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588:, known for his enthusiasm for building and known to have restored the Pantheon after 80 AD, might well have been responsible for everything they found. Ziolkowski argues that Lanciani's initial assessment is still supported by all of the finds to date, including theirs; he expresses scepticism because the building they describe, "a single building composed of a huge pronaos and a circular cella of the same diameter, linked by a relatively narrow and very short passage (much thinner than the current intermediate block), has no known parallels in classical architecture and would go against everything we know of Roman design principles in general and of Augustan architecture in particular."
1972:
1039:), there would be a space requirement of a column-length on one side of the pediment, and at least a column-length on the opposite side for the pivoting equipment and ropes. With 50-foot columns, "there was no way to sequence the erection of without creating a hopeless snarl. The shafts were simply too long to be positioned on the floor in a workable configuration, regardless of sequence." Specifically, the innermost row of columns would be blocked by the main body of the temple, and in the later stages of construction some already-erected columns would inevitably obstruct the erection of further columns.
625:
that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as "consul tertium." On coins, the same words, "M. Agrippa L.f cos. tertium", were the ones used to refer to him after his death; consul tertium serving as "a sort of posthumous cognomen ex virtute, a remembrance of the fact that, of all the men of his generation apart from
Augustus himself, he was the only one to hold the consulship thrice." Whatever the cause of the alteration of the inscription might have been, the new inscription reflects the fact that there was a change in the building's purpose.
80:
1145:
1909:
601:. From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze", that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof," and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome".
1893:
1253:
751:, who converted it into a Christian church and consecrated it to St. Mary and the Martyrs on 13 May 609: "Another Pope, Boniface, asked the same to order that in the old temple called the Pantheon, after the pagan filth was removed, a church should be made, to the holy virgin Mary and all the martyrs, so that the commemoration of the saints would take place henceforth where not gods but demons were formerly worshipped." Twenty-eight cartloads of holy relics of martyrs were said to have been removed from the
478:
1096:, measuring 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) wide by 7.53 metres (24.7 ft) high, are the oldest in Rome. These were thought to be a 15th-century replacement for the original, mainly because they were deemed by contemporary architects to be too small for the door frames. Later analysis of the fusion technique confirmed that these are the original Roman doors, a rare example of Roman monumental bronze surviving, despite cleaning and the application of Christian motifs over the centuries.
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gods. However, the concept of a temple dedicated to all the gods has been questioned. Ziegler tried to collect evidence of pantheons, but his list consists of simple dedications "to all the gods" or "to the Twelve Gods", which are not necessarily true pantheons in the sense of a temple housing a cult that literally worships all the gods. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than
Agrippa's was at Antioch in Syria, though it is only mentioned by a sixth-century source.
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archaeological diggings have suggested that
Agrippa's building might have had a circular form with a triangular porch, and it might have also faced north, much like the later rebuildings, Ziolkowski complains that their conclusions were based entirely on surmise; according to him, they did not find any new datable material, yet they attributed everything they found to the Agrippan phase, failing to account for the fact that
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564:, four years after it was destroyed by fire for the second time (Oros. 7.12). She reexamined Herbert Bloch's 1959 paper, which is responsible for the commonly maintained Hadrianic date, and maintains that he should not have excluded all of the Trajanic-era bricks from his brick-stamp study. Her argument is particularly interesting in light of Heilmeyer's argument that, based on stylistic evidence,
442:
deity (27.25.7–10). Godfrey and
Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon "need not denote a particular group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods, since it could well have had other meanings. ... Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities. ... Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος (theios) need not mean 'of a god' but could mean '
1249:
zones do not line up. The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building, even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous. This discordance has not always been appreciated, and the attic level was redone according to
Neoclassical taste in the 18th century.
1164:, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. The Pantheon is full of such devices – for example, there are relieving arches over the recesses inside – but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior.
635:, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. Even by 200, there was uncertainty about the origin of the building and its purpose:
1248:
Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. As a result, the interior decorative
1156:
The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. Mark and
Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch
911:
In 1747, the broad frieze below the dome with its false windows was "restored," but bore little resemblance to the original. In the early decades of the 20th century, a piece of the original, as far as could be reconstructed from
Renaissance drawings and paintings, was recreated in one of the panels.
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Remaining at Rome twelve days he pulled down everything that in ancient times had been made of metal for the ornament of the city, to such an extent that he even stripped off the roof of the church , which at one time was called the
Pantheon, and had been founded in honour of all the gods and was now
1229:
Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30
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in the eastern mountains. Each was 11.9 metres (39 ft) tall, 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in diameter, and 60 tonnes (59 long tons; 66 short tons) in weight. These were dragged more than 100 km (62 miles) from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges. They were floated by barge down
441:
wrote that it had been decreed that temple buildings (or perhaps temple cellae) should only be dedicated to single divinities, so that it would be clear who would be offended if, for example, the building was struck by lightning, and because it was only appropriate to offer sacrifice to a specific
418:
The name "Pantheon" is from the
Ancient Greek "Pantheion" (Πάνθειον) meaning "of, relating to, or common to all the gods": (pan- / "παν-" meaning "all" + theion / "θεῖον"= meaning "of or sacred to a god"). The simplest explanation for the name is that the Pantheon was a temple dedicated to all the
1034:
has attempted to explain the design adjustments by suggesting that, once the higher pediment had been constructed, the required 50-foot columns failed to arrive (possibly as a result of logistical difficulties). The builders then had to make some awkward adjustments to fit the shorter columns and
624:
says that
Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon (among other buildings) in the name of the original builder (Hadr. 19.10), but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original; it does not tell us to whom Agrippa's foundation was dedicated, and, in Ziolkowski's opinion, it was highly unlikely
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tore away the bronze ceiling of the portico, and replaced the medieval campanile with the famous twin towers (often wrongly attributed to Bernini) called "the ass's ears", which were not removed until the late 19th century. The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the
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in the 6.4-metre-thick (21 ft) drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary. At its thickest point, the aggregate is
583:
concluded that Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the current layout that faces north, and that it had a shortened T-shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. While more recent
427:
who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name of the Pantheon comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. According to Adam Ziolkowski, this uncertainty strongly suggests that "Pantheon" (or Pantheum) was merely a
1152:
No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa
642:
finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles the
1035:
pediments. Rabun Taylor has noted that, even if the taller columns were delivered, basic construction constraints may have prevented their use. Assuming that each column would first be laid on the floor next to its pediment before being pivoted upright (using something like an
1233:
The interior of the dome was possibly intended to symbolize the arched vault of the heavens. The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. Throughout the day, light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse
1503:. Enshrined on the apse above the high altar is a 7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child, given by Phocas to Pope Boniface IV on the occasion of the dedication of the Pantheon for Christian worship on 13 May 609. The choir was added in 1840, and was designed by
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The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment.
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The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). These dimensions make more sense when expressed in
1245:), in five rings of 28. This evenly spaced layout was difficult to achieve and, it is presumed, had symbolic meaning, either numerical, geometric, or lunar. In antiquity, the coffers may have contained bronze rosettes symbolising the starry firmament.
1023:
On the intermediate block between the portico and the rotunda, the remains of a second pediment suggests that the existing portico is much shorter than originally intended. A portico aligned with the second pediment would fit columns with shafts 50
3296:, p. 33 "There are openings in it here and there, at various levels, that give on to some of the many different chambers that honeycomb the rotunda structure, a honeycombing that is an integral part of a sophisticated engineering solution..."
356:) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43 metres (142 ft).
560:, made when consul for the third time." However, archaeological excavations have shown that the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the façade. Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114, under
522:(public temples). The former would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose (Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo) in such a relatively short period of time.
3027:
1153:(213 psi) for this specimen. Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa (18.5 psi) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall.
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2810:
New Guide of Rome and the Environs According to Vasi and Nibby: Containing a Description of the Monuments, Galleries, Churches [etc.] Carefully Revised and Enlarged, with an Account of the Latest Antiquarian
1757:. The tomb of King Umberto I and his wife Margherita di Savoia is in the next chapel. The chapel was originally dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, and then to St. Thomas the Apostle. The present design is by
611:
The degree to which the decorative scheme should be credited to Hadrian's architects is uncertain. Finished by Hadrian but not claimed as one of his works, it used the text of the original inscription on the new
525:
It had long been thought that the current building was built by Agrippa, with later alterations undertaken, and this was in part because of the Latin inscription on the front of the temple which reads:
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Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear which abutted it. While this building helped buttress the rotunda, there was no interior passage from one to the other.
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would have been some 80% greater. Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system. This reduced the weight of the roof, as did the oculus eliminating the apex.
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IMP · CAES · L · SEPTIMIVS · SEVERVS · PIVS · PERTINAX · ARABICVS · ADIABENICVS · PARTHICVS · MAXIMVS · PONTIF · MAX · TRIB · POTEST · X · IMP · XI · COS · III · P · P · PROCOS ET
1792:, meaning "Here lies Raphael, by whom the great mother of all things (Nature) feared to be overcome while he was living, and while he was dying, herself to die". The epigraph was written by
1238:
effect: marking time with light rather than shadow. The oculus also offers cooling and ventilation; during storms, a drainage system below the floor handles rain falling through the oculus.
1585:. It is also known as the Madonna of the Railing, because it originally hung in the niche on the left-hand side of the portico, where it was protected by a railing. It was moved to the
1028:(14.8 metres) tall and capitals 10 Roman feet tall (3 metres), whereas the existing portico has shafts 40 Roman feet (11.9 metres) tall and capitals eight Roman feet (2.4 metres) tall.
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The building's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment, destruction, and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome's buildings during the
384:
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1597:(1750) by an unknown. There are three memorial plaques in the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular. The final niche on the right side has a statue of
402:
front, was unique in Roman architecture. Nevertheless, it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived, and has been copied many times by later architects.
1864:
783:
by the consent of the former rulers the place of all the martyrs; and he took away from there the bronze tiles and sent them with all the other ornaments to Constantinople.
319: AD 126. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple.
1761:, completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli. The tomb consists of a slab of alabaster mounted in gilded bronze. The frieze has allegorical representations of
1172:: The dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high. The Pantheon still holds the record for the world's largest
892:, but, according to at least one expert, the Pope's accounts state that about 90% of the bronze was used for the cannon, and that the bronze for the baldachin came from
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IMP · CAES · M · AVRELIVS · ANTONINVS · PIVS · FELIX · AVG · TRIB · POTEST · V · COS · PROCOS · PANTHEVM · VETVSTATE · CORRVPTVM · CVM · OMNI · CVLTV · RESTITVERVNT
1814:
In the Chapel of the Crucifixion, the Roman brick wall is visible in the niches. The wooden crucifix on the altar is from the 15th century. On the left wall is a
1799:
The present arrangement is from 1811, designed by Antonio Muñoz. The bust of Raphael (1833) is by Giuseppe Fabris. The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and
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Ziolkowski, Adam (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question".
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Ziolkowski, Adam (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question".
1780:
The third niche holds the mortal remains – his Ossa et cineres, "Bones and ashes", as the inscription on the sarcophagus says – of the great artist
1074:, the site of the Pantheon was still about 700 metres away. Thus, it was necessary to either drag them or to move them on rollers to the construction site.
437:, as they do with other temples, and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply "Pantheum", not "Aedes Panthei" (temple of all the gods).
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Les monuments antiques de Rome encore existants: les ponts, les murs, les voies, les aqueducs, les enceintes de Rome, les palais, les temples, les arcs
1908:
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The portico-and-dome form of the Pantheon can be detected in many buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries; numerous government and public buildings,
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won the competition, and started work in 1885. The tomb consists of a large bronze plaque surmounted by a Roman eagle and the arms of the
795:. Two columns were swallowed up in the medieval buildings that abutted the Pantheon on the east and were lost. In the early 17th century,
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1784:. His fiancée, Maria Bibbiena is buried to the right of his sarcophagus; she died before they could marry. The sarcophagus was given by
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1659:. The confraternity continued to draw members from the elite of Rome's artists and architects, and among later members we find
616:(a common practice in Hadrian's rebuilding projects all over Rome; the only building on which Hadrian put his own name was the
1012:
The building was originally approached by a flight of steps. Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the
816:
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Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials. Among those buried there are the painters
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Thomas, Edmund (2004). "From the Pantheon of the Gods to the Pantheon of Rome". In Richard Wrigley; Matthew Craske (eds.).
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It has also been argued that the scale of the portico was related to the urban design of the space in front of the temple.
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514:, the Basilica of Neptune, and the Pantheon. It seems likely that the Pantheon and the Basilica of Neptune were Agrippa's
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The Master Builders: : A History of Structural and Environmental Design From Ancient Egypt to the Nineteenth Century
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started an impressive building program. The Pantheon was a part of the complex created by him on his own property in the
2827:"Nuova guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni – Parte Terza ("New Methodic Guide to Rome and Its Suburbs – Third Part")"
1517:(1686) painted by an unknown artist. The first chapel on the right, the Chapel of the Annunciation, has a fresco of the
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The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church, and as such, visitors are asked to keep an appropriate level of deference.
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Rasch, Jürgen (1985). "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion, Architectura".
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1180:. It is the only masonry dome to not require reinforcement. All other extant ancient domes were either designed with
881:
864:(1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down. Most of the bronze was used to make
4301:
1620:. The first chapel on the left, the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, is the chapel of the Confraternity of the
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9.1 metres (30 ft) in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight
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3979:
Marder, Tod A. (1991). "Alexander VII, Bernini, and the Urban Setting of the Pantheon in the Seventeenth Century".
1807:(Madonna of the Rock) so named because she rests one foot on a boulder. It was commissioned by Raphael and made by
363:, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history. Since the 7th century, it has been a
4139:
Thomas, Edmund (1997). "The Architectural History of the Pantheon from Agrippa to Septimius Severus via Hadrian".
3712:. By Taut, Bruno. Mindrup, Matthew; Altenmüller-Lewis, Ulrike (eds.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 78.
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Hetland, Lise (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "Zur Datierung des Pantheon".
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Godfrey, Paul; Hemsoll, David (1986). "The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?". In Martin Henig; Anthony King (eds.).
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1777:, founded in 1878. They also organize picket guards at the tombs. The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli.
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The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated. As a result of excavations in the late 19th century, archaeologist
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311:(27 BC – AD 14); then, after the original burnt down, the present building was ordered by the emperor
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Marder, Tod A. (1980). "Specchi's High Altar for the Pantheon and the Statues by Cametti and Moderati".
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features a painted miniature copy of the Pantheon dome. The Parthenon's dome was an inspiration for the
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In the walls at the back of the Pantheon's portico are two huge niches, perhaps intended for statues of
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Much fine external marble has been removed over the centuries – for example, capitals from some of the
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The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in
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when the water level was high during the spring floods, and then transferred to vessels to cross the
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basin beneath the high altar. On its consecration, Boniface placed an icon of the Mother of God as '
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Cinti, Siro; De Martino, Federico; Carandini, Andrea; De Carolis, Marco; Belardi, Giovanni (2007).
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Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word
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participated, but lost – he would later design the tomb of Umberto I in the opposite chapel.
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of the façade, under the aforementioned larger text. This now-barely legible inscription reads:
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has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried.
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719:, five times tribune, consul, proconsul, have carefully restored the Pantheon ruined by age.
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4221:– A self-directed virtual tour of St. Maria ad Martyres (Pantheon) and other Roman churches
2205:
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2002:
1983:
1975:
1880:
1710:, is by Carlo Monaldi. On the vault are several 17th-century canvases, from left to right:
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Cross-section of the Pantheon showing how a 43.3-metre diameter sphere fits under its dome.
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Res Bene Gestae: Ricerche di storia urbana su Roma antica in onore di Eva Margreta Steinby
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and the authorities have refused to grant burial to the former kings who died in exile (
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Cardinal Consalvi presents to Pope Pius VII the five provinces restored to the Holy See
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Andrew J. Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington books, Toronto, 2007
846:. In the 15th century, the Pantheon was adorned with paintings: the best-known is the
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Archivio viaggiatori italiani a roma e nel lazio – Istituto Nazionale Di Studi Romani
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1939:. On 26 May 1929, this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of
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2529:(Monograph No 8 ed.). Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. p. 198.
2514:(Monograph No 8 ed.). Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. p. 199.
1754:
1679:. The altar in the chapel is covered with false marble. On the altar is a statue of
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ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI
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The Augustan Pantheon was destroyed along with other buildings in a fire in 80 AD.
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249:
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208:
52:
2605:
Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".
2570:
Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".
2510:(1986). "The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?". In Martin Henig; Anthony King (eds.).
2468:
Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".
2413:
Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".
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Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: neue Bearbeitung
2112:
1936:
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and subsequently operating with authorization of the Italian Republic, mounts as
861:
858:, among other architects, looked to the Pantheon as inspiration for their works.
796:
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379:), known as "Santa Maria Rotonda". The square in front of the Pantheon is called
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The second niche has a 15th-century fresco of the Tuscan school, depicting the
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3762:. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
3028:"Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna"
2507:
1629:
1401:
1388:
709:
510:
in 29–19 BC, which included three buildings aligned from south to north: the
424:
140:
127:
7381:
Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
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2088:
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1964:
1871:
1793:
1636:, Desiderio da Segni, to ensure that worship was maintained in the chapel.
1574:
1353:
1221:
1121:
1063:
1049:
columns that were used in the Pantheon's pronaos were quarried in Egypt at
988:
736:, showing twin bell towers, in place from early 17th to late 19th centuries
284:
160:
4358:
1104:
954:
National Institute for the Honour Guard of the Royal Tombs of the Pantheon
6221:
6060:
5849:
5211:
5097:
4991:
4806:
4799:
4739:
3686:
2447:
2228:
a temple consecrated to all the gods (6th cent.; compare classical Latin
1998:
1735:
1549:
1298:
1217:
1067:
896:. Concerning this, an anonymous contemporary Roman satirist quipped in a
775:
628:
571:
482:
420:
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6947:
2129:
1581:. In the third chapel is a 15th-century painting of the Umbrian school,
330:
columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a
24:
6340:
6250:
5118:
4792:
4757:
4295:
4029:
2221:
2094:
2072:
1808:
1671:, and many others. The institution still exists, and is now called the
1130:
1126:
968:
897:
670:
443:
303:, Italy. It was built on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by
4000:
3971:
3894:
Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context
3708:
Scheerbart, Paul (2015). "The New Life: An Architectonic Apocalypse".
3374:"Hooping as an Ancient Remedy for Conservation of Large Masonry Domes"
433:
6590:
6365:
6335:
5150:
4885:
4491:
4267:
at Great Buildings/Architecture Week website (archived 15 March 2008)
4008:
Mark, R.; Hutchinson, P. (1986). "On the structure of the Pantheon".
3312:
S Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region
1552:. A competition was held to decide which architect should design it.
1264:
905:
840:
733:
716:
708:, 10 times tribune, 11 times proclaimed emperor, three times consul,
662:
454:
20:
4411:
4096:
The Architecture Of Roman Temples: The Republic To The Middle Empire
4021:
1204:
808:
interior has largely survived, although with extensive restoration.
613:
7299:
6904:
6773:
6065:
5090:
4965:
4387:
3992:
3489:
De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).
3155:
The Architecture of the Roman Empire, vol. 1: An Introductory Study
2010:
1117:
801:
788:
697:
605:
585:
346:
331:
308:
3736:
3403:
3231:
1066:. There, they were transferred back onto barges and pulled up the
461:
was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the
6050:
4098:. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2021:
1833:
1781:
1593:'s restoration of the sanctuary. On the right wall is the canvas
1235:
1181:
1046:
1036:
1013:
877:
828:
760:
701:
399:
323:
312:
179:
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also took influences from the structure of the Pantheon for the
1112:
The 4,535-tonne (4,463-long-ton; 4,999-short-ton) weight of the
996:
529:
410:
6075:
4369:
4045:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2208:: "Agrippas Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis". See also
1583:
The Madonna of Mercy between St Francis and St John the Baptist
1242:
1138:
893:
805:
744:
631:, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive
561:
534:
343:
175:
71:
4076:
Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, And Meaning
1818:(1790) by Pietro Labruzi. On the right side is the low relief
537:
dome has a central oculus as the main source of natural light.
30:
This article is about the Pantheon, Rome. For other uses, see
6470:
2049:
1451:
1345:
1093:
885:
876:
for other works. It is also said that the bronze was used by
820:
The interior of the Pantheon in the 18th century, painted by
458:
395:
275:
4340:
The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City
4260:
Tomás García Salgado, "The geometry of the Pantheon's vault"
3488:
1749:, by Vincenzo Felici. The bust on the left is a portrait of
763:
Hodegetria' (All Holy Directress) within the new sanctuary.
223:
3132:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131.
2084:
1960:
1495:
The present high altars and the apses were commissioned by
1371:
1134:
1055:
489:. Stuttgart: Verlag der Cotta'schen Buchhandlung 1887–1901.
438:
349:
300:
229:
226:
3966:(922). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 30–40.
2260:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. December 2008.
1595:
Emperor Phocas presenting the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV
669:), for which there is another, smaller inscription on the
252:
575:
View of the Pantheon in Rome, including the concrete dome
217:
3570:
3568:
3479:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 182–183.
2792:
Ziolkowski, Adam (2007). Leone; Palombi; Walker (eds.).
2028:, which followed his work restoring the Roman original,
932:. It was supposed to be the final resting place for the
657:
In 202, the building was repaired by the joint emperors
620:). How the building was actually used is not known. The
385:
Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism
3524:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 184–197
3455:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 182–184
3219:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 206–207
3207:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 206–212
3113:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 199–206
3064:"Legislatura 14 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 4-08615"
2806:
1160:
The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick
608:
rebuilt the Pantheon, which was burnt again in 110 AD.
383:. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's
3981:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
3299:
2199:
is found in classical Latin; see, for example, Pliny,
1967:
features a painted miniature copy of the Pantheon dome
1775:
National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs
774:
records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor
391:. In 2013, it was visited by over six million people.
3592:: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 989–990.
3565:
3046:"Pantheon, The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome"
2779:
The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference
2695:
The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference
2680:
The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference
2524:
2505:
2322:
2320:
1914:
The icon of the Madonna which was given by Phocas to
1612:
On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an
1510:
The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a
255:
232:
220:
6883:
2859:
1675:(The Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts), based in the
1525:. On the left side is a canvas by Clement Maioli of
214:
3987:(3). Society of Architectural Historians: 273–292.
2824:
2501:
2499:
1566:. The golden lamp above the tomb burns in honor of
211:
4038:
3934:
3490:
3376:. International Journal of Architectural Heritage.
2973:
2317:
2099:, an assembly hall planned but never built by the
2016:Among the most notable versions are the church of
1993:, the Pantheon has been enormously influential in
1706:, is by Paolo Benaglia, and the one on the right,
1632:of artists and musicians formed by a 16th-century
1230:centimetres (12 in) to promote water runoff.
975:. Weddings are also held there from time to time.
3798:Favro, Diane (2005). "Making Rome a World City".
1927:On 23 July 1725, the Pantheon was established as
568:, Trajan's architect, was the obvious architect.
7411:Buildings converted to Catholic church buildings
7317:
3802:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–263.
3130:Roman Builders, a study in architectural process
2825:Giuseppe Melchiorri (1834). Paolo Badalì (ed.).
2496:
1548:(died 1878). It was originally dedicated to the
4213:Official webpage from Vicariate of Rome website
3372:Ottoni, Federica; Blasi, Carlo (4 March 2015).
3273:, p. 187, Principles of Roman Architecture
2853:
2390:Pantheons; Transformations of a Monumental Idea
2363:. Vol. XVIII. Stuttgart. pp. 697–747.
1941:S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine
1830:. The final niche on this side has a statue of
920:Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon:
428:nickname, not the formal name of the building.
7361:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome
7341:2nd-century religious buildings and structures
6900:Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province of Rome
4007:
3817:Hetland, L. M. (2007). "Dating the Pantheon".
3800:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus
3739:Pantheon. Storia e Futuro / History and Future
3282:
322:The building is round in plan, except for the
6869:
4427:
4318:High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of
3643:. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 468.
2800:
1803:. Behind the tomb is the statue known as the
1621:
1287:
1281:
4151:
4036:
3741:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Gangemi Editore.
3586:Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 2 G–Z
3521:
3476:
3452:
3390:
3305:
3270:
3216:
3204:
3110:
2764:
2092:
902:quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt Barberini
6526:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
3941:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3918:. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhof.
3910:
3497:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p.
3371:
3157:. Yale University Press. pp. 111–113.
2877:
1176:dome. It is also substantially larger than
6876:
6862:
6677:
6411:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
4434:
4420:
4307:Panoramic Virtual Tour inside the Pantheon
3937:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny
3707:
3657:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny
3641:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
3532:
3530:
3227:
3225:
2791:
2776:
2692:
2604:
2569:
2554:
2527:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
2512:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
2467:
2412:
2373:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2281:
2279:
1297:
4336:
4037:Ramage, Nancy H.; Ramage, Andrew (2009).
3932:
3896:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3891:
3682:"Historiske sommerturer: I Frognerparken"
3653:
3583:
3548:
3464:
3386:
3359:
3293:
3152:
3091:
2883:
2866:(in French). Libr. Hachette. p. 192.
2655:. Romereborn.virginia.edu. Archived from
2455:
2326:
2270:
1702:on right. The stucco relief on the left,
7426:Burned buildings and structures in Italy
6938:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
6576:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
5494:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
4241:Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
3755:
3660:. Harvard University Press. p. 94.
3347:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3095:
2971:
2937:
2060:(1837). Other notable replicas, such as
1970:
1950:
1773:. The royal tombs are maintained by the
1263:
1251:
1143:
1103:
995:
987:
815:
727:
570:
528:
476:
409:
7336:120s establishments in the Roman Empire
4093:
4041:Roman art : Romulus to Constantine
3872:
3816:
3527:
3331:
3329:
3222:
3008:
2752:
2677:
2358:
2276:
1327:Ecclesiastical or organizational status
1070:to Rome. After being unloaded near the
359:It is one of the best-preserved of all
7318:
6511:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
5499:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
4227:, Live streaming Video of the Pantheon
4138:
4118:The Classical Language of Architecture
3978:
3955:
3633:
3536:
3308:"The Riddle of Ancient Roman Concrete"
3127:
3056:
3014:
2980:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publns. p.
2896:Popes Boniface III–VII (archived copy)
2758:
2639:
2387:
1639:The first members were, among others,
1544:. In the second chapel is the tomb of
1529:(1645–1650). On the right wall is the
102:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
7245:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
6857:
5779:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
4441:
4415:
4059:
4016:(1). College Art Association: 24–34.
3797:
3776:
3258:
3249:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3104:
2359:Ziegler, Konrat (1949). "Pantheion".
2311:
2285:
2249:
2247:
2111:'s intended rebuilding of Berlin as "
1826:. The bust is a portrait of Cardinal
1753:, derived from a plaster portrait by
1690:To the sides are paintings (1661) by
1259:
904:("What the barbarians did not do the
16:Roman temple, later a church, in Rome
6995:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
6186:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
5534:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
4233:, Virtual Panorama and photo gallery
4156:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4072:
3853:
3560:
3335:
3326:
3276:
2607:Papers of the British School at Rome
2572:Papers of the British School at Rome
2470:Papers of the British School at Rome
2415:Papers of the British School at Rome
2164:History of Roman and Byzantine domes
2146:The Rotunda (University of Virginia)
1989:As the best-preserved example of an
1922:
971:are celebrated there on Sundays and
394:The Pantheon's large circular domed
297:Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs
6202:Column of the Immaculate Conception
6131:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
3048:. Rodolpho Lanciani. Archived from
2557:Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae 4
2174:List of tourist attractions in Rome
1822:(1824) made by the Danish sculptor
1573:The third niche has a sculpture by
717:M Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug
487:Kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes
13:
7416:Burial sites of the House of Savoy
7396:Centralized-plan churches in Italy
7090:S. Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana
6923:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
6531:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
5484:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
4302:Video Introduction to the Pantheon
3177:
3116:
3101:
2807:Luigi Piale; Mariano Vasi (1851).
2392:. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 17.
2338:Summerson (1980), 38–39, 38 quoted
2244:
2005:'s 42-metre (138 ft) dome of
1170:ancient Roman units of measurement
1116:dome is concentrated on a ring of
283:, " of all the gods") is a former
14:
7442:
6481:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
6446:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
4922:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
4172:
3877:. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.
3783:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
3654:MacDonald, William Lloyd (2002).
2737:
2722:
2707:
1991:Ancient Roman monumental building
1745:The second niche has a statue of
1708:Rest during the flight from Egypt
1673:Academia Ponteficia di Belle Arti
1275:Church of St. Mary of the Martyrs
1241:The dome features sunken panels (
804:above Agrippa's inscription. The
690:L Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax
51:Facade of the Pantheon, with the
7298:
6946:
6546:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
6491:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
6441:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
6431:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
4892:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
4368:
4357:
4154:Principles of Roman Architecture
3614:"Engel, Carl Ludvig (1778–1840)"
2044:(1817–1826). Others include the
1931:of S. Maria ad Martyres, i.e. a
1907:
1891:
1879:
1863:
1851:
1841:) (1727) by Francesco Moderati.
1212:
1203:
1148:Beam in the dome of the Pantheon
956:was originally chartered by the
778:, who visited Rome in July 663:
732:An 1836 view of the Pantheon by
481:Floor plan of the Pantheon from
293:Basilica Santa Maria ad Martyres
248:
207:
79:
78:
70:
64:
45:
6551:National Museum of Oriental Art
6451:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
5880:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
5865:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
4285:Summer solstice at the Pantheon
4246:Pantheon Rome vs Pantheon Paris
3858:. London: Chatto & Windus.
3701:
3674:
3647:
3606:
3577:
3554:
3542:
3515:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3421:
3396:
3380:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3287:
3264:
3237:
3210:
3198:
3171:
3146:
3085:
3038:
3020:
2965:
2944:. University of Chicago Press.
2931:
2913:
2904:
2889:
2870:
2818:
2785:
2770:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2701:
2686:
2671:
2645:
2633:
2598:
2563:
2559:. Rome: Quasar. pp. 55–56.
2548:
2539:
2533:
2518:
2461:
2441:
2406:
2381:
1641:Antonio da Sangallo the younger
550:M Agrippa L f cos tertium fecit
543:M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT
6571:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
5366:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
3933:MacDonald, William L. (1976).
3584:Schiavone, Michael J. (2009).
3493:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
3306:Moore, David (February 1993).
3180:"The Pantheon – Rome – 126 AD"
3153:MacDonald, William L. (1965).
2941:Bernini: His Life and His Rome
2352:
2341:
2332:
2305:
2264:
2185:
1579:St Anne and the Blessed Virgin
1283:Chiesa Santa Maria dei Martiri
942:Monarchy was abolished in 1946
928:, as well as Umberto's Queen,
900:(a publicly posted poem) that
811:
1:
7356:Temples in the Campus Martius
7346:7th-century churches in Italy
3729:
3619:National Biography of Finland
2860:Emmanuel Rodocanachi (1920).
2195:is standard in English, only
2079:echo its structure. The 1824
1870:The dome photographed with a
1765:, by Eugenio Maccagnani, and
1570:, who died in exile in 1947.
1133:tiles, then at the very top,
964:in front of the royal tombs.
398:, with a conventional temple
316:
189:113–125 AD (current building)
6933:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
6536:Museum of Roman Civilization
6466:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
5945:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
5489:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
4365:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4215:(archived 16 September 2015)
4203:Resources in other libraries
3892:Lancaster, Lynne C. (2005).
3819:Journal of Roman Archaeology
3182:. Monolithic. Archived from
2972:DuTemple, Leslie A. (2003).
2879:Monumenta Germaniae Historia
2238:
1946:
1858:Pantheon during a cloudy day
1788:, and its inscription reads
1742:by Giovanni Andrea Carlone.
1681:St Joseph and the Holy Child
1499:(1700–1721) and designed by
978:
872:, with the rest used by the
618:Temple to the Deified Trajan
414:The interior of the Pantheon
405:
7:
7386:Tourist attractions in Rome
7371:Church buildings with domes
7250:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
6628:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
6506:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
6476:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
6212:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
5784:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
5391:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
5361:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
4152:Wilson-Jones, Mark (2003).
4079:. Boulder: Westview Press.
2921:"British Museum Highlights"
2118:
2064:(1818), have not survived.
1190:
1016:, eliminating these steps.
1002:doors of the Roman Pantheon
723:
10:
7447:
7095:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
7085:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
6769:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
5855:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
5629:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
5624:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
4897:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
4271:Art & History Pantheon
3283:Mark & Hutchinson 1986
2141:Manchester Central Library
1844:
1696:Adoration of the Shepherds
1587:Chapel of the Annunciation
1099:
983:
493:
472:
352:, with a central opening (
276:
92:Shown within Augustan Rome
29:
18:
7366:Concrete shell structures
7351:Basilica churches in Rome
7288:
6955:
6944:
6913:
6895:
6835:
6807:
6747:
6725:
6670:
6589:
6561:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
6399:
6349:
6235:
6174:
6028:
5990:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
5890:Palazzo della Cancelleria
5842:
5822:
5472:
5431:
5336:
5313:
5288:Column of Marcus Aurelius
5275:
5193:
5128:
5068:Basilica of Junius Bassus
5046:
4984:
4912:Temple of Hercules Victor
4902:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
4877:
4841:
4816:
4749:
4729:Arch of Septimius Severus
4696:
4685:
4651:
4449:
4332:audio guide Pantheon Rome
4198:Resources in your library
4094:Stamper, John W. (2005).
3873:Kleiner, Fred S. (2007).
3831:10.1017/S1047759400005328
3756:Claridge, Amanda (1998).
2938:Mormando, Franco (2011).
2882:(1848) 7.8.20, quoted in
2619:10.1017/S0068246200010084
2584:10.1017/S0068246200010084
2555:Ziolkowski, Adam (1999).
2482:10.1017/S0068246200010084
2427:10.1017/S0068246200010084
2348:Oxford English Dictionary
2257:Oxford English Dictionary
2217:Oxford English Dictionary
2081:Henriette Wegner Pavilion
1957:Henriette Wegner Pavilion
1902:, "Father of the Country"
1816:Descent of the Holy Ghost
1677:palace of the Cancelleria
1486:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1422:
1417:
1378:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1341:
1325:
1313:
1308:
1296:
1279:
1274:
1211:
1202:
1197:
915:
868:for the fortification of
700:, the greatest victor in
667:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
446:', or even 'excellent'."
185:
171:
166:
156:
119:
113:Regio IX Circus Flaminius
107:
100:
59:
44:
32:Pantheon (disambiguation)
7421:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
7240:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
7105:S. Giuseppe al Trionfale
7060:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
7035:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
7020:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
7000:S. Apollinare alle Terme
6980:S. Anastasia al Palatino
6965:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
6759:Appian Way Regional Park
6566:Pigorini National Museum
6486:Museo Civico di Zoologia
6121:della Piazza dei Quiriti
5833:List of churches in Rome
5774:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
5599:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
5574:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
5559:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
5539:S. Apollinare alle Terme
5519:S. Anastasia al Palatino
5504:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
5283:Column of Antoninus Pius
4960:Largo di Torre Argentina
4932:Temple of Minerva Medica
4927:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
4073:Roth, Leland M. (1992).
3094:, pp. 63, 141–142;
3003:bernini pantheon towers.
2901:, accessed 11 April 2021
2814:. L. Piale. p. 272.
2765:Ramage & Ramage 2009
2224:: "post-classical Latin
2179:
1542:Coronation of the Virgin
1531:Incredulity of St Thomas
1527:St Lawrence and St Agnes
1289:Sancta Maria ad Martyres
684:In English, this means:
504:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
498:In the aftermath of the
377:Sancta Maria ad Martyres
305:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
19:Not to be confused with
7175:S. Maria della Vittoria
7065:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
7015:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
6970:S. Agnese fuori le mura
6647:Portonaccio sarcophagus
6634:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
6611:Colossus of Constantine
6606:Augustus of Prima Porta
6581:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
6541:Museum of the Ara Pacis
6516:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
6436:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
6326:Via della Conciliazione
6286:Piazza della Repubblica
5915:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
5870:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
5709:S. Maria della Vittoria
5604:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
5554:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
5509:S. Agnese fuori le mura
4976:Porta Maggiore Basilica
4677:Obelisk of Montecitorio
4404:Porta Maggiore Basilica
4287:(archived 15 July 2011)
4239:, article in Platner's
3959:The Burlington Magazine
3574:Summerson (1980), 38–39
3314:. www.romanconcrete.com
2211:Oxford Latin Dictionary
1694:, one of the Virtuosi:
1546:King Victor Emmanuel II
1515:and St Nicholas of Bari
1477:58 metres (190 ft)
1469:58 metres (190 ft)
1461:84 metres (276 ft)
973:holy days of obligation
880:in creating his famous
566:Apollodorus of Damascus
533:The Pantheon dome. The
361:Ancient Roman buildings
338:links the porch to the
315:and probably dedicated
7406:Roman temples by deity
7305:Catholicism portal
7255:S. Silvestro in Capite
7160:S. Maria in Trastevere
7155:S. Maria sopra Minerva
6985:S. Andrea delle Fratte
6817:Festa della Repubblica
6657:Sistine Chapel ceiling
6521:Museo Nazionale Romano
6391:Parco degli Acquedotti
6371:Villa Borghese gardens
6331:Via dei Fori Imperiali
5905:Palazzo della Consulta
5789:S. Silvestro in Capite
5694:S. Maria in Trastevere
5689:S. Maria sopra Minerva
5664:S. Maria in Montesanto
5524:S. Andrea delle Fratte
5396:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
5381:Mausoleum of Maxentius
5351:Catacombs of Domitilla
5259:Villa of the Quintilii
4337:Lucentini, M. (2012).
4325:1 January 2022 at the
3916:The Governance of Rome
3875:A History of Roman Art
3128:Taylor, Rabun (2003).
3068:Senato della Republica
2878:
2191:Although the spelling
2093:
2062:The Rotunda (New York)
2052:(1833). The architect
2038:University of Virginia
2032:(1774) in England and
1986:
1968:
1622:
1380:Geographic coordinates
1288:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1149:
1109:
1009:
993:
824:
785:
737:
655:
576:
538:
490:
415:
389:Polo Museale del Lazio
376:
268:
7265:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
7130:S. Maria degli Angeli
7120:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
6990:S. Andrea della Valle
6809:Events and traditions
6616:La Bocca della Verità
6461:Jewish Museum of Rome
5955:Palazzo del Quirinale
5799:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
5659:S. Maria degli Angeli
5649:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
5529:S. Andrea della Valle
5371:Mausoleum of Augustus
5305:Five-Columns Monument
5253:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
5105:Portico Dii Consentes
5073:Basilica of Maxentius
3777:Cowan, Henry (1977).
3034:on 28 September 2011.
2740:"The Natural History"
2725:"The Natural History"
2710:"The Natural History"
2454:53.27, referenced in
2286:Moore, David (1999).
2169:List of largest domes
2013:, completed in 1436.
2007:Santa Maria del Fiore
1974:
1954:
1700:Adoration of the Magi
1513:Madonna of the Girdle
1267:
1255:
1174:unreinforced concrete
1147:
1107:
1072:Mausoleum of Augustus
1062:to the Roman port of
999:
991:
822:Giovanni Paolo Panini
819:
780:
747:gave the building to
731:
637:
574:
532:
480:
453:, when the church of
413:
287:and, since AD 609, a
7235:Sacro Cuore di Maria
7220:Ss. Quattro Coronati
7205:S. Pietro in Vincoli
7190:S. Nicola in Carcere
7185:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
7170:S. Maria in Via Lata
7145:S. Maria in Aracoeli
7135:S. Maria in Cosmedin
7115:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
7110:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
7100:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
7040:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
7025:S. Camillo de Lellis
6928:St. Peter's Basilica
6662:Velletri Sarcophagus
6622:Laocoön and His Sons
6376:Villa Doria Pamphili
6281:Piazza della Minerva
6106:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
5995:Palazzo del Viminale
5940:Palazzo di Giustizia
5769:Sacro Cuore di Maria
5754:Ss. Quattro Coronati
5739:S. Pietro in Vincoli
5724:S. Nicola in Carcere
5719:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
5704:S. Maria in Via Lata
5679:S. Maria in Aracoeli
5669:S. Maria in Cosmedin
5644:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
5639:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
5634:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
5579:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
5564:S. Camillo de Lellis
5180:Theatre of Marcellus
4952:House of the Vestals
4377:at Wikimedia Commons
4312:11 July 2021 at the
4252:24 June 2019 at the
4225:Pantheon Live Webcam
2026:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1995:Western architecture
1984:Charles Follen McKim
1976:Low Memorial Library
1643:, Jacopo Meneghino,
1624:Virtuosi al Pantheon
922:Vittorio Emanuele II
890:St. Peter's Basilica
856:Filippo Brunelleschi
797:Urban VIII Barberini
485:/Gustav von Bezold:
381:Piazza della Rotonda
307:during the reign of
7180:S. Martino ai Monti
7150:S. Maria del Popolo
7140:S. Maria in Domnica
7080:S. Francesca Romana
7050:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
6182:Altare della Patria
5843:Castles and palaces
5714:S. Martino ai Monti
5684:S. Maria del Popolo
5674:S. Maria in Domnica
5619:S. Francesca Romana
5589:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
5411:Tombs of Via Latina
5406:Tomb of the Scipios
5401:Tomb of the Haterii
5376:Mausoleum of Helena
5175:Stadium of Domitian
5165:Gardens of Maecenas
5141:Circus of Maxentius
5078:Basilica of Neptune
5055:Basilica Argentaria
4859:Baths of Diocletian
4832:Cloaca Circi Maximi
4704:Arch of Constantine
4672:Obelisk of Minerveo
3856:Brunelleschi's Dome
3854:King, Ross (2000).
2927:on 27 October 2015.
2214:, s.v. "Pantheum";
2159:List of Roman domes
2018:Santa Maria Assunta
1980:Columbia University
1568:Victor Emmanuel III
1448:Direction of façade
1402:41.8986°N 12.4768°E
1398: /
1303:The tomb of Raphael
946:Victor Emmanuel III
465:, the generic term
342:, which is under a
326:with large granite
141:41.8986°N 12.4768°E
137: /
41:
7431:Rotundas in Europe
7270:S. Stefano Rotondo
6827:Rome Film Festival
6789:Villa Aldobrandini
6416:Capitoline Museums
6261:Clivus Capitolinus
5920:Palazzo Giustinani
5860:Castel Sant'Angelo
5804:S. Stefano Rotondo
5386:Pyramid of Cestius
5235:Palace of Domitian
5170:Gardens of Sallust
5017:Forum of Vespasian
4937:Temple of Portunus
4854:Baths of Caracalla
4320:Pantheon|Art Atlas
4277:2010-11-24 at the
3350:, pp. 204–205
2738:Pliny, The Elder.
2723:Pliny, The Elder.
2708:Pliny, The Elder.
2659:on 9 November 2012
2544:. p. 53.23.3.
2125:Romanian Athenaeum
2036:'s library at the
2001:on; starting with
1997:from at least the
1987:
1969:
1900:Victor Emmanuel II
1824:Bertel Thorvaldsen
1751:Baldassare Peruzzi
1728:Giovanni Peruzzini
1716:Ludovico Gimignani
1704:Dream of St Joseph
1685:Vincenzo de' Rossi
1653:Domenico Beccafumi
1607:Bernardino Cametti
1535:Pietro Paolo Bonzi
1501:Alessandro Specchi
1348:Daniele Micheletti
1270:
1260:Catholic additions
1257:
1218:The Pantheon, Rome
1150:
1110:
1010:
1006:Francesco Piranesi
994:
870:Castel Sant'Angelo
844:Baldassare Peruzzi
825:
738:
577:
539:
491:
416:
39:
7313:
7312:
7030:S. Carlo al Corso
6851:
6850:
6822:Rome Quadriennale
6749:Metropolitan City
6743:
6742:
6426:Galleria Borghese
6301:Piazza San Pietro
6276:Piazza del Popolo
6271:Piazza d'Aracoeli
6244:and public spaces
6126:di Piazza Nicosia
6116:di Piazza Farnese
6111:di Piazza Colonna
5985:Palazzo Valentini
5875:Palazzo Barberini
5569:S. Carlo al Corso
5468:
5467:
5459:Ponte Sant'Angelo
5416:Tomb of Priscilla
5356:Catacombs of Rome
5230:House of Augustus
5219:Domus Transitoria
5185:Theatre of Pompey
5112:Porticus Octaviae
5002:Forum of Augustus
4907:Temple of Hadrian
4719:Arch of Gallienus
4709:Arch of Dolabella
4667:Flaminian Obelisk
4443:Landmarks of Rome
4410:
4409:
4400:Succeeded by
4394:Landmarks of Rome
4373:Media related to
4179:Library resources
4123:Thames and Hudson
3912:Loewenstein, Karl
3551:, pp. 94–132
3522:Wilson-Jones 2003
3477:Wilson-Jones 2003
3453:Wilson-Jones 2003
3391:Wilson-Jones 2003
3271:Wilson-Jones 2003
3232:Cinti et al. 2007
3217:Wilson-Jones 2003
3205:Wilson-Jones 2003
3111:Wilson-Jones 2003
2951:978-0-226-53851-8
2876:John the Deacon,
2835:Tuscia University
2292:romanconcrete.com
2054:Carl Ludvig Engel
1929:Cardinal-deaconry
1923:Cardinal deaconry
1828:Agostino Rivarola
1805:Madonna del Sasso
1801:Annibale Carracci
1698:on left side and
1560:Manfredo Manfredi
1493:
1492:
1227:
1226:
1060:Mediterranean Sea
1032:Mark Wilson Jones
934:Monarchs of Italy
837:Arcangelo Corelli
833:Annibale Carracci
768:Early Middle Ages
742:Byzantine emperor
659:Septimius Severus
463:Panthéon of Paris
451:French Revolution
371:and the Martyrs (
193:
192:
7438:
7391:Rome R. IX Pigna
7303:
7302:
7260:S. Sisto Vecchio
6950:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6855:
6854:
6675:
6674:
6600:Apollo Belvedere
6496:Museo delle Mura
6316:Via dei Coronari
6306:Piazza di Spagna
6000:Palazzo Wedekind
5960:Palazzo Pamphilj
5885:Palazzo Borghese
5794:S. Sisto Vecchio
5322:Porticus Aemilia
5294:Column of Phocas
5276:Column monuments
5037:Forum Holitorium
4942:Temple of Saturn
4849:Baths of Agrippa
4765:Aqua Alexandrina
4697:Triumphal arches
4694:
4693:
4566:Castra Praetoria
4436:
4429:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4384:Preceded by
4381:
4380:
4372:
4361:
4354:
4167:
4148:
4121:, 1980 edition,
4109:
4090:
4069:
4056:
4044:
4033:
4004:
3975:
3952:
3940:
3929:
3907:
3888:
3869:
3850:
3813:
3794:
3773:
3752:
3724:
3723:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3496:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3404:"Roman Pantheon"
3400:
3394:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3362:, pp. 44–46
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3030:. Archived from
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2923:. Archived from
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:oce.catholic.com
2893:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:. Archived from
2822:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2465:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2274:
2273:, pp. 12–13
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2233:
2189:
2135:Pantheon, Moscow
2098:
2077:public libraries
2046:Rotunda of Mosta
2034:Thomas Jefferson
2030:Belle Isle House
1916:Pope Boniface IV
1911:
1895:
1883:
1867:
1855:
1786:Pope Gregory XVI
1759:Giuseppe Sacconi
1645:Giovanni Mangone
1627:
1554:Giuseppe Sacconi
1523:Melozzo da Forlì
1488:Official website
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:41.8986; 12.4768
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1354:Year consecrated
1301:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1162:relieving arches
962:guards of honour
874:Apostolic Camera
852:Melozzo da Forlì
755:and placed in a
749:Pope Boniface IV
712:, proconsul, and
692:, victorious in
653:
622:Historia Augusta
581:Rodolfo Lanciani
512:Baths of Agrippa
500:Battle of Actium
455:Sainte-Geneviève
334:. A rectangular
318:
279:
278:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
247:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
206:
152:
151:
149:
148:
147:
146:41.8986; 12.4768
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
82:
81:
74:
68:
53:Pantheon obelisk
49:
42:
38:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7297:
7284:
7165:S. Maria in Via
6951:
6942:
6909:
6891:
6889:Diocese of Rome
6882:
6852:
6847:
6831:
6803:
6779:Hadrian's Villa
6751:of Rome Capital
6750:
6739:
6735:Monte Testaccio
6721:
6666:
6585:
6556:Palazzo Colonna
6402:
6395:
6353:
6345:
6256:Campo de' Fiori
6243:
6231:
6175:Other landmarks
6170:
6146:Quattro Fontane
6024:
6010:Villa Farnesina
6005:Palazzo Zuccari
5975:Palazzo Ruspoli
5910:Palazzo Farnese
5900:Palazzo Colonna
5838:
5818:
5699:S. Maria in Via
5475:
5464:
5427:
5422:Vigna Randanini
5332:
5328:Trajan's Market
5309:
5300:Trajan's Column
5271:
5205:Domus Augustana
5189:
5124:
5042:
5007:Forum of Caesar
4980:
4947:Temple of Vesta
4917:Temple of Janus
4873:
4869:Baths of Trajan
4837:
4812:
4779:Aqua Anio Novus
4772:Aqua Anio Vetus
4745:
4688:
4681:
4662:Lateran Obelisk
4647:
4450:Walls and gates
4445:
4440:
4401:
4396:
4385:
4351:
4327:Wayback Machine
4314:Wayback Machine
4279:Wayback Machine
4254:Wayback Machine
4219:"Beggar's Rome"
4209:
4208:
4207:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4113:Summerson, John
4106:
4087:
4053:
4022:10.2307/3050861
3949:
3926:
3904:
3885:
3866:
3810:
3791:
3770:
3749:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3178:Parker, Freda.
3176:
3172:
3165:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3072:Senate of Italy
3062:
3061:
3057:
3052:on 1 July 2007.
3044:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2890:
2875:
2871:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2823:
2819:
2805:
2801:
2796:. Rome: Quasar.
2790:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2742:. p. 9.58.
2736:
2732:
2727:. p. 36.4.
2721:
2717:
2712:. p. 34.7.
2706:
2702:
2691:
2687:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2603:
2599:
2568:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2542:"Roman History"
2538:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2506:Godfrey, Paul;
2504:
2497:
2466:
2462:
2452:Roman Histories
2446:
2442:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2386:
2382:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2202:Natural History
2190:
2186:
2182:
2148:, United States
2130:Panthéon, Paris
2121:
2075:buildings, and
1949:
1937:cardinal-deacon
1925:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1692:Francesco Cozza
1618:Andrea Camassei
1591:Pope Clement XI
1497:Pope Clement XI
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1304:
1292:
1286:
1262:
1213:
1198:External videos
1193:
1102:
1079:Augustus Caesar
1051:Mons Claudianus
1004:, engraving by
986:
981:
918:
884:above the high
862:Pope Urban VIII
835:, the composer
814:
772:Paul the Deacon
726:
654:
650:History of Rome
647:
633:History of Rome
598:Natural History
593:Pliny the Elder
496:
475:
408:
251:
242:
241:
210:
201:
200:
145:
143:
139:
136:
131:
128:
126:
124:
123:
103:
96:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
83:
75:
55:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7444:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7376:Round churches
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7326:Pantheon, Rome
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7295:
7293:Basilicas list
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6881:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6625:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6456:Galleria Spada
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Casa di Goethe
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6386:Villa Torlonia
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6351:Parks, gardens
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6311:Piazza Venezia
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6291:Piazza Farnese
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6266:Piazza Colonna
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6156:Trevi Fountain
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6136:di Ponte Sisto
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:Palazzo Riario
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Palazzo Mattei
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5930:Palazzo Madama
5927:
5925:Lateran Palace
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5826:
5824:Other churches
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5474:Roman Catholic
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5447:Pons Fabricius
5443:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5247:Villa of Livia
5244:
5241:Villa Gordiani
5237:
5232:
5227:
5225:Flavian Palace
5222:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5198:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5146:Circus of Nero
5143:
5138:
5136:Circus Maximus
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5084:Basilica Ulpia
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5062:Basilica Julia
5058:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5022:Trajan's Forum
5019:
5014:
5012:Forum of Nerva
5009:
5004:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4714:Arch of Drusus
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Janiculum Wall
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:San Sebastiano
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4457:Aurelian Walls
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4407:
4398:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4363:Pantheon, Rome
4355:
4350:978-1623710088
4349:
4334:
4329:
4316:
4304:
4299:
4288:
4282:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:External links
4171:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4149:
4136:
4110:
4104:
4091:
4085:
4070:
4057:
4052:978-0136000976
4051:
4034:
4005:
3993:10.2307/990615
3976:
3953:
3947:
3930:
3925:978-9024714582
3924:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3884:978-0534638467
3883:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3814:
3809:978-0521003933
3808:
3795:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3753:
3748:978-8849213010
3747:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3710:The City Crown
3700:
3673:
3667:978-0674010192
3666:
3646:
3632:
3605:
3599:978-9993291329
3598:
3576:
3564:
3553:
3549:MacDonald 1976
3541:
3526:
3514:
3507:
3481:
3469:
3465:Lancaster 2005
3457:
3445:
3420:
3395:
3389:, p. 34,
3387:MacDonald 1976
3379:
3364:
3360:Lancaster 2005
3352:
3340:
3325:
3298:
3294:MacDonald 1976
3286:
3275:
3263:
3248:
3236:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3186:on 26 May 2009
3170:
3164:978-0300028195
3163:
3145:
3138:
3115:
3100:
3092:MacDonald 1976
3084:
3070:(in Italian).
3055:
3037:
3019:
3007:
2991:978-0822503767
2990:
2964:
2950:
2930:
2912:
2903:
2888:
2884:MacDonald 1976
2869:
2852:
2833:(in Italian).
2817:
2799:
2784:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2730:
2715:
2700:
2697:. Bern: 31–34.
2685:
2670:
2644:
2632:
2597:
2562:
2547:
2540:Dio, Cassius.
2532:
2517:
2508:Hemsoll, David
2495:
2460:
2456:MacDonald 1976
2440:
2405:
2399:978-0754608080
2398:
2380:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2327:MacDonald 1976
2316:
2304:
2288:"The Pantheon"
2275:
2271:MacDonald 1976
2263:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
1982:, designed by
1948:
1945:
1933:titular church
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1771:Arnaldo Zocchi
1755:Giovanni Duprè
1740:Eritrean Sibyl
1724:Eternal Father
1720:Francesco Rosa
1657:Flaminio Vacca
1603:Sant'Anastasio
1599:St. Anastasius
1564:house of Savoy
1521:attributed to
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1443:Specifications
1440:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:Minor basilica
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:Roman Catholic
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1258:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1114:Roman concrete
1101:
1098:
985:
982:
980:
977:
958:House of Savoy
938:House of Savoy
917:
914:
813:
810:
793:British Museum
725:
722:
721:
720:
713:
682:
681:
678:
645:
554:Marcus Agrippa
546:
545:
520:aedes publicae
508:Campus Martius
495:
492:
474:
471:
407:
404:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
121:
117:
116:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
91:
85:
84:
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7443:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:S. Pudenziana
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6867:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6799:Villa Farnese
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6746:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6652:Raphael Rooms
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:Museo di Roma
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6403:art galleries
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Via del Corso
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Piazza Navona
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6227:Spanish Steps
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Milizie Tower
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6197:Capocci Tower
6195:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:Quattro Fiumi
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:Palazzo Spada
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Palazzo Malta
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Palazzo Chigi
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:S. Pudenziana
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:Casal Rotondo
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5264:Villa of the
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:Entertainment
5127:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:Forum Boarium
5027:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:Imperial fora
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Baths of Nero
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4825:Cloaca Maxima
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:Arch of Titus
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Arch of Janus
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:Ancient Roman
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Querquetulana
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4559:Santo Spirito
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:San Pancrazio
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:. Interlink.
4342:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:Pantheon Rome
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4165:
4163:9780300102024
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:(1): 95–112.
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3721:
3719:9781317038078
3715:
3711:
3704:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3409:
3408:www.rome.info
3405:
3399:
3393:, p. 191
3392:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3348:Claridge 1998
3344:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3246:, p. 204
3245:
3244:Claridge 1998
3240:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3098:, p. 203
3097:
3096:Claridge 1998
3093:
3088:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3017:, p. 275
3016:
3011:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2886:, p. 139
2885:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2841:on 4 May 2012
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2767:, p. 236
2766:
2761:
2755:, p. 182
2754:
2749:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2642:, p. 165
2641:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2314:, p. 119
2313:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:(never built)
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1898:Tomb of King
1894:
1889:
1886:Pantheon 2013
1882:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:confraternity
1626:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1505:Luigi Poletti
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:earlier domes
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:barrel vaults
1119:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
990:
976:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
818:
809:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
735:
730:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
685:
679:
676:
675:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
644:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
615:
609:
607:
602:
600:
599:
594:
589:
587:
582:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:or in full, "
544:
541:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
516:sacra privata
513:
509:
505:
501:
488:
484:
479:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
440:
436:
435:
429:
426:
425:Roman senator
422:
412:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:dedicated to
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
274:
270:
266:
260:
245:
237:
204:
198:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
165:
162:
159:
155:
150:
122:
118:
115:
114:
110:
106:
99:
73:
67:
58:
54:
48:
43:
37:
33:
26:
22:
7199:
7195:S. Pancrazio
7075:S. Eustachio
7055:S. Crisogono
7005:Ss. Apostoli
6843:Vatican City
6794:Villa d'Este
6784:Ostia Antica
6764:Capo di Bove
6730:Tiber Island
6639:
6632:
6620:
6598:
6381:Villa Medici
6222:Sisto Bridge
6192:Campo Verano
6096:del Pantheon
6041:Acqua Felice
6020:Villa Madama
6015:Villa Giulia
5965:Palazzo Poli
5831:
5733:
5729:S. Pancrazio
5614:S. Eustachio
5594:S. Crisogono
5544:Ss. Apostoli
5457:
5453:Ponte Milvio
5445:
5440:Pons Cestius
5438:
5420:
5343:
5320:
5265:
5251:
5239:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5194:Palaces and
5157:Ludus Magnus
5155:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5060:
5053:
5035:
5028:
4970:
4958:
4884:
4842:Public baths
4830:
4823:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4786:Aqua Claudia
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4738:
4591:Caelimontana
4586:Servian Wall
4576:Terreus Wall
4549:Cavalleggeri
4544:Leonine Wall
4522:San Giovanni
4402:
4393:
4386:
4339:
4294:
4240:
4193:Online books
4183:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4126:World of Art
4125:
4116:
4095:
4075:
4065:
4062:Architectura
4061:
4040:
4013:
4010:Art Bulletin
4009:
3984:
3980:
3963:
3957:
3936:
3915:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3822:
3818:
3799:
3779:
3758:
3738:
3709:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3685:
3676:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3617:
3608:
3585:
3579:
3556:
3544:
3539:, p. 35
3517:
3492:
3484:
3472:
3467:, p. 46
3460:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3407:
3398:
3382:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3338:, p. 30
3316:. Retrieved
3311:
3301:
3289:
3278:
3266:
3261:, p. 56
3239:
3234:, p. 29
3212:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3173:
3154:
3148:
3129:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3067:
3058:
3050:the original
3040:
3032:the original
3022:
3010:
3002:
2995:. Retrieved
2976:The Pantheon
2975:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2940:
2933:
2925:the original
2915:
2906:
2898:
2891:
2872:
2862:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2830:
2820:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2760:
2753:Kleiner 2007
2748:
2733:
2718:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2647:
2635:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2458:, p. 76
2451:
2443:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2329:, p. 18
2307:
2297:26 September
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2266:
2255:
2254:"Pantheon".
2229:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2152:
2151:
2109:Adolf Hitler
2105:Albert Speer
2089:Frogner Park
2066:
2058:Nokia Church
2015:
2003:Brunelleschi
1988:
1965:Frogner Park
1926:
1872:fisheye lens
1838:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1794:Pietro Bembo
1789:
1779:
1766:
1762:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1712:Cumean Sibyl
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1672:
1638:
1613:
1611:
1605:) (1725) by
1602:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:Il Lorenzone
1572:
1558:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1519:Annunciation
1518:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1474:Height (max)
1418:Architecture
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1222:Smarthistory
1186:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1111:
1090:bronze doors
1087:
1076:
1044:
1041:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1011:
966:
919:
910:
901:
860:
848:Annunciation
847:
826:
786:
781:
765:
740:In 609, the
739:
696:, victor of
683:
666:
661:and his son
656:
649:
648:Cassius Dio
638:
632:
627:
610:
603:
596:
590:
578:
552:," meaning "
549:
547:
542:
524:
519:
515:
497:
486:
466:
448:
432:
430:
417:
393:
387:through the
358:
321:
296:
292:
285:Roman temple
280:
196:
194:
161:Roman temple
111:
36:
7210:S. Prassede
7045:S. Clemente
6975:S. Agostino
6679:Seven Hills
6401:Museums and
6207:Conti Tower
6061:Il Facchino
6046:Acqua Paola
5744:S. Prassede
5584:S. Clemente
5514:S. Agostino
5266:sette bassi
5212:Domus Aurea
5098:Curia Julia
4992:Roman Forum
4807:Aqua Tepula
4800:Aqua Marcia
4740:Arcus Novus
4581:Romuli Wall
3687:Aftenposten
3537:Marder 1980
3433:history.com
3077:29 December
3015:Marder 1991
2781:. Bern: 39.
2640:Thomas 1997
2578:: 261–277.
2448:Cassius Dio
2101:Nazi German
2042:The Rotunda
1999:Renaissance
1839:Sant'Evasio
1767:Munificence
1736:Luigi Garzi
1718:; Moses by
1550:Holy Spirit
1405: /
1315:Affiliation
1068:Tiber River
992:The portico
812:Renaissance
791:are in the
776:Constans II
770:. However,
629:Cassius Dio
483:Georg Dehio
421:Cassius Dio
144: /
120:Coordinates
7320:Categories
7070:S. Eugenio
7010:S. Balbina
6697:Capitoline
6341:Via Veneto
6251:Appian Way
6151:Tartarughe
5609:S. Eugenio
5549:S. Balbina
5119:Tabularium
4793:Aqua Julia
4758:Aqua Appia
4616:Fontinalis
4532:Settimiana
4296:Structurae
4147:: 163–186.
4141:Hephaistos
4134:0500201773
4105:052181068X
4086:0064384934
4068:: 117–139.
3948:0674010191
3903:0521842026
3865:0701169036
3790:0471027405
3769:0192880039
3730:References
3625:4 February
3508:0155037692
3438:7 November
3429:"Pantheon"
3413:7 November
3259:Cowan 1977
3139:0521803349
2811:Researches
2653:"Pantheon"
2312:Rasch 1985
2222:"Pantheon"
2103:architect
2095:Volkshalle
2087:'s famous
2073:university
2069:city halls
2020:(1664) in
1963:'s famous
1809:Lorenzetto
1763:Generosity
1616:(1638) by
1614:Assumption
1533:(1633) by
1393:12°28′36″E
1390:41°53′55″N
1358:13 May 609
1342:Leadership
1334:, Rectory
1131:terracotta
1127:travertine
1088:The large
1026:Roman feet
950:Umberto II
940:, but the
930:Margherita
906:Barberinis
898:pasquinade
839:, and the
706:Pontif Max
671:architrave
449:Since the
444:superhuman
328:Corinthian
132:12°28′36″E
129:41°53′55″N
7280:S. Vitale
7275:S. Teresa
7230:S. Sabina
6885:Basilicas
6702:Esquiline
6671:Landscape
6366:Villa Ada
6336:Via Sacra
6081:Navicella
6056:Barcaccia
6029:Fountains
5814:S. Vitale
5809:S. Teresa
5764:S. Sabina
5476:basilicas
5151:Colosseum
4886:Ara Pacis
4878:Religious
4750:Aqueducts
4689:landmarks
4641:Trigemina
4621:Gallienus
4611:Esquilina
4606:Dolabella
4537:Tiburtina
4517:San Paolo
4487:Nomentana
4462:Ardeatina
4397:Pantheon
3847:162028301
3839:1047-7594
3561:King 2000
3336:Roth 1992
2957:3 January
2627:191523665
2592:191523665
2490:191523665
2435:191523665
2369:cite book
2239:Footnotes
1955:The 1824
1947:Influence
1811:in 1524.
1435:Completed
1220:, (8:31)
1118:voussoirs
1045:The grey
979:Structure
926:Umberto I
882:baldachin
841:architect
789:pilasters
753:catacombs
734:Jakob Alt
715:Emp Caes
688:Emp Caes
663:Caracalla
556:, son of
502:(31 BC),
406:Etymology
336:vestibule
281:Pantheion
21:Parthenon
7200:Pantheon
7125:S. Marco
6905:Holy See
6774:Frascati
6712:Quirinal
6707:Palatine
6687:Aventine
6361:Bioparco
6354:and zoos
6066:Marforio
5734:Pantheon
5654:S. Marco
5314:Commerce
5091:Comitium
4971:Pantheon
4966:Lupercal
4654:obelisks
4652:Ancient
4626:Viminale
4497:Pinciana
4482:Metronia
4477:Maggiore
4467:Asinaria
4388:Lupercal
4375:Pantheon
4323:Archived
4310:Archived
4291:Pantheon
4275:Archived
4265:Pantheon
4250:Archived
4237:Pantheon
4184:Pantheon
4128:series,
4115:(1980),
3914:(1973).
2663:12 March
2230:pantheum
2226:pantheon
2197:Pantheum
2193:Pantheon
2153:General:
2119:See also
2113:Germania
2011:Florence
1747:St Agnes
1368:Location
1363:Location
1309:Religion
1191:Interior
1182:tie-rods
866:bombards
802:pediment
757:porphyry
724:Medieval
698:Adiabene
646:—
643:heavens.
606:Domitian
586:Domitian
535:coffered
467:pantheon
369:St. Mary
347:concrete
344:coffered
332:pediment
309:Augustus
291:church (
289:Catholic
277:Πάνθειον
269:Pantheum
197:Pantheon
108:Location
86:Pantheon
40:Pantheon
25:Panthéon
7401:Hadrian
7225:S. Saba
6887:in the
6836:Enclave
6717:Viminal
6692:Caelian
6241:streets
6237:Squares
6166:Tritone
6161:Tritons
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