463:
In such a case, the fall restraint system will restrain further movement of the worker toward the unprotected side or edge and prevent a serious fall. Although fall restraint systems are not explicitly defined or mentioned in OSHA's fall protection standards for construction, they are allowed by OSHA as specified in an OSHA letter of interpretation last updated in 2004. OSHA does not have any specific requirements for fall restraint systems, but recommends that any fall restraint system be capable of withstanding 3,000 pounds or at least twice the maximum predicted force necessary to save the worker from falling to the lower surface. There are no OSHA specifications on the distance from the edge the restraint system must allow for a falling worker, and although a likely very dangerous practice, the OSHA letter of interpretation states that as long as the restraint system prevents the employee from falling off an edge, the employee can be restrained to "within inches of the edge."
454:
arrest the fall must be no more than 3.5 feet. The D-ring shift, the distance that the harness stretches and how far the D-ring itself moves when it encounters the full weight of the worker during a fall, is generally assumed to be 1 foot, depending on the equipment design and the manufacturer of the harness. For the back D-ring height, the distance between the D-ring and the sole of the worker's footwear, employers often use 5 feet as the standard height with the assumption that the worker will be 6 feet in height, but because the D-ring height variability can affect the safety of the system, the back D-ring height must be calculated based on the actual height of the worker. The safety margin, the additional distance that is needed to ensure sufficient clearance between the worker and the surface beneath the worker after a fall occurs, is generally considered to be a minimum of 2 feet.
309:
52:
533:
around the working area so that workers are aware of dangerous edges. Warning lines are only permitted on roofs with a low slope (having a slope of less than or equal to 4 inches of vertical rise for every 12 inches horizontal length (4:12)). In the context of roofing fall protection, warning line systems may only be used in combination with a guardrail system, a safety net system, a personal fall arrest system, or a safety monitoring system. The warning line system must be erected around all sides of the roof work area.
161:
2595:
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176:
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left up to individual states. Some states leave roofing regulation up to city-level, county-level, and municipal-level jurisdictions. Unlicensed contracting of projects worth over a set threshold may result in stiff fines or even time in prison. In some states, roofers are required to meet insurance and roofing license guidelines. Roofers are also required to display their license number on their marketing material.
235:. Roofing work includes the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, vapor barrier work, and green technologies rooftop jobs such as vegetative roofs, rainwater harvesting systems, and photovoltaic products, such as solar shingles and solar tiles.
256:
projects. In terms of jobs outlook, it is predicted that there will only be a 2% increase in job growth from 2022 to 2032 in the United States. Approximately 12,200 openings are expected each year in this decade. Most of the new jobs are likely to be offered to replace roofers who retire or transition out of the trade.
300:), rubber shingles (made from recycled tires), glass, metal panels or shingles, wood shakes or shingles, liquid-applied, hot asphalt/rubber, foam, thatch, and solar tiles. "Living roof" systems, or rooftop landscapes, have become increasingly common in recent years in both residential and commercial applications.
402:
was estimated to reach $ 24 billion. Male, Hispanic, older, self-employed workers and those who work in smaller establishments, and work doing construction, maintenance, and repair experience higher ladder fall injury rates when compared with women and non-Hispanic whites and persons of other races/ethnicities.
541:
Safety monitoring systems use safety monitors to monitor the safety of other workers on the roof. Safety monitors must be competent to recognize fall hazards. The safety monitor is tasked to ensure the safety of other workers on the roof and must be able to orally warn an employee when they are in an
532:
Warning lines systems consist of ropes, wires, or chains which are marked every 6 feet with high-visibility material, and must be supported in such a way so that it is between 34 and 39 inches above the walking/working surface. Warning lines are passive systems that allow for a perimeter to be formed
284:
In the United States and Canada, they're often referred to as roofing contractors or roofing professionals. The most common roofing material in the United States is asphalt shingles. In the past, 3-tab shingles were used, but recent trends show "architectural" or "dimensional" shingles becoming very
462:
A fall restraint system is a type of fall protection system where, the goal is to stop workers from reaching the unprotected sides or edges of a working area in which a fall can subsequently occur. This system is useful where a worker may lose their footing near an unprotected edge or begin sliding.
401:
Ladder falls contribute to the rates of injury and mortality. More than half a million people per year are treated for fall from ladder and over 3000 people die as a result. In 2014 the estimated cost annual cost of ladder injuries, including time away from work, medical, legal, liability expenses
480:
Safety net systems use a tested safety net adjacent to and below the edge of the walking/working surface to catch a worker who may fall off the roof. Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the surface where the work is being performed and shall extend outward from the outermost
426:
In the United States, OSHA standards require employers to have several means of fall protection available to ensure the safety of workers. In construction, this applies to workers who are exposed to falls of 6 feet or more above lower levels. In the United States, regulation of the roofing trade is
471:
Guardrail systems serve as an alternative to PFAS and fall restraint systems by having permanent or temporary guardrails around the perimeter of the roof and any roof openings. OSHA requires the height of the top of the rail to be 39-45 inches above the working surface. Mid-rails must be installed
449:
Beyond these mandatory components of the PFAS, there are also specific fall distances associated with the functioning of the arrest system. Specifically, there is a total fall distance that the PFAS must allow for to assist the worker in avoiding contact with the ground or other surface below. The
433:
In 2009, in response to high rates of falls in constructions the
Japanese Occupational Safety and Health Regulations and Guidelines amended their specific regulations. In 2013 compliance was low and the need for further research and countermeasures for preventing falls and ensuring fall protection
394:, roofing has been within the top 5 highest death rates of any profession for over 10 years in a row. For Hispanic roofers, data from 2001–2008 show fatal injuries from falls account for nearly 80% of deaths in this population, the highest cause of death among Hispanics of any construction trade.
596:
Across 14 researched markets, roofing contracting companies have reported that they have received more frequent calls regarding potential metal roof installations. For instance, one company used to receive 5-6 calls in total regarding metal installations but recently, they have received 5-6 calls
389:
Roofing is one of the most dangerous professions among construction occupations since it involves working at heights and exposes workers to dangerous weather conditions such as extreme heat. In the United States as of 2017, the rate of fatalities from falls among roofers is 36 deaths per 100,000
453:
OSHA regulations have several requirements. The free fall distance, to the distance that the worker drops before the PFAS begins to work and slows the speed of the fall, must be 6 feet or less, nor contact any lower level. The deceleration, the length that the lanyard must stretch in order to
801:
OSHA Reg Source: OSHA . Safety and Health
Regulations for Construction 1926 subpart M, fall protection, OSHA Standard 1926.500 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha.gov) Federal Register 79 FR 20696, July 10, 2014
450:
total fall distance consists of free fall distance, deceleration distance, D-ring shift, Back D-ring height, and Safety margin. In addition to the fall distance requirements for each component of the PFAS, the anchorage of the PFAS must also be able to support a minimum 5,000 pounds per worker.
397:
A major contributing factor to the high fatality rates among roofers in the United States is the nature of the craft which requires roofers to work on elevated, slanted roof surfaces. Findings from qualitative interviews with
Michigan roofing contractors also found hand and finger injuries from
587:
Solar Roof installation is one of the fastest growing trends in the roofing industry due to the nature of solar roofs being environmentally friendly and a worthwhile economic investment. Specifically, solar roofs have been found to allow homeowners to potentially save 40-70% on electric bills
554:
can help to prevent fall injuries, incidents, and fatalities in the roofing industry. The hierarchy of controls is a way of determining which actions will best control exposures. The hierarchy of controls has five levels of actions to reduce or remove hazards – elimination, substitution, and
255:
According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS), as of May 2022, there were 129,300 individuals working as roofers in the construction industry. Among that population, a majority of roofers (93%; 119,800) were contractors for Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior
472:
midway between the top of the top rail and the walking/working surface when there is no parapet wall at least 21 inches high. Guardrail systems must be capable of withstanding 200-pounds of force in any outward or downward direction applied within 2 inches of the top edge of the rail.
390:
full-time employees, ten times greater than all construction-related professions combined. In the United States, the fatal injury rate in 2021 was 59.0 per 100,000 full-time roofers, compared to the national average of 3.6 per 100,000 full-time employees. According to the U.S.
422:
describes scenarios of risk (fall prevention, falling materials, types of roofs), precautions, training needed and
European legislation focused on roof work. European directives set minimum standards for health and safety and are transposed into law in all Member States.
445:
The purpose of a PFAS is to halt a fall and prevent the worker from making bodily contact with a surface below. The PFAS consists of an anchorage, connectors, body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline or suitable combination of these.
281:, etc.). The number of roofers in Australia was estimated to be approximately 15,000. New South Wales is the largest province with an 29% market share in the Australian Roofers industry (4,425 companies). Second is Victoria with 3,206 Roofers (21%).
588:
depending on the number of tiles installed. The US federal government has also begun incentivizing homeowners to install solar roofs with potential eligibility for 30% tax credit on the cost of a solar system based on federal income taxes.
414:
Nearly every industrialized country has established specific safety regulations for work on the roof, ranging from the use of conventional fall protection systems including personal fall arrest systems, guardrail systems, and safety nets.
405:
Ladders allow for roofers to access upper level work surfaces. For safe use, ladder must be inspected for damage by a competent person and must be used on stable and level surfaces unless they are secured to prevent displacement.
558:
Resources are available to assist with the implementation of fall safety measures in the roofing industry such as fall prevention plans, a ladder safety mobile application, infographics and tipsheets, toolbox talks, videos and
242:
conditions. Roofers are also vulnerable to falls from heights due to working at elevated heights. Various protective measures are required in many countries. In the United States these requirement are established by the
578:
In terms of job outlooks, it is predicted that there will only be an 1% increase in job growth from 2021 to 2032. The job openings (15,000) are expected to replace roofers who will retire or transition out of the trade.
1527:"If a fall restraint system could be considered a form of fall protection to be used instead of guardrails, safety lines, or fall arrest systems. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
1577:(Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2019-11-01.
983:(Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2019-11-01.
1191:"Fatal occupational injuries, total hours worked, and rates1 of fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics, occupations, and industries, civilian workers, 2021"
704:
430:
Canada's rules are very similar to those from the U.S., and regulatory authority depends on where the business is located and fall under the authority of their local province.
288:
Depending on the region, other commonly applied roofing materials installed by roofers include concrete tiles, clay tiles, natural or synthetic slate, single-ply (primarily
349:
Beyond having common duties such as replacing, repairing, or installing roofs for buildings, roofers can also be involved in other tasks, including but is not limited to:
2142:
247:(OSHA) to address this concern. Several resources from occupational health agencies are available on implementing the required and other recommended interventions.
2073:
714:
698:
665:
437:
The United
Kingdom has no legislation in place that requires a roofer to have a license to trade, although some do belong to recognized trade organizations.
2067:
1446:
1361:
Socias, Christina M.; Chaumont Menéndez, Cammie K.; Collins, James W.; Simeonov, Peter; Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014-04-25).
626:
565:
Many of these resources are available in
Spanish and additional languages other than English. The recommended safety measures are described next.
2051:
1762:
1098:
2090:
949:
2208:
2124:
419:
244:
308:
2039:
2213:
1190:
2218:
2079:
2045:
2496:
2160:
734:
724:
2622:
895:
2136:
1838:
1110:
2148:
2118:
2096:
1696:
1551:"1926.500 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
654:
2617:
2130:
362:
Apply various roofing materials such as shingles, asphalt, metal, etc., to render the roof impervious to weather conditions
2172:
2033:
1755:
524:
Safety nets must be drop-tested with a 400-pound bag of sand, or submit a certification record prior to its initial use.
238:
Roofing work can be physically demanding because it may involve heavy lifting, climbing, bending, and kneeling, often in
2027:
1292:
2491:
1828:
1647:
492:
Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from the edge of net from the edge of the working surface
2203:
1007:
750:
1720:
1239:
2284:
1499:
2559:
2390:
2198:
2188:
1748:
1136:
922:
2327:
2193:
1914:
1672:
1162:
1051:"Roofing Services in Australia - Market Size, Industry Analysis, Trends and Forecasts (2023-2028)| IBISWorld"
1308:
872:"1926.502 - Fall protection systems criteria and practices. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
2627:
2443:
2426:
2380:
2272:
2166:
2062:
551:
1550:
1415:
871:
803:
1927:
1874:
675:
778:
661:
353:
Seal exposed heads of nails or screws using roofing cement or caulk to avert possible water infiltration
2421:
1291:
Fredericks, Tycho K.; Abudayyeh, Osama; Choi, Sang D.; Wiersma, Mike; Charles, Marcia (November 2005).
744:
606:
391:
278:
2359:
2322:
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827:
631:
1526:
2471:
2364:
2342:
2244:
2107:
1833:
1795:
228:
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handling heavy material and back injuries to be some of the more common task/injury combinations.
2590:
2549:
2451:
2306:
2291:
2279:
2154:
1823:
1818:
1074:
321:
269:
17:
1334:
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engineering controls are among the preferred preventive actions based on general effectiveness.
2395:
2354:
2347:
2301:
365:
Establish roof ventilation mechanisms to regulate airflow and control temperature fluctuations
51:
2598:
2540:
2385:
2296:
1790:
1161:
Dong, Xiuwen Sue; Jackson, Rebecca; Varda, Danielle; Betit, Eileen; Bunting, Jessica (2019).
374:
Substitute impaired or decaying joists or plywood to maintain the roof's structural integrity
2433:
2113:
2085:
1961:
682:
297:
1583:
989:
8:
2564:
2337:
2267:
1966:
1909:
1800:
671:
1598:
694:
380:
Conduct evaluations on problematic roofs to determine the most effective repair approach
333:
Assessing the roof system and components (may include decking and structural components)
2456:
2438:
1869:
1864:
1476:
1441:
1387:
1362:
1008:"Employment by industry, occupation, and percent distribution, 2022 and projected 2032"
710:
649:
560:
368:
Set up moisture barriers or insulation layers to improve the roof's thermal performance
293:
2518:
2416:
2332:
1956:
1899:
1859:
1785:
1481:
1463:
1392:
1374:
1312:
563:
356:
Tailor roofing materials to accommodate architectural elements such as walls or vents
646:
training and other resources from the Center for
Construction Research and Training
2466:
2239:
1578:
1471:
1455:
1382:
1304:
984:
621:
169:
61:
1623:
2486:
2481:
1894:
1884:
239:
38:
1459:
1025:
740:
730:
371:
Dismantle the current roof systems to make ways for repairs or new installations
2574:
1889:
1879:
779:"Roofers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
688:
116:
79:
2611:
2523:
2508:
2234:
1467:
1378:
1316:
611:
160:
1240:"Fatal and Nonfatal Injuries among Hispanic Construction Workers, 1992-2008"
339:
Installing roof system components according to manufacturer’s specifications
2569:
2554:
2400:
2259:
1904:
1771:
1574:
1485:
1396:
980:
377:
Assess roof dimensions to assess the necessary amount of required materials
220:
91:
1293:"Occupational Injuries and Fatalities in the Roofing Contracting Industry"
359:
Align the installed materials with the roof's edges to ensure a proper fit
2513:
2503:
2006:
1971:
1941:
1050:
825:
313:
289:
144:
1215:"2011-2021 Archived Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries News Releases"
550:
Multi-layered approaches to fall prevention and protection that use the
106:
Heights, patience, steady hand, ability to read plans, physically strong
2530:
2461:
1986:
1981:
1946:
804:
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.500
662:
Construction
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) database
274:
232:
1360:
165:
2535:
1991:
1951:
1854:
1697:"Homeowner's Guide to the Federal Tax Credit for Solar Photovoltaics"
1163:"Trends of Fall Injuries and Prevention in the Construction Industry"
950:"Planning a Multi-Layered Approach to Fall Prevention and Protection"
643:
616:
224:
216:
208:
180:
140:
175:
2057:
1936:
188:
57:
1442:"Research on Fall Prevention and Protection from Heights in Japan"
1996:
1976:
1238:
Dong, Xiuwen Sue; Wang, Xuanwen; Daw, Christina (December 2010).
720:
148:
31:
1599:"Falls in the Workplace: Ladder Safety Mobile App | NIOSH | CDC"
489:
Vertical distance from working level to horizontal plane of net
215:
construction. Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of
2249:
2011:
1740:
1268:"Archived news releases : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
152:
1290:
2102:
1575:
Prevent construction falls from roofs, ladders, and scaffolds
1440:
OHDO, Katsutoshi; HINO, Yasumichi; TAKAHASHI, Hiroki (2014).
981:
Prevent construction falls from roofs, ladders, and scaffolds
711:
Prevent Construction Falls from Roofs, Ladders, and Scaffolds
329:
Roles and responsibilities of roofing professionals include:
2476:
212:
184:
2143:
National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
1624:"Infographics & Tip Sheets | Stop Construction Falls"
1363:"Occupational ladder fall injuries - United States, 2011"
597:
weekly for inquiries regarding metal roof installations.
2074:
Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
1333:
CPSC, Consumer Product Safety Commission (2014-10-19).
668:
and the Center for Construction Research and Training.
336:
Determining the proper roofing system for the building
1721:"New Trends in Roofing for 2023 | Roofing Contractor"
1160:
715:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
699:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
666:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
440:
303:
27:
Profession specialising in building roof construction
2068:
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
753:. The Center for Construction Research and Training.
1297:Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
1439:
1247:The Center for Construction Research and Training
1170:The Center for Construction Research and Training
259:In Australia, this type of carpenter is called a
2609:
896:"About the Stand-Down | Stop Construction Falls"
627:List of commercially available roofing materials
2052:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
1673:"The Only Solar Shingles Buying Guide You Need"
1422:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1099:List of commercially available roofing material
928:. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
833:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
826:Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
481:projection of the work surface as follows:
30:For someone who rides the roof of a train, see
2091:Construction Management Association of America
2125:National Association of Women in Construction
1756:
957:Center for Construction Research and Training
655:Resources in Spanish and Additional Languages
420:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
245:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
37:"Roofers" redirects here. For the album, see
2040:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
1026:"Occupational Employment and Wages: Roofers"
536:
1367:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1335:"Estimates from the CPSC injury cost model"
1237:
741:Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
1763:
1749:
1075:"Architectural Shingles vs 3 tab Shingles"
219:, using a variety of materials, including
50:
2080:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
2046:Associated General Contractors of America
1582:
1475:
1416:"1926.501 - Duty to have fall protection"
1386:
1339:National Injury Information Clearinghouse
1309:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:11(1233)
988:
2497:List of tallest buildings and structures
2161:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
1134:
735:National Roofing Contractors Association
725:National Roofing Contractors Association
707:from the Public Health Agency of Canada.
672:Introduction to working at height safely
457:
307:
267:refers to someone who installs the roof
174:
159:
2137:National Kitchen & Bath Association
691:, from the Health Safety Executive, UK.
14:
2610:
721:Roofing guidelines and recommendations
527:
2149:National Tile Contractors Association
2119:National Association of Home Builders
2097:Construction Specifications Institute
1744:
1584:10.26616/nioshpub2019128revised112019
1521:
1519:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1356:
1354:
1328:
1326:
1002:
1000:
990:10.26616/nioshpub2019128revised112019
2131:National Fire Protection Association
1670:
1332:
1135:Christie, Les (September 11, 2014).
975:
973:
944:
942:
917:
915:
866:
864:
862:
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858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
773:
771:
769:
767:
475:
2173:Society of Construction Arbitrators
2034:American Society of Civil Engineers
466:
24:
2028:American Institute of Constructors
1516:
1403:
1351:
1323:
997:
568:
441:Personal fall arrest system (PFAS)
409:
304:Roles, responsibilities, and tasks
25:
2639:
2492:Lists of buildings and structures
970:
939:
912:
845:
808:
764:
637:
2594:
2593:
2585:
1770:
2586:
1713:
1689:
1664:
1640:
1616:
1591:
1567:
1543:
1492:
1433:
1284:
1260:
1231:
1219:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
1207:
1195:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
1183:
1154:
1137:"America's most dangerous jobs"
1128:
1103:
1091:
1067:
1043:
1030:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
1018:
1012:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
562:and safety leadership training.
505:More than 5 feet up to 10 feet
250:
2623:Occupational safety and health
2560:Sustainability in construction
2391:Modern methods of construction
888:
795:
689:Health and safety in roof work
591:
582:
573:
345:Maintenance of the roof system
13:
1:
2328:Building services engineering
757:
745:US Bureau of Labor Statistics
434:from heights was identified.
179:A German roofer installing a
2444:Construction equipment theft
2167:Scottish Building Federation
2063:Construction History Society
1671:Zito, Barbara (2023-05-15).
1111:"How Roofing Materials Work"
828:"Protecting Roofing Workers"
545:
7:
2618:Construction trades workers
1875:Chartered Building Surveyor
1839:Water supply and sanitation
1460:10.2486/indhealth.2014-0137
600:
10:
2644:
2422:List of building materials
751:Infographics and Tipsheets
650:Construction Toolbox Talks
607:Domestic roof construction
392:Bureau of Labor Statistics
384:
183:, wearing the traditional
36:
29:
2583:
2409:
2373:
2360:Environmental engineering
2323:Architectural engineering
2315:
2258:
2227:
2181:
2020:
1923:
1847:
1811:
1778:
1725:www.roofingcontractor.com
1628:stopconstructionfalls.com
900:stopconstructionfalls.com
802:1926.500(b) Definitions.
632:Prevention through design
537:Safety monitoring systems
342:Repairing the roof system
134:
122:
110:
102:
97:
85:
73:
68:
49:
2365:Geotechnical engineering
2343:Construction engineering
2108:Home Builders Federation
1834:Timeline of architecture
1796:Underground construction
2550:Real estate development
2452:Construction management
2307:Vernacular architecture
2292:Indigenous architecture
2280:Industrial architecture
2155:Railway Tie Association
1500:"7.2.18 Roof coverings"
695:Ladder safety resources
676:Health Safety Executive
644:Stop Construction Falls
322:German Federal Archives
320:Credit: Bernd Settnik,
2396:Monocrete construction
2355:Earthquake engineering
2348:Structural engineering
2302:Landscape architecture
1829:Structural engineering
731:Education and Training
705:You can prevent falls!
326:
192:
172:
2386:Earthbag construction
2297:Interior architecture
1791:Offshore construction
552:hierarchy of controls
458:Fall restraint system
311:
178:
163:
56:Roofers working on a
2434:Construction bidding
2114:Lighting Association
2086:The Concrete Society
1962:Construction foreman
1648:"CPWR Toolbox Talks"
2628:Construction safety
2565:Unfinished building
2338:Coastal engineering
1967:Construction worker
1910:Structural engineer
1801:Tunnel construction
1504:NHBC Standards 2023
528:Warning line system
485:
211:who specializes in
46:
2457:Construction waste
2439:Construction delay
1870:Building officials
1865:Building estimator
542:unsafe situation.
513:More than 10 feet
484:
327:
205:roofing contractor
193:
173:
112:Education required
44:
2605:
2604:
2448:Construction loan
2417:Building material
2333:Civil engineering
1957:Concrete finisher
1900:Quantity surveyor
1860:Building engineer
1786:Home construction
1447:Industrial Health
1303:(11): 1233–1240.
1055:www.ibisworld.com
683:Working at height
520:
519:
476:Safety net system
325:
191:of a craftsperson
164:Roofers laying a
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
2635:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2472:Design–bid–build
2240:Construction law
1765:
1758:
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1016:
1015:
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868:
843:
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840:
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823:
806:
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790:
789:
775:
733:Course Catalog,
622:Membrane roofing
486:
483:
467:Guardrail system
318:
170:Denver, Colorado
87:Activity sectors
62:Brompton, Quebec
54:
47:
43:
21:
2643:
2642:
2638:
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2634:
2633:
2632:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2579:
2487:Interior design
2482:Heavy equipment
2405:
2369:
2311:
2254:
2223:
2177:
2016:
1925:
1919:
1895:Project manager
1885:Civil estimator
1843:
1807:
1774:
1769:
1739:
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1729:
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1617:
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1525:
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1498:
1497:
1493:
1438:
1434:
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1423:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1373:(16): 341–346.
1359:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1324:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
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1024:
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979:
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940:
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923:"Safe roofwork"
921:
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893:
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594:
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569:Emerging trends
548:
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410:Safety measures
387:
317:
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253:
240:extreme weather
137:
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88:
76:
75:Occupation type
64:
42:
39:Roofers (album)
35:
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23:
22:
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2641:
2631:
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2578:
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2575:Urban planning
2572:
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2528:
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2489:
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2247:
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2229:
2225:
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2222:
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2216:
2214:United Kingdom
2211:
2206:
2201:
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2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
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2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1924:Trades workers
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1915:Superintendent
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:Clerk of works
1887:
1882:
1880:Civil engineer
1877:
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1867:
1862:
1857:
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1663:
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1454:(5): 399–406.
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2021:Organizations
2019:
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612:Roof cleaning
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497:Up to 5 feet
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263:and the term
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201:roof mechanic
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72:
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63:
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40:
33:
19:
2570:Urban design
2555:Stonemasonry
2467:Design–build
2410:Other topics
2401:Slip forming
2260:Architecture
2001:
1905:Site manager
1824:Construction
1819:Architecture
1772:Construction
1728:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1605:. 2023-06-05
1602:
1593:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1555:www.osha.gov
1554:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1531:www.osha.gov
1530:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:www.osha.gov
1419:
1370:
1366:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1141:CNN Business
1140:
1130:
1119:. Retrieved
1117:. 2009-01-09
1114:
1105:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1029:
1020:
1011:
961:. Retrieved
956:
930:. Retrieved
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
879:. Retrieved
876:www.osha.gov
875:
835:. Retrieved
797:
786:. Retrieved
782:
681:Video NAPO:
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251:Global usage
237:
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136:Related jobs
130:Construction
103:Competencies
92:Construction
2514:Plasterwork
2504:Megaproject
2316:Engineering
2245:Site safety
2007:Steel fixer
1972:Electrician
1942:Boilermaker
1848:Professions
1677:Forbes Home
1603:www.cdc.gov
1272:www.bls.gov
783:www.bls.gov
713:, from the
664:, from the
592:Metal roofs
583:Solar roofs
574:Job outlook
314:Lichtenberg
312:Roofers in
290:EPDM rubber
145:Electrician
98:Description
2612:Categories
2531:Parge coat
2462:Demolition
2228:Regulation
2182:By country
1987:Millwright
1982:Ironworker
1947:Bricklayer
1730:2023-06-26
1706:2023-06-26
1701:Energy.gov
1682:2023-06-26
1657:2023-12-08
1633:2023-12-08
1609:2023-12-08
1560:2023-07-06
1536:2023-07-06
1509:2023-12-08
1426:2023-07-06
1344:2023-07-07
1277:2023-12-08
1224:2023-10-05
1200:2023-10-05
1121:2018-08-14
1084:2018-08-14
1060:2023-12-08
1036:2023-10-05
1032:. May 2022
963:2023-10-05
932:2023-11-01
905:2023-12-08
881:2023-07-06
788:2023-11-01
758:References
225:single-ply
166:tiled roof
126:employment
80:Vocational
69:Occupation
2536:Roughcast
1992:Plasterer
1952:Carpenter
1855:Architect
1468:0019-8366
1379:1545-861X
1317:0733-9364
697:from the
674:from the
617:Flat roof
559:webinars,
546:Resources
285:popular.
217:buildings
209:tradesman
181:reed roof
141:Carpenter
124:Fields of
2599:Category
2524:Proofing
2427:Millwork
2058:Build UK
1937:Banksman
1486:25098387
1397:24759655
1252:June 27,
1175:June 20,
1146:30 April
837:June 21,
601:See also
516:13 feet
508:10 feet
316:in 1984
270:cladding
221:shingles
189:trousers
58:bungalow
2591:Outline
2541:Harling
2374:Methods
2285:British
2204:Romania
2127:(NAWIC)
2076:(CIPHE)
2070:(CICES)
1997:Plumber
1977:Glazier
1812:History
1477:4246528
1388:4584774
500:8 feet
385:Hazards
229:bitumen
149:Plumber
32:Atapper
18:Roofers
2250:Zoning
2209:Turkey
2163:(RICS)
2151:(NTCA)
2139:(NKBA)
2133:(NFPA)
2121:(NAHB)
2093:(CMAA)
2082:(CECA)
2054:(APHC)
2042:(ATAC)
2036:(ASCE)
2012:Welder
2002:Roofer
1484:
1474:
1466:
1395:
1385:
1377:
1315:
959:. 2023
265:roofer
231:, and
197:roofer
153:Welder
45:Roofer
2268:Style
2199:Japan
2189:India
2169:(SBF)
2157:(RTA)
2145:(NRC)
2110:(HBF)
2103:FIDIC
2099:(CSI)
2048:(AGC)
2030:(AIC)
1779:Types
1243:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
953:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
678:, UK.
296:, or
275:tiles
233:metal
207:is a
203:, or
2519:Damp
2477:DfMA
2381:List
2273:List
2194:Iran
1928:List
1652:CPWR
1482:PMID
1464:ISSN
1393:PMID
1375:ISSN
1313:ISSN
1254:2023
1177:2023
1148:2021
1097:See
839:2023
418:The
213:roof
187:and
185:vest
1579:doi
1472:PMC
1456:doi
1383:PMC
1305:doi
1301:131
985:doi
298:TPO
294:PVC
279:tin
168:in
60:in
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