk ji bo Bakurê Sûriyê" 6917: 6915: 4844:

Most ethnic Kurdish and Arab people in Northern Syria adhere to

4663: 4272:

to "end and prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers."

3969:

A new criminal justice approach was implemented that emphasizes

3661:

Children in (AANES) school curriculum children learning to play

1838:(PKK) volunteers, fought and finally repelled an assault by the 1478:

Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria

18470:

Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

18234: 18129: 17917: 17591:

Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A - K

14923: 14226: 11444:"Syriacs will study their language in schools this year – ANHA" 11207:"After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools" 11011:"Dêrîk congress decides to establish Democratic Syria Assembly" 9099:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

8994:"After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools" 6247:"War Statistics / Syrian War Statistics – Syrian Civil War Map" 5872: 5818: 5794: 5786: 5769: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5689: 5430: 5062: 5008: 4899: 4727: 4509: 4275: 4072: 4021: 4000:, composed of trained jurists. The court of last resort is the 3943: 3840: 3768:

to provide for public services in the region. In May 2016, The

3761: 3722: 3581: 3525:

city, which included the Hasakah campus of the Arabic-language

3503: 3456: 3391: 2731: 1975: 1906: 1878: 1853: 1497: 1395: 1355: 1143: 648: 552: 17123:"Turkey's Syria Intervention: A Sign of Weakness Not Strength" 16691:"Syrian Kurds open unofficial representative mission in Paris" 16579:"Moscow invites Kurds and Syrian opposition to explain Astana" 15845:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws" 14053:"Turkey accuses Kurdish forces of 'ethnic cleansing' in Syria" 12826:"First aid convoy arrives in Rojava through new land corridor" 12565:"Syrian Kurdish region increases salaries amid currency crash" 12471:"Rojava Administration to Impose Tax System in Northern Syria" 11561:"Kurds establish university in Rojava amid Syrian instability" 10854:

BACK TO WHAT FUTURE? What Remains for Syria's Displaced People

10512:. The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Archived from 10318:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws" 9847:"Syrian Kurds, allies set to approve new government blueprint" 9795:"After approving constitution, what's next for Syria's Kurds?" 8384:

The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume I: To 1500

6581:"Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region" 6399:"Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates" 3562:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

3326: 1293:. Later it was ruled by different dynasties and empires – the 1092: 1052: 996: 915: 852: 21614:

Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference

18229: 17146:"US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive" 14108:"Syria: Kurdish militias plan a demographic change in Manbij" 12569: 10822:"Anti-Kurdish protests in east Syria could endanger US plans" 10091:"Trump makes way for Turkey operation against Kurds in Syria" 9651: 9277: 8223:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead" 6912: 6778:"German MP Jelpke: Rojava needs help against Corona pandemic" 6366:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead" 5822: 5798: 5115: 5089: 4927: 4496: 4481: 4468: 4422: 3621: 3452: 2717: 2118:

Politics of Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

1912: 1759: 864: 618: 614: 544: 524: 233: 182: 17811:

Resources on the Rojava revolution in West Kurdistan (Syria)

16511:"Syria Opposition Rejects Russian Draft of New Constitution" 16363:"YPJ Commander Nesrin Abdullah speaks in Italian Parliament" 15068:

Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149

15042:

Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, p. 149

14779:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

14740:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

13661:

Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict

6975:"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage" 6187:"Syrian Kurds declare new federation in bid for recognition" 5744:(SDF) militias and in order to defuse tensions with Turkey. 4635:, and a minor presence in Afrin Region and Euphrates Region. 2013:

against the Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces.

1869:(PKK) which Turkey (and the U.S. and the E.U.) designate as 17383:"Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes" 16814:"French delegation seeks to open cultural center in Rojava" 14896: 14082:"Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes" 11126: 10653:"Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage" 9497: 9495: 8445: 8443: 7969:

Awde, Nicholas; Lamassu, Nineb; Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (2007).

7871:

Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland

7612:"RUPTURES AND RIPPLE EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND" 5550:

are determined by the context of the Syrian civil war. The

4624: 4575:

of the autonomous region, particularly in the urban areas (

4288: 3657: 2646:, and others actively participate in governing the region. 1298: 1158: 930:

Democratic Confederalist Autonomous Areas of Northern Syria

855: 849: 793:

Since 2016, Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces

763: 17066:"Turkey accused of shelling Kurdish-held village in Syria" 16308:"Pentagon budget retains same troop levels in Iraq, Syria" 13868:"Syrian Kurds give women equal rights, snubbing jihadists" 13627:"Under Kurdish Rule – Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria" 13092:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 13. 12912:"PKK planning to open trade route between Rojava and Iraq" 9685: 9528:"Syrian Kurds recruit regime loyalists to fight jihadists" 9470:"Girke Lege Becomes Sixth Kurdish City Liberated in Syria" 6950:

Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.

2676:

system, which is based on that country's major religions.

2009:(SAA) control. The remaining SDF forces later launched an 16635:"Syrian Kurds inaugurate representation office in Sweden" 15696:"Kurdish Self-governance in Syria: Survival and Ambition" 14900:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

14576: 13134: 12300:"Rojava's Sustainability and the PKK's Regional Strategy" 11701:"Syrian Kurds open church in Kobani, once besieged by IS" 9440:"Armed Kurds Surround Syrian Security Forces in Qamishli" 8611: 8609: 8607: 7873:, (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press, p. 2 7842:"Yekîneya Antî Teror a Rojavayê Kurdistanê hate avakirin" 7203:

In der Maur, Renée; Staal, Jonas (2015). "Introduction".

6468: 5608: 4370: 4252:

were committing war crimes, in particular members of the

1936: 1858: 981:

al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Rūj ʾĀvā – Šamāl Suriyā

21619:

International recognition of the Syrian National Council

17745:

Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring

17401:"UN says no ethnic cleansing by Kurds in northern Syria" 15671: 15669: 15648:"Syrian Kurds point finger at Western-backed opposition" 15356:"The power plays behind Russia's deconfliction in Afrin" 15120:"Social Contract – Democratic Federation of North Syria" 14412: 14410: 14380: 13072:

A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution

12971:

A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution

12216:(in Arabic). ARA News. 12 September 2015. Archived from 11613:"Christians, Kurds at Odds Over Syria School Curriculum" 11233:"Rojava schools to re-open with PYD-approved curriculum" 10750:"Rojava's commitment to Jineolojî: the science of women" 10622:"المحافظين الديمقراطي" حزبٌ جديد يُعلن عن نفسه في قامشلو 9705:"Syria's Kurds declare de-facto federal region in north" 9492: 9331: 9329: 9222: 9125: 9123: 8810:

Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East

8578: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8455: 8440: 8073:"Kurds Declare 'Federal Region' in Syria, Says Official" 8042:"Syria civil war: Kurds declare federal region in north" 7390:"Syria, Report by UN Commission of Inquiry (March 2017)" 6642:"Umar: Catalonian recognition of AANES is the beginning" 4595:), in the northeastern corner and in villages along the 924:, by Syriac-Assyrians. The area has also been nicknamed 691:, society, and politics, stating it to be a model for a 17800: 16963: 16121: 15935:"6 reasons why Turkey's war against the PKK won't last" 15316: 14027:"Syria rejects Russian proposal for Kurdish federation" 13253:"Power to the people: a Syrian experiment in democracy" 12468: 12232:"Syrian Kurds hold theatre festival in Rojava amid war" 11384:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war" 8844: 8842: 8744:

Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View

8506: 8504: 8491: 8489: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7070: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 5919:

Accusations of human rights violations, war crimes and

5653:

in Syria with more clear Kurdish nationalist leanings.

5518: 4864:. There are also adherents to other religions, such as 3748:

system in Syria created by the AANES in southern Afrin.

1604:

Establishment of de facto autonomy and war against ISIL

817:, adopted circa 2012, commonly used by Kurdish Syrians. 15785:"Report: Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij" 15090:"Glavin: In Iraq and Syria, it's too little, too late" 12352:"Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria" 11067:"Executive Board of Democratic Syria Assembly elected" 11043:. The Syrian Observer. 14 October 2015. Archived from 10184:"Trump's Gut, and the Gutting of American Credibility" 10061:"Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria" 9673: 9151:(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. X–X. 8604: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8361:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 603. 7295:"ANALYSIS: 'This is a new Syria, not a new Kurdistan'" 7250:"Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East" 6274: 6272: 5883:. In this context, in particular the region's leading 3284: 3215: 3146: 3077: 3000: 2915: 2836: 998:

Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto l'Gozarto b'Garbyo d'Suriya

77: 20682:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

17534: 17518: 17427:"UN: YPG and SDF have not committed ethnic cleansing" 17357:"Kurds accused of "ethnic cleansing" by Syria rebels" 16896:"Turkish President Erdoğan slams US over YPG support" 16556:رووداو تنشر مسودة الدستور السوري التي أعدها خبراء روس 15961:"Kurdish Militants and Turkey's New Urban Insurgency" 15666: 15416:"أعمال وإنجازات مجلس المنصورة المدني خلال عامه الأول" 14619: 14522: 14407: 14238: 14210: 14134:"Tal Abyad: Achilles Heel of the Syrian Kurdish Belt" 13655: 12662:"Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria" 11985: 11973: 11898: 11544: 11532: 11302:"Kurds introduce own curriculum at schools of Rojava" 11278:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016. Archived from 11257: 11167: 9667: 9420: 9326: 9308: 9240: 9210: 9120: 8892: 8569: 7996: 7908:"Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity?" 7882: 7844:[Anti-Terror Unit of West Kurdistan formed]. 7325: 7116: 6961: 6906: 6486: 6462: 6352: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 4283:

praying in a Yazidi temple, with a mural of the holy

1253:, Northern Syria has several Neolithic sites such as 873: 843: 582:. The AANES has widespread support for its universal 17172:"Germany warns Turkey from attacking Kurds in Syria" 17120: 15036:

For Assyrians as indigenous to the Middle East, see

14250: 12882:"Iraq paramilitaries reach Iraq's border with Syria" 12718:"Syrian Kurds risk their lives crossing into Turkey" 12527:"Beyond Rojava: North and East Syria's Arab Regions" 11909: 11907: 9314: 8839: 8644:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

8501: 8486: 8310: 8308: 8015:. Omran Center for Strategic Studies. 26 July 2018. 7515:

Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science

7093: 6314: 6154:"Îlham Ehmed: Dê rêxistinên me li Şamê jî ava bibin" 6036:. Arab nomads came to dominate the region after the 4508:

living throughout Northern Syria, mainly defined by

3558:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1648:

Kurds, Assyrians, and Arabs demonstrate against the

1035: 979: 861: 846: 18321:

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

17535:Allsopp, Harriet; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2019). 17280:"Turkey accuses Syrian Kurds of 'ethnic cleansing'" 16944:"Syria's Afrin: a plundered settlement one year on" 15755:"Syria to consider granting Kurds greater autonomy" 15679:. Now.MMedia/Al-Akhbar. 24 May 2016. Archived from 15062:For Assyrians speaking a Neo-Aramaic language, see 14271: 13597:"Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban" 13247: 13245: 11698: 10030:"The significance of the Shahba Canton for the YPG" 9732:"Syrian Kurds in six-month countdown to federalism" 8857:(First ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 8467: 8036: 8034: 7968: 6807:Şimşek, Bahar; Jongerden, Joost (29 October 2018). 6497: 6495: 6269: 1826:Jazira Region and Euphrates Region) and an interim 1550:, under whom the number of Kurdish officials grew. 858: 17262:"Final declaration of the EP Conference on Rojava" 16922:"How Can Turkey Overcome Its Foreign Policy Mess?" 16195:"Iraq: Iranian Subversion and American Engagement" 16146:"Pentagon chief praises Kurdish fighters in Syria" 15677:"Russia finishes draft for new Syria constitution" 15172:D. N. MacKenzie (1961). "The Origins of Kurdish". 14382: 14188:, Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 26. Juni 2015" 14159: 13453:"Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits" 13116:"Islamic Family Law: Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)" 11360:. Kurdishquestion. 12 January 2014. Archived from 11270: 11268: 11266: 9398:[Kurds stuck in a scrape from all sides]. 9049: 9047: 9045: 8850: 8428: 8070: 6707: 6705: 6604: 6602: 6527:. Cantonafrin.com. 4 February 2016. Archived from 6090:"New administration formed for northeastern Syria" 6074: 5928:have gone on fact-finding missions, stating that: 2582:. The region's system of community government has 2039:launched airstrikes on border towns. On 6 October 892:"the West") among Kurds, one of the four parts of 21691:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 17852:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 16990: 16870:"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs" 15420:قوات سوريا الديمقراطية - Syrian Democratic Forces 14841:"Overview of Middle East - Minority Rights Group" 13949: 13768:"Syria: Armed Group Recruiting Children in Camps" 13317:"Syrian Kurds Get Outside Help to Manage Prisons" 13154:"Kurdish 'Angelina Jolie' devalued by media hype" 12941:"Rojava, Syria: A revolution of hope and healing" 12326:"Will Syria's Kurds succeed at self-sufficiency?" 12259: 12257: 11915:"Syria Country report, Freedom of the Press 2015" 11904: 11127:David Commins; David W. Lesch (5 December 2013), 11069:. Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê English. Archived from 9787: 8305: 8249:"ܩܝܡܐ ܟܢܘܫܝܝܐ ܕܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ" 7463:Küçük, Bülent; Özselçuk, Ceren (1 January 2016). 6551:"Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps" 6393: 6391: 5777:decentralized authorities as well as elements of 5607:Kurdish-inhabited areas in 1992 according to the 4236:in 2014 and 2015, reportedly leveled by the YPG. 2101:List of political parties in North and East Syria 1939:sniper in defense of Northern Syria from Turkey, 1584:In 2002, the PKK and allied groups organized the 1482:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1410:Syria's independence and rule of the Ba'ath Party 506:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 43:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 21682: 16840:"Kurds plan to set up French institute in Syria" 16001: 15378: 15200:"Could Christianity be driven from Middle East?" 13335: 13242: 11555: 11553: 10507:"Governing Rojava Layers of Legitimacy in Syria" 9389: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9141: 8813:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. 8278: 8276: 8274: 8159: 8031: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7202: 7073:Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red 6492: 4484:, using a calendar dating from 612 BC, when the 4329:. One issue of contention is the consequence of 3358: 1947:YPG during the Siege of Kobanî. This led to the 1883:Democratic Federation of Rojava – Northern Syria 1086:ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ 954:Democratic Federation of Rojava – Northern Syria 800: 625:populations, with smaller communities of ethnic 79:ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ 19879:Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict 19790:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate 18373:International reactions to the Syrian civil war 16770:"The Geneva Peace Talks on Syria and the Kurds" 16435:. Kurdishquestion. 5 April 2015. Archived from 15171: 14955: 14857: 14649:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 14645: 14274:"La Djezireh syrienne et son réveil économique" 13833: 13797:Perry, Tom; Malla, Naline (10 September 2015). 11756:. New Compass. 17 February 2015. Archived from 11587:"The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospects" 11334:. New Compass. 17 February 2015. Archived from 11263: 10860:. Carnegie Middle East Center. pp. 13–14. 10850: 10795:. 20 January 2016. pp. 3–4. Archived from 10429:"2014 Charter of the Social Contract of Rojava" 9562:Governing Rojava: Layers of Legitimacy in Syria 9255:"The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospects" 9042: 8412:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire 8382:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2015). 8381: 6806: 6702: 6599: 5887:(PYD) and the YPG militia being members of the 4287:, in AANES (Rojava) following the expulsion of 4171:(MFS), an Assyrian militia associated with the 4119:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present) 3678:in June, both in the city of Qamishli, and the 2105:Abdullah Öcalan § Democratic confederalism 2025:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria 1927:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria 1618:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present) 18290:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present) 17143: 16966:"The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria" 16924:. Lobolog (Graham E. Fuller). 19 February 2016 16741: 16310:. Al-Monitor. 12 February 2018. Archived from 16284: 16282: 15937:. Al-Monitor. 8 September 2015. Archived from 15291: 14678:"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey" 14431:The Kurds in Syria : the forgotten people 14381:Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992). 14021: 14019: 14017: 12254: 12213:هيئة الثقافة تفتتح معرضاً في سري كانيه بالحسكة 10918:"Syrians vote in Kurdish-led regions of north" 10480:"A Very Different Ideology in the Middle East" 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9017: 9015: 8799: 8797: 8615: 8071:Bradley, Matt; Albayrak, Ayla; Ballout, Dana. 7420: 7289: 6672: 6426: 6424: 6388: 6120: 5700:(SDF) umbrella with the United States and the 5546:Currently, the relations of the region to the 4250:militias associated with the autonomous region 3813: 2758:which is under joint YPG-Syrian Army control. 2631:has shaped the region's society and politics. 1265:Ruins of the "Red House" of the Assyrian site 1094:Mdabronuṯo Yoṯayto l-Garbyo w-Madnḥyo d-Suriya 1070:Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê 1037:al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Šamāl Suriyā 962:Federaliya Demokratîk a Rojava – Bakurê Sûriyê 51:Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê 18185: 17836: 17658: 17335:"Have the Syrian Kurds Committed War Crimes?" 17217:"Turkey launches an attack on northern Syria" 15989:. Carnegie Middle East Center. 18 August 2015 15622:"KRG: Elections in Jazira are Not Acceptable" 15227:"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard" 15218: 14666: 14374: 14321:A Companion to the History of the Middle East 12935: 12933: 11550: 10978:"The Fate of Tel Rifaat Hangs in the Balance" 10685:"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard" 9938:"TSK: 32 Köy Terörist Unsurlardan Temizlendi" 9378: 9283: 9252: 8386:(8 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 133. 8300:Autonomous Administration of North East Syria 8271: 7539: 7462: 7278: 6292:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 6181: 6179: 6121:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (23 November 2019). 5476: 5396: 5317: 5265: 5213: 5187: 5108: 5055: 5028: 4947: 4848:, while ethnic Assyrian people generally are 4325:Some persistent issues in the region concern 4153: 4143:The main military force of the region is the 4131:play a significant combat role in the region. 3455:(est. 2015) and the Rodî û Perwîn Library in 3269: 3200: 3131: 3062: 2985: 2900: 2821: 2761:On 6 September 2018, during a meeting of the 2542: 1790:. Doing so, the YPG and its female wing, the 1402:, where they were granted citizenship by the 91: 49: 30:"Rojava" redirects here. For other uses, see 21701:Rebel groups that actively control territory 19032:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan) 18429:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria 18316:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war 17691:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 17038: 16767: 14819:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13981: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13897: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13369:"Highest to Lowest – Prison Population Rate" 13181: 13179: 13033: 12357:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 11864: 11862: 10782:"SDF plays central role in Syrian civil war" 10709: 9759: 9757: 8666:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 8007: 8005: 7946:(in German). 31 October 2019. Archived from 7905: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6278: 4603:area. They traditionally speak varieties of 3254: 3185: 3116: 3047: 2970: 2885: 2806: 2565:Location in the Syrian civil war as of 2024. 1680:Map of the territory of the region over time 1596:Syrian "successor" of the PKK in 2003. The " 687:, and that these values are mirrored in its 567:, in which its official military force, the 372:• Transitional administration declared 63: 21572:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 18812:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013) 18378:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 17806:The 2014 Constitution of the Rojava Cantons 16279: 14997: 14014: 13928: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13345:. Amnesty International. 7 September 2015. 12142:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12049: 11999:"Syria's first Kurdish radio station burnt" 11725: 11133:(in German), Scarecrow Press, p. 239, 10423: 10421: 9966: 9432: 9145:Syria's kurds history, politics and society 9077: 9012: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8803: 8794: 8199:. Reuters. 29 December 2016. Archived from 6933: 6421: 6040:'s decline in the 10th century. During the 5914: 5614:The region's dominant political party, the 4884: 4790:for Syriac, Turoyo and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 4056:Policing in the region is performed by the 3870: 3489:In August 2015, the traditionally-designed 2698: 970:الفدرالية الديمقراطية لروج آفا – شمال سوريا 21706:States and territories established in 2013 21567:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal 20516:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 19715:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 19476:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May) 18192: 18178: 17907: 17843: 17829: 17121:Christopher Phillips (22 September 2016). 16218: 15726: 15693: 14993: 14991: 14951: 14949: 14924:W. Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (1976). 14817:The Arab world society, culture, and state 14267: 14265: 14136:. Middle East Observer. 21 December 2018. 14084:. Amnesty International. 13 October 2015. 13796: 12930: 11181:"Education in Rojava after the revolution" 10944:"YPG attacks FSA-controlled Azaz province" 10454: 10452: 10450: 9600:Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 9462: 8593: 8591: 7848:(in Kurdish). 7 April 2015. Archived from 7008: 6176: 6087: 5656: 4331:Baathist Syrian government's expropriation 2549: 2535: 1913:Turkish military operations and occupation 1142:The region mainly lies to the west of the 1054:Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto d'Garbay Suriya 990:ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܠܓܙܪܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ 158: 148: 21447:International demonstrations and protests 19553:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack 18849:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) 17327: 17137: 16487:. Ara news. 30 March 2017. Archived from 16349:"Hollande-PYD meeting challenges Erdogan" 14422: 14349: 14323:. Utrecht: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 475. 13917: 13886: 13176: 12744:"Rojava: The Economic Branches in Detail" 11859: 11782:. Al-Monitor. 18 May 2016. Archived from 11092: 11090: 11088: 11059: 11003: 10915: 10774: 10460:Rojava: A libertarian myth under scrutiny 9754: 9180: 8002: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7822: 7707: 7421:Knapp, Michael; Jongerden, Joost (2014). 7247: 7241: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 6997: 6834: 6824: 5974:Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities 5663:Foreign relations of North and East Syria 4191:, and municipal military councils in the 3820:Foreign relations of North and East Syria 2005:which remained under SDF, then joint SDF- 1538:Kurdish politicians won seats during the 1281:. In antiquity, the area was part of the 1180:, the region is formed from parts of the 727:within the region, as well as defense of 609:and organizations. Northeastern Syria is 21593:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany 20677:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution 16964:Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). 16346: 16336:(in French). Le Parisien. 29 March 2018. 15687: 15624:. Basnews. 14 March 2015. 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Peace in Kurdistan. 29 January 2014. 8947: 8853:The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey 8848: 8697: 8588: 8406: 7035: 5618:(PYD), is a member organisation of the 4520:tribes who trace their ancestry to the 3798:the AANES doubled salaries to maintain 3382:Theater center in Rojava in Kobani 2014 1500:in Girê Tertebê, near Qamishlo, in 1997 1269:exposed by excavations (6th century AD) 1006:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria 425:50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) 164:Areas under the region's administration 14: 21683: 20061:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20) 19339:Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov) 17774: 17612: 17559: 17251:, Brusselstimes.com, 17 December 2019. 16665:"Berlin'de Rojava temsilciliği açıldı" 15905:"What Kobani Means for Turkey's Kurds" 15476:"هيئة الصحة والبيئة – المجلس التنفيذي" 15144: 14897:Anthony Gorman; Andrew Newman (2009). 14601:from the original on 27 September 2008 14428: 14308: 14296:from the original on 24 September 2015 14232: 14055:. 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Middle East Eye. 29 December 2014. 12672:from the original on 28 November 2014 12626:Cockburn, Patrick (4 February 2021). 12450:from the original on 25 February 2015 12344: 12124:from the original on 2 September 2019 11841:"'University of Rojava' to be opened" 11213:from the original on 11 November 2016 10975: 10747: 10348:"Syrian forces enter key border town" 10250:from the original on 20 December 2019 10224:from the original on 23 November 2022 10181: 10103:from the original on 20 December 2019 10027: 9888:from the original on 30 November 2022 9876:Kingsley, Patrick (16 October 2019). 9729: 9593: 9396:"Koerden zitten van alle kanten klem" 9320: 9198:from the original on 22 November 2017 9065:from the original on 4 September 2015 9000:from the original on 11 November 2016 8710:from the original on 9 September 2012 8662: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8522: 8510: 8495: 8461: 8449: 8356: 7676: 7384: 7382: 7104: 6921: 6622:from the original on 23 February 2018 6610:"Syria's war: Assad on the offensive" 6474: 6376:from the original on 14 November 2019 6151: 6102:from the original on 9 September 2019 5513: 4875: 4645:throughout Northern Syria as well as 4639:There are also smaller minorities of 4089:Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces 3554:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3390:, school education consisted of only 3330:Seal of the Syrian Democratic Council 1018:Federaliya Demokratîk a Bakûrê Sûriyê 887: 821:Parts of northern Syria are known as 795:have occupied parts of northern Syria 20687:Syrian Revolution General Commission 20427:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria 19206:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field 18409:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 18199: 17584: 16862: 16816:. 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Their presence in Syria is in the 4224:Human rights in North and East Syria 4062:Constitution of North and East Syria 3984:At the local level, citizens create 3918:Human rights in North and East Syria 3914:Constitution of North and East Syria 3566:Constitution of North and East Syria 3484:Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy 3285: 3216: 3147: 3078: 3001: 2916: 2837: 2483:Relations with the Syrian government 2343:Syrian Kurds' Democratic Peace Party 2331:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party 2095:Constitution of North and East Syria 1923:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 1840:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1636:Human rights in North and East Syria 1531:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party 1420:Human rights in North and East Syria 1085: 1045: 989: 908: 487: 78: 21644:Syrian civil war in popular culture 21537:UN Security Council Resolution 2118 19466:Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun) 19156:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul) 19139:First Battle of the Shaer gas field 17619:. 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Rudaw Media Network. 5718:United States Department of Defense 5641:The region's relationship with the 4344:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 4232:Satellite images of the village of 4159:, YPG). The YPG was founded by the 3907: 3626:Turkish military operation in Afrin 3466: 3255: 3186: 3117: 3048: 2971: 2886: 2807: 2420:Assembly for Democracy and the Left 2289:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 2265:Syrian National Democratic Alliance 2035:against the SDF. On 9 October, the 1567:waging an insurgency against Turkey 1169:as well as the western part of the 1103:Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi 1077: 1069: 1025: 1017: 969: 961: 830: 402:• New administration declared 93:Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi 64: 27:De facto autonomous region in Syria 24: 21547:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement 20738:Authenticity and Development Front 20412:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 20407:December 2011 Turkish border clash 20198:Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes 19655:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb) 19568:Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov) 19426:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar) 18694:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 18465:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 18419:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria 18306:Casualties of the Syrian civil war 17768: 17720:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview 17098:. 19 February 2016. Archived from 16846:. 8 September 2016. Archived from 16719:. 8 September 2016. 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Archived from 3929:-controlled territory (green) and 2636:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 2414:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 1378:) authorities in the massacres of 392:• Cantons declare federation 25: 21732: 20437:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 20378:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut 20331:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike 19899:Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May) 19884:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar) 19625:Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) 19491:May Jableh & Tartous bombings 19441:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 19406:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 19359:East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016) 18746:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) 18414:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 18024: 17816:'Rojava Revolution' Reading Guide 17794: 16768:Kamran Matin (12 December 2016). 16585:. 26 January 2017. Archived from 16463:United States Department of State 16193:Schrupp, Kenneth (24 July 2018). 15881:. 24 October 2019. 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Archived from 6164:from the original on 9 March 2021 5588: 5583:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 4139:HXP militiamen on parade in 2016. 4113:Self-Defense Forces (NES regions) 4026:Self-Defense Forces (NES regions) 2687:Qamishli initially served as the 2408:Movement for a Democratic Society 1819:Movement for a Democratic Society 1798:, and Islamist militias like the 1046:ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ 1026:الفدرالية الديمقراطية لشمال سوريا 1001:; sometimes abbreviated as NSR). 738:The region has implemented a new 605:policies in dialogues with other 21665: 21664: 21381:2017 Northern regional elections 21013:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria 20624:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 20489: 20139:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah 20036:Turkish offensive into northeast 20016:Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug) 19904:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr) 19573:Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov) 19416:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 18684:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush 18565:2010s in Syria political history 18311:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 17487: 17462: 17437: 17419: 17393: 17375: 17349: 17297: 17272: 17254: 17242: 17209: 17182: 17164: 17114: 17084: 17058: 17041:"Turkey's Double Game with ISIS" 17032: 17010: 16984: 16957: 16914: 16888: 16832: 16806: 16792: 16761: 16742:Steven A. Cook (14 March 2016). 16735: 16705: 16683: 16657: 16601: 16571: 16547: 16525: 16503: 16477: 16451: 16425: 16403: 16381: 16355: 16340: 16326: 16300: 16249: 16231: 16212: 16186: 16164: 16138: 16115: 16087: 16061: 16031: 15979: 15953: 15927: 15897: 15867: 15837: 15807: 15777: 15747: 15720: 15640: 15614: 15584: 15554: 15528: 15498: 15468: 15438: 15408: 15347: 15285: 15249: 15206:from the original on 26 May 2019 15192: 15165: 15138: 15112: 15082: 15056: 15030: 14976:from the original on 15 May 2024 14917: 14890: 14878:from the original on 15 May 2024 14851: 14833: 14808: 14769: 14730: 14700: 14688:from the original on 17 May 2019 14672: 14639: 14613: 14583: 14565:Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide' 14558: 14546:from the original on 3 July 2020 14528: 14486: 14456: 14447: 14337:from the original on 15 May 2024 14152: 14126: 14114:from the original on 26 May 2019 14100: 14074: 14045: 13975: 13898:Meredith Tax (14 October 2016). 13860: 13827: 13734: 13704: 13682: 13649: 13619: 13554: 13524: 13506: 13444: 13418: 13361: 13309: 13209: 13108: 13082: 13064: 13027: 12997: 12977: 12963: 12918:from the original on 8 June 2017 12904: 12892:from the original on 8 June 2017 12874: 12844: 12818: 12792: 12736: 12710: 12684: 12654: 12619: 12589: 12577:from the original on 5 July 2022 12557: 12519: 12493: 12462: 12432: 12376: 12224: 12204: 12178: 12150: 12105: 12074: 12043: 12013: 11991: 11937: 11876:. 15 August 2016. Archived from 11833: 11772: 11746: 11719: 11692: 11665: 11635: 11605: 11593:from the original on 15 May 2024 11579: 11496: 11466: 11454:from the original on 23 May 2024 11436: 11420:. 7 October 2016. Archived from 11406: 11390:. 19 August 2016. Archived from 11376: 11350: 11324: 11308:. 2 October 2015. Archived from 11294: 11239:from the original on 10 May 2016 11225: 11199: 11173: 11147:from the original on 15 May 2024 11120: 11033: 10969: 10936: 10909: 10879: 10844: 10814: 10677: 10645: 10613: 10591: 10561: 10531: 10472: 10388: 10358: 10340: 10310: 10288: 10262: 10236: 10206: 10182:Cohen, Roger (19 October 2019). 10175: 10145: 10115: 10083: 10052: 10028:Iddon, Paul (19 February 2019). 10021: 9991: 9960: 9930: 9900: 9869: 9839: 9813: 9801:from the original on 4 June 2023 9723: 9697: 9587: 9552: 9519: 9341: 9246: 8986: 8974:from the original on 15 May 2024 8869:from the original on 15 May 2024 8827:from the original on 15 May 2024 8785: 8773:from the original on 3 June 2023 8755: 8147:from the original on 29 May 2019 7906:Metin Gurcan (7 November 2019). 7495:– via read.dukeupress.edu. 7402:from the original on 27 May 2019 6788:from the original on 26 May 2022 6583:. TheNewArab. 31 December 2016. 6133:from the original on 5 June 2022 6055: 6026: 5852: 5843: 5832: 4827: 4803: 4436: 4187:, tribal militias like the Arab 3241: 3172: 3103: 3034: 2949: 2870: 2791: 2493:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict 2125: 1993:to capture the Kurdish-majority 1966:In August 2016, Turkey launched 1955:in July 2015 and the renewal of 1730: 1719: 1708: 1697: 1686: 1078:الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا 839: 679:, and pluralistic tolerance for 527:. It consists of self-governing 382:• Cantons declare autonomy 129: 115: 65:الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا 21577:Syrian Constitutional Committee 20923:International Freedom Battalion 20521:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 19919:Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun) 19869:Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr) 19815:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov) 19670:East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr) 19645:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb) 19635:Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17) 19501:Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct) 19481:Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May) 19421:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb) 19289:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 19171:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov) 19017:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov) 18948:Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) 18817:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) 18652:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014) 18627:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation 17541:. London; New York City; etc.: 17020:. Businessinsider. 28 July 2015 16641:. 18 April 2016. Archived from 16045:. 4 August 2016. Archived from 16015:. 3 August 2016. Archived from 15701:. Chatham House. Archived from 15602:from the original on 6 May 2020 15366:from the original on 5 May 2022 14029:. Al-Monitor. 24 October 2016. 13929:Si Sheppard (25 October 2016). 13482:Gold, Danny (31 October 2010). 12862:from the original on 2 May 2019 12698:from the original on 8 May 2016 12027:. 27 April 2016. Archived from 11209:. Al-Monitor. 6 November 2015. 10916:Rodi Said (22 September 2017). 9516:, pp. 95–96, 153–154, 175. 9348:Gold, Danny (31 October 2012). 9055:"A murder stirs Kurds in Syria" 8996:. Al-Monitor. 6 November 2015. 8722: 8691: 8656: 8653:. Accessed on 11 November 2014. 8642:Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. 8636: 8527:. Routledge. pp. 142–144. 8516: 8400: 8375: 8357:Crook, JA; et al. (1985). 8350: 8341: 8215: 8189: 8133: 8103: 8064: 7962: 7932: 7864: 7834: 7792: 7766: 7734: 7701: 7677:Smith, Noah (27 October 2019). 7670: 7640: 7604: 7568: 7533: 7499: 7456: 7414: 7355: 7331: 7196: 7122: 6927: 6843: 6800: 6770: 6666: 6634: 6573: 6543: 6358: 6152:Fetah, Vîviyan (17 July 2018). 6017: 6008: 5999: 5986: 5751:A demonstration in the city of 5571:Geneva III peace talks on Syria 5496:Syrian American Medical Society 4776:for Kurdish, Turkish and Turoyo 4350: 4217: 4179:groups in the alliance such as 3937: 3704:Euphrates Region § Economy 2705:Regions of North and East Syria 2361:Kurdish Democratic Accord Party 2349:Democratic Transformation Party 2295:Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party 1991:Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army 1985:In early 2018, Turkey launched 780:Syrian American Medical Society 493:Symbols of North and East Syria 20432:Assassination of Andrei Karlov 20302:May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents 20001:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor 19745:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun) 19548:September Deir ez-Zor air raid 19538:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep) 19496:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun) 19486:Northern Raqqa offensive (May) 19374:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 17527: 14389:. London: Routledge. pp. 12802:. Kurdistan24. 22 April 2017. 11130:Historical Dictionary of Syria 10748:Gupta, Rahila (9 April 2016). 9476:. 24 July 2012. Archived from 9446:. 22 July 2012. Archived from 7036:Colella, Chris (Winter 2017). 6239: 6209: 6145: 6114: 4816:mosque in Raqqa (destroyed by 4097:Raqqa Internal Security Forces 4046:Raqqa Internal Security Forces 4030:Raqqa Internal Security Forces 3986:Peace and Consensus Committees 3674:in March/April as well as the 3311: 2593:observed in September 2015 in 2301:Kurdish Democratic Unity Party 2041:President of the United States 1273:Northern Syria is part of the 243: 13: 1: 21376:2017 Northern local elections 21366:2015 Northern local elections 20728:National Front for Liberation 20665:Local Coordination Committees 20213:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct) 20051:Israeli missile strikes (Nov) 19695:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 18992:Khan al-Assal chemical attack 18788:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing 18602:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb 18387:Specific groups and countries 18212: 17880: 17337:. The Nation. 7 February 2017 15729:"The Signal in Syria's Noise" 15694:Ghadi Sary (September 2016). 15596:Doctors Without Borders – USA 15536:"Search Results for "Health"" 14470:. 3 July 2016. Archived from 14358:A Modern History of the Kurds 14000:10.1080/15423166.2017.1371064 13077:enterprises in Rojava so far. 11951:. 15 May 2016. Archived from 11017:. kurdishinfo. Archived from 10976:Sabri, Baraa (17 July 2019). 10725:. 28 May 2015. Archived from 10629:(in Arabic). 28 August 2017. 10469:, Al-Jazeera (6 August 2016). 9771:. 5 July 2016. Archived from 9612:10.1080/15423166.2017.1285245 9059:The Christian Science Monitor 7554:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016 7136:. 28 May 2016. Archived from 7075:(2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: 6826:10.1080/14650045.2018.1531283 6733:10.1080/14650045.2018.1554564 6068: 5643:Kurdistan Regional Government 4708:in education and writing), a 4692:Indo-European language family 4688:Northwestern Iranian language 3996:. At the next level are four 3861:Kurdistan Regional Government 3604:, and the bimonthly magazine 3359:Education, media, and culture 2640:Democratic Conservative Party 2355:Kurdistan Liberal Union Party 1440: 1240: 1135:, a volcano near the city of 801:Polity names and translations 21696:2013 establishments in Syria 21639:2015 European migrant crisis 20913:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 19805:Euphrates Crossing offensive 19299:Western al-Hasakah offensive 19259:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 19127:Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) 18883:Quneitra Governorate clashes 18622:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh 18550:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 18491: 18299:Effects and ongoing concerns 17995: 17148:. Al-Monitor. Archived from 17039:Burak Bekdil (Summer 2015). 16513:. Bloomberg. 25 January 2017 16263:. 2 May 2017. Archived from 12328:. 3 May 2016. Archived from 12188:. Al-Monitor. 19 July 2016. 12001:. Kurdistan24. 27 April 2016 11730:. Yahoo News. Archived from 11563:. Kurdistan24. 7 July 2016. 9797:. Al-Monitor. 22 July 2016. 9730:Perry, Tom (12 April 2016). 9568:. Chatham House. p. 9. 8619:The Tragedy of the Assyrians 8117:(in Kurdish). Archived from 7776:. Reuters. 12 October 2019. 7328:, pp. 94, 130–131, 184. 7212:. Utrecht: BAK. p. 19. 6934:Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). 6295:. p. 24. Archived from 4658: 3700:Jazira Region § Economy 1108: 1093: 1060:Since 6 September 2018, the 1053: 997: 916: 699:and non-partisan sources of 613:and home to sizeable ethnic 7: 21527:U.S.–Russia peace proposals 21482:Syrian government reactions 21472:Status of the Golan Heights 21467:Sectarianism and minorities 21391:2020 parliamentary election 21371:2016 parliamentary election 21356:2012 parliamentary election 21333: 21291:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid 21191:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni 21038:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 20897:Northern Democratic Brigade 20753:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 20748:Revolutionary Commando Army 20629:Popular Mobilization Forces 20417:2012 Turkish border clashes 20006:Dêrik prison escape attempt 19411:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan) 19364:2015–2016 Latakia offensive 19334:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep) 19329:Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug) 19216:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec) 19201:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict 18977:Bayda and Baniyas massacres 18285:Sectarianism and minorities 18260:Syrian government reactions 17779:. Oxford University Press. 17775:Holmes, Amy Austin (2024). 17560:Lister, Charles R. (2015). 17405:Koerdisch Instituut Brussel 16744:"Between Ankara and Rojava" 16219:Carla Babb (6 March 2017). 15727:Sam Heller (30 June 2017). 14278:Revue de géographie de Lyon 12914:. Iraqi News. 4 June 2017. 12475:Co-operation in Mesopotamia 11098:"Striking out on their own" 9284:Sinclair & Kajjo (2013) 8849:Simpson, John Hope (1939). 7430:Comparative Islamic Studies 5962: 5889:Kurdistan Communities Union 5620:Kurdistan Communities Union 4862:Assyrian Church of the East 4794: 4748:Afroasiatic language family 4740:Northwest Semitic languages 4738:in education and writing), 4718:Afroasiatic language family 4342:. However, the head of the 4308:freedom of Speech and Press 4185:Northern Democratic Brigade 4102: 3865:Popular Mobilization Forces 3814:External economic relations 3696:Afrin Region § Economy 3676:Rojava Short Story Festival 3652: 3447:compulsory indoctrination. 2607:However, a 2016 paper from 2271:Honor and Rights Convention 2088: 1586:Kurdistan Communities Union 1447:policies in northern Syria. 1036: 980: 760:death penalty was abolished 10: 21737: 21522:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan 21396:2021 presidential election 21361:2014 presidential election 21063: 20607:medical facility targeting 20463:Deir ez-Zor missile strike 20422:2013 Reyhanlı car bombings 20341:Jordanian border incidents 19986:Idlib inter-rebel conflict 19924:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun) 19800:Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) 19588:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec) 19558:Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct) 19528:Operation Euphrates Shield 19456:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 19344:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 19269:Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul) 19264:Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr) 19211:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 19060:First Inter-rebel conflict 19022:Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec) 18931:Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) 18834:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan 14597:. Encyclopedia.com. 2014. 13218:"Regaining hope in Rojava" 12692:"Das Embargo gegen Rojava" 11589:. AINA. 21 December 2015. 8555:. Routledge. p. 129. 8414:. I.B.Tauris. p. 33. 7009:Carl Drott (25 May 2015). 6964:, pp. xviii, 66, 200. 6850:Burç, Rosa (22 May 2020). 6712:Shahvisi, Arianne (2018). 6088:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir. 5666: 5660: 5647:Kurdistan Democratic Party 5592: 5528: 5522: 4667:Town center of Raqqa, 2009 4440: 4411:French Mandate authorities 4404:French Mandate authorities 4354: 4221: 4116: 4106: 4033: 4015: 3931:Turkish-occupied territory 3911: 3874: 3837:Iraqi Kurdistan government 3817: 3689: 3685: 3632:-affiliated Iraqi Kurdish 3537: 3521:of the remaining parts of 3470: 3367: 3315: 2780:Official name (languages) 2702: 2325:Left Party of Syrian Kurds 2313:Democratic Modernity Party 2098: 2092: 2082:Northern Syria Buffer Zone 1968:Operation Euphrates Shield 1916: 1750:(KNC), joined to form the 1667:escalated into a civil war 1621: 1607: 1413: 1404:French Mandate authorities 1217: 1203: 1199: 920:), part of the historical 742:approach which emphasizes 683:, cultural, and political 29: 21660: 21601: 21585: 21490: 21404: 21343: 21339: 21328: 21069: 21058: 20997: 20984:Group of the One and Only 20964:Military activity of ISIL 20954: 20945: 20905: 20857:People's Protection Units 20847: 20839:Smaller political parties 20819: 20810:Autonomous Administration 20808: 20766: 20710: 20650: 20641: 20575: 20567:Palestine Liberation Army 20539: 20506: 20499: 20495: 20484: 20455: 20396: 20357: 20339: 20310: 20281: 20270: 20231: 20177: 20123: 20100:Idlib Governorate clashes 20074: 20026:Hass refugee camp bombing 19962: 19914:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr) 19835: 19750:Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug) 19725:Maskanah Plains offensive 19720:Desert campaign (May–Jul) 19650:Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun) 19601: 19382: 19224: 19122:Second siege of Wadi Deif 19117:Kafr Zita chemical attack 19082:Daraa offensive (Feb–May) 19040: 18953:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl 18896: 18702: 18689:Idlib Governorate clashes 18674:Daraa Governorate clashes 18642:Jabal al-Zawiya operation 18573: 18503: 18499: 18486: 18457: 18386: 18365: 18329: 18298: 18222: 18218: 18207: 18154: 18125:North Mesopotamian Arabic 18015: 18008: 17991: 17984: 17935:People's Protection Units 17866: 17859: 17748:. London; New York City: 17723:. New York City, London: 17640:. London; New York City: 17613:Morton, Nicholas (2020). 16802:. Europe1. 27 March 2016. 16693:. Al Arabiya. 24 May 2016 16391:. eKurd. 17 February 2016 14864:. Routledge. p. 49. 13518:Rojava Information Center 12535:Rojava Information Center 11699:Wladimir van Wilgenburg. 11235:. Rudaw. 29 August 2015. 9028:. John Wiley & Sons. 9022:Abboud, Samer N. (2015). 8732:daily Newspaper, Beirut. 7715:The Sydney Morning Herald 7619:Repository.bilkent.edu.tr 5761:Turkish invasion of Afrin 5706:People's Protection Units 5686:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 5560:People's Protection Units 5484: 4724:Eastern Aramaic languages 4702:North Mesopotamian Arabic 4254:People's Protection Units 4205:Jarablus Military Council 4149:People's Protection Units 3992:to serve on seven-member 3680:Afrin Short Film Festival 3402:or Arabic) and mandatory 3363: 3340:Syrian Democratic Council 3318:Syrian Democratic Council 2774: 2763:Syrian Democratic Council 2644:Assyrian Democratic Party 2432:Syria's Tomorrow Movement 2337:Assyrian Democratic Party 2307:Syrian Democratic Society 2194:Syrian Democratic Council 2031:In 2019, Turkey launched 1875:Syrian Democratic Council 1752:Kurdish Supreme Committee 1598:People's Protection Units 1592:(PYD) was established as 1535:Assyrian Democratic Party 1489:were effectively banned. 1062:Syrian Democratic Council 483: 473: 459: 444: 434: 429: 419: 414: 410: 400: 390: 380: 370: 366: 361: 356:Syrian Democratic Council 351: 347: 330: 311: 307: 294: 239: 229: 188: 171: 145: 111: 41: 20974:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army 20918:Kurdistan Workers' Party 20862:Women's Protection Units 20834:Kurdish National Council 20283:Israel and Golan Heights 20154:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 19996:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani 19755:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 19710:April Turkish airstrikes 19685:Hama offensive (Mar–Apr) 19518:Southern Aleppo campaign 19461:Battle of Qamishli (Apr) 19354:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec) 19324:Quneitra offensive (Jun) 19254:Southern Syria Offensive 18888:Talbiseh bakery massacre 18839:First siege of Wadi Deif 18829:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz 18726:January al-Midan bombing 18458:Agreements and dialogues 18439:Syrian Democratic Forces 17940:Women's Protection Units 17930:Syrian Democratic Forces 17671:Indiana University Press 16671:(in Turkish). 7 May 2016 16555: 16535:. Rudaw. 26 January 2017 15650:. Reuters. 23 May 2016. 15149:. Encyclopædia Iranica. 14356:McDowell, David (2005). 14235:, pp. 122–123, 167. 12538:. June 2021. p. 9. 12212: 12158: 10851:Kheder Khaddour (2018). 10621: 8791:Ross Burns (2013), p.138 8739:13 November 2014 at the 8698:Mouawad, Ray J. (2001). 7506:Barkhoda, Dalir (2016). 7481:10.1215/00382876-3425013 7469:South Atlantic Quarterly 7291:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir 6924:, pp. 219, 228–229. 6674:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir 5979: 5915:War crimes and criticism 5905:attack on northern Syria 5893:Kurdistan Workers' Party 5881:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 5742:Syrian Democratic Forces 5722:Syrian Democratic Forces 5698:Syrian Democratic Forces 5651:Kurdish National Council 5541:Syrian Democratic Forces 4710:Central Semitic language 4605:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 4373:soldier next to a large 4312:hosting inbound refugees 4145:Syrian Democratic Forces 4109:Syrian Democratic Forces 4036:Syrian Democratic Forces 3871:Economy policy framework 3782:river, Syrians largest. 3752:At first, there were no 3708:Democratic confederalism 3533: 3344:Syrian Democratic Forces 2699:Administrative divisions 2629:democratic confederalism 2617:Kurdistan Workers' Party 2426:Kurdish National Council 2227:December 2017 (Regional) 1972:Syrian Democratic Forces 1873:. In December 2015, the 1867:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1836:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1792:Women's Protection Units 1748:Kurdish National Council 1559:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1540:Syrian elections in 1990 1249:Having been part of the 657:democratic confederalism 569:Syrian Democratic Forces 21452:International reactions 21437:Human rights violations 20928:Sinjar Resistance Units 20887:Syriac Military Council 20877:Army of Revolutionaries 20812:of North and East Syria 20672:Syrian National Council 20526:Arab Socialist Movement 20447:Operation Spring Shield 20388:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017) 20368:Lebanese border clashes 20262:Northern border clashes 20223:Northwest clashes (Dec) 20203:Jabal al-Bishrī clashes 20105:Kafr-Takharim airstrike 19954:Northern border clashes 19675:March Damascus bombings 19640:Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar) 19593:Palmyra offensive (Dec) 19471:Palmyra offensive (Mar) 19304:Palmyra offensive (May) 19149:Battle of Tabqa Airbase 19144:Eastern Syria offensive 19027:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah 17970:Afrin Liberation Forces 17960:Army of Revolutionaries 17950:Syriac Military Council 17742:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). 17568:Oxford University Press 17445:"A_HRC_34_CRP.3_E.docx" 15392:. Rudaw. 28 July 2017. 14815:Barakat, Halim (1993). 14290:10.3406/geoca.1953.1294 13009:cooperativeeconomy.info 12748:cooperativeeconomy.info 12666:The Wall Street Journal 9188:"HRW World Report 2010" 8728:Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. 8616:R. S. Stafford (2006). 7885:, pp. 89, 151–152. 7747:Doctors Without Borders 7363:"Syria: Events of 2021" 7046:Evergreen State College 5809:with the newly founded 5774:federalization of Syria 5657:International relations 5531:Federalization of Syria 5504:Doctors Without Borders 4837:cathedral in Al-Hasakah 4781:Arabic alphabet (abjad) 4201:Al-Bab Military Council 4197:Manbij Military Council 4169:Syriac Military Council 4155:Yekîneyên Parastina Gel 4127:Female fighters of the 3966:and underage marriage. 3853:Semalka Border Crossing 3727:fighting in Aleppo city 3482:In September 2014, the 2786:Deputy Prime Ministers 2681:Deir ez-Zor Governorate 2578:. It also provides for 2379:Syriac National Council 2283:Arab National Coalition 1970:to prevent the YPG-led 1953:2013–2015 peace process 1951:, the breakdown of the 1640:Federalization of Syria 1470:1963 Syrian coup d'état 1459:and attempts at forced 1416:Modern history of Syria 1346:Kurdish elite of which 1228:Modern history of Syria 943:(Kobanî), and northern 788:Doctors Without Borders 571:(SDF), has taken part. 486: 21629:Syrian detainee report 21515:UN supervision mission 21505:Friends of Syria Group 21427:Damaged heritage sites 20829:Democratic Union Party 20781:Jordanian intervention 20702:Syrian Patriotic Group 20531:Syrian Communist Party 20442:2020 Balyun airstrikes 20297:February 2018 incident 19944:Qamishli clashes (Sep) 19859:Operation Olive Branch 19700:Shayrat missile strike 19533:Aleppo summer campaign 19523:Battle of al-Rai (Aug) 19436:February Homs bombings 19294:Battle of Yarmouk Camp 19284:Second Battle of Idlib 18997:Khan al-Assal massacre 18960:Ghouta chemical attack 18342:Early insurgency phase 18020:Flag of Northern Syria 16972:. Jamestown Foundation 15266:. 2004. Archived from 15202:. BBC. 15 April 2015. 14622:Encyclopaedia Islamica 14429:Yildiz, Kerim (2005). 13451:Rudaw (6 April 2015). 13371:. World Prison Brief. 12632:London Review of Books 12444:Ecology or Catastrophe 11921:. 2015. Archived from 10465:19 August 2016 at the 9101:. 2009. Archived from 8954:Marcus, Aliza (2009). 7846:Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar 7371:. 2022. Archived from 6909:, pp. xviii, 112. 6859:Philosophy and Society 5950: 5942: 5934: 5885:Democratic Union Party 5764: 5692: 5616:Democratic Union Party 5611: 5543: 5525:Rojava–Syria relations 5508:2019 Turkish offensive 5465:الباغوز فوقاني‎ 4762:Turkic language family 4706:Modern Standard Arabic 4668: 4558: 4383:Al-Hasakah Governorate 4378: 4327:ethnic minority rights 4304:ethnic minority rights 4291: 4237: 4154: 4140: 4132: 4053: 3934: 3886: 3844: 3749: 3666: 3549: 3415: 3386:Under the rule of the 3383: 3331: 3270: 3201: 3132: 3063: 2986: 2901: 2822: 2742: 2720: 2716:regional building, in 2662: 2605: 2566: 2446:Administrative regions 2404:Democratic Nation List 2367:Syrian Reform Movement 2247:Democratic Union Party 2222:September 2017 (Local) 2033:Operation Peace Spring 2028: 1987:Operation Olive Branch 1943: 1919:Operation Olive Branch 1881:the establishment the 1862: 1861:fighter, November 2014 1814: 1804:Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham 1657: 1590:Democratic Union Party 1579:al-Hasakah Governorate 1515:Al-Hasakah Governorate 1501: 1448: 1270: 1258: 1173:in the Jazira Region. 1139: 1125: 1102: 945:al-Hasakah Governorate 926:Federal Northern Syria 818: 576:some foreign relations 277:In the Manbij Region: 267:In the Jazira Region: 92: 50: 21721:Anarchist communities 21711:Subdivisions of Syria 21634:Syrian media coverage 21510:Kofi Annan peace plan 20933:Êzîdxan Women's Units 20882:SDF military councils 20612:military intervention 20585:Hezbollah involvement 20540:Military and militias 20383:North Lebanon clashes 20144:Missile strikes (Jan) 20031:Missile strikes (Aug) 19949:Missile strikes (Sep) 19894:Missile strikes (Apr) 19889:Douma chemical attack 19740:Daraa offensive (Jun) 19431:Al-Shaddadi offensive 19369:Tishrin Dam offensive 19249:Daraa Offensive (Jan) 19244:Air Force An-26 crash 19186:Daraa offensive (Oct) 19070:Deir ez-Zor offensive 18936:Battle of Raqqa (Mar) 18736:First Battle of Idlib 18560:Human rights in Syria 18434:Kurdish Area in Syria 18250:Background and causes 17945:SDF military councils 17871:Libertarian socialism 17688:Tejel, Jordi (2009). 17045:Middle East Quarterly 16199:The California Review 15731:. warontherocks.com. 15004:. BRILL. p. 30. 14845:Minority Rights Group 13663:(Report). para. 191. 13657:U.N. Security Council 13567:Amnesty International 13160:. 12 September 2016. 12990:16 April 2021 at the 12220:on 13 September 2015. 10950:. 18 September 2019. 10400:Amnesty International 9709:Associated Press News 9594:Duman, Yasin (2017). 8706:. Middle East Forum. 8704:Middle East Quarterly 8663:Tejel, Jordi (2008). 7351:on 10 September 2021. 7344:Amnesty International 5946: 5938: 5930: 5926:Amnesty International 5750: 5732:dispatched troops to 5676: 5606: 5552:Constitution of Syria 5538: 4666: 4556: 4506:ethnolinguistic group 4441:Further information: 4368: 4357:Demographics of Syria 4278: 4246:Amnesty International 4231: 4165:2004 Qamishli clashes 4138: 4126: 4043: 4018:Asayish (NES regions) 4012:Policing and security 3975:Amnesty International 3933:(red) in October 2019 3925: 3884: 3839:and the AANES on the 3827: 3743: 3660: 3547: 3413: 3381: 3329: 2730: 2712: 2652: 2601: 2564: 2168:Libertarian socialism 2093:Further information: 2019: 1934: 1856: 1812: 1647: 1575:Ayn al-Arab Districts 1495: 1427: 1392:Sheikh Said rebellion 1350:, the founder of the 1340:Antiochus VI Dionysus 1264: 1248: 1178:governorates of Syria 1171:Sinjar Mountain Range 1146:, to the east of the 1131: 1116: 952:of government as the 808: 709:forced disappearances 661:libertarian socialism 302:semi-direct democracy 214:36.38528°N 38.85944°E 21542:Geneva II conference 21500:Arab League monitors 21477:Spillover in Lebanon 21386:2018 local elections 21351:2011 local elections 21131:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 20892:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa 20718:Syrian National Army 20692:Syrian Support Group 20218:Operation Claw-Sword 20193:Battle of al-Hasakah 19939:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov) 19780:Hama offensive (Sep) 19630:January Azaz bombing 19543:5 September bombings 19314:Tell Abyad offensive 19112:Battle of Al-Malihah 19012:Battle of Tell Abyad 19007:Battle of Ras al-Ayn 18758:May Battle of Rastan 18555:Damascus Declaration 18399:Russian intervention 18357:Syrian peace process 18347:2012–2013 escalation 18330:Phases and processes 18270:Inter-rebel conflict 18255:Syrian peace process 18135:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 17727:. pp. 112–134. 17673:. pp. 177–187. 17667:Bloomington, Indiana 15294:"Announce elections" 15292:Rojava authorities. 15257:"2004 Syrian Census" 15096:. 14 November 2014. 14998:John Joseph (2000). 14930:. Carnegie Council. 14718:on 13 September 2017 14682:Encyclopædia Iranica 14570:28 July 2011 at the 14315:Storm, Lise (2005). 13848:on 17 September 2020 13700:on 21 November 2015. 13406:on 24 September 2016 13011:. 19 November 2016. 12416:. 22 December 2014. 11484:on 24 September 2016 11183:. ANF. 16 May 2016. 11021:on 19 September 2016 10982:Washington Institute 10828:. 5 September 2019. 10762:on 22 September 2018 10693:. 29 November 2015. 10575:. 15 February 2016. 9853:. 28 December 2016. 8921:"The Silenced Kurds" 8749:13 November 2014 at 8551:Burns, Ross (2013). 8523:Burns, Ross (2013). 6618:. 13 February 2016. 6477:, pp. 219, 228. 6302:on 22 September 2018 5817:, or planning for a 5811:University of Rojava 5492:Kurdish Red Crescent 4860:or adherents of the 4732:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 4006:Constitutional Court 3574:freedom of the press 3496:University of Rojava 2864:Hussein Taza Al Azam 2589:The Former diplomat 2385:Patriotic Initiative 2078:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2023:shelling during the 1903:Kurdish nationalists 1848:Tell Abyad offensive 1474:Human Rights Council 1468:seized power in the 1453:Syria's independence 941:Ayn al-Arab District 776:Kurdish Red Crescent 436:• 2018 estimate 21432:Foreign involvement 21311:Abdurrahman Mustafa 21266:Yassin al-Haj Saleh 21231:Abdul Halim Khaddam 20743:Army of Free Tribes 20711:Opposition militias 20602:Russian involvement 20590:Iranian involvement 20547:Syrian Armed Forces 20326:Operation al-Shabah 20292:March 2017 incident 20011:Tell Rifaat clashes 19827:Beit Jinn offensive 19820:Abu Kamal offensive 19760:Idlib clashes (Jul) 19730:East Hama offensive 19451:Battle of Tel Abyad 19191:Al-Safira offensive 19181:Homs school bombing 18970:Battle of al-Qusayr 18965:Al-Qusayr offensive 18768:Battle of al-Haffah 18741:Battle of al-Qusayr 18617:May Talkalakh siege 18525:Corrective Movement 18404:Turkish involvement 18394:Russian involvement 17925:Self-Defense Forces 17634:Retso, Jan (2003). 17521:, pp. 99, 114. 17152:on 9 September 2016 16900:Hurryiet Daily News 16780:on 20 December 2016 16439:on 13 December 2016 16369:on 6 September 2018 16314:on 13 February 2018 16150:Hurriyet Daily News 15911:. 8 November 2014. 15851:. 14 October 2019. 15821:. 14 October 2019. 15791:. 14 October 2019. 15568:. 28 October 2019. 15538:. 8 February 2020. 14847:. 26 February 2015. 13874:on 13 November 2016 13718:. 13 October 2015. 13570:. 13 October 2015. 13259:. 23 October 2015. 13197:on 16 November 2016 13143:, pp. 156–163. 12384:"| زمان الوصل" 12364:on 20 February 2016 11901:, pp. 99, 113. 11547:, pp. 111–112. 11535:, pp. 110–111. 11170:, pp. 109–110. 11073:on 20 December 2015 10609:on 8 December 2017. 10545:. 16 January 2017. 10402:. 18 October 2019. 10354:on 17 October 2019. 10306:on 14 October 2019. 10220:. 14 October 2019. 10034:Rudaw Media Network 10005:. 20 January 2018. 9694:, pp. 357–358. 9480:on 29 November 2012 8931:(4). October 1996. 8769:. 13 October 2019. 8649:15 May 2024 at the 8464:, pp. 116–117. 8452:, pp. 315–317. 8077:Wall Street Journal 7810:on 5 September 2021 7375:on 13 January 2022. 7206:Stateless Democracy 7119:, pp. 156–163. 6985:on 22 February 2016 6871:10.2298/FID2003319B 6676:(21 October 2021). 6650:. 26 October 2021. 6557:. 14 October 2019. 6513:on 1 December 2017. 6440:. 31 October 2019. 6405:. 14 October 2019. 6044:(1516–1922), large 5821:cultural centre in 5740:in a bid to assist 5599:Kurdish nationalism 5548:Damascus government 4886: 4760:dialect), from the 4530:Tell Abyad District 4316:Self-Defence Forces 4296:in the legal system 4212:Self-Defence Forces 4069:Self-Defense Forces 3771:Wall Street Journal 3729:from 2012 to 2016. 3672:Festival of Theater 3634:Rudaw Media Network 3527:Al-Furat University 3494:transferred to the 3491:University of Afrin 3248:Deir ez-Zor Region 3028:Ebdil Hemid Mistefa 2661:cooperative farming 2576:freedom of religion 2503:Kurdish nationalism 2259:Wheat Wave Movement 1846:, and in the YPG's 1614:NES–Syria relations 1544:2004 Qamishli riots 1433:government of Syria 1396:Turkish authorities 1366:(1516–1922), large 1307:Alexander the Great 1303:Hellenistic empires 948:establishment of a 831:Rojavayê Kurdistanê 655:ambitions based on 574:While entertaining 210: / 21251:Ali Mahmoud Othman 20697:Adopt a Revolution 20660:National Coalition 20652:Interim government 20252:Damascus airstrike 20159:US airstrike (Jun) 20149:US airstrike (Feb) 20115:Deir ez-Zor ambush 20056:Qah missile strike 19934:As-Suwayda attacks 19929:Southern offensive 19770:Qalamoun (Jul–Aug) 19680:Al-Jinah airstrike 19446:Khanasir offensive 19166:Quneitra offensive 18926:Damascus offensive 18921:Battle of Shadadeh 18783:Battle of Damascus 18773:Al-Qubeir massacre 18751:Battle of Taftanaz 18662:Battle of Zabadani 17696:Abingdon-on-Thames 17389:. 13 October 2015. 17197:on 28 October 2016 17102:on 3 November 2016 16876:on 5 December 2016 16850:on 19 October 2017 16723:on 19 October 2017 16615:. 11 February 2016 16589:on 26 January 2017 16559:(in Arabic). Rudaw 16100:The New York Times 16049:on 6 December 2017 16019:on 19 October 2017 15885:on 24 October 2019 15231:The New York Times 15126:on 9 December 2018 14676:, Richard Nelson. 14504:on 21 October 2016 14474:on 19 October 2017 14010:– via JSTOR. 13963:on 6 November 2016 13900:"The Rojava Model" 13772:Human Rights Watch 13716:The Jerusalem Post 13536:Human Rights Watch 13297:on 15 October 2014 13034:Dr. Ahmad Yousef. 12945:Vancouver Observer 12275:on 18 January 2015 12166:on 15 January 2017 12031:on 21 October 2016 11955:on 21 October 2016 11649:. 11 August 2018. 11047:on 23 October 2017 10690:The New York Times 10665:on 1 December 2017 10370:The Times of India 10276:on 16 October 2019 10188:The New York Times 10099:. 7 October 2019. 9979:on 3 February 2019 9973:The New York Times 9944:. 31 August 2016. 9882:The New York Times 9192:Human Rights Watch 9108:on 25 October 2016 8925:Human Rights Watch 8672:. pp. 25–29. 8597:Travis, Hannibal. 7950:on 1 November 2019 7368:Human Rights Watch 7229:on 25 October 2016 7177:The New York Times 6465:, pp. 11, 95. 5807:Paris 8 University 5765: 5755:in support of the 5693: 5612: 5544: 5514:External relations 5500:Free Burma Rangers 5417:El Seba ve Arbayn 5404:Al-Sabaa wa Arbain 4885: 4876:Population centres 4734:varieties (mainly 4669: 4559: 4451:Assyrians in Syria 4396:Kurdish rebellions 4392:Armenian genocides 4379: 4361:Al-Jazira Province 4292: 4242:Human Rights Watch 4238: 4173:Syriac Union Party 4141: 4133: 4054: 3935: 3897:collective farming 3887: 3877:Collective farming 3845: 3792:standard of living 3750: 3667: 3552:Incorporating the 3550: 3508:Paris 8 University 3473:Education in Syria 3416: 3384: 3370:Education in Syria 3332: 2747:communal elections 2743: 2721: 2663: 2596:The New York Times 2567: 2303:(PYDKS or Yek-Dem) 2253:Syriac Union Party 2217:March 2015 (Local) 2029: 2011:ongoing insurgency 1944: 1863: 1842:(ISIL) during the 1815: 1658: 1511:Human Rights Watch 1502: 1496:Kurds celebrating 1449: 1443:1987) implemented 1400:Al-Jazira Province 1271: 1259: 1236:Assyrians in Syria 1140: 1126: 819: 784:Free Burma Rangers 721:universal equality 580:Catalan Parliament 240:Official languages 219:36.38528; 38.85944 21716:Upper Mesopotamia 21678: 21677: 21656: 21655: 21652: 21651: 21609:Exclusive mandate 21586:War crimes trials 21557:2016 Geneva talks 21324: 21323: 21316:Fadlallah al-Haji 21271:Bouthaina Shaaban 21054: 21053: 21050: 21049: 21046: 21045: 20941: 20940: 20872:Al-Sanadid Forces 20867:Anti-Terror Units 20804: 20803: 20637: 20636: 20552:Syrian Resistance 20508:Politics of Syria 20480: 20479: 20476: 20475: 20472: 20471: 20247:Al-Sukhnah attack 20208:Jarqli airstrikes 20090:COVID-19 pandemic 20046:November bombings 19864:Battle of Khasham 19810:Mayadin offensive 19795:Battle of Harasta 19665:Palmyra offensive 19349:Al-Hawl offensive 19309:Qamishli bombings 19107:Latakia Offensive 19065:Battle of Markada 18878:Battle of Darayya 18854:Battle of Darayya 18778:Battle of Tremseh 18597:Syrian Revolution 18530:Islamist uprising 18482: 18481: 18478: 18477: 18337:Syrian revolution 18280:Cities and towns 18167: 18166: 18150: 18149: 18004: 18003: 17980: 17979: 17955:Al-Sanadid Forces 17901:Political parties 17891:Foreign Relations 17786:978-0-19-762103-5 17759:978-1-472-47441-4 17734:978-0-415-96691-7 17709:978-0-415-42440-0 17698:, New York City: 17680:978-0-253-00975-3 17605:978-0-415-96691-7 17552:978-1-8386-0445-5 17284:Timesofisrael.com 17178:. 28 August 2016. 16465:. 7 November 2016 16126:. Middle East Eye 16068:Duchêne, Claude. 15708:on 9 October 2017 15683:on 7 August 2016. 14910:978-1-4381-2676-0 14871:978-1-135-98078-8 14712:Socialworkers.org 14659:978-1-4381-1913-7 13774:. 3 August 2018. 13118:. Law.emory.edu. 12947:. 19 April 2017. 12573:. 9 August 2021. 11880:on 28 August 2018 11847:on 4 January 2017 11814:Hawar News Agency 11726:Delil Souleiman. 11424:on 7 October 2016 11394:on 17 August 2016 11140:978-0-8108-7966-9 11015:Firat News Agency 10658:Hawar News Agency 10603:Hawar News Agency 10519:on 9 October 2017 9504:, pp. 95–96. 9231:, pp. 13–14. 9158:978-0-203-89211-4 8820:978-1-139-48693-4 8553:Aleppo, A History 8525:Aleppo, A History 8259:on 2 October 2022 8171:Hawar News Agency 8048:. 17 March 2016. 7999:, pp. 93–94. 7442:10.1558/cis.29642 7398:. 10 March 2017. 7293:(21 March 2016). 7219:978-90-77288-22-1 7140:on 1 October 2016 7086:978-1-62963-390-9 6945:978-1-62963-651-1 6647:Hawar News Agency 6489:, pp. 97–98. 6193:. 17 March 2016. 6038:Ikhshidid dynasty 5763:, 19 January 2018 5628:Iranian Kurdistan 5624:Turkish Kurdistan 5482: 5481: 5458:Al-Baghuz Fawqani 4854:Chaldean Catholic 4522:Arabian Peninsula 4516:. They encompass 4377:in Northern Syria 4189:Al-Sanadid Forces 4175:. There are also 3990:People's Councils 3902:workers' councils 3594:Hawar News Agency 3570:freedom of speech 3309: 3308: 3286:ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܕܝܪ ܐܠ ܙܘܪ 2653:YPJ members in a 2584:direct democratic 2559: 2558: 2476:Foreign relations 2240:Political parties 2199:Executive Council 2148:Symbols of Rojava 2048:providing support 2037:Turkish Air Force 1671:Syrian opposition 1650:Syrian government 1388:Upper Mesopotamia 1091: 1051: 1034: 995: 978: 922:Assyrian homeland 914: 894:Greater Kurdistan 889:[roʒɑˈvɑ] 823:Western Kurdistan 713:Syrian government 711:, support of the 693:federalized Syria 653:direct democratic 521:autonomous region 512:), also known as 502: 501: 362:Autonomous region 179:autonomous region 16:(Redirected from 21728: 21668: 21667: 21442:Humanitarian aid 21422:Chemical weapons 21417:Cities and towns 21341: 21340: 21330: 21329: 21286:Fadwa Souleimane 21276:Abdulbaset Sieda 21256:Ibrahim Qashoush 21246:Ali Habib Mahmud 21156:Hamza al-Khateeb 21151:Kamal al-Labwani 21141:Haitham al-Maleh 21136:Suheil al-Hassan 21074:Ammar Abdulhamid 21060: 21059: 21033:Malhama Tactical 21018:Caucasus Emirate 20952: 20951: 20817: 20816: 20723:Free Syrian Army 20648: 20647: 20504: 20503: 20497: 20496: 20486: 20485: 20279: 20278: 20236: 20182: 20128: 20110:Ayn Issa clashes 20079: 19967: 19840: 19765:Central campaign 19660:Qaboun offensive 19606: 19583:Battle of al-Bab 19506:Manbij offensive 19387: 19229: 19092:Al-Otaiba ambush 19045: 18916:Battle of Safira 18901: 18871:Halfaya massacre 18822:Darayya massacre 18805:Siege of Base 46 18800:Battle of Anadan 18795:Battle of Aleppo 18731:Battle of Rastan 18707: 18679:Battle of Rastan 18647:Siege of Latakia 18612:Siege of Baniyas 18578: 18535:Latakia protests 18501: 18500: 18488: 18487: 18240:Syrian civil war 18220: 18219: 18209: 18208: 18201:Syrian civil war 18194: 18187: 18180: 18171: 18170: 18120:Northern Kurdish 18013: 18012: 17989: 17988: 17864: 17863: 17845: 17838: 17831: 17822: 17821: 17790: 17763: 17738: 17713: 17684: 17655: 17630: 17609: 17581: 17556: 17522: 17516: 17510: 17509: 17507: 17505: 17491: 17485: 17484: 17482: 17480: 17466: 17460: 17459: 17457: 17455: 17441: 17435: 17434: 17423: 17417: 17416: 17414: 17412: 17397: 17391: 17390: 17379: 17373: 17372: 17370: 17368: 17353: 17347: 17346: 17344: 17342: 17331: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17315:on 17 April 2019 17311:. Archived from 17301: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17290: 17276: 17270: 17269: 17258: 17252: 17246: 17240: 17239: 17237: 17235: 17213: 17207: 17206: 17204: 17202: 17193:. Archived from 17186: 17180: 17179: 17168: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17157: 17141: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17130: 17118: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17107: 17088: 17082: 17081: 17079: 17077: 17062: 17056: 17055: 17053: 17051: 17036: 17030: 17029: 17027: 17025: 17014: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16988: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16977: 16961: 16955: 16954: 16952: 16950: 16940: 16934: 16933: 16931: 16929: 16918: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16907: 16892: 16886: 16885: 16883: 16881: 16872:. Archived from 16866: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16855: 16836: 16830: 16829: 16827: 16825: 16810: 16804: 16803: 16796: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16785: 16776:. Archived from 16765: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16754: 16739: 16733: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16709: 16703: 16702: 16700: 16698: 16687: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16661: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16650: 16631: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16620: 16605: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16575: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16564: 16551: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16540: 16529: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16518: 16507: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16496: 16491:on 13 April 2017 16481: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16470: 16455: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16429: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16418: 16407: 16401: 16400: 16398: 16396: 16385: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16374: 16359: 16353: 16352: 16344: 16338: 16337: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16319: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16286: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16253: 16247: 16246: 16235: 16229: 16228: 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16179: 16168: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16157: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16119: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16108: 16103:. 10 August 2015 16091: 16085: 16084: 16082: 16080: 16074:SWI swissinfo.ch 16065: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16054: 16035: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16024: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15983: 15977: 15976: 15974: 15972: 15957: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15946: 15941:on 28 March 2016 15931: 15925: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15901: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15890: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15841: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15830: 15811: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15800: 15781: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15770: 15751: 15745: 15744: 15742: 15740: 15724: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15713: 15707: 15700: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15673: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15659: 15644: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15628:on 16 March 2015 15618: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15588: 15582: 15581: 15579: 15577: 15558: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15547: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15521: 15502: 15496: 15495: 15493: 15491: 15482:. Archived from 15472: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15461: 15442: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15431: 15422:. 10 July 2018. 15412: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15401: 15382: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15371: 15351: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15340: 15320: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15309: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15273:on 10 March 2013 15272: 15261: 15253: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15196: 15190: 15189: 15169: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15142: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15122:. Archived from 15116: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15086: 15080: 15072:Farzad Sharifian 15060: 15054: 15034: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15023: 14995: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14953: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14939: 14921: 14915: 14914: 14894: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14855: 14849: 14848: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14812: 14806: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14773: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14762: 14734: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14723: 14714:. Archived from 14704: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14693: 14670: 14664: 14663: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14617: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14606: 14587: 14581: 14562: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14551: 14532: 14526: 14525:, pp. 7–16. 14520: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14490: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14460: 14454: 14451: 14445: 14444: 14426: 14420: 14414: 14405: 14404: 14388: 14378: 14372: 14371: 14353: 14347: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14312: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14269: 14260: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14163: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14130: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14078: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14064: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14023: 14012: 14011: 13979: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13933:. The Atlantic. 13926: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13910: 13895: 13884: 13883: 13881: 13879: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13844:. Archived from 13831: 13825: 13824: 13818: 13816: 13794: 13788: 13787: 13785: 13783: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13753: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13708: 13702: 13701: 13686: 13680: 13679: 13674: 13672: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13642: 13633:. 19 June 2014. 13623: 13617: 13616: 13614: 13612: 13603:. 15 July 2015. 13593: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13547: 13538:. 18 June 2014. 13528: 13522: 13521: 13510: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13448: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13396: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13380: 13365: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13354: 13339: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13289:. Translated by 13282: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13249: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13183: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13150: 13144: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13101: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13068: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13057: 13051: 13040: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13020: 13001: 12995: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12967: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12956: 12937: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12908: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12878: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12822: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12811: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12770: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12759: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12688: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12623: 12617: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12550: 12544: 12531: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12363: 12356: 12348: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12322: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12296: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12271:. Archived from 12261: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12141: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12038: 12036: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12006: 11995: 11989: 11983: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11911: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11866: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11837: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11817:. 29 June 2018. 11805: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11696: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11623:on 27 March 2019 11609: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11557: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11480:. Archived from 11478:en.hawarnews.com 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11448:en.hawarnews.com 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11272: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11094: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10993: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10959: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10913: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10866: 10859: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10826:Associated Press 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10802:on 23 April 2016 10801: 10786: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10758:. Archived from 10745: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10543:Voice of America 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10476: 10470: 10456: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10425: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10302:. Archived from 10292: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9975:. Archived from 9964: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9914:. 24 July 2019. 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9823:. 26 July 2016. 9817: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9656: 9655: 9649: 9647: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9540:on 3 August 2017 9536:. Archived from 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9391: 9376: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9261:. Archived from 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9167: 9161:. Archived from 9150: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9096: 9088: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9061:. 16 June 2005. 9051: 9040: 9039: 9019: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8917: 8896: 8890: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8856: 8846: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8801: 8792: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8759: 8753: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8678: 8671: 8660: 8654: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8613: 8602: 8595: 8586: 8580: 8567: 8566: 8548: 8539: 8538: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8499: 8493: 8484: 8478: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8354: 8348: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8331: 8312: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8280: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8255:. Archived from 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8121:on 14 March 2018 8115:ku.hawarnews.com 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8009: 8000: 7994: 7985: 7984: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7903: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7806:. Archived from 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7654:. 22 June 2017. 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7616: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7512: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7347:. Archived from 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7287: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7266:on 15 March 2016 7265: 7259:. Archived from 7254: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7228: 7222:. Archived from 7211: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7167: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7091: 7090: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7006: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6856: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6828: 6819:(4): 1023–1045. 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6757: 6718: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6606: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6531:on 9 August 2016 6521: 6515: 6514: 6499: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6331: 6325: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6288: 6280:Fabrice Balanche 6276: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6253:. Archived from 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6085: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6046:Kurdish-speaking 6030: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5969:Kurdistan Region 5954:authoritarianism 5921:ethnic cleansing 5862:Kobani martyr's 5856: 5847: 5836: 5714:assault on Raqqa 5710:Stephen Townsend 5306:المنصورة‎ 5202:أبو حمام‎ 4887: 4831: 4807: 4684:Northern Kurdish 4459:Yazidis in Syria 4340:ethnic cleansing 4177:Free Syrian Army 4157: 3908:Law and security 3892:Private property 3746:micro-irrigation 3692:Economy of Syria 3467:Higher education 3296: 3293:Classical Syriac 3288: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3271:Herêma Dêra Zorê 3266: 3258: 3257: 3245: 3227: 3224:Classical Syriac 3219: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3176: 3158: 3155:Classical Syriac 3150: 3149: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3089: 3086:Classical Syriac 3081: 3080: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3012: 3009:Classical Syriac 3004: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2927: 2924:Classical Syriac 2919: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2878:Euphrates Region 2874: 2860:Elizabeth Gawrie 2848: 2845:Classical Syriac 2840: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2795: 2783:Prime Ministers 2772: 2771: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2458:Euphrates Region 2185:Legislature and 2129: 2113: 2112: 2007:Syrian Arab Army 1796:Free Syrian Army 1734: 1723: 1712: 1701: 1690: 1656:, 6 January 2012 1632:Euphrates Region 1457:Arab nationalism 1442: 1368:Kurdish-speaking 1354:and the Emir of 1275:Fertile Crescent 1251:Fertile Crescent 1220:History of Syria 1214:Euphrates Region 1163:Kurdistan Region 1096: 1090:romanized: 1089: 1087: 1082:Classical Syriac 1079: 1071: 1056: 1050:romanized: 1049: 1047: 1042:Classical Syriac 1039: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1000: 994:romanized: 993: 991: 986:Classical Syriac 983: 973: 971: 963: 919: 913:romanized: 912: 910: 905:Classical Syriac 891: 886: 880: 876: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 832: 733:religious rights 705:media censorship 701:authoritarianism 671:, environmental 665:decentralization 565:Syrian civil war 531:in the areas of 523:in northeastern 490: 468: 406:6 September 2018 225: 224: 222: 221: 220: 215: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 165: 162: 155: 152: 133: 119: 103: 95: 89: 86:Classical Syriac 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 61: 53: 39: 38: 32:Syrian Kurdistan 21: 21736: 21735: 21731: 21730: 21729: 21727: 21726: 21725: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21674: 21648: 21597: 21581: 21486: 21400: 21335: 21320: 21301:Razan Zaitouneh 21206:Burhan Ghalioun 21181:Ammar al-Qurabi 21089:al-Assad family 21079:Ali al-Abdallah 21065: 21042: 21028:Junud al-Makhdi 21023:Ajnad al-Kavkaz 20993: 20937: 20901: 20843: 20821:DFNS Government 20811: 20800: 20776:US intervention 20768:Foreign support 20762: 20706: 20633: 20595:Liwa Fatemiyoun 20577:Foreign support 20571: 20562:al-Quds Brigade 20535: 20491: 20468: 20451: 20392: 20373:Battle of Sidon 20353: 20335: 20306: 20266: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20080: 20075: 20070: 19976: 19972: 19968: 19963: 19958: 19849: 19845: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19735:Battle of Raqqa 19690:Battle of Tabqa 19615: 19611: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19563:Dabiq offensive 19511:Tokhar massacre 19396: 19392: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19319:Kobanî massacre 19279:Idlib Offensive 19274:Battle of Bosra 19234: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19176:Siege of Kobanî 19132:Battle of Arsal 19097:Idlib offensive 19077:Battle of Morek 19050: 19046: 19041: 19036: 18943:Daraa offensive 18906: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18844:Battle of Harem 18716: 18712: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18667:Battle of Douma 18587: 18583: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18540:Damascus Spring 18495: 18474: 18453: 18449:U.S. task force 18444:Rojava conflict 18382: 18361: 18325: 18294: 18214: 18203: 18198: 18168: 18163: 18146: 18000: 17976: 17855: 17849: 17797: 17787: 17771: 17769:Further reading 17766: 17760: 17735: 17710: 17681: 17652: 17627: 17606: 17578: 17553: 17530: 17525: 17517: 17513: 17503: 17501: 17493: 17492: 17488: 17478: 17476: 17474:Kurdistan24.net 17468: 17467: 17463: 17453: 17451: 17443: 17442: 17438: 17425: 17424: 17420: 17410: 17408: 17407:. 21 March 2017 17399: 17398: 17394: 17381: 17380: 17376: 17366: 17364: 17355: 17354: 17350: 17340: 17338: 17333: 17332: 17328: 17318: 17316: 17303: 17302: 17298: 17288: 17286: 17278: 17277: 17273: 17260: 17259: 17255: 17247: 17243: 17233: 17231: 17215: 17214: 17210: 17200: 17198: 17187: 17183: 17170: 17169: 17165: 17155: 17153: 17142: 17138: 17128: 17126: 17119: 17115: 17105: 17103: 17090: 17089: 17085: 17075: 17073: 17064: 17063: 17059: 17049: 17047: 17037: 17033: 17023: 17021: 17016: 17015: 17011: 17001: 16999: 16997:Huffington Post 16989: 16985: 16975: 16973: 16962: 16958: 16948: 16946: 16942: 16941: 16937: 16927: 16925: 16920: 16919: 16915: 16905: 16903: 16894: 16893: 16889: 16879: 16877: 16868: 16867: 16863: 16853: 16851: 16838: 16837: 16833: 16823: 16821: 16820:on 28 July 2017 16812: 16811: 16807: 16798: 16797: 16793: 16783: 16781: 16766: 16762: 16752: 16750: 16748:Foreign Affairs 16740: 16736: 16726: 16724: 16711: 16710: 16706: 16696: 16694: 16689: 16688: 16684: 16674: 16672: 16663: 16662: 16658: 16648: 16646: 16645:on 19 July 2018 16633: 16632: 16628: 16618: 16616: 16607: 16606: 16602: 16592: 16590: 16577: 16576: 16572: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16552: 16548: 16538: 16536: 16531: 16530: 16526: 16516: 16514: 16509: 16508: 16504: 16494: 16492: 16483: 16482: 16478: 16468: 16466: 16457: 16456: 16452: 16442: 16440: 16431: 16430: 16426: 16416: 16414: 16413:. UK Parliament 16409: 16408: 16404: 16394: 16392: 16387: 16386: 16382: 16372: 16370: 16361: 16360: 16356: 16345: 16341: 16332: 16331: 16327: 16317: 16315: 16306: 16305: 16301: 16288: 16287: 16280: 16270: 16268: 16261:syriadirect.org 16255: 16254: 16250: 16237: 16236: 16232: 16217: 16213: 16203: 16201: 16191: 16187: 16177: 16175: 16170: 16169: 16165: 16155: 16153: 16152:. 18 March 2016 16144: 16143: 16139: 16129: 16127: 16120: 16116: 16106: 16104: 16093: 16092: 16088: 16078: 16076: 16066: 16062: 16052: 16050: 16037: 16036: 16032: 16022: 16020: 16007: 16006: 16002: 15992: 15990: 15985: 15984: 15980: 15970: 15968: 15959: 15958: 15954: 15944: 15942: 15933: 15932: 15928: 15918: 15916: 15903: 15902: 15898: 15888: 15886: 15873: 15872: 15868: 15858: 15856: 15849:Times of Israel 15843: 15842: 15838: 15828: 15826: 15813: 15812: 15808: 15798: 15796: 15783: 15782: 15778: 15768: 15766: 15753: 15752: 15748: 15738: 15736: 15725: 15721: 15711: 15709: 15705: 15698: 15692: 15688: 15675: 15674: 15667: 15657: 15655: 15646: 15645: 15641: 15631: 15629: 15620: 15619: 15615: 15605: 15603: 15590: 15589: 15585: 15575: 15573: 15560: 15559: 15555: 15545: 15543: 15534: 15533: 15529: 15519: 15517: 15504: 15503: 15499: 15489: 15487: 15486:on 8 March 2021 15474: 15473: 15469: 15459: 15457: 15444: 15443: 15439: 15429: 15427: 15414: 15413: 15409: 15399: 15397: 15383: 15379: 15369: 15367: 15352: 15348: 15338: 15336: 15323:Muslim, Salim. 15321: 15317: 15307: 15305: 15290: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15270: 15259: 15255: 15254: 15250: 15240: 15238: 15223: 15219: 15209: 15207: 15198: 15197: 15193: 15170: 15166: 15156: 15154: 15143: 15139: 15129: 15127: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15103: 15101: 15088: 15087: 15083: 15061: 15057: 15035: 15031: 15021: 15019: 15012: 14996: 14989: 14979: 14977: 14970: 14954: 14947: 14937: 14935: 14927:Who Is an Arab? 14922: 14918: 14911: 14895: 14891: 14881: 14879: 14872: 14856: 14852: 14839: 14838: 14834: 14827: 14813: 14809: 14799: 14797: 14790: 14774: 14770: 14760: 14758: 14751: 14735: 14731: 14721: 14719: 14706: 14705: 14701: 14691: 14689: 14671: 14667: 14660: 14644: 14640: 14618: 14614: 14604: 14602: 14589: 14588: 14584: 14572:Wayback Machine 14563: 14559: 14549: 14547: 14534: 14533: 14529: 14521: 14517: 14507: 14505: 14492: 14491: 14487: 14477: 14475: 14462: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14441: 14427: 14423: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14379: 14375: 14368: 14354: 14350: 14340: 14338: 14331: 14313: 14309: 14299: 14297: 14270: 14263: 14255: 14251: 14243: 14239: 14231: 14227: 14215: 14211: 14201: 14199: 14182: 14181: 14177: 14168:. 18 May 2016. 14158: 14157: 14153: 14143: 14141: 14132: 14131: 14127: 14117: 14115: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14091: 14089: 14080: 14079: 14075: 14062: 14060: 14051: 14050: 14046: 14036: 14034: 14025: 14024: 14015: 13980: 13976: 13966: 13964: 13955: 13954: 13950: 13940: 13938: 13927: 13918: 13908: 13906: 13904:Foreign Affairs 13896: 13887: 13877: 13875: 13866: 13865: 13861: 13851: 13849: 13832: 13828: 13814: 13812: 13795: 13791: 13781: 13779: 13766: 13765: 13761: 13751: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13735: 13725: 13723: 13710: 13709: 13705: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13670: 13668: 13659:(5 June 2015). 13654: 13650: 13640: 13638: 13625: 13624: 13620: 13610: 13608: 13595: 13594: 13587: 13577: 13575: 13560: 13559: 13555: 13545: 13543: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13520:. 10 June 2020. 13512: 13511: 13507: 13497: 13495: 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13449: 13445: 13435: 13433: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13398: 13397: 13388: 13378: 13376: 13367: 13366: 13362: 13352: 13350: 13341: 13340: 13336: 13326: 13324: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13283: 13276: 13266: 13264: 13257:Financial Times 13251: 13250: 13243: 13233: 13231: 13214: 13210: 13200: 13198: 13185: 13184: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13152: 13151: 13147: 13139: 13135: 13125: 13123: 13114: 13113: 13109: 13099: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13070: 13069: 13065: 13055: 13053: 13049: 13038: 13032: 13028: 13018: 13016: 13003: 13002: 12998: 12992:Wayback Machine 12983:Michael Knapp, 12982: 12978: 12969: 12968: 12964: 12954: 12952: 12939: 12938: 12931: 12921: 12919: 12910: 12909: 12905: 12895: 12893: 12888:. 29 May 2017. 12880: 12879: 12875: 12865: 12863: 12858:. 29 May 2017. 12850: 12849: 12845: 12835: 12833: 12832:on 28 June 2017 12824: 12823: 12819: 12809: 12807: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12783: 12781: 12780:on 10 June 2016 12772: 12771: 12767: 12757: 12755: 12754:on 28 July 2017 12742: 12741: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12716: 12715: 12711: 12701: 12699: 12690: 12689: 12685: 12675: 12673: 12660: 12659: 12655: 12645: 12643: 12624: 12620: 12610: 12608: 12595: 12594: 12590: 12580: 12578: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12529: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12510: 12508: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12484: 12482: 12467: 12463: 12453: 12451: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12423: 12421: 12412: 12411: 12407: 12397: 12395: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12335: 12333: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12309: 12307: 12298: 12297: 12288: 12278: 12276: 12263: 12262: 12255: 12245: 12243: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12214: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12193: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12169: 12167: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12135: 12134: 12127: 12125: 12110: 12106: 12096: 12094: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12048: 12044: 12034: 12032: 12019: 12018: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11997: 11996: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11956: 11943: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11925:on 11 July 2017 11913: 11912: 11905: 11897: 11893: 11883: 11881: 11868: 11867: 11860: 11850: 11848: 11839: 11838: 11834: 11824: 11822: 11807: 11806: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11760:on 21 June 2020 11752: 11751: 11747: 11737: 11735: 11734:on 21 June 2019 11724: 11720: 11710: 11708: 11703:. Kurdistan24. 11697: 11693: 11683: 11681: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11641: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11594: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11531: 11527: 11517: 11515: 11502: 11501: 11497: 11487: 11485: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11457: 11455: 11442: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11367: 11365: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11341: 11339: 11338:on 21 June 2020 11330: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11285: 11283: 11274: 11273: 11264: 11256: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11190: 11188: 11179: 11178: 11174: 11166: 11159: 11150: 11148: 11141: 11125: 11121: 11111: 11109: 11096: 11095: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11065: 11064: 11060: 11050: 11048: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11024: 11022: 11009: 11008: 11004: 10991: 10989: 10974: 10970: 10957: 10955: 10942: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10914: 10910: 10900: 10898: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10835: 10833: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10765: 10763: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10730: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10668: 10666: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10636: 10634: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10614: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10509: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10467:Wayback Machine 10458:Andrea Glioti, 10457: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10427: 10426: 10419: 10409: 10407: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10379: 10377: 10364: 10363: 10359: 10346: 10345: 10341: 10331: 10329: 10322:Times of Israel 10316: 10315: 10311: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10195: 10180: 10176: 10166: 10164: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10134: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10089: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10057: 10053: 10043: 10041: 10026: 10022: 10012: 10010: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9982: 9980: 9965: 9961: 9951: 9949: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9906: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9830: 9828: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9793: 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9763: 9762: 9755: 9745: 9743: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9711:. 17 March 2016 9703: 9702: 9698: 9690: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9666: 9659: 9645: 9643: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9543: 9541: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9493: 9483: 9481: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9450:on 24 July 2012 9438: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9401:NRC Handelsblad 9392: 9379: 9365: 9363: 9346: 9342: 9334: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9307: 9290: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9266: 9265:on 17 June 2019 9251: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9169: 9168:on 4 March 2016 9165: 9159: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9053: 9052: 9043: 9036: 9020: 9013: 9003: 9001: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8968: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8919: 8918: 8899: 8891: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8847: 8840: 8830: 8828: 8821: 8802: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8776: 8774: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8741:Wayback Machine 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8696: 8692: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8651:Wayback Machine 8641: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8605: 8596: 8589: 8581: 8570: 8563: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8521: 8517: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8487: 8479: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8408:Daryaee, Touraj 8405: 8401: 8394: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8329: 8327: 8314: 8313: 8306: 8293: 8291: 8282: 8281: 8272: 8262: 8260: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8230: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8206: 8204: 8203:on 12 June 2018 8195: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8177:on 11 June 2017 8165: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8094: 8092: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8040: 8039: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7904: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7690: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7538: 7534: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7461: 7457: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7300:Middle East Eye 7288: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7168: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7094: 7087: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7007: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6334: 6326: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6286: 6277: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6257:on 4 April 2019 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6191:Middle East Eye 6185: 6184: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6086: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6034:Assyrian people 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5965: 5917: 5877:Kurds in Turkey 5869: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5849: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5730:Emmanuel Macron 5671: 5665: 5659: 5636:Siege of Kobanî 5632:Kurds in Turkey 5601: 5591: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5516: 5487: 5411:السبعة وأربعين 4881: 4878: 4858:Syriac Catholic 4850:Syriac Orthodox 4842: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4808: 4797: 4788:Syriac alphabet 4661: 4478:Iranian peoples 4461: 4439: 4415:divide and rule 4400:Kemalist Turkey 4363: 4353: 4226: 4220: 4181:Jaysh al-Thuwar 4121: 4115: 4107:Main articles: 4105: 4044:Members of the 4038: 4032: 4016:Main articles: 4014: 3994:People's Courts 3960:forced marriage 3946:and applied by 3940: 3920: 3910: 3879: 3873: 3857:Iraqi Kurdistan 3829:Border crossing 3822: 3816: 3710: 3688: 3655: 3638:Iraqi Kurdistan 3542: 3536: 3513:In August 2016 3475: 3469: 3441:Abdullah Öcalan 3396:native language 3376: 3366: 3361: 3324: 3316:Main articles: 3314: 3299: 3290: 3275: 3260: 3256:إقليم دير الزور 3230: 3221: 3206: 3191: 3161: 3152: 3137: 3122: 3092: 3083: 3068: 3053: 3026: 3015: 3006: 2991: 2976: 2961: 2959: 2941: 2930: 2921: 2906: 2891: 2862: 2851: 2842: 2827: 2812: 2707: 2701: 2674:confessionalist 2613:Abdullah Öcalan 2580:property rights 2572:gender equality 2555: 2526: 2522:Other countries 2513: 2512: 2508:Iraqi Kurdistan 2498:Rojava conflict 2478: 2468: 2467: 2448: 2438: 2437: 2399: 2398:Party alliances 2391: 2390: 2242: 2232: 2231: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2189: 2178: 2177: 2163: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2120: 2111: 2097: 2091: 1929: 1915: 1892:In March 2016, 1844:Siege of Kobanî 1832:social contract 1830:(also known as 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1642: 1620: 1610:Rojava conflict 1608:Main articles: 1606: 1563:Abdullah Öcalan 1548:Bashar al-Assad 1422: 1412: 1352:Ayyubid dynasty 1336:Seleucid Empire 1243: 1238: 1216: 1204:Main articles: 1202: 1167:Mount Abdulaziz 1150:, south of the 1111: 884: 878: 874: 842: 838: 803: 669:gender equality 561:Rojava conflict 498: 463: 437: 422: 403: 393: 383: 373: 340: 336: 323: 317: 218: 216: 212: 209: 204: 201: 199: 197: 196: 195: 167: 166: 163: 156: 141: 140: 139: 134: 126: 125: 120: 107: 106: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 62: 55: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21734: 21724: 21723: 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21698: 21693: 21676: 21675: 21673: 21672: 21661: 21658: 21657: 21654: 21653: 21650: 21649: 21647: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21605: 21603: 21602:Related topics 21599: 21598: 21596: 21595: 21589: 21587: 21583: 21582: 21580: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21554: 21549: 21544: 21539: 21534: 21532:39th G8 summit 21529: 21524: 21519: 21518: 21517: 21507: 21502: 21496: 21494: 21488: 21487: 21485: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21408: 21406: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21347: 21345: 21337: 21336: 21326: 21325: 21322: 21321: 21319: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21241:Bassma Kodmani 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21211:Razan Ghazzawi 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21168: 21163: 21161:Tal al-Mallohi 21158: 21153: 21148: 21146:Moaz al-Khatib 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21126:Anwar al-Bunni 21123: 21118: 21117: 21116: 21114:Hafez Makhlouf 21111: 21106: 21101: 21096: 21086: 21084:Adnan al-Aroor 21081: 21076: 21070: 21067: 21066: 21056: 21055: 21052: 21051: 21048: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21041: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21008:Tahrir al-Sham 21004: 21002: 20995: 20994: 20992: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20960: 20958: 20949: 20943: 20942: 20939: 20938: 20936: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20909: 20907: 20903: 20902: 20900: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20853: 20851: 20845: 20844: 20842: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20825: 20823: 20814: 20806: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20799: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20772: 20770: 20764: 20763: 20761: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20714: 20712: 20708: 20707: 20705: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20668: 20667: 20656: 20654: 20645: 20639: 20638: 20635: 20634: 20632: 20631: 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20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19993: 19991:Manbij bombing 19988: 19982: 19980: 19960: 19959: 19957: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19855: 19853: 19833: 19832: 19830: 19829: 19824: 19823: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19705:Aleppo bombing 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19621: 19619: 19599: 19598: 19596: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19578:Raqqa campaign 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19514: 19513: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19402: 19400: 19380: 19379: 19377: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19240: 19238: 19222: 19221: 19219: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19161:Hama Offensive 19158: 19153: 19152: 19151: 19141: 19136: 19135: 19134: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19102:Battle of Hosn 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19073: 19072: 19067: 19056: 19054: 19038: 19037: 19035: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18987:Hatla massacre 18984: 18982:Hama offensive 18979: 18974: 18973: 18972: 18962: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18945: 18940: 18939: 18938: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18912: 18910: 18894: 18893: 18891: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18874: 18873: 18866:Hama offensive 18863: 18861:Aqrab massacre 18858: 18857: 18856: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18825: 18824: 18814: 18809: 18808: 18807: 18802: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18763:Houla massacre 18760: 18755: 18754: 18753: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18722: 18720: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18671: 18670: 18669: 18664: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18607:Siege of Daraa 18604: 18599: 18593: 18591: 18571: 18570: 18568: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18545:Qamishli riots 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18511: 18509: 18497: 18496: 18484: 18483: 18480: 18479: 18476: 18475: 18473: 18472: 18467: 18461: 18459: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18390: 18388: 18384: 18383: 18381: 18380: 18375: 18369: 18367: 18366:World reaction 18363: 18362: 18360: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18333: 18331: 18327: 18326: 18324: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18302: 18300: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18226: 18224: 18223:Main overviews 18216: 18215: 18205: 18204: 18197: 18196: 18189: 18182: 18174: 18165: 18164: 18162: 18161: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18148: 18147: 18145: 18144: 18143: 18142: 18140:Syrian Turkmen 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18114: 18113: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18027: 18022: 18016: 18010: 18006: 18005: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17998: 17992: 17986: 17982: 17981: 17978: 17977: 17975: 17974: 17973: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17927: 17922: 17921: 17920: 17915: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17867: 17861: 17857: 17856: 17854: articles 17848: 17847: 17840: 17833: 17825: 17819: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17796: 17795:External links 17793: 17792: 17791: 17785: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17764: 17758: 17739: 17733: 17714: 17708: 17685: 17679: 17656: 17650: 17631: 17626:978-0198824541 17625: 17610: 17604: 17588:, ed. (2006). 17586:Meri, Josef W. 17582: 17576: 17557: 17551: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17523: 17511: 17486: 17461: 17436: 17418: 17392: 17374: 17363:. 15 June 2015 17348: 17326: 17296: 17271: 17253: 17241: 17208: 17181: 17163: 17136: 17113: 17083: 17072:. 27 July 2015 17057: 17031: 17009: 16983: 16956: 16935: 16913: 16887: 16861: 16831: 16805: 16791: 16760: 16734: 16704: 16682: 16656: 16626: 16600: 16570: 16546: 16524: 16502: 16476: 16450: 16424: 16402: 16380: 16354: 16339: 16325: 16299: 16278: 16248: 16230: 16211: 16185: 16163: 16137: 16114: 16086: 16060: 16030: 16000: 15978: 15952: 15926: 15909:The New Yorker 15896: 15866: 15836: 15806: 15776: 15746: 15719: 15686: 15665: 15639: 15613: 15583: 15553: 15527: 15497: 15480:Smne-syria.com 15467: 15437: 15407: 15377: 15346: 15315: 15284: 15248: 15217: 15191: 15164: 15137: 15111: 15094:Ottawa Citizen 15081: 15079: 15078: 15075: 15069: 15066: 15055: 15053: 15052: 15049: 15046: 15043: 15040: 15029: 15010: 14987: 14968: 14945: 14916: 14909: 14889: 14870: 14850: 14832: 14825: 14807: 14788: 14768: 14749: 14729: 14699: 14665: 14658: 14638: 14612: 14582: 14557: 14527: 14515: 14485: 14455: 14446: 14439: 14421: 14419:, p. 144. 14406: 14399: 14373: 14366: 14348: 14329: 14307: 14261: 14259:, p. 713. 14249: 14247:, p. 123. 14237: 14225: 14209: 14175: 14151: 14125: 14099: 14073: 14044: 14013: 13974: 13948: 13916: 13885: 13859: 13826: 13789: 13759: 13733: 13703: 13681: 13648: 13618: 13585: 13553: 13523: 13505: 13474: 13443: 13417: 13386: 13360: 13334: 13308: 13274: 13241: 13223:Open Democracy 13208: 13175: 13145: 13133: 13107: 13081: 13063: 13026: 12996: 12976: 12962: 12929: 12903: 12873: 12843: 12817: 12791: 12765: 12735: 12709: 12683: 12653: 12618: 12588: 12556: 12518: 12492: 12461: 12431: 12405: 12388:Zamanalwsl.net 12375: 12343: 12317: 12286: 12253: 12238:. April 2017. 12223: 12203: 12177: 12149: 12104: 12073: 12042: 12012: 11990: 11988:, p. 114. 11978: 11966: 11936: 11903: 11891: 11858: 11832: 11797: 11786:on 21 May 2016 11771: 11745: 11718: 11691: 11664: 11634: 11617:Al Shahid News 11604: 11578: 11549: 11537: 11525: 11495: 11465: 11435: 11405: 11375: 11364:on 10 May 2016 11349: 11323: 11312:on 6 June 2017 11293: 11282:on 14 May 2021 11262: 11260:, p. 111. 11250: 11224: 11198: 11172: 11157: 11139: 11119: 11084: 11058: 11032: 11002: 10968: 10935: 10908: 10878: 10843: 10813: 10789:IHS Jane's 360 10773: 10740: 10729:on 29 May 2015 10708: 10676: 10644: 10612: 10590: 10560: 10530: 10505:Khalaf, Rana. 10497: 10471: 10446: 10417: 10387: 10357: 10339: 10309: 10287: 10261: 10235: 10205: 10174: 10144: 10114: 10082: 10051: 10020: 9990: 9959: 9929: 9899: 9868: 9838: 9812: 9786: 9775:on 8 July 2016 9753: 9722: 9696: 9684: 9682:, p. 319. 9672: 9657: 9586: 9551: 9518: 9506: 9491: 9461: 9431: 9419: 9377: 9340: 9325: 9313: 9288: 9286:, p. 180. 9276: 9245: 9233: 9221: 9209: 9179: 9157: 9134: 9119: 9076: 9041: 9035:978-0745698014 9034: 9011: 8985: 8967:978-0814795873 8966: 8946: 8897: 8880: 8838: 8819: 8793: 8784: 8754: 8721: 8690: 8655: 8635: 8628: 8603: 8587: 8585:, p. 167. 8568: 8561: 8540: 8533: 8515: 8513:, p. 114. 8500: 8498:, p. 480. 8485: 8483:, p. 445. 8466: 8454: 8439: 8427: 8421:978-0857716668 8420: 8399: 8393:978-1305537460 8392: 8374: 8368:978-1139054379 8367: 8349: 8340: 8304: 8270: 8240: 8214: 8188: 8158: 8132: 8102: 8063: 8030: 8001: 7986: 7979: 7961: 7931: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7852:on 12 May 2015 7833: 7821: 7791: 7765: 7733: 7700: 7669: 7639: 7603: 7567: 7532: 7498: 7475:(1): 184–196. 7455: 7413: 7378: 7354: 7330: 7318: 7277: 7240: 7218: 7195: 7151: 7121: 7109: 7107:, p. 219. 7092: 7085: 7063: 7028: 6996: 6966: 6954: 6944: 6926: 6911: 6899: 6865:(3): 277–448. 6842: 6799: 6769: 6701: 6665: 6633: 6598: 6572: 6542: 6516: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6420: 6387: 6357: 6332: 6330:, p. 154. 6313: 6268: 6238: 6208: 6175: 6144: 6113: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6054: 6042:Ottoman Empire 6025: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5916: 5913: 5861: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5661:Main article: 5658: 5655: 5590: 5589:Kurdish issues 5587: 5523:Main article: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408:Seba û Erbîyn 5406: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4877: 4874: 4833: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4811:Uwais al-Qarni 4809: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4774:Latin alphabet 4766: 4765: 4758:Syrian Turkmen 4751: 4744:Semitic branch 4726:mainly in the 4721: 4714:Semitic branch 4695: 4660: 4657: 4637: 4636: 4612: 4548: 4547: 4514:first language 4493: 4455:Syrian Turkmen 4443:Kurds in Syria 4438: 4435: 4352: 4349: 4300:women's rights 4270:United Nations 4258:child soldiers 4222:Main article: 4219: 4216: 4104: 4101: 4093:Raqqa campaign 4077:Khabour Guards 4013: 4010: 4002:Regional Court 3998:Appeals Courts 3956:civil marriage 3939: 3936: 3909: 3906: 3900:management by 3872: 3869: 3815: 3812: 3758:indirect taxes 3731:Price controls 3687: 3684: 3654: 3651: 3647:Syrian Telecom 3586:Syriac-Aramaic 3540:Media of Syria 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3517:police forces 3511: 3499: 3487: 3468: 3465: 3420:Syriac-Aramaic 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3282: 3267: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3213: 3202:Herêma Minbicê 3198: 3182: 3180: 3179:Manbij Region 3177: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3144: 3133:Herêma Tebqayê 3129: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3075: 3060: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3013: 2998: 2983: 2967: 2965: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2913: 2898: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2834: 2819: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2703:Main article: 2700: 2697: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2518: 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1239: 1232:Kurds in Syria 1201: 1198: 1196:governorates. 1152:Turkish border 1133:Sharat Kovakab 1110: 1107: 950:federal system 937:Afrin District 802: 799: 772:local councils 744:rehabilitation 740:social justice 735:within Syria. 673:sustainability 563:and the wider 500: 499: 497: 496: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 461: 457: 456: 446: 442: 441: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 426: 423: 420: 417: 416: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 401: 398: 397: 394: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377: 374: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 345: 344: 337: 331: 328: 327: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 296: 292: 291: 290: 289: 284: 275: 274: 265: 264: 259: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 190: 186: 185: 173: 169: 168: 157: 147: 146: 143: 142: 135: 128: 127: 121: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21733: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21688: 21686: 21671: 21663: 21662: 21659: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 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21264: 21262: 21261:Dawoud Rajiha 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21216:Ghassan Hitto 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21186:Suheir Atassi 21184: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21167: 21166:Fida al-Sayed 21164: 21162: 21159: 21157: 21154: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21121:Riad al-Asaad 21119: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21109:Rami Makhlouf 21107: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21091: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21071: 21068: 21061: 21057: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20996: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20959: 20957: 20956:Islamic State 20953: 20950: 20948: 20944: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20910: 20908: 20904: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20854: 20852: 20850: 20846: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20822: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20807: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20773: 20771: 20769: 20765: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20733:Army of Glory 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20709: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20666: 20663: 20662: 20661: 20658: 20657: 20655: 20653: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20640: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20604: 20603: 20600: 20596: 20593: 20592: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20582: 20580: 20578: 20574: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20544: 20542: 20538: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20513: 20511: 20509: 20505: 20502: 20498: 20494: 20487: 20483: 20464: 20461: 20460: 20458: 20454: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20395: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20356: 20350: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20342: 20338: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20309: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20274: 20269: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20190: 20188: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20164:Daraa clashes 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20095:Afrin bombing 20093: 20091: 20088: 20087: 20085: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20067: 20066:US airstrikes 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20021:June bombings 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19983: 19981: 19979: 19975: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19856: 19854: 19852: 19848: 19844: 19839: 19834: 19828: 19825: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19622: 19620: 19618: 19614: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19512: 19509: 19508: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19403: 19401: 19399: 19395: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19241: 19239: 19237: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19147: 19146: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19133: 19130: 19129: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19087:Maan massacre 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19062: 19061: 19058: 19057: 19055: 19053: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19002:Adra massacre 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18954: 18951: 18950: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18937: 18934: 18933: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18913: 18911: 18909: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18872: 18869: 18868: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18797: 18796: 18793: 18789: 18786: 18785: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18748: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18723: 18721: 18719: 18715: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18659: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18637:Siege of Homs 18635: 18633: 18632:Siege of Hama 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18592: 18590: 18586: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18512: 18510: 18508: 18507: 18502: 18498: 18494: 18489: 18485: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18462: 18460: 18456: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18391: 18389: 18385: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18370: 18368: 18364: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18334: 18332: 18328: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18297: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18265:Belligerents 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18227: 18225: 18221: 18217: 18210: 18206: 18202: 18195: 18190: 18188: 18183: 18181: 18176: 18175: 18172: 18160: 18157: 18156: 18153: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18032: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18017: 18014: 18011: 18007: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17990: 17987: 17983: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17965:Kurdish Front 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17909: 17906: 17902: 17899: 17898: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17868: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17853: 17846: 17841: 17839: 17834: 17832: 17827: 17826: 17823: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17788: 17782: 17778: 17773: 17772: 17761: 17755: 17751: 17747: 17746: 17740: 17736: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17721: 17715: 17711: 17705: 17701: 17697: 17693: 17692: 17686: 17682: 17676: 17672: 17668: 17664: 17663: 17657: 17653: 17651:0-7007-1679-3 17647: 17643: 17639: 17638: 17632: 17628: 17622: 17618: 17617: 17611: 17607: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17592: 17587: 17583: 17579: 17577:9780190462475 17573: 17569: 17565: 17564: 17558: 17554: 17548: 17544: 17540: 17539: 17533: 17532: 17520: 17515: 17500: 17499:openDemocracy 17496: 17490: 17475: 17471: 17465: 17450: 17446: 17440: 17432: 17428: 17422: 17406: 17402: 17396: 17388: 17384: 17378: 17362: 17358: 17352: 17336: 17330: 17314: 17310: 17309:The Telegraph 17306: 17300: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17267: 17263: 17257: 17250: 17245: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17221:The Economist 17218: 17212: 17196: 17192: 17185: 17177: 17173: 17167: 17151: 17147: 17140: 17124: 17117: 17101: 17097: 17093: 17087: 17071: 17067: 17061: 17046: 17042: 17035: 17019: 17013: 16998: 16994: 16987: 16971: 16967: 16960: 16945: 16939: 16923: 16917: 16902:. 28 May 2016 16901: 16897: 16891: 16875: 16871: 16865: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16819: 16815: 16809: 16801: 16795: 16779: 16775: 16771: 16764: 16749: 16745: 16738: 16722: 16718: 16714: 16708: 16692: 16686: 16670: 16666: 16660: 16644: 16640: 16636: 16630: 16614: 16610: 16604: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16574: 16558: 16550: 16534: 16528: 16512: 16506: 16490: 16486: 16480: 16464: 16460: 16454: 16438: 16434: 16428: 16412: 16406: 16390: 16384: 16368: 16364: 16358: 16351:. Al-Monitor. 16350: 16343: 16335: 16329: 16313: 16309: 16303: 16296:. 4 May 2017. 16295: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16267:on 2 May 2017 16266: 16262: 16258: 16252: 16245:. 1 May 2017. 16244: 16240: 16234: 16226: 16222: 16215: 16200: 16196: 16189: 16173: 16167: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16125: 16118: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16090: 16075: 16071: 16064: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16034: 16018: 16014: 16010: 16004: 15988: 15982: 15966: 15962: 15956: 15940: 15936: 15930: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15900: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15870: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15840: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15810: 15794: 15790: 15786: 15780: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15750: 15734: 15730: 15723: 15704: 15697: 15690: 15682: 15678: 15672: 15670: 15653: 15649: 15643: 15627: 15623: 15617: 15601: 15597: 15593: 15587: 15571: 15567: 15566:ReliefWeb.int 15563: 15557: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15515: 15511: 15510:hawarnews.com 15507: 15501: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15471: 15455: 15451: 15450:hawarnews.com 15447: 15441: 15425: 15421: 15417: 15411: 15395: 15391: 15387: 15381: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15350: 15334: 15331:. Vrede vzw. 15330: 15326: 15319: 15303: 15299: 15295: 15288: 15269: 15265: 15258: 15252: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15221: 15205: 15201: 15195: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15168: 15152: 15148: 15141: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15085: 15076: 15073: 15070: 15067: 15064: 15063: 15059: 15050: 15047: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15033: 15017: 15013: 15007: 15003: 15002: 14994: 14992: 14975: 14971: 14969:9780983955801 14965: 14961: 14960: 14952: 14950: 14933: 14929: 14928: 14920: 14912: 14906: 14902: 14901: 14893: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14863: 14862: 14854: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14828: 14822: 14818: 14811: 14795: 14791: 14789:9781598843620 14785: 14781: 14780: 14772: 14756: 14752: 14750:9781598843620 14746: 14742: 14741: 14733: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14703: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14669: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14642: 14635: 14633: 14629: 14623: 14616: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14586: 14579: 14578: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14561: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14531: 14524: 14519: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14489: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14459: 14450: 14442: 14436: 14432: 14425: 14418: 14413: 14411: 14402: 14400:0-415-07265-4 14396: 14392: 14387: 14386: 14377: 14369: 14367:1-85043-416-6 14363: 14359: 14352: 14336: 14332: 14330:1-4051-0681-6 14326: 14322: 14318: 14311: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14280:(in French). 14279: 14275: 14268: 14266: 14258: 14253: 14246: 14241: 14234: 14233:Morton (2020) 14229: 14222: 14218: 14213: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14187: 14179: 14171: 14167: 14166:The Telegraph 14162: 14155: 14139: 14135: 14129: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14087: 14083: 14077: 14070: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14032: 14028: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13978: 13962: 13958: 13952: 13936: 13932: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13905: 13901: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13847: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13810: 13806: 13805: 13800: 13793: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13763: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13678: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13652: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13606: 13602: 13598: 13592: 13590: 13573: 13569: 13568: 13563: 13557: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13519: 13515: 13509: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13478: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13447: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13405: 13401: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13374: 13370: 13364: 13348: 13344: 13338: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13281: 13279: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13248: 13246: 13229: 13225: 13224: 13219: 13212: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13182: 13180: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13142: 13137: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13048: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13000: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12980: 12972: 12966: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12934: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12877: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12779: 12775: 12769: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12739: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12697: 12693: 12687: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12622: 12606: 12602: 12598: 12592: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12560: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12528: 12522: 12506: 12502: 12496: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12465: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12435: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12360: 12353: 12347: 12332:on 8 May 2016 12331: 12327: 12321: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12274: 12270: 12269:Diclenews.com 12266: 12260: 12258: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12219: 12215: 12207: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12165: 12161: 12153: 12145: 12139: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12112:Kurdistan24. 12108: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12077: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12046: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12000: 11994: 11987: 11982: 11976:, p. 99. 11975: 11970: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11940: 11924: 11920: 11919:Freedom House 11916: 11910: 11908: 11900: 11895: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11846: 11842: 11836: 11820: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11804: 11802: 11785: 11781: 11775: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11733: 11729: 11722: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11679: 11675: 11668: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11638: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11546: 11541: 11534: 11529: 11513: 11509: 11508:hawarnews.com 11505: 11499: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11259: 11254: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11169: 11164: 11162: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11132: 11131: 11123: 11107: 11103: 11102:The Economist 11099: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11006: 10999: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10912: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10863: 10856: 10855: 10847: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10777: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10755:openDemocracy 10751: 10744: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10648: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10515: 10508: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10422: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10305: 10301: 10300:xinhuanet.com 10297: 10291: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10086: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10055: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10024: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9800: 9796: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9726: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9693: 9692:Lister (2015) 9688: 9681: 9680:Lister (2015) 9676: 9670:, p. 94. 9669: 9664: 9662: 9653: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9571: 9564: 9563: 9555: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9514:Lister (2015) 9510: 9503: 9502:Lister (2015) 9498: 9496: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9429:, p. 78. 9428: 9427:Lister (2015) 9423: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9374: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9344: 9338:, p. 30. 9337: 9336:Lister (2015) 9332: 9330: 9323:, p. 67. 9322: 9317: 9311:, p. 28. 9310: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9285: 9280: 9264: 9260: 9259:Syria Comment 9256: 9249: 9243:, p. 53. 9242: 9237: 9230: 9229:Lister (2015) 9225: 9219:, p. 14. 9218: 9217:Lister (2015) 9213: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9147: 9146: 9138: 9132:, p. 13. 9131: 9130:Lister (2015) 9126: 9124: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9037: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9018: 9016: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8895:, p. 27. 8894: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8854: 8845: 8843: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8788: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8751:archive.today 8748: 8745: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8694: 8675: 8668: 8667: 8659: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8639: 8631: 8629:9781593334130 8625: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8583:Morton (2020) 8579: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8564: 8562:9780415737210 8558: 8554: 8547: 8545: 8536: 8534:9780415737210 8530: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8507: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8482: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8451: 8446: 8444: 8437:, p. 59. 8436: 8431: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8344: 8337: 8325: 8321: 8320:hawarnews.com 8317: 8311: 8309: 8301: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8067: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8006: 7998: 7993: 7991: 7982: 7980:9780781810876 7976: 7972: 7965: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7688: 7684: 7683:Direct Relief 7680: 7673: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7607: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7521:(11): 80–88. 7520: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7436:(1): 87–109. 7435: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7208: 7207: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7013:. Warscapes. 7012: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6908: 6903: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6706: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6615:The Economist 6611: 6605: 6603: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6507:hawarnews.com 6504: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6355:, p. 89. 6354: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6329: 6328:Lister (2015) 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6221:Hawarnews.com 6218: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5922: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5871:Neighbouring 5865: 5855: 5846: 5835: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5789:during 2016, 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5634:. During the 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5468:ܒܐܓܘܙ ܦܘܩܐܢܝ 5467: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5414:ܣܒܥܗ ܘܐܪܒܥܝܢ 5413: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286:Kubur el Bid 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Al-Qahtaniyah 5271: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5147:Dêrika Hemko 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4890:English Name 4889: 4888: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4665: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:Al-Qahtaniyah 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573:Jazira Region 4570: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4538:Shahba region 4535: 4534:Azaz District 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437:Ethnic groups 4434: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298:, concerning 4297: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:Shahba region 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948:Sharia Courts 3945: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3883: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3804:food security 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3541: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515:Jazira Canton 3512: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429:Al-Qahtaniyah 3426: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348:Haytham Manna 3345: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3304: 3301: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3225: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3156: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110:Tabqa Region 3109: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3064:Herêma Reqayê 3061: 3057: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041:Raqqa Region 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3010: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2987:Herêma Efrînê 2984: 2980: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939:Bêrîvan Hesen 2937: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2902:Herêma Firatê 2899: 2895: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2846: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2823:Herêma Cizîrê 2820: 2816: 2808:إقليم الجزيرة 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2799:Jazira Region 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752:December 2017 2748: 2741: 2737: 2736:Jazira Canton 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714:Jazira Canton 2711: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619:(PKK) leader 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609:Chatham House 2604: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2586:aspirations. 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2453:Jazira Region 2451: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2277:Yekîtiya Star 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Shahba Canton 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:Kurdish riots 1942: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1894:Hediya Yousef 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782:and parts of 1781: 1777: 1776:al-Darbasiyah 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1733: 1722: 1711: 1700: 1689: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Jazira Region 1625: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Ottoman Syria 1221: 1215: 1211: 1210:Jazira Region 1207: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 987: 982: 976: 967: 959: 955: 951: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 918: 906: 902: 897: 895: 890: 882: 881: 869: 836: 828: 824: 816: 812: 807: 798: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 723:, respecting 722: 718: 717:Kurdification 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 494: 489: 485: 482: 478: 476: 472: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 443: 439: 433: 428: 424: 418: 413: 409: 405: 399: 396:17 March 2016 395: 389: 385: 379: 375: 369: 365: 360: 357: 354: 350: 346: 343: 338: 335: 329: 326: 322: 319: 316: 315:Co-Presidents 310: 306: 303: 300: 297: 293: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 273: 270: 269: 268: 263: 260: 257: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247:All regions: 245: 244:See languages 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 223: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 161: 151: 144: 138: 132: 124: 118: 110: 101: 94: 87: 73: 59: 52: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 21552:Vienna talks 21226:Randa Kassis 21201:Farid Ghadry 21176:Khaled Khoja 21171:Riad al-Turk 20979:Liwa al-Aqsa 20849:SDF militias 20809: 20791:Saudi Arabia 20617:Wagner Group 20490:Belligerents 20272: 20233: 20179: 20125: 20076: 20041:Barisha raid 19964: 19837: 19603: 19384: 19226: 19042: 18898: 18704: 18575: 18505: 18025:Demographics 17886:Human rights 17876:Constitution 17851: 17776: 17744: 17719: 17690: 17661: 17636: 17615: 17590: 17562: 17537: 17514: 17502:. Retrieved 17498: 17489: 17477:. Retrieved 17473: 17464: 17452:. Retrieved 17448: 17439: 17430: 17421: 17409:. Retrieved 17404: 17395: 17386: 17377: 17365:. Retrieved 17360: 17351: 17339:. Retrieved 17329: 17317:. Retrieved 17313:the original 17308: 17299: 17287:. Retrieved 17283: 17274: 17265: 17256: 17244: 17232:. Retrieved 17220: 17211: 17199:. Retrieved 17195:the original 17184: 17175: 17166: 17154:. Retrieved 17150:the original 17139: 17127:. Retrieved 17116: 17104:. Retrieved 17100:the original 17086: 17074:. Retrieved 17070:The Guardian 17069: 17060: 17048:. Retrieved 17044: 17034: 17022:. Retrieved 17012: 17000:. Retrieved 16996: 16986: 16974:. Retrieved 16969: 16959: 16947:. Retrieved 16938: 16926:. Retrieved 16916: 16904:. Retrieved 16899: 16890: 16878:. Retrieved 16874:the original 16864: 16852:. Retrieved 16848:the original 16834: 16822:. Retrieved 16818:the original 16808: 16794: 16782:. Retrieved 16778:the original 16773: 16763: 16751:. Retrieved 16747: 16737: 16725:. 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9640:Archived 9628:48602938 9570:Archived 9406:Archived 9360:Archived 9196:Archived 9194:. 2010. 9172:7 August 9063:Archived 8998:Archived 8972:Archived 8933:Archived 8867:Archived 8825:Archived 8807:(2010). 8771:Archived 8747:Archived 8737:Archived 8730:As-Safir 8714:20 March 8708:Archived 8683:7 August 8674:Archived 8647:Archived 8410:(2014). 8324:Archived 8288:Archived 8227:Archived 8145:Archived 8095:18 March 8089:Archived 8056:18 March 8050:Archived 8017:Archived 7918:Archived 7778:Archived 7752:Archived 7720:Archived 7687:Archived 7656:Archived 7623:Archived 7587:Archived 7583:Imemo.ru 7485:Archived 7400:Archived 7305:Archived 7233:19 April 7182:Archived 7134:ARA News 7077:PM Press 7050:Archived 7015:Archived 6979:ARA News 6883:Archived 6786:Archived 6782:ANF News 6753:Archived 6688:Archived 6652:Archived 6620:Archived 6585:Archived 6559:Archived 6555:BBC News 6442:Archived 6407:Archived 6374:Archived 6225:Archived 6201:25 April 6195:Archived 6162:Archived 6131:Archived 6100:Archived 6050:Anatolia 5963:See also 5897:Islamist 5864:cemetery 5815:Qamishli 5554:and the 5539:Flag of 5444:Rimelan 5435:Rimêlan 5385:الكشكية 5359:المعبدة 5338:Şaddadi 5332:الشدادي 5329:Şeddadê 5231:ܬܠ ܪܦܥܬ 5228:تل رفعت 5170:Gharanij 5129:Amudiye 4998:184,231 4995:Kamışlı 4986:Qamişlo 4982:Qamishli 4971:188,160 4944:220,488 4866:Yazidism 4835:Assyrian 4820:in 2014) 4795:Religion 4648:Chechens 4577:Qamishli 4526:arabized 4486:Assyrian 4388:Assyrian 4310:and for 4183:and the 4103:Militias 4081:Nattoreh 4050:Ayn Issa 3964:polygamy 3835:between 3788:salaries 3665:and arts 3653:The arts 3598:ARA News 3445:de facto 3398:(either 2962:in exile 2767:Ayn Issa 2693:Ayn Issa 2689:de facto 2671:Lebanese 2321:(PB-ASD) 2089:Politics 2069:Mabrouka 2053:Iraq War 1823:de facto 1788:Qamishli 1654:Qamishli 1594:de facto 1533:and the 1384:Assyrian 1380:Armenian 1372:Anatolia 1192:and the 885:Kurdish: 813:flag of 811:Tricolor 729:minority 697:partisan 623:Assyrian 603:feminist 518:de facto 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