432:
298:
354:
362:
286:
20:
573:
565:
443:
557:
647:
630:, rain gutters and downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and various other architectural design elements. At the Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies in Pomona, California, copper was chosen for the roofing on regenerative principles: if the building were to be dismantled the copper could be reused because of its high value in recycling and its variety of potential uses. A vented copper roof assembly at
249:. This finding is based on the use of a strapping system of 4 inches (100 mm) between the plywood and "cool-color" metal on top, which provides an air gap between the plywood roof sheathing and the metal. Cool-color metals are light, reflective colors, like white. The study went on to say that resealing and insulating air ducts in the attic will save even more money.
681:, the maximum span between oilings may be extended up to five years. Opaque paint coatings are primarily applied over copper when substrate integrity and longevity are desired but a specific color other than the naturally occurring copper hues is required. Lead-sheet covered roofs are not considered metal roofs today, but since lead bonds
468:
metal roofs and stick to the metal roof with adhesive, so no holes are needed to install. The connection wires run under the ridge cap at the top of the roof. Efficiency ranges from 10–18% but costs only about $ 2.00–$ 3.00 per watt of installed capacity, compared to monocrystalline which is 17–22%
252:
Metal roofing is also lightweight, creates little stress on the load-bearing roof support structures and can be installed on top of an existing roof. A lightweight roof is very useful for large or old structures, as it helps to maintain the overall structural integrity of the building. Despite its
660:
Coatings are sometimes applied to copper. Clear coatings preserve the natural color, warmth, and metallic tone of copper alloys. Oils exclude moisture from copper roofs and flashings and simultaneously enhance their appearance by bringing out a rich luster and depth of color. The most popular oils
621:
Copper is used for roofing because it offers corrosion resistance, durability, long life, low maintenance, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, and sustainability benefits. Copper roofs are often one of the most architecturally distinguishable features of prominent buildings, including
388:
One side of the standing seam sheet is snap locked into the other standing seam sheet that is fastened to the roof, concealing those fasteners, and the other side of the sheet is fastened to the roof with screws, and the next sheet will cover those screws as well. The fastener screws shouldn't be
224:
solar radiation at 10%–75% depending on the color choice, compared to asphalt roofs that reflect 5%–25% depending on their color. Over the lifetime of the metal roof they keep 95% of the reflective capacity compared to other roof types that lose 20%–40% of their reflective capacity. The highly
592:
Corrugated metal roofs are similar in price to asphalt shingle roof installation. The fasteners are screwed through the metal into the roof requiring more maintenance to make sure the screws stay secured. Corrugated metal roofs can last 30–45 years with proper maintenance.
689:) thin lead coatings on copper are very long-lasting. Lead-coated copper can be used when the appearance of exposed lead is desired or where copper-contaminated water runoff from bare copper alloys would ordinarily stain lighter-colored building materials, such as
244:
effect of cities when compared to asphalt. Coupled with its better insulating abilities, metal roofs can offer not only a 40% reduction in energy costs in the summer, but also up to a 15% reduction in the energy costs in the winter according to a 2008 study by
215:
are petroleum based with other chemicals making their recycling process more toxic, most shingles are not recycled and 20 billion pounds (9.1 million tonnes) are sent to landfills every year and take hundreds of years to decompose. Metal roofs
253:
light weight, metal roofing provides increased wind resistance when compared to other roofing materials. This is because metal roofing systems use interlocking panels. Metal roofing sheets are also resistant to any kind of attack by pests and insects.
379:
and can be either single lock or double lock seamed, meaning they can be folded under once to be seamed together or folded under twice for extra weather protection. This is the most expensive of the three types but is the most weather resistant.
163:(CGI) became a world-wide favorite roofing material. In the later 19th century, steel mills replaced iron works, and the product using steel could be made thinner for the same span and stiffness performance, but the term
306:
Standing seam metal roofs come in sheets up to or sometimes more than 30 feet (9.1 m) long and widths of 12, 14, 16 or 18 inches (300, 360, 410 or 460 mm). The standing seam is typically
409:
than fastener strip standing seam metal roofs. The fasteners and clips are both hidden under the metal roof sheets, and this option is marginally more expensive than the fastener strip snap locked standing seam roof.
124:
was so plentiful that iron became cheaper than lead, and much cheaper than copper. It was later determined that iron corrosion (rust) could be stopped or at least slowed by dipping the hot iron sheets into molten
469:
efficient and costs $ 3.00–$ 3.50 per watt of installed capacity. Thin-film solar is light weight at 2.1–3.1 kg/m (7–10 oz/sq ft). Thin-film solar panels last 10–20 years but have a quicker
277:-coated steel. These products are sold under various trade names like "Zincalume" or "Galvalume". The surface may display the raw zinc finish, or it may be used as a base metal under factory-coated colors.
301:
Standing seam metal roofs can have a lower pitch than asphalt shingle roofs because shingled roofs need a higher pitch to keep the wind from blowing up the shingles and potentially blowing them off in high
1072:
156:. This allowed the sheet iron to be self-supporting when used as a roof; a contemporary account praised the material as "the lightest and strongest roof (for its weight) since the days of Adam".
877:
851:
152:
In 1829, Henry Palmer, engineer of the London Dock
Company, patented "indented or corrugated metallic sheets" which added additional stiffness to bending in one direction in the manner of a
1104:
233:
Metal roofs can last up to 100 years, with installers providing 50-year warranties. Because of their longevity, most metal roofs are less expensive than asphalt shingles in the long term.
657:
Ceramic coatings can be applied on metal roof materials to add heat-reflective properties. Most ceramic coatings are made from regular paint with ceramic beads mixed in as an additive.
609:
is another option. It is usually roll-formed into standing seam profiles for roofing; however, individual shingles are also available. Other metals used for roofing are lead,
57:
and with a low melting point, it could be easily formed to be watertight. As a by-product of silver smelting, in Roman times it was readily available and relatively cheap.
654:
Several types of coatings are used on metal panels to prevent rust, provide waterproofing, or reflect heat. They are made of various materials such as epoxy and ceramic.
1021:
149:
made in the same way, and the lead was more resistant in long-term outside use than tin or zinc alone. Terne became popular for roofs and weather-resistant farm items.
389:
screwed in too tightly to allow the sheet to expand and contract with the changing temperatures, each fastener slot has some room to move past the screw to adjust for
753:
1178:
881:
393:. The fastener heads breaking off potentially is the down side to this method if installed improperly or from wear and tear from the fluctuating climate.
795:
855:
992:
605:
are made from zinc/aluminium-coated steel with an acrylic gel coating. The stones are usually a natural product with a colored ceramic coating.
1090:
929:
240:, a common roofing material, and it reflects heat away from the building underneath in summertime. On a larger scale, its use reduces the
705:, or concrete. Zinc-tin coatings are an alternative to lead coatings since they have approximately the same appearance and workability.
473:
than traditional solar panels. The metal roofs last 40–70 years before replacement compared to 12–20 years for an asphalt shingle roof.
532:
221:
728:
1054:
339:, over a lifespan of at least 50 years, they are less expensive than asphalt shingle roofs. They require less maintenance than
1039:
1033:
743:
1175:
1165:
Clear organic finishes for copper and copper alloys; Application Data Sheet 161/0; Copper
Development Association Inc.
236:
Metal roofing can consist of a high percentage of recycled material and is 100% recyclable. It does not get as hot as
943:
622:
churches, government buildings, and universities. Today, copper is used in not only in roofing systems, but also for
335:
inches (38 or 44 mm). They are more expensive upfront for installation and material costs but last longer than
41:. The metal pieces may be a covering on a structural, non-waterproof roof, or they could be self-supporting sheets.
1156:
Clear coatings on copper alloys – Technical Report; Copper
Application Data, A4027; Copper Development Association
677:. On copper roofing or flashing, reapplication once every three years can effectively retard patina formation. In
631:
733:
120:
When iron smelting became widespread in the early 19th century, although the smelting process was complicated,
802:
246:
840:
Copper
Roofing in Detail; Copper in Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch
831:
Copper roofing in detail; Copper in
Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch
167:
remains in the UK and
Australia. In the early 20th century, after being used for military purposes in the
1240:
910:
718:
662:
623:
602:
461:
457:
266:
160:
187:
used the material, and with shiny and streamlined "desert modernist" designs such as Pierre Koenig's
1118:
1174:
Finishes – Coatings, Copper in
Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc.,
37:
exhibiting corrosion resistance, impermeability to water, and long life. It is a component of the
516:
500:
192:
1144:
Copper roofs are cool, Architecture: Working with Copper, Copper
Development Association, 2009;
957:
878:"Renovation of the Tower of Christiansborg Palace – Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties"
738:
199:
house used actual corrugated steel as roofing, as well as corrugated aluminum exterior siding.
50:
875:
Agency for
Palaces and Cultural Properties, Renovation of the Tower of Christianborg Palace.,
634:(U.S.) substantially reduced heat gain compared with stone-coated steel shingle (SR246E90) or
431:
627:
490:
81:
1145:
297:
49:
Lead and copper have played a significant role in architecture for thousands of years (see:
1006:
470:
453:
421:
85:
8:
601:
Metal tile sheets can also be employed. These are usually painted or stone-coated steel.
818:
Seale, Wayne (2007). The role of copper, brass, and bronze in architecture and design;
184:
1176:
http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/finishes/finishes.html#ctngs
1029:
986:
406:
390:
353:
38:
702:
582:
237:
153:
225:
reflective coatings in the paint of metal roofing can lower utility bills by 40%.
1182:
635:
606:
361:
336:
265:
steel: a wrought iron–steel sheet was coated with zinc and then roll-formed into
212:
104:
191:(with an interior exposed metal roof, but not actual CGI), it recovered status.
1235:
723:
678:
180:
168:
73:
456:, installing them on metal roofs has become cost competitive with traditional
95:, survived until its destruction during bombings in World War II. The roof at
1229:
586:
485:
285:
262:
19:
179:, CGI roofs were widely used but had low status. After architects such as
849:
Kronborg completed; Agency for
Palaces and Cultural Properties, København,
196:
69:
65:
1119:"Solar Panels vs. Thin-Film Laminates: Costs, Pros & Cons, Top Brands"
1007:"Metal Roofing Pros & Cons: Facts, Myths – Metal Roofing Buying Guide"
572:
564:
1193:
Sternthal, Daniel (2000). Copper flashings in contemporary construction,
748:
670:
666:
376:
366:
241:
188:
176:
100:
556:
1215:
Sternthal, Daniel 2000. Copper flashings in contemporary construction,
1206:
The glory of copper; Metal Roofing Magazine, December 2002/January 2003
682:
674:
442:
290:
217:
208:
172:
134:
92:
61:
646:
80:
BCE. Centuries later, copper and its alloys were integral in European
694:
972:
1219:
Magazine of the Construction Specifications Institute, October 2000
1197:
Magazine of the Construction Specifications Institute, October 2000
774:
402:
146:
96:
54:
852:"Kronborg completed – Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties"
274:
698:
690:
686:
142:
109:
1073:"Roofing Sheets: Their types, applications and costs in India"
568:
Corrugated metal roof with fasteners screwed through the roof.
1091:"Thin-Film Solar Panels | American Solar Energy Society"
145:
of 80–90% lead with only the remainder tin, was cheaper than
138:
977:
270:
130:
34:
1146:
http://www.copper.org/publications/pub_list/pdf/a4094.pdf
1026:
2008 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
610:
126:
121:
930:"Diamond in the Rough: Albert Frey's Desert Masterpiece"
971:
CNBC.com, Eilene Zimmerman, Special to (11 July 2013).
589:
sheets that are bent and wavy to make them more rigid.
464:. The thin-film panels are flexible and run down the
375:
Mechanically seamed roofs are seamed together using a
53:). Lead was one of the first and easiest metals to
1131:Austin, Jim (2006). Copper: The peacock of metals,
973:"Coal, Cow Barns, Fishing Nets: Latest Home Design"
117:CE. The copper on the tower was renovated in 2009.
383:
413:
1227:
801:. International Lead Association. Archived from
343:because of the exposed fasteners on that roof.
211:and can be made from other recycled products.
64:, copper roof shingles were installed atop the
33:is a roofing system featuring metal pieces or
16:Roofing system featuring metal pieces or tiles
944:"Top Environmental Benefits of Metal Roofing"
638:(SR093E89), resulting in lower energy costs.
596:
560:Corrugated metal roof with fasteners exposed.
465:
261:Metal roofs are sometimes made of corrugated
23:
1105:"Pros and Cons of Metal Roofs for Your Home"
1022:"Next-Generation Roofs and Attics for Homes"
991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
927:
1055:"Low Weight Metal Roofing – Arthur Thomson"
1019:
908:
280:
202:
340:
99:, one of Northern Europe's most important
665:), lemongrass oil (such as East Indian),
396:
970:
729:Metal Building Manufacturers Association
645:
571:
563:
555:
549:
360:
352:
296:
284:
18:
1135:April–May 2006; www.metalroofingmag.com
159:After Palmer's patent expired in 1843,
1228:
1052:
346:
424:running down standing-seam metal roof
72:used copper as roof covering for the
1020:Miller, William; Kośny, Jan (2008).
904:
902:
900:
898:
744:Reflective surfaces (geoengineering)
452:With the increasing efficiencies of
137:bonded coating which protected it.
477:Cost of different solar roof types
357:Mechanically seamed standing seams.
13:
14:
1252:
1053:Miller, Todd (22 February 2017).
895:
603:Stone coated steel roofing panels
256:
441:
430:
86:St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim
1209:
1200:
1187:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1125:
1111:
1097:
1083:
1065:
1046:
1013:
999:
964:
950:
936:
632:Oak Ridge National Laboratories
616:
384:Snap locked with fastener strip
269:. Another approach is to blend
921:
869:
843:
834:
825:
812:
788:
767:
734:Metal Construction Association
414:Thin-film solar on metal roofs
289:Standing seam metal roof with
141:, an iron plate dipped into a
1:
909:David Miles (March 7, 2008).
760:
401:Snap locked with metal clips
247:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
228:
911:"History of Corrugated Iron"
405:to the roof allows for more
7:
1217:The Construction Specifier,
1195:The Construction Specifier,
928:Colin Flavin (2017-04-02).
711:
462:polycrystalline solar cells
10:
1257:
719:Corrugated galvanised iron
641:
613:and aluminium and copper.
597:Stone-coated metal roofing
161:corrugated galvanized iron
44:
495:Average 6 kW system cost
103:castles (immortalized as
958:"Metal Roofs – Bob Vila"
281:Standing seam metal roof
203:Environmentally friendly
24:Standing seam metal roof
775:"Roof Repairs Canberra"
113:) was installed in 1585
739:Metal Roofing Alliance
651:
577:
569:
561:
397:Snap locked with clips
370:
358:
341:corrugated metal roofs
303:
294:
51:copper in architecture
26:
649:
576:Corrugated metal roof
575:
567:
559:
550:Corrugated metal roof
454:thin-film solar cells
364:
356:
300:
288:
207:Metal roofs are 100%
84:. The copper roof of
82:medieval architecture
22:
1077:Economic Times India
661:are lemon oil (like
820:Metal Architecture,
754:Rubber shingle roof
650:Coating copper roof
478:
367:roof seamer machine
347:Mechanically seamed
88:, installed in 1280
66:Lovamahapaya Temple
60:In the 3rd century
1241:Building materials
1181:2012-10-16 at the
1121:. 19 January 2022.
652:
578:
570:
562:
476:
371:
359:
304:
295:
185:Buckminster Fuller
68:in Sri Lanka. The
27:
1035:978-0-918249-58-6
1009:. 3 January 2017.
915:World Archaeology
547:
546:
407:thermal expansion
391:thermal expansion
267:corrugated sheets
107:in Shakespeare’s
39:building envelope
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1101:
1095:
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1063:
1062:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:. Archived from
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1011:
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996:
990:
982:
968:
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948:
947:
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919:
918:
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893:
892:
890:
889:
880:. Archived from
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
854:. Archived from
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
816:
810:
809:
807:
800:
796:"Lead:The Facts"
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
771:
583:Corrugated metal
533:Thin-film panels
479:
475:
445:
434:
337:Asphalt shingles
334:
333:
329:
326:
320:
319:
315:
312:
273:, aluminum, and
213:Asphalt shingles
116:
91:
79:
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1183:Wayback Machine
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768:
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758:
714:
708:
683:metallurgically
644:
636:asphalt shingle
619:
607:Stainless steel
599:
580:
579:
552:
517:Monocrystalline
501:Polycrystalline
458:monocrystalline
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
437:
436:
435:
426:
425:
422:Thin-film solar
416:
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373:
372:
349:
331:
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283:
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135:metallurgically
114:
105:Elsinore Castle
89:
77:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1243:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1199:
1186:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1137:
1133:Metal Roofing,
1124:
1110:
1096:
1082:
1064:
1045:
1042:on 2016-05-05.
1034:
1012:
998:
963:
960:. 9 July 2013.
949:
935:
920:
894:
868:
842:
833:
824:
811:
808:on 2017-02-20.
787:
765:
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736:
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724:Green building
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257:Material types
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181:Walter Gropius
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43:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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931:
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905:
903:
901:
899:
884:on 2013-01-06
883:
879:
872:
858:on 2012-10-24
857:
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709:
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688:
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679:arid climates
676:
672:
668:
667:paraffin oils
664:
658:
655:
648:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
614:
612:
608:
604:
594:
590:
588:
587:prefabricated
584:
574:
566:
558:
542:
539:
537:$ 2.00–$ 3.00
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
521:$ 3.00–$ 3.50
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
505:$ 2.80–$ 3.00
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Cost per watt
484:
481:
480:
474:
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467:
466:standing-seam
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617:Copper roofs
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197:Palm Springs
177:Quonset huts
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133:, forming a
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1059:Todd Miller
749:Roof seamer
671:linseed oil
377:roof seamer
365:Worker and
291:snow guards
242:heat island
193:Albert Frey
189:Stahl House
101:Renaissance
1230:Categories
888:2012-09-10
862:2012-09-12
761:References
675:castor oil
585:roofs are
491:Efficiency
263:galvanized
229:Advantages
222:reflecting
218:emissivity
209:recyclable
31:metal roof
780:3 January
695:limestone
624:flashings
543:$ 17,000
527:$ 19,000
511:$ 17,400
1179:Archived
987:cite web
822:May 2007
712:See also
403:fastened
195:'s 1964
171:and for
169:trenches
147:tinplate
97:Kronborg
74:Pantheon
642:Coating
628:copings
330:⁄
316:⁄
275:silicon
238:asphalt
45:History
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703:mortar
699:stucco
691:marble
687:solder
673:, and
540:10–18%
524:17–22%
508:13–17%
173:Nissen
143:solder
115:
110:Hamlet
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70:Romans
1236:Roofs
917:(28).
806:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
685:(see
302:winds
139:Terne
76:in 27
55:smelt
35:tiles
1030:ISBN
993:link
978:CNBC
782:2017
626:and
482:Type
460:and
271:zinc
183:and
154:beam
131:zinc
663:USP
611:tin
471:ROI
321:or
175:or
165:CGI
129:or
127:tin
122:ore
62:BCE
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