Hadrian - Knowledge

278: 1906: 2576: 2728: 18347: 1012: 1613: 2098: 2618:") into a permanent body, staffed by salaried legal aides. Its members were mostly drawn from the equestrian class, replacing the earlier freedmen of the imperial household. This innovation marked the superseding of surviving Republican institutions by an openly autocratic political system. The reformed bureaucracy was supposed to exercise administrative functions independently of traditional magistracies; objectively it did not detract from the Senate's position. The new civil servants were free men and as such supposed to act on behalf of the interests of the "Crown", not of the Emperor as an individual. However, the Senate never accepted the loss of its prestige caused by the emergence of a new aristocracy alongside it, placing more strain on the already troubled relationship between the Senate and the Emperor. 1056:

closely watched by Prefect Attianus, he could have lawfully adopted Hadrian as heir by means of a simple deathbed wish, expressed before witnesses; but when an adoption document was eventually presented, it was signed not by Trajan but by Plotina. That Hadrian was still in Syria was a further irregularity, as Roman adoption law required the presence of both parties at the adoption ceremony. Rumours, doubts, and speculation attended Hadrian's adoption and succession. It has been suggested that Trajan's young manservant Phaedimus, who died very soon after Trajan, was killed (or killed himself) rather than face awkward questions. Ancient sources are divided on the legitimacy of Hadrian's adoption:

3319: 1383: 2685:, with low citizen status, high tax obligations and limited rights. Like most Romans, Hadrian seems to have accepted slavery as morally correct, an expression of the same natural order that rewarded "the best men" with wealth, power and respect. When confronted by a crowd demanding the freeing of a popular slave charioteer, Hadrian replied that he could not free a slave belonging to another person. However, he limited the punishments that slaves could suffer; they could be lawfully tortured to provide evidence, but they could not be lawfully killed unless guilty of a capital offence. Masters were forbidden to sell slaves to a gladiator trainer ( 2658: 1525: 990:. Trajan himself seems to have been less than enthusiastic about the marriage, and with good reason, as the couple's relationship would prove to be scandalously poor. The marriage might have been arranged by Trajan's empress, Plotina. This highly cultured, influential woman shared many of Hadrian's values and interests, including the idea of the Roman Empire as a commonwealth with an underlying Hellenic culture. If Hadrian were to be appointed Trajan's successor, Plotina and her extended family could retain their social profile and political influence after Trajan's death. Hadrian could also count on the support of his mother-in-law, 2802:

Local worthies and sponsors were encouraged to seek self-publicity as cult officials under the aegis of Roman rule and to foster reverence for imperial authority. Hadrian's rebuilding of long-established religious centres would have further underlined his respect for the glories of classical Greece – something well in line with contemporary antiquarian tastes. During Hadrian's third and last trip to the Greek East, there seems to have been an upwelling of religious fervour, focused on Hadrian himself. He was given personal cult as a deity, monuments and civic homage, according to the religious

3428: 3061: 2848: 9568:). The historical credibility of this remark is controversial The earliest evidence for circumcision in Roman legislation is an edict by Antoninus Pius (138–161 CE), Hadrian's successor t is not utterly impossible that Hadrian indeed considered circumcision as a 'barbarous mutilation' and tried to prohibit it. However, this proposal cannot be more than a conjecture, and, of course, it does not solve the questions of when Hadrian issued the decree (before or during/after the Bar Kokhba war) and whether it was directed solely against Jews or also against other peoples. 3294:, lists those to whom he owes a debt of gratitude; Hadrian is conspicuously absent. Hadrian's tense, authoritarian relationship with his Senate was acknowledged a generation after his death by Fronto, himself a senator, who wrote in one of his letters to Marcus Aurelius that "I praised the deified Hadrian, your grandfather, in the senate on a number of occasions with great enthusiasm, and I did this willingly, too But, if it can be said – respectfully acknowledging your devotion towards your grandfather – I wanted to appease and assuage Hadrian as I would 2413: 667: 1839:. As local conflicts had led to the failure of the previous scheme for a Hellenic association centered on Delphi, Hadrian decided instead for a grand league of all Greek cities. Successful applications for membership involved mythologised or fabricated claims to Greek origins, and affirmations of loyalty to imperial Rome, to satisfy Hadrian's personal, idealised notions of Hellenism. Hadrian saw himself as protector of Greek culture and the "liberties" of Greece – in this case, urban self-government. It allowed Hadrian to appear as the fictive heir to 1189:. As Hadrian also forbade equestrians to try cases against senators, the Senate retained full legal authority over its members; it also remained the highest court of appeal, and formal appeals to the emperor regarding its decisions were forbidden. If this was an attempt to repair the damage done by Attianus, with or without Hadrian's full knowledge, it was not enough; Hadrian's reputation and relationship with his Senate were irredeemably soured, for the rest of his reign. Some sources describe Hadrian's occasional recourse to a network of informers, the 2947: 3276: 38: 1265: 3412: 1926: 1644: 2241: 1409:, a young man of humble birth who became Hadrian's lover. Literary and epigraphic sources say nothing of when or where they met; depictions of Antinous show him aged 20 or so, shortly before his death in 130. In 123 he would most likely have been a youth of 13 or 14. It is also possible that Antinous was sent to Rome to be trained as a page to serve the emperor and only gradually rose to the status of imperial favourite. The actual historical detail of their relationship is mostly unknown. 2329: 2185: 1204: 3466:, written in Greek, gave a general account of Hadrian's reign, but the original is lost, and what survives, aside from some fragments, is a brief, Byzantine-era abridgment by the 11th-century monk Xiphilinius, who focused on Hadrian's religious interests, the Bar Kokhba war, and little else – mostly on Hadrian's moral qualities and his fraught relationship with the Senate. There are various other sources referred to by later commentators, such as the 1893: 1737: 18686: 1704:. Less welcome than such largesse was his decision in 127 to divide Italy into four regions under imperial legates with consular rank, acting as governors. They were given jurisdiction over all of Italy, excluding Rome itself, therefore shifting Italian cases from the courts of Rome. Having Italy effectively reduced to the status of a group of mere provinces did not go down well with the Roman Senate, and the innovation did not long outlive Hadrian's reign. 1166: 2902:

struck with his effigy, and statues were erected to him in all parts of the empire, in all kinds of garb, including Egyptian dress. Temples were built for his worship in Bithynia and Mantineia in Arcadia. In Athens, festivals were celebrated in his honour and oracles delivered in his name. As an "international" cult figure, Antinous had enduring fame, far outlasting Hadrian's reign. Local coins with his effigy were still being struck during

1088: 2546:(discipline), which was the subject of two monetary series. Cassius Dio praised Hadrian's emphasis on "spit and polish" as cause for the generally peaceful character of his reign. Fronto, by contrast, claimed that Hadrian preferred war games to actual war and enjoyed "giving eloquent speeches to the armies" – like the inscribed series of addresses he made while on an inspection tour, during 128, at the new headquarters of 1813: 18760: 18696: 18748: 18724: 2300:. It may not have been Hadrian, but rather Antoninus Pius – Annius Verus's uncle – who supported Annius Verus' advancement; the latter's divorce of Ceionia Fabia and subsequent marriage to Antoninus' daughter Annia Faustina points in the same direction. When he eventually became Emperor, Marcus Aurelius would co-opt Ceionius Commodus as his co-Emperor, under the name of 1974: – with various honorific and fiscal privileges. The non-Roman population would have no obligation to participate in Roman religious rituals but were expected to support the Roman imperial order; this is attested in Caesarea, where some Jews served in the Roman army during both the 66 and 132 rebellions. It has been speculated that Hadrian intended to assimilate the 1221:

to war, returning once the conflict was settled. Hadrian's near-incessant travels may represent a calculated break with traditions and attitudes in which the empire was a purely Roman hegemony. Hadrian sought to include provincials in a commonwealth of civilised peoples and a common Hellenic culture under Roman supervision. He supported the creation of provincial towns (

18736: 1591:. The two aristocrats would be the first from "Old Greece" to enter the Roman Senate, as representatives of Sparta and Athens, traditional rivals and "great powers" of the Classical Age. This was an important step in overcoming Greek notables' reluctance to take part in Roman political life. In March 125, Hadrian presided at the Athenian festival of 2882:, and its citizens were allowed intermarriage with members of the native population without loss of citizen status. Hadrian thus identified an existing native cult (to Osiris) with Roman rule. The cult of Antinous was to become very popular in the Greek-speaking world and also found support in the West. In Hadrian's villa, statues of the 10074:, one of the remnants of the all-powerful group of Spanish senators from Trajan's reign. Hadrian would likely have shown some favour to the grandson in order to count on the grandfather's support; for an account of the various familial and marital alliances involved, see Des Boscs-Plateaux, pp. 241, 311, 477, 577; see also Frank McLynn, 1355:, where he personally funded the training of young men from well-bred families for the Roman military. Cyrene had benefited earlier in Hadrian's reign (in 119) from his restoration of public buildings destroyed during the earlier, Trajanic Jewish revolt. Birley describes this kind of investment as "characteristic of Hadrian". 2772:, responsible for all religious affairs and the proper functioning of official religious institutions throughout the empire. His Hispano-Roman origins and marked pro-Hellenism shifted the focus of the official imperial cult from Rome to the Provinces. While his standard coin issues identified him with the traditional 2638:

were judged and punished according to the relative prestige, rank, reputation and moral worth of both parties; senatorial courts were apt to be lenient when trying one of their peers, and to deal very harshly with offences committed against one of their number by low-ranking citizens or non-citizens. For treason (

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aurei, but likely reflects an early portrait before he became emperor. His first portrait type as Caesar and Augustus used on coins in Mid 117AD shows again broad sideburns merging into a strong moustache and still a free chin. The beard thus resembles beard styles popular in the 19th century like emperor

1130:, hunted down and killed. Hadrian claimed that Attianus had acted on his own initiative, and rewarded him with senatorial status and consular rank; then pensioned him off, no later than 120. Hadrian assured the senate that henceforth their ancient right to prosecute and judge their own would be respected. 579:. Soon after his own succession, Hadrian had four leading senators unlawfully put to death, probably because they seemed to threaten the security of his reign; this earned him the senate's lifelong enmity. He earned further disapproval by abandoning Trajan's expansionist policies and territorial gains in 7927:, T. 111, 2009, no. 2, pp. 508–517; For the portrait type of Hadrian on his early coins of 117AD with a partial beard showing his chin free of a beard see Pangerl, Andreas, Hadrian’s First and Second Imperial Portrait Types of 117–118 AD; Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 71, 2021, pp. 171–184 7922:

The coin legend runs HADRIANO TRAIANO CAESARI; see Burnett, Andrew, The early coinage of Hadrian and the deified Trajan at Rome and Alexandria, American Journal of Numismatics 20, 2008, pp 459–477; see also Roman, Yves, Rémy, Bernard & Riccardi, Laurent:" Les intrigues de Plotine et la succession

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Hadrian fell ill around this time; whatever the nature of his illness, it did not stop him from setting off in the spring of 128 to visit Africa. His arrival coincided with the good omen of rain, which ended a drought. Along with his usual role as benefactor and restorer, he found time to inspect the

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extension may have been the determining motive. Reduction of defence costs may also have played a role, as the Wall deterred attacks on Roman territory at a lower cost than a massed border army, and controlled cross-border trade and immigration. A shrine was erected in York to Britannia as the divine

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Failure to nominate an heir could invite chaotic, destructive wresting of power by a succession of competing claimants – a civil war. Too early a nomination could be seen as an abdication and reduce the chance for an orderly transmission of power. As Trajan lay dying, nursed by his wife, Plotina, and

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rank and its privileges, which included opportunities for a fast track to consulship without prior experience as tribune; he chose not to. While Hadrian seems to have been granted the office of tribune of the plebs a year or so younger than was customary, he had to leave Dacia, and Trajan, to take up

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Hadrian's portraiture shows him as the first Roman emperor with a beard. Most emperors after him followed his lead. 10 different portrait types are known of Hadrian. A juvenile type with curly hair, broad side burns and a light moustache (but a free chin) was shown on coins later in his life on rare

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to bypass the need for the Senate's approval. The veiled antagonism between Hadrian and the Senate never grew to overt confrontation as had happened during the reigns of overtly "bad" emperors because Hadrian knew how to remain aloof and avoid an open clash. That Hadrian spent half of his reign away

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after her death. Nevertheless, his recreation of the deceased youth as a cult figure found little opposition. Though not a subject of the state-sponsored, official Roman imperial cult, Antinous offered a common focus for the emperor and his subjects, emphasising their sense of community. Medals were

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who for the same offences could be subject to extreme physical punishments, including forced labour in the mines or in public works, as a form of fixed-term servitude. While Republican citizenship had carried at least notional equality under law, and the right to justice, offences in imperial courts

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Hadrian was to spend more than half his reign outside Italy. Whereas previous emperors had, for the most part, relied on the reports of their imperial representatives around the Empire, Hadrian wished to see things for himself. Previous emperors had often left Rome for long periods, but mostly to go

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wrote shortly after Hadrian's reign, but confined their scope to the general historical framework that shaped Hadrian's decisions, especially those relating the Greek-speaking world, Greek cities and notables. Pausanias especially wrote a lot in praise of Hadrian's benefactions to Greece in general

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Hadrian has been described as the most versatile of all Roman emperors, who "adroitly concealed a mind envious, melancholy, hedonistic, and excessive with respect to his own ostentation; he simulated restraint, affability, clemency, and conversely disguised the ardor for fame with which he burned."

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Hadrian had an abiding and enthusiastic interest in art, architecture and public works. As part of his imperial restoration program, he founded, re-founded or rebuilt many towns and cities throughout the Empire, supplying them with temples, stadiums and other public buildings. Examples in the Roman

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Epigraphical evidence suggests that the prospect of applying to the Panhellenion held little attraction to the wealthier, Hellenised cities of Asia Minor, which were jealous of Athenian and European Greek preeminence within Hadrian's scheme. Hadrian's notion of Hellenism was narrow and deliberately

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was going to be a council that would bring Greek cities together. Having set in motion the preparations – deciding whose claim to be a Greek city was genuine would take time – Hadrian set off for Ephesus. From Greece, Hadrian proceeded by way of Asia to Egypt, probably conveyed across the

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was complex and may have been difficult. Hadrian seems to have sought influence over Trajan, or Trajan's decisions, through cultivation of the latter's boy favourites; this gave rise to some unexplained quarrel, around the time of Hadrian's marriage to Sabina. Late in Trajan's reign, Hadrian failed

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Hadrian added several imperial cult centres to the existing roster, particularly in Greece, where traditional intercity rivalries were commonplace. Cities promoted as imperial cult centres drew imperial sponsorship of festivals and sacred games, and attracted tourism, trade and private investment.

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Sarmatians; their king, Rasparaganus, received Roman citizenship, client king status, and possibly an increased subsidy. Hadrian's presence on the Dacian front is mere conjecture, but Dacia was included in his coin series with allegories of the provinces. A controlled partial withdrawal of troops

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proposes that Aelius was Hadrian's natural son. It has also been speculated that his adoption was Hadrian's belated attempt to reconcile with one of the most important of the four senatorial families whose leading members had been executed soon after Hadrian's succession. Aelius acquitted himself

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was sent to restore order. In 122 Hadrian initiated the construction of a wall "to separate Romans from barbarians". The idea that the wall was built in order to deal with an actual threat or its resurgence, however, is probable but nevertheless conjectural. A general desire to cease the Empire's

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The reasons for these four executions remain obscure. Official recognition of Hadrian as a legitimate heir may have come too late to dissuade other potential claimants. Hadrian's greatest rivals were Trajan's closest friends, the most experienced and senior members of the imperial council; any of

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During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others – what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. But

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and a third tribunate. Hadrian's three tribunates gave him some career advantage. Most scions of the older senatorial families might serve one, or at most two, military tribunates as a prerequisite to higher office. When Nerva died in 98, Hadrian is said to have hastened to Trajan, to inform him

2264:. He was the son-in-law of Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, one of the "four consulars" executed in 118. His health was delicate, and his reputation apparently more that "of a voluptuous, well-educated great lord than that of a leader". Various modern attempts have been made to explain Hadrian's choice: 1763:

for the tomb. As Pompey was universally acknowledged as responsible for establishing Rome's power in the east, this restoration was probably linked to a need to reaffirm Roman Eastern hegemony following social unrest there during Trajan's late reign. Hadrian and Antinous held a lion hunt in the

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It is likely that Hadrian found Attianus' ambition suspect. Attianus was likely dead, or executed, by the end of Hadrian's reign; see Françoise Des Boscs-Plateaux, Un parti hispanique à Rome?: ascension des élites hispaniques et pouvoir politique d'Auguste à Hadrien, 27 av. J.-C.-138 ap. J.-C.

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While the balance of ancient literary opinion almost invariably compares Hadrian unfavourably to his predecessor, modern historians have sought to examine his motives, purposes and the consequences of his actions and policies. For M.A. Levi, a summing-up of Hadrian's policies should stress the

7313:, 3.8) is garbled, stating that Hadrian's election to the praetorship was contemporary "to the second consulate of Suburanus and Servianus" – two characters that had non-simultaneous second consulships – so Hadrian's election could be dated to 102 or 104, the later date being the most accepted 2227:

biography states that Hadrian himself declared that his wife's "ill-temper and irritability" would be reason enough for a divorce, were he a private citizen. That gave credence, after Sabina's death, to the common belief that Hadrian had her poisoned. In keeping with well-established imperial

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Most of Hadrian's military activities were consistent with his ideology of empire as a community of mutual interest and support. He focused on protection from external and internal threats; on "raising" existing provinces rather than the aggressive acquisition of wealth and territory through

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of slaves by their masters. Other issues could have contributed to the outbreak: a heavy-handed, culturally insensitive Roman administration; tensions between the landless poor and incoming Roman colonists privileged with land-grants; and a strong undercurrent of messianism, predicated on

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had equated the growth of the beard with the Hellenic ethos. Hadrian's beard may also have served to conceal his natural facial blemishes. Before him, all emperors except Nero (who occasionally wore sideburns) had been clean-shaven, according to the fashion introduced among the Romans by

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biography's facts from its fictions (through textual analysis alone) as doubtful. B.W. Henderson's 1923 English language biography of Hadrian focuses on ancient written sources, and largely ignores or overlooks the published archaeological, epigraphic and non-literary evidence used by

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Hadrian energetically pursued his own Imperial ideals and personal interests. He visited almost every province of the Empire, and indulged a preference for direct intervention in imperial and provincial affairs, especially building projects. He is particularly known for building

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for the end of the Third Jewish War (which was not actually concluded until the following year). Commemorations and achievement awards were kept to a minimum, as Hadrian came to see the war "as a cruel and sudden disappointment to his aspirations" towards a cosmopolitan empire.

935:. The exact terms of the peace treaty are not known. It is believed the Romans kept Oltenia in exchange for some form of concession, likely involving a one-time tribute payment. The Iazyges also took possession of Banat around this time, which may have been part of the treaty. 3402:

credits Hadrian as creator of a unified Greco-Roman cultural tradition, and as the end of this same tradition; Hadrian's attempted "restoration" of Classical culture within a non-democratic Empire drained it of substantive meaning, or, in Fox's words, "kill it with kindness".

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subjugation of "foreign" peoples that had characterised the early empire. Hadrian's policy shift was part of a trend towards the slowing down of the empire's expansion, such expansion being not closed after him (the empire's greatest extent being achieved only during the

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had enjoyed a prolonged and peaceful tour of Greece and had been criticised by the Roman elite for abandoning his fundamental responsibilities as emperor. In the eastern provinces, and to some extent in the west, Nero had enjoyed popular support; claims of his imminent

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and Servianus's grandson Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Servianus, though now far too old, had stood in the line of succession at the beginning of Hadrian's reign; Fuscus is said to have had designs on the imperial power for himself. In 137, he may have attempted a

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to achieve a senior consulship, being only suffect consul for 108; this gave him parity of status with other members of the senatorial nobility, but no particular distinction befitting an heir designate. Had Trajan wished it, he could have promoted his protege to

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Strack, PL, Untersuchungen zur Römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts – Teil 2 Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Hadrian, Stuttgart 1933, also Abdy RA and Mittag PF, Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC), Volume II, Part 3: From AD 117 to AD 138 – Hadrian, London

1126:, Attianus, claimed to have uncovered a conspiracy involving Lusius Quietus and three other leading senators, Lucius Publilius Celsus, Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus and Gaius Avidius Nigrinus. There was no public trial for the four – they were tried 3046:– when Hadrian interrupted to offer his advice. Apollodorus gave him a scathing response: "Be off, and draw your gourds . You don't understand any of these matters." Dio claims that once Hadrian became emperor, he showed Apollodorus drawings of the gigantic 1520:

via a complex, challenging and ambitious system of aqueduct tunnels and reservoirs, to be constructed over several years. Several were given to Argos, to remedy a water-shortage so severe and so long-standing that "thirsty Argos" featured in Homeric epic.

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This is then followed by portraits showing Hadrian with a short, well groomed full beard until his death. Of note his portraits do not age during his reign. See other portrait images of Hadrian in this article for examples of the later Hadrian portraits.

2563: – ethnic non-citizen troops with special weapons, such as Eastern mounted archers, in low-intensity, mobile defensive tasks such as dealing with border infiltrators and skirmishers. Hadrian is also credited with introducing units of heavy cavalry ( 3494:"), but most modern historians consider its account of Hadrian to be relatively free of outright fictions, and probably based on sound historical sources, principally one of a lost series of imperial biographies by the prominent 3rd-century senator 3444:

In Hadrian's time, there was already a well-established convention that one could not write a contemporary Roman imperial history for fear of contradicting what the emperors wanted to say, read or hear about themselves. As an earlier Latin source,

3050:, implying that great buildings could be created without his help. When Apollodorus pointed out the building's various insoluble problems and faults, Hadrian was enraged, sent him into exile and later put him to death on trumped-up charges. 1982:; such assimilations had long been commonplace practice in Greece and in other provinces, and on the whole, had been successful. The neighbouring Samaritans had already integrated their religious rites with Hellenistic ones. Strict Jewish 3030:'s history suggests Hadrian had a high opinion of his own architectural tastes and talents and took their rejection as a personal offence: at some time before his reign, his predecessor Trajan was discussing an architectural problem with 658:". His own Senate found him remote and authoritarian. He has been described as enigmatic and contradictory, with a capacity for both great personal generosity and extreme cruelty and driven by insatiable curiosity, conceit, and ambition. 1870:

received a state visit and was given the civic name Hadriana Palmyra. Hadrian also bestowed honours on various Palmyrene magnates, among them one Soados, who had done much to protect Palmyrene trade between the Roman Empire and Parthia.

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2,4, claims this. 25 other sources, including Hadrian's horoscope, state that he was born in Italica. See Stephan Heiler, "The Emperor Hadrian in the Horoscopes of Antigonus of Nicaea", in Günther Oestmann, H. Darrel Rutkin,

11041: 1107:, and the Senate endorsed the acclamation. Various public ceremonies were organised on Hadrian's behalf, celebrating his "divine election" by all the gods, whose community now included Trajan, deified at Hadrian's request. 1733:

Aegean with his entourage by an Ephesian merchant, Lucius Erastus. Hadrian later sent a letter to the Council of Ephesus, supporting Erastus as a worthy candidate for town councillor and offering to pay the requisite fee.

769:(Barcelona) would become Hadrian's colleague as co-consul in 118. As a senator, Hadrian's father would have spent much of his time in Rome. In terms of his later career, Hadrian's most significant family connection was to 3509:

The first modern historian to produce a chronological account of Hadrian's life, supplementing the written sources with other epigraphical, numismatic, and archaeological evidence, was the German 19th-century medievalist

3159:. It was not a work of great length or revelation but designed to scotch various rumours or explain Hadrian's most controversial actions. It is possible that this autobiography had the form of a series of open letters to 7445:

legionis II Adiutricis Piae Fidelis (95, in Pannonia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis V Macedonicae (96, in Moesia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis (97, in Germania Superior)/

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Inscriptions make it clear that in 133, Hadrian took to the field with his armies against the rebels. He then returned to Rome, probably in that year and almost certainly – judging from inscriptions – via

1103:, explaining that "the unseemly haste of the troops in acclaiming him emperor was due to the belief that the state could not be without an emperor". The new emperor rewarded the legions' loyalty with the customary 2750:

of his predecessor, Trajan, and any members of Trajan's family to whom he owed a debt of gratitude. Matidia Augusta, Hadrian's mother-in-law, died in December 119 and was duly deified. Hadrian may have stopped at

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when in public. He imposed strict separation between the sexes in theatres and public baths; to discourage idleness, the latter were not allowed to open until 2:00 in the afternoon, "except for medical reasons."

7602:, who had fallen into social and political oblivion: see François Chausson, "Variétés Généalogiques IV:Cohésion, Collusions, Collisions: Une Autre Dynastie Antonine", in Giorgio Bonamente, Hartwin Brandt, eds., 2518:) to support his policy of stability, peace and preparedness. That helped keep the military usefully occupied in times of peace; his wall across Britannia was built by ordinary troops. A series of mostly wooden 1236:

would later write that Hadrian "extended over his subjects a protecting hand, raising them as one helps fallen men on their feet". All this did not go well with Roman traditionalists. The self-indulgent emperor

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was the slave Germana, probably of Germanic origin, to whom he was devoted throughout his life. She was later freed by him and ultimately outlived him, as shown by her funerary inscription, which was found at

2292:. In the interests of dynastic stability, Hadrian required that Antoninus adopt both Lucius Ceionius Commodus (son of the deceased Aelius Caesar) and Marcus Annius Verus (grandson of an influential senator 277: 18346: 2500:, who subsequently installed a Roman "adviser" in Iberia. Arrian kept Hadrian well-informed on matters related to the Black Sea and the Caucasus. Between 131 and 132, he sent Hadrian a lengthy letter ( 11330:

Martinova-Kjutova, Maya, Project BG0041, "The Ancient Stadium of Philippopolis – Preservation, Rehabilitation and Urban Renewal", Regional Administration Plovdiv, 2011–2023, accessed 14 December 2023

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Garnsey, Peter, "Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire", Past & Present, No. 41 (Dec. 1968), pp. 9, 13 (note 35), 16, published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society,

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was sent to deal with renewed troubles in Dacia, Hadrian was appointed his replacement, with independent command. Trajan became seriously ill, and took ship for Rome, while Hadrian remained in Syria,

2870:-Antinous by an Egyptian priest at the ancient Temple of Ramesses II, very near the place of his death. Hadrian dedicated a new temple-city complex there, built in a Graeco-Roman style, and named it 883:, liaison officer between Emperor and the assembled Senate, to whom he read the Emperor's communiqués and speeches – which he possibly composed on the emperor's behalf. In his role as imperial 2681:; so did soldiers, veterans and their families, as far as civil law was concerned; by implication, almost all citizens below those ranks – the vast majority of the Empire's population – counted as 2606:

became fixed statutes and, as such, could no longer be subjected to personal interpretation or change by any magistrate other than the Emperor. At the same time, following a procedure initiated by

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and (briefly) Governor of Dacia at the start of Hadrian's reign. He was probably Hadrian's chief rival for the throne; a senator of the highest rank, breeding, and connections; according to the

2710:, castration was placed on a par with conspiracy to murder and punished accordingly. Notwithstanding his philhellenism, Hadrian was also a traditionalist. He enforced dress-standards among the 1780:

however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself.

1351:, where he personally led a minor campaign against local rebels. The visit was cut short by reports of war preparations by Parthia; Hadrian quickly headed eastwards. At some point, he visited 1150:

describes Palma and a third executed senator, Lucius Publilius Celsus (consul for the second time in 113), as Hadrian's personal enemies, who had spoken in public against him. The fourth was

9738:; however, Peter Schäfer, following Bowersock, finds no traces in the written sources of the purported annihilation of Legio XXII. A loss of such magnitude would have surely been mentioned ( 785:("aliens", people "from the outside"), both Trajan and Hadrian were of Italic lineage and belonged to the upper class of Roman society. One author has proposed to consider them part of the " 867:

adopted Trajan as his heir; Hadrian was dispatched to give Trajan the news – or most probably was one of many emissaries charged with this same commission. Then Hadrian was transferred to

6871:, a 2004 novella in which the narrator encounters Hadrian and Antinous just before Antinous's murder and then, once more, minutes afterward, which changes the narrator's life, written by 3474:, that are now completely lost. The principal source for Hadrian's life and reign is, therefore, in Latin: one of several late 4th-century imperial biographies, collectively known as the 2404:

of Hadrian, his adoptive father. At the same time, perhaps in reflection of the senate's ill will towards Hadrian, commemorative coinage honouring his deification was kept to a minimum.

2392:, who also died in 138. The Senate had been reluctant to grant Hadrian divine honours; but Antoninus persuaded them by threatening to refuse the position of Emperor. Hadrian was given a 2048:. Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising. It probably began between summer and fall of 132. 2019:

as a source, the "tomfoolery" shown by the writer in the relevant passage, and the fact that contemporary Roman legislation on "genital mutilation" seems to address the general issue of

12639: 2437:), but a significant step in that direction, given the empire's overstretching. While the empire as a whole benefited from this, military careerists resented the loss of opportunities. 6980: 11048: 10236:

Gott und Gestirn als Präsenzformen des toten Kaisers: Apotheose und Katasterismos in der politischen Kommunikation der römischen Kaiserzeit und ihre Anknüpfungspunkte im Hellenismus

2817:

In 136, just two years before his death, Hadrian dedicated his Temple of Venus and Roma. It was built on land he had set aside for the purpose in 121, formerly the site of Nero's

1831:

Hadrian's movements after his journey down the Nile are uncertain. Whether or not he returned to Rome, he travelled in the East during 130–131, to organise and inaugurate his new

11253:

for the persistence of Antinous's cult and Christian reactions to it. Freely available. The relationship of P. Oxy. 63.4352 with Diocletian's accession is not entirely clear.

3458:

and Athens in particular. Political histories of Hadrian's reign come mostly from later sources, some of them written centuries after the reign itself. The early 3rd-century

13005: 1855:

archaising; he defined "Greekness" in terms of classical roots, rather than a broader, Hellenistic culture. Some cities with a dubious claim to Greekness, however – such as

1476:(tribe), which was named after him. Hadrian combined active, hands-on interventions with cautious restraint. He refused to intervene in a local dispute between producers of 2918:

Hadrian continued Trajan's policy on Christians; they should not be sought out and should only be prosecuted for specific offences, such as refusal to swear oaths. In a

2074:

and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the

1708:

troops; his speech to them survives. Hadrian returned to Italy in the summer of 128, but his stay was brief, as he set off on another tour that would last three years.

1552: – erected by its citizens in thanks to their "restorer". Antinous and Hadrian may have already been lovers at this time; Hadrian showed particular generosity to 3053:

Hadrian was a passionate hunter from a young age. In northwest Asia, he founded and dedicated a city to commemorate a she-bear he killed. In Egypt he and his beloved

7639: 2673:

A great number of Roman citizens maintained a precarious social and economic advantage at the lower end of the hierarchy. Hadrian found it necessary to clarify that

2460:

in Britain. Trajan himself may have thought his gains in Mesopotamia indefensible and abandoned them shortly before his death. Hadrian granted parts of Dacia to the

1692:. In early March 127 Hadrian set off on a tour of Italy; his route has been reconstructed through the evidence of his gifts and donations. He restored the shrine of 11185:

Hadrian's "Hellenic" emotionalism finds a culturally sympathetic echo in the Homeric Achilles' mourning for his friend Patroclus: see discussion in Vout, Caroline,

3558: 1317:

dedicated to his patroness Plotina, who had recently died in Rome and had been deified at Hadrian's request. At around this time, Hadrian dismissed his secretary

1232:

A cosmopolitan, ecumenical intent is evident in coin issues of Hadrian's later reign, showing the emperor "raising up" the personifications of various provinces.

1379:. Nicomedia had been hit by an earthquake only shortly before his stay; Hadrian provided funds for its rebuilding and was acclaimed as restorer of the province. 7126:

On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian's birth see R. Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in

2727: 2476:, who had once served as Trajan's client king of Parthia; and around 123, Hadrian negotiated a peace treaty with the now-independent Parthia (according to the 2400:, ornamented with reliefs representing the provinces. The Senate awarded Antoninus the title of "Pius", in recognition of his filial piety in pressing for the 2256:

Hadrian's marriage to Sabina had been childless. Suffering from poor health, Hadrian turned to the issue of succession. In 136, he adopted one of the ordinary

1771:, Antinous drowned. The exact circumstances surrounding his death are unknown, and accident, suicide, murder and religious sacrifice have all been postulated. 1588: 1560:, and according to Pausanias, restored the city's original, classical name. It had been renamed Antigoneia since Hellenistic times, after the Macedonian King 9560:

Hadrian's ban on circumcision, allegedly imposed sometime between 128 and 132 CE . The only proof for Hadrian's ban on circumcision is the short note in the

6837: 1211:

by cobbling together a head of Hadrian and an unknown body. For years, the statue had been used by historians as proof of Hadrian's love of Hellenic culture.

9758:

Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the Senate, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors

8125:

Nigrinus' ambiguous relationship with Hadrian would have consequences late in Hadrian's reign, when he had to plan his own succession; see Anthony Everitt,

1302:; coins were struck, bearing her image, identified as Britannia. By the end of 122, Hadrian had concluded his visit to Britannia. He never saw the finished 4734: 2293: 452: 3259:

The poem has enjoyed remarkable popularity, but uneven critical acclaim. According to Aelius Spartianus, the alleged author of Hadrian's biography in the

2307:

Hadrian's last few years were marked by conflict and unhappiness. His adoption of Aelius Caesar proved unpopular, not least with Hadrian's brother-in-law

18205: 2320:

that Hadrian would "long for death but be unable to die". During his final, protracted illness, Hadrian was prevented from suicide on several occasions.

3057:

killed a lion. In Rome, eight reliefs featuring Hadrian in different stages of hunting decorate a building that began as a monument celebrating a kill.

1599:

had been under construction for more than five centuries; Hadrian committed the vast resources at his command to ensure that the job would be finished.

2704:, imposing a ban on castration, performed on freedman or slave, voluntarily or not, on pain of death for both the performer and the patient. Under the 7428:

His career in office up to 112/113 is attested by the Athens inscription, 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365:

3354:

admired his "vast and active genius" and his "equity and moderation", and considered Hadrian's era as part of the "happiest era of human history". In

1994: 1500:. Generally Hadrian preferred that Greek notables, including priests of the imperial cult, focus on more essential and durable provisions, especially 1246:

emerged almost immediately after his death. Hadrian may have consciously exploited these positive, popular connections during his own travels. In the

595:. Hadrian preferred to invest in the development of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's disparate peoples as subjects of a 12036:

Pangerl, Andreas, Hadrian’s First and Second Imperial Portrait Types of 117–118 AD; Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 71, 2021, pp 171–184

8620:

Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D.

4972: 11840: 2677:, the usually middle-class, elected local officials responsible for running the ordinary, everyday official business of the provinces, counted as 2143:

in Pontus as "overseer of the work of building the city", since he was related to him by marriage. Hadrian is said to have placed the city's main

9947:

Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof?: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis II. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18–20. 9. 2008

7661:

Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof?: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis II. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18–20. 9. 2008

3302:, rather than to love him." Fronto adds, in another letter, that he kept some friendships, during Hadrian's reign, "under the risk of my life" ( 2897:

Hadrian was criticised for the open intensity of his grief at Antinous's death, particularly as he had delayed the apotheosis of his own sister

2124:

An unknown proportion of the population was enslaved. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.

12045:

Wegner, Max, Hadrian, Das Römische Herrscherbild, Berlin 1956 and Evers, Cecile, Les Portraits d’Hadrien, typologie et ateliers, Bruxelles 1994

7887:

Birley, Anthony, Hadrian, the restless emperor, London / New York 1997, pp 77f, based on Dio and the Historia Augusta; Elizabeth Speller, p. 25

7659:

as his mother-in-law, something that his contemporaries could not fail to notice: see Christer Brun, "Matidia die Jüngere", IN Anne Kolb, ed.,

6569: 3390:

character of the Empire, his development of an alternate bureaucracy disconnected from the Senate and adapted to the needs of an "enlightened"

1011: 18840: 12643: 2097: 1612: 18880: 18805: 13228: 2821:. The temple was the largest in Rome and was built in a Hellenising style, more Greek than Roman. Its dedication and statuary associated the 762: 623:. As an ardent admirer of Greek culture, he promoted Athens as the cultural capital of the Empire. His intense relationship with Greek youth 11250: 8980: 3141:

Hadrian wrote poetry in both Latin and Greek; one of the few surviving examples is a Latin poem he reportedly composed on his deathbed (see

2465:

from the Dacian plains would have been less costly than maintaining several Roman cavalry units and a supporting network of fortifications.

2159:. After the suppression of the Jewish revolt, Hadrian provided the Samaritans with a temple dedicated to Zeus Hypsistos ("Highest Zeus") on 1488:, who had imposed production quotas on oil producers; yet he granted an imperial subsidy for the Athenian grain supply. Hadrian created two 3551: 9491:

Emmanuel Friedheim, "Some notes about the Samaritans and the Rabbinic Class at Crossroads". In Menachem Mor, Friedrich V. Reiterer, eds.,

8814: 18291: 9824:, Bd. 182 (2012), pp. 157–167. Published by: Rudolf Habelt GmbH, available through JSTOR (subscription required, accessed 25 March 2012). 5315: 9183: 18433: 13317: 10966:

Howgego, in Howgego, C., Heuchert, V., Burnett, A., (eds), Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, 2005.

3126:

During Hadrian's time as tribune of the plebs, omens and portents supposedly announced his future imperial condition. According to the

1047:, which "encouraged hopes of succeeding to the throne". While Trajan actively promoted Hadrian's advancement, he did so with caution. 1896:

Coinage minted to mark Hadrian's visit to Judea. Inscription: HADRIANVS AVG. COS. III, P. P. / ADVENTVI (arrival) AVG. IVDAEAE – S. C.

895:, Hadrian took the field as a member of Trajan's personal entourage, but was excused from his military post to take office in Rome as 18825: 18220: 18215: 9731: 9401:

Le pouvoir impérial dans les provinces syriennes: Représentations et célébrations d'Auguste à Constantin (31 av. J.-C.-337 ap. J.-C.)

3868: 1293:), comprising some 3,000 soldiers. Fronto writes about military losses in Britannia at the time. Coin legends of 119–120 attest that 12573: 1863:

remarked that the Panhellenion was based on "games, commemorations, preservation of an ideal, an entirely non-political Hellenism".

13362: 12633: 12458:

Nomads of the Steppes on the Danube Frontier of the Roman Empire in the 1st Century CE. Historical Sketch and Chronological Remarks

6166: 2629:), who held a traditional right to pay fines when found guilty of relatively minor, non-treasonous offences. Low-ranking persons – 2504:) on a maritime trip around the Black Sea that was intended to offer relevant information in case a Roman intervention was needed. 2384:

in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated. His ashes were placed there together with those of his wife

445: 13011: 7637: 2557:

Faced with a shortage of legionary recruits from Italy and other Romanised provinces, Hadrian systematised the use of less costly

1138:); and any of them might have supported Trajan's expansionist policies, which Hadrian intended to change. One of their number was 887:, Hadrian took the place of the recently deceased Licinius Sura, Trajan's all-powerful friend and kingmaker. His next post was as 391: 18618: 18195: 18190: 13887: 10577: 3544: 1684:. Coins celebrate him as the restorer of the island. Back in Rome, he saw the rebuilt Pantheon and his completed villa at nearby 1331:, was dismissed for the same alleged reason, perhaps a pretext to remove him from office. Hadrian spent the winter of 122/123 at 958:. It is possible that he remained in Greece until his recall to the imperial retinue, when he joined Trajan's expedition against 627:

and the latter's untimely death led Hadrian to establish a widespread, popular cult. Late in Hadrian's reign, he suppressed the

18870: 18200: 8467: 2883: 2666: 1635: 1394: 11389:

show that the Pantheon's dome was late in Trajan's reign (115), probably under Apollodorus's supervision: see Ilan Vit-Suzan,

6556: 2987:), the provincial capital, and his rebuilding and enlargement of the city of Orestias, which he renamed Hadrianopolis (modern 650:, and Antoninus had him deified, despite opposition from the Senate. Later historians counted him as one of Rome's so-called " 18180: 14681: 14549: 12916: 12897: 12869: 12786: 12764: 12707: 12688: 12610: 12562: 12521: 12264: 12194: 12067: 12014: 11938: 11644: 11623: 11553: 11398: 11318: 11297: 11215: 11139: 10971: 10898: 10874: 10854: 10830: 10781: 10659: 10638: 10617: 10587: 10351: 10243: 10222: 10083: 10029: 9975: 9954: 9863: 9808: 9711: 9690: 9646: 9546: 9500: 9453: 9432: 9409: 9372: 9349: 9326: 9280: 9259: 9238: 9217: 9050: 8929: 8895: 8871: 8834: 8793: 8593: 8248: 8134: 8091: 7957: 7795: 7668: 7611: 7566: 7334:

Anthony Everitt, 2013, Chapter XI: "holding back the Sarmatians" may simply have meant maintaining and patrolling the border.

7237:(= Antiquitas. Reihe 4: Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Serie 3: Kommentare, Bände 4.1 und 4.2). Habelt, Bonn 2006, 7030: 6964: 6822: 6712: 2706: 1492:

to fund Athens' public games, festivals and competitions if no citizen proved wealthy or willing enough to sponsor them as a

986:

Around the time of his quaestorship, in 100 or 101, Hadrian had married Trajan's seventeen- or eighteen-year-old grandniece,

14714:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

7582:

Hidalgo de la Vega, Maria José: "Plotina, Sabina y Las Dos Faustinas: La Función de Las Augustas en La Politica Imperial".

6452:

Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

1724:– the two ancient rivals for dominance of Greece. Hadrian had played with the idea of focusing his Greek revival around the 1185:

as his Praetorian Prefect. Turbo was his close friend, a leading figure of the equestrian order, a senior court judge and a

18671: 18210: 18185: 13894: 11711: 11483: 11021: 9625: 5968: 2930:, Hadrian laid down that accusers of Christians had to bear the burden of proof for their denunciations or be punished for 2621:

Hadrian codified the customary legal privileges of the wealthiest, most influential, highest-status citizens (described as

1556:, which shared ancient, mythic, politically useful links with Antinous' home at Bithynia. He restored Mantinea's Temple of 10473:

Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople

10383:'s notion that Hadrian contemplated withdrawing from Dacia altogether appears to be unfounded; see Jocelyn M. C. Toynbee, 7983: 2839:– herself a Greek invention, hitherto worshipped only in the provinces – to emphasise the universal nature of the empire. 18900: 18800: 18175: 15955: 15743: 14517: 9996: 7587: 7008:

142–149) supports the position that Rome was Hadrian's birthplace. Canto argues that among the ancient sources, only the

2078:

omitted the customary salutation, "If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health."

804:). Hadrian was physically active and enjoyed hunting; when he was 14, Trajan called him to Rome and arranged his further 634:

Hadrian's last years were marred by chronic illness. His marriage had been both unhappy and childless. In 138 he adopted

438: 396: 11435: 18699: 18423: 18164: 16925: 16641: 15509: 14769: 14743: 13182: 13060: 12986: 12950: 12745: 12726: 12543: 12215: 11805: 9820:

Epiphanius, "On Weights and Measures" §14: Hadrian's Journey to the East and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem, Renan Baker,

7495: 7037:, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 37, Philadelphia, 1954 (reprinted 1996), 162–178, footnotes 121b, 122 3449:'s correspondence and works attest to Hadrian's character and the internal politics of his rule. Greek authors such as 3394:, and his overall defensive strategy; this would qualify him as a grand Roman political reformer, creator of an openly 2052: 1139: 13033: 12352: 12348: 11737: 8775:. Groningen – Royal Holloway Studies on the Greek City after the Classical Age, vol. 1, Louvain 2008, pp. 127–141 7868:

The Passionate Intellect: Essays on the Transformation of Classical Traditions : Presented to Professor I.G. Kidd

3007:

and destroyed by fire in 80, was partly restored under Trajan and completed under Hadrian in its familiar domed form.

2693:, except as legally justified punishment. Hadrian also forbade torture of free defendants and witnesses. He abolished 18885: 12285: 12239: 12157: 12127: 11975: 11878: 11595: 11194: 11164: 11118: 11081: 11001: 10954: 10802: 10726: 10680: 10554: 10502: 10405: 10330: 10306: 10285: 10264: 9842: 9607:

The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest

9386: 9303: 9029: 8962: 8670: 8627: 8569: 8487: 8413: 8392: 8359: 8318: 8269: 8198: 8177: 8070: 8011: 7875: 7761: 7706: 7416: 7267: 7242: 7208: 6800: 6781: 5121: 4054: 2357:

record details of his failing health; some modern sources interpret the ear-creases on later portrayals (such as the

500: 1843:, who supposedly had convened a previous Panhellenic Congress – such a Congress is mentioned only in Pericles' 1416:. Various traditions suggest his presence at particular locations and allege his foundation of a city within Mysia, 872:

ahead of the official envoy sent by the governor, Hadrian's brother-in-law and rival Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus.

18860: 18230: 11724: 9801:

Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple

5904: 2055:

asked for an army to crush the resistance; bar Kokhba punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks. According to

1764:

Libyan desert; a poem on the subject by the Greek Pankrates is the earliest evidence that they travelled together.

2316:

in which his grandfather was implicated; Hadrian ordered that both be put to death. Servianus is reported to have

18845: 18820: 18284: 17417: 14483: 14466: 14293: 14281: 5897: 5384: 2089:, a fortified city 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three-and-a-half-year siege. 1875: 1836: 1747:

Hadrian arrived in Egypt before the Egyptian New Year on 29 August 130. He opened his stay in Egypt by restoring

1596: 1529: 978:, and died there on 8 August 117; he would be regarded as one of Rome's most admired, popular and best emperors. 777:, who was also of senatorial stock and a native of Italica. Although they were considered to be, in the words of 18910: 17467: 17194: 17050: 14454: 14246: 14208: 14168: 14135: 10105: 9884: 8747: 7089: 3902: 2886:, with a bearded Aristogeiton and a clean-shaven Harmodios, linked his favourite to the classical tradition of 830: 11858: 10202: 3518:

supporter, incorporates the same archaeological evidence to produce an account of Hadrian, and especially his

3315:

from Rome in constant travel probably helped to mitigate the worst of this permanently strained relationship.

3138:

and had been told of his future accession to the Empire by a granduncle who was himself a skilled astrologer.

2567:) into the Roman army. Fronto later blamed Hadrian for declining standards in the Roman army of his own time. 1225:), semi-autonomous urban communities with their own customs and laws, rather than the imposition of new Roman 18875: 18865: 17763: 17553: 17485: 17350: 17217: 17127: 16940: 15058: 14669: 14495: 14322: 14288: 14252: 14141: 13168: 6832: 5308: 4519: 4095: 2763:

dedicated to his patroness Plotina. She had recently died in Rome and had been deified at Hadrian's request.

2558: 2493: 2308: 955: 725: 234: 12834: 12700:

Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire

11288:

Alessandro Galimberti, "Hadrian, Eleusis, and the beginnings of Christian apologetics" in Marco Rizzi, ed.,

10022:

Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire

9910: 8332:

Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire

7143:

Alicia M. Canto, "La dinastía Ulpio-Aelia (96–192 d.C.): ni tan Buenos, ni tan Adoptivos ni tan Antoninos".

2223:

died, probably in 136, after an unhappy marriage with which Hadrian had coped as a political necessity. The

1587:

family that had ruled Sparta since Augustus' day – to enter the Senate, alongside the Athenian grandee

938:

Now in his mid-thirties, Hadrian travelled to Greece; he was granted Athenian citizenship and was appointed

18830: 18507: 17335: 17272: 16555: 14310: 13355: 11955: 5947: 2538:

routines. Although his coins showed military images almost as often as peaceful ones, Hadrian's policy was

1979: 1445: 1371:, inspected the Roman defences, then set off westwards, along the Black Sea coast. He probably wintered in 999: 580: 12335: 11411: 9784: 9780: 9210:

Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition

18795: 18454: 17696: 16805: 16717: 16202: 15979: 15970: 14391: 14070: 13536: 13078: 11853: 11661: 9295:

La construcción ideológica de la ciudadanía: identidades culturales y sociedad en el mundo griego antiguo

6703: 5073: 3909: 2898: 2485: 2163:. The bloody repression of the revolt ended Jewish political independence from the Roman imperial order. 2121:

Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed.

9444:

Giovanni Battista Bazzana, "The Bar Kokhba Revolt and Hadrian's religious policy", IN Marco Rizzi, ed.,

8975: 8084:

Le pouvoir impérial dans les provinces syriennes: Représentations et célébrations d'Auguste à Constantin

3310:

from the day of his acclamation by the armies rather than the senate and legislating by frequent use of

18850: 18835: 18714: 18689: 18331: 18277: 17525: 16858: 16595: 16422: 16354: 14936: 14701: 14657: 14635: 14586: 14473: 14264: 14033: 13375: 13274: 13251: 12079:

Adam M. Kemezis, "Lucian, Fronto, and the absence of contemporary historiography under the Antonines".

8771:

Kaja Harter-Uibopuu, "Hadrian and the Athenian Oil Law", in O.M. Van Nijf – R. Alston (ed.),

5940: 3688: 3318: 2527: 2448:). More likely, an expansionist policy was no longer sustainable; the empire had lost two legions, the 1959: 1195:, to discreetly investigate persons of high social standing, including senators and his close friends. 1004: 288: 221: 9424:

Christian Responses to Roman Art and Architecture: The Second-Century Church Amid the Spaces of Empire

2657: 2440:

The 4th-century historian Aurelius Victor saw Hadrian's withdrawal from Trajan's territorial gains in

2015:

maintains that there is no evidence for this claim, given the notoriously problematical nature of the

18571: 18046: 15817: 14608: 14576: 14401: 13581: 13340: 13303: 11033: 5607: 3860: 3421: 2823: 2674: 2473: 1481: 1472:; at the Athenians' request, he revised their constitution – among other things, he added a new 805: 796:

Hadrian's parents died in 86 when he was ten years old. He and his sister became wards of Trajan and

424: 11761:"Animula vagula blandula: Adriano debitore di Plutarco", Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, 1997 11669: 11657: 11391:

Architectural Heritage Revisited: A Holistic Engagement of its Tangible and Intangible Constituents

8864:

The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance

6706:) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in 1327:, for "excessive familiarity" towards the empress. Marcius Turbo's colleague as praetorian prefect, 844:("course of honours") that could lead to higher office and a senatorial career. He then served as a 18905: 15891: 15662: 15524: 14618: 14571: 14118: 13765: 13242: 11665: 11656:

Direct links to Hadrian's poems in the A.P. with W.R. Paton's translation at the Internet Archive

11611: 11311:

The Case for Christianity: St. Justin Martyr's Arguments for Religious Liberty and Judicial Justice

10495:

Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 2: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire

8883: 8283: 7978:

Cizek, Eugen. L'éloge de Caius Avidius Nigrinus chez Tacite et le " complot " des consulaires. In:

7832: 5691: 4088: 3311: 3267:'s poem "Animula" may have been inspired by Hadrian's, though the relationship is not unambiguous. 3047: 3004: 2972: 2690: 2489: 1816: 1299: 1070:

minted early in Hadrian's reign represents the official position; it presents Hadrian as Trajan's "

1033: 942:

of Athens for a brief time (in 112). The Athenians awarded him a statue with an inscription in the

813: 797: 670: 616: 584: 20: 11616:

Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and His Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

9662: 8786:

Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes

8661:

was erected there, dedicated to Hadrian as Cyrene's "saviour and founder". See E. Mary Smallwood,

7632:

Tracy Jennings, "A Man Among Gods: Evaluating the Significance of Hadrian's Acts of Deification."

6619:

It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.

3378:

is a disguised account of Hadrian's authoritarian Principate. According, again, to Syme, Tacitus'

3115:. During his first stay in Greece, before he became emperor, he attended lectures by Epictetus at 2066:

The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general

1118:, of his personal guard of Moorish auxiliaries; then he moved on to quell disturbances along the 18895: 18810: 18527: 18326: 17731: 17646: 17623: 15940: 15802: 15739: 15528: 15328: 15144: 14426: 14406: 14180: 14060: 13348: 10071: 6883:, a 2018 opera based on Hadrian's life and death and his relationship with Antinous, composed by 6146: 4759: 3446: 3183: 3031: 2923: 2362: 1517: 1402: 1386: 677:, Greece. Hadrian's admiration for Greece materialised in such projects ordered during his reign. 575:. The marriage and Hadrian's later succession as emperor were probably promoted by Trajan's wife 11523: 11042:"A Contribution To The Archaeology of The Western Desert: IV – The Great Serapeum Of Alexandria" 9564:: 'At this time also the Jews began war because they were forbidden to mutilate their genitals ( 3530:'s 1997 biography of Hadrian sums up and reflects these developments in Hadrian historiography. 2697:, private prisons for slaves in which kidnapped free men had sometimes been illegally detained. 1466:. He had a particular commitment to Athens, which had previously granted him citizenship and an 1382: 18890: 18656: 18235: 18225: 17773: 17752: 17671: 16585: 16445: 16055: 15689: 15649: 15443: 15385: 15269: 15073: 14736: 14696: 14675: 14581: 13371: 13176: 10364: 9776: 9724: 7866:

John Richardson, "The Roman Mind and the power of fiction" IN Lewis Ayres, Ian Gray Kidd, eds.

7483: 6180: 5135: 3454: 3119:. Shortly before the death of Plotina, Hadrian had granted her wish that the leadership of the 2980: 2976: 2807: 2539: 2507:

Hadrian also developed permanent fortifications and military posts along the empire's borders (

2449: 2296:

who had been Hadrian's close friend); Annius was already betrothed to Aelius Caesar's daughter

2101:

Relief from an honorary monument of Hadrian (detail), showing the emperor being greeted by the

1545: 1485: 1328: 1294: 1151: 963: 620: 557: 9400: 9377: 9340: 9317: 9294: 3331: 3060: 1524: 1162:, Hadrian had considered making Nigrinus his heir apparent before deciding to get rid of him. 1020: 18855: 18428: 18400: 18311: 18245: 17721: 17686: 17666: 17656: 17618: 16218: 16122: 15476: 14630: 14625: 14601: 14596: 14512: 14349: 14337: 14108: 13733: 13308: 13159: 12640:"Online Library of Liberty – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1" 12391: 11797: 11780: 11369: 10380: 9423: 9363: 9181: 8555: 8406:

Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire

4330: 3511: 3480:. The collection as a whole is notorious for its unreliability ("a mish mash of actual fact, 3093: 2381: 2332: 2289: 2067: 1760: 1501: 1243: 1182: 947: 868: 745: 154: 13052: 11995: 11839:"Wytse Keulen, Eloquence rules: the ambiguous image of Hadrian in Fronto's correspondence". 10344:

From Tiberius to the Antonines (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Roman Empire AD 14–192

2063:, that had to do mostly with Christian converts, who opposed bar Kokhba's messianic claims. 1420:, after a successful boar hunt. At about this time, plans to complete the Temple of Zeus in 18240: 17746: 17701: 17074: 16702: 16637: 16490: 16485: 16192: 16187: 16040: 15466: 15254: 15133: 14613: 14561: 14421: 14396: 14361: 14276: 14190: 14040: 13871: 13145: 12417: 11586:

relates that as tribune he had lost a cloak that emperors never wore: Michael Reiche, ed.,

9728: 6862: 6428: 6139: 5635: 5369: 2847: 2389: 2261: 2060: 2033: 1824: 1717: 1463: 1250:, Hadrian is described as "a little too much Greek", too cosmopolitan for a Roman emperor. 1043:

describes Trajan's gift to Hadrian of a diamond ring that Trajan himself had received from

896: 260: 181: 10136: 9594:

The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

6420:

dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships

8: 18790: 18752: 18728: 18645: 17736: 17711: 17676: 17613: 16988: 16963: 16167: 16162: 15586: 15017: 14544: 14529: 14507: 14442: 14431: 14386: 14332: 13822: 13760: 13723: 12593: 8663:

The Jews Under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations

6432: 6404: lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned 5684: 4311: 3382:

would be a work of contemporary history, written "during Hadrian's reign and hating it".

2651: 2280:

Hadrian next adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (the future emperor

2136: 2029: 2028:'s prophecy that the Temple would be rebuilt seventy years after its destruction, as the 1975: 1725: 1561: 943: 666: 655: 12054:

Steven H. Rutledge, "Writing Imperial Politics: The Social and Political Background" IN

2946: 18785: 18661: 18639: 18545: 18390: 18026: 18013: 17590: 16600: 16172: 16147: 15214: 14989: 14591: 14534: 14478: 14460: 14449: 14411: 14381: 14259: 13977: 13881: 13631: 13600: 13593: 12821: 12813: 12531: 12498: 12490: 12055: 11754: 10818: 10748: 10172: 8210: 7475: 7018: 6919: 6857: 5339: 5331: 3471: 3347: 3343: 3275: 3156: 3147: 3065: 3043: 3039: 3008: 2740: 2599: 2523: 2512: 2377: 2114: 2106: 1931: 1874:

Hadrian had spent the winter of 131–32 in Athens, where he dedicated the now-completed

1285:, the province had suffered a major rebellion from 119 to 121. Inscriptions tell of an 1186: 1123: 860: 801: 754: 651: 149: 13048: 3322:

Bust of Hadrian with an Antinous-shaped gorgoneion, 2nd century AD, Museum of Astros,

2746:

One of Hadrian's immediate duties on accession was to seek senatorial consent for the

2412: 1207:

This statue of Hadrian in Greek dress was revealed in 2008 to have been forged in the

970:

general commander of the Eastern Roman army. Trajan got as far as the coastal city of

18581: 18576: 18300: 18081: 18060: 17954: 17921: 17633: 16968: 16590: 16470: 16092: 16020: 15678: 15481: 15471: 15403: 14729: 14556: 14502: 14343: 14241: 14216: 14065: 13927: 13663: 13648: 13526: 13494: 13235: 12982: 12946: 12926:

Gray, William Dodge (1919). "A Study of the life of Hadrian Prior to His Accession".

12912: 12893: 12865: 12825: 12782: 12760: 12741: 12722: 12703: 12684: 12664: 12606: 12558: 12539: 12517: 12511: 12502: 12461: 12281: 12260: 12235: 12211: 12190: 12171: 12153: 12123: 12063: 12010: 11971: 11934: 11874: 11640: 11619: 11591: 11549: 11394: 11314: 11293: 11211: 11190: 11160: 11135: 11114: 11077: 10997: 10967: 10950: 10894: 10870: 10850: 10826: 10798: 10777: 10722: 10676: 10655: 10634: 10613: 10583: 10550: 10498: 10454: 10401: 10347: 10326: 10302: 10281: 10260: 10239: 10218: 10164: 10156: 10079: 10053:

The adoptions: Anthony Birley, pp. 294–295; T.D. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus',

10025: 9971: 9950: 9880: 9859: 9838: 9804: 9707: 9686: 9642: 9542: 9496: 9449: 9428: 9405: 9382: 9368: 9345: 9322: 9299: 9276: 9255: 9234: 9213: 9046: 9025: 8958: 8925: 8891: 8867: 8830: 8789: 8743: 8666: 8623: 8589: 8565: 8483: 8463: 8409: 8388: 8355: 8314: 8284:"How Victorian restorers faked the clothes that seemed to show Hadrian's softer side" 8265: 8244: 8194: 8173: 8130: 8087: 8066: 8007: 7953: 7950:

The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context

7871: 7791: 7757: 7702: 7664: 7607: 7562: 7412: 7263: 7238: 7204: 7026: 6960: 6914: 6868: 6818: 6796: 6777: 6758:"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families" 3519: 3395: 3035: 2828: 2547: 2393: 2274: 2270: 2260:

of that year, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, who, as an emperor-in-waiting, took the name

2197: 2193: 2152: 1971: 1935: 1887: 1793: 1619: 1428:, were put into practice. The temple received a colossal statue of Hadrian. Cyzicus, 1303: 1268: 1259: 1155: 1143: 916: 904: 849: 628: 604: 13038: 10176: 7948:

Egyptian papyri tell of one such ceremony between 117 and 118; see Michael Peppard,

2313: 1911:

Statue of Hadrian unearthed at Tel Shalem commemorating Roman military victory over

1264: 18780: 18740: 18613: 18502: 18385: 18336: 18260: 18087: 17915: 17681: 17435: 17018: 16315: 16211: 16152: 15576: 15556: 14686: 14663: 14566: 14539: 14524: 14490: 14416: 14376: 14366: 14091: 14018: 13988: 13851: 13806: 13801: 13673: 13280: 13257: 13205: 12887: 12805: 12482: 12343: 12187:

Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire

11851:

James Uden (2010). "The Contest of Homer and Hesiod and the ambitions of Hadrian".

11497: 11478: 11331: 10444: 10148: 9618: 9176:

Cortes Copete Juan Manuel. "El fracaso del primer proyecto panhelénico de Adriano".

7459: 7442: 7009: 6884: 6872: 6708: 6173: 4512: 4102: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3173: 3112: 3089: 2836: 2768: 2595: 2535: 2353: 2265: 2196:; the male figure is a portrait of Hadrian, the female figure was perhaps reworked 2189: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2102: 2086: 2045: 1912: 1748: 1573: 1233: 1062: 1039: 939: 912: 892: 845: 702: 698: 694: 538: 471: 104: 10612:. Edited by Caillan Davenport & Jenifer Manley, London: AC & Black, 2014, 9532: 9515: 8038:

Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian

6955:

Mary T. Boatwright (2008). "From Domitian to Hadrian". In Barrett, Anthony (ed.).

4711: 2012: 18555: 18540: 18497: 18482: 18032: 18002: 17961: 17897: 17641: 17571: 17441: 16780: 16435: 16157: 15551: 15189: 15157: 14996: 14327: 14317: 14226: 14013: 13921: 13909: 13903: 13755: 13576: 13546: 13489: 13469: 13064: 12992: 12940: 12676: 12386: 12357: 12302: 12167: 11809: 11373: 9987:

Merlin Alfred. Passion et politique chez les Césars (review of Jérôme Carcopino,

9735: 9536: 9187: 8551: 8058: 7643: 7599: 7499: 7438: 7057: 7041: 6878: 5698: 5643: 5615: 4322: 4080: 3853: 3285: 2851: 2811: 2639: 2583: 2579: 2434: 2358: 2205: 1756: 1693: 1658: 1627: 1425: 991: 959: 778: 737: 639: 576: 417: 359: 250: 37: 15738: 12397: 12366: 11986:

Franco Sartori, "L'oecuménisme d'un empereur souvent méconnu : M.A. Levi,

10547:

The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third

6938:""The City of Hadrian and not of Theseus": a cultural history of Hadrian's Arch" 2878:; it was granted an imperially subsidised alimentary scheme similar to Trajan's 1925: 1643: 863:. During Hadrian's second stint as tribune, the frail and aged reigning emperor 18815: 18535: 18477: 18467: 18362: 18128: 17926: 17887: 17605: 17561: 17430: 16514: 16440: 16270: 16142: 16102: 15850: 15702: 15667: 15657: 15591: 15546: 15428: 15423: 15003: 14982: 14948: 14221: 14185: 14130: 14023: 13946: 13844: 13838: 13770: 13750: 13504: 13464: 13325: 13124: 13053:

some splendid photos courtesy of the Sagalassos Archaeological Research Project

11744:

almost three and a half centuries of classical scholars have admired this poem"

11013: 10842: 8513: 7467: 6810: 5348: 4301: 4046: 3527: 3522:, that has been described as ideologically loaded. Epigraphical studies in the 3495: 3427: 3411: 3399: 3379: 3160: 3000: 2992: 2587: 2519: 2421: 2397: 2284:), who had served Hadrian as one of the five imperial legates of Italy, and as 2281: 2244:

Posthumous portrait of Hadrian; bronze, Roman artwork, c. 140 AD, perhaps from

2240: 2212:

Hadrian spent the final years of his life in Rome. In 134, he took an imperial

1844: 1797: 1697: 1213: 1115: 1071: 995: 840: 835: 635: 612: 534: 517: 509: 339: 186: 82: 13051:, 2 August 2007 (between 13 and 16 feet in height, four to five meters), with 12465: 12426: 10449: 7598:

Plotina may have sought to avoid the fate of her contemporary, former empress

3263:, Hadrian "wrote also similar poems in Greek, not much better than this one". 2139:

and had it rebuilt in Greek style. According to Epiphanius, Hadrian appointed

1720:

again. This time his visit to Greece seems to have concentrated on Athens and

907:, Hadrian was in Trajan's personal service again. He was released to serve as 18774: 18492: 18472: 18462: 17807: 17706: 17538: 17508: 17184: 17039: 16896: 16765: 16605: 16580: 16530: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16117: 15924: 15855: 15845: 15707: 15461: 15209: 15152: 15105: 14942: 14901: 14691: 14651: 14195: 14003: 13811: 13114: 13043: 12628: 10458: 10318: 10160: 10009:

From Tiberius to the Antonines : A History of the Roman Empire AD 14–192

6395: 5677: 4550: 3681: 3351: 3335: 3306:). Hadrian underscored the autocratic character of his reign by counting his 3295: 3072: 3012: 2927: 2756: 2736: 2297: 2160: 2071: 2056: 2004: 1916: 1789: 1728:

based in Delphi, but by now he had decided on something far grander. His new

1549: 1352: 1289:

that involved major troop movements, including the dispatch of a detachment (

1282: 1274: 1208: 758: 608: 588: 553: 522: 54: 13057: 12668: 11802: 11781:

Critical Companion to T. S. Eliot: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work

11251:"Antinoos, The New God: Origen on Miracle and Belief in Third Century Egypt" 10152: 7492: 6522: 2962:. Inscription: IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. / P. M., TR. P., COS. III. 2044:

A massive anti-Hellenistic and anti-Roman Jewish uprising broke out, led by

18764: 18410: 17892: 17726: 17716: 17691: 17543: 17493: 17452: 17178: 17090: 16978: 16891: 16871: 16790: 16755: 16750: 16636: 16575: 16285: 16107: 16097: 16060: 16015: 15929: 15919: 15909: 15825: 15541: 15418: 15227: 15168: 15028: 14975: 14880: 14436: 14231: 14163: 14158: 14148: 13971: 13833: 13474: 13294: 13219: 13058:

Hadrian, in De Imperatoribus Romanis, Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

12257:

Antiquity Now: The Classical World in the Contemporary American Imagination

11770:"tales autem nec multo meliores fecit et Graecos", Historia Augusta, ibidem 11208:

Roman Homosexuality : Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity

10168: 9665: 8657:

The rebuilding continued until late in Hadrian's reign; in 138 a statue of

8288: 6338: 5658: 4582: 3450: 3120: 3084: 2959: 2794: 2385: 2328: 2301: 2257: 2220: 2184: 2110: 2075: 1963: 1951: 1860: 1856: 1832: 1729: 1689: 1462:

Hadrian arrived in Greece during the autumn of 124 and participated in the

1319: 1226: 1174: 987: 774: 729: 643: 596: 564: 349: 168: 11342: 10061:, p. 601. Antoninus as a legate of Italy: Anthony Birley, p. 199 9683:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

1986:

proved more resistant to imperial cajoling, and then to imperial demands.

1788:

in Antinous' honour on 30 October 130. He then continued down the Nile to

1417: 1203: 18634: 18608: 18550: 18487: 18395: 17996: 17941: 17792: 17741: 17661: 17533: 17425: 17407: 17365: 17276: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17111: 17095: 17068: 17033: 17023: 16958: 16911: 16901: 16886: 16876: 16823: 16785: 16760: 16740: 16730: 16496: 16480: 16455: 16450: 16250: 16177: 16087: 16070: 16025: 16000: 15934: 15914: 15899: 15881: 15611: 15606: 15413: 15240: 15220: 15034: 14968: 14959: 14843: 14300: 14175: 14125: 14050: 13624: 13571: 13514: 12774: 12327: 10579:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors– Google Knihy

10363:

The partial withdrawal was probably supervised by the governor of Moesia

7982:, no. 3, octobre 1980. pp. 276–294. Retrieved 10 June 2015. Available at 6348: 3463: 3355: 3290: 3264: 3027: 2871: 2818: 2564: 2453: 2441: 2417: 2401: 2348: 2340: 2245: 2144: 2082: 1892: 1785: 1701: 1654: 1623: 1537: 1497: 1493: 1191: 1057: 1037:

the appointment; Trajan might simply have wanted him out of the way. The

923:". Between 107 and 108, Hadrian defeated an invasion of Roman-controlled 884: 809: 706: 592: 200: 129: 11758: 9474:

Cf a project devised earlier by Hellenized Jewish intellectuals such as

1736: 971: 18666: 18517: 18113: 18067: 18020: 17975: 17947: 17768: 17651: 17576: 17503: 17392: 17207: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17117: 17105: 17085: 17058: 17028: 17008: 16953: 16906: 16881: 16813: 16775: 16745: 16735: 16475: 16275: 16265: 16035: 16030: 15995: 15904: 15876: 15697: 15601: 15596: 15581: 15566: 15374: 15368: 15282: 15010: 14828: 14765: 14356: 14271: 14236: 14201: 14113: 14028: 13788: 13781: 13728: 13708: 13653: 13618: 13611: 13556: 13521: 13384: 13139: 11037: 9641:, 3rd edition. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, pp. 25–26, 8385:

Striking New Images: Roman Imperial Coinage and the New Testament World

6985:

de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica

6923: 3515: 3503: 3135: 3016: 2935: 2907: 2887: 2803: 2785: 2747: 2317: 2213: 2020: 2008: 1999: 1983: 1650: 1348: 1290: 1222: 1165: 920: 790: 786: 686: 568: 542: 108: 13370: 12817: 12494: 11725:

Forty-three translations of Hadrian's "Animula, vagula, blandula ..."

10752: 1711: 1134:

them might have been a legitimate competitor for the imperial office (

740:, daughter of a distinguished Roman senatorial family based in Gades ( 18512: 18053: 17968: 17931: 17857: 17851: 17778: 17758: 17475: 17457: 17402: 17382: 17245: 17080: 17063: 17013: 16866: 16833: 16828: 16770: 16569: 16390: 16343: 16295: 16255: 16232: 16005: 15871: 15840: 15494: 15408: 15234: 15115: 14852: 14103: 14055: 13965: 13952: 13739: 13668: 13641: 13636: 13605: 13551: 13499: 13434: 13429: 11111:

Bread and Circuses: Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy

10867:

Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order

9968:

Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition

8561: 8499:

Breeze, David J., and Brian Dobson, "Hadrian's Wall: Some Problems",

8460:

Hadrian's Wall: Archaeology and history at the limit of Rome's empire

8262:

Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods But Verify

8241:

Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order

7788:

Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion

7430: 6912:

Ando, Clifford "Hadrian: The Restless Emperor by Anthony R. Birley",

3415:

Hadrian Aureus with the portrait type Delta-Omikron, Rome, 129–130 AD

3391: 3299: 3131: 3116: 3108: 3104: 2903: 2784:), and Rome's imperial protection of Greek civilisation. He promoted 2694: 2551: 2457: 2376:. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the 2285: 1967: 1955: 1796:

on 20 and 21 November was commemorated by four epigrams inscribed by

1662: 1584: 1541: 1507: 1489: 1477: 1467: 1449: 1372: 1364: 1324: 1111: 1104: 766: 749: 18269: 12757:

Following Hadrian: a second-century journey through the Roman Empire

12578:

y ciudad natal de Adriano (31 textos históricos y argumentos contra

11803:

trans. Thomas M. Banchich, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York, 2009

11484:"he wore a full beard to cover up the natural blemishes on his face" 10432: 9727:, which according to epigraphy did not outlast Hadrian's reign; see 7337: 7134:

96–114. Hadrian went on to build an Imperial villa at Tivoli (Tibur)

6937: 3359: 3092:(236–183 BCE); all adult emperors after Hadrian were bearded, until 2792:

as the Empire's leading imperial cult centre; his exclusively Greek

2642:), beheading was the worst punishment that the law could inflict on 2335:, commissioned by Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. 638:

and nominated him as a successor, on condition that Antoninus adopt

18123: 18118: 18107: 18074: 17989: 17982: 17936: 17908: 17902: 17867: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17447: 17387: 17230: 17202: 16795: 16725: 16537: 16523: 16503: 16465: 16377: 16322: 16280: 16112: 16082: 16045: 15990: 15835: 15712: 15617: 15561: 15456: 15363: 15357: 15346: 15312: 15196: 15182: 15175: 15162: 15126: 14866: 14371: 14153: 14045: 13998: 13958: 13940: 13860: 13795: 13775: 13745: 13718: 13713: 13698: 13688: 13658: 13566: 13561: 13509: 13484: 13479: 13444: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 12942:

The Emperor Hadrian: A Picture of the Greco-Roman World in His Time

12809: 12486: 11741: 11072:

Mellor, R., "The Goddess Roma" in Haase, W., Temporini, H., (eds),

8213:, 49 2, I,2, quoted by P.E. Corbett, "The Legislation of Hadrian". 7828: 7471: 7447: 5912: 4608: 3523: 3467: 3375: 3367: 3054: 3020: 2955: 2919: 2879: 2863: 2855: 2760: 2701: 2615: 2607: 2461: 2156: 2025: 1848: 1840: 1752: 1592: 1557: 1553: 1548:

describes temples built there by Hadrian, and his statue – in

1429: 1413: 1406: 1376: 1368: 1336: 1314: 1177:. Inscription: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS / LIBERALITAS AVG. COS III, P. P. 1170: 1087: 876: 624: 369: 12443:

Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva Trajan and Hadrian

12278:

Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society

7699:

Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue

3080: 2906:

reign, and he was invoked in a poem to celebrate the accession of

2781: 2752: 1812: 1310: 741: 18588: 18100: 18039: 17566: 17377: 17371: 17359: 17240: 17235: 17172: 17151: 16996: 16948: 16848: 16838: 16563: 16460: 16430: 16412: 16401: 16384: 16336: 16329: 16260: 16182: 15830: 15638: 15624: 15536: 15487: 15393: 15336: 15287: 15120: 15110: 15090: 15023: 14873: 14752: 14305: 14008: 13915: 13828: 13683: 8813:, 1935, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 926–931. Available at 7463: 7455: 7451: 7023:

Horoscopes and Public Spheres: Essays on the History of Astrology

6776:. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. 6757: 5955: 5931: 3490: 3387: 3371: 2984: 2891: 2789: 2686: 2603: 2469: 2425: 2380:, close to the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the 2369: 2277:; he held a further consulship in 137 but died on 1 January 138. 2201: 2173: 1867: 1437: 1421: 1332: 975: 932: 928: 908: 900: 733: 710: 690: 682: 530: 526: 216: 144: 100: 14764: 12208:

The Cambridge Ancient History', XI: the High Empire, 70–192 A.D.

11020:. Volume 100, livraison 1, 1976. pp. 347–372. Available at 10070:

Annius Verus was also the step-grandson of the Prefect of Rome,

8888:

Truly Beyond Wonders: Aelius Aristides and the Cult of Asklepios

7909:

Stephan Brassloff, "Die Rechtsfrage bei der Adoption Hadrians".

7258:, p. 109; Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds. 3177:, Hadrian composed the following poem shortly before his death: 2831:, divine ancestress and protector of the Roman people, with the 2582:, Roman, 117–138 CE. Probably from Rome, Italy. Formerly in the 1114:. He relieved Judea's governor, the outstanding Moorish general 1099:, Hadrian informed the Senate of his accession in a letter as a 18007: 17877: 17514: 17397: 17002: 16973: 16843: 16818: 16610: 16544: 16370: 16363: 16290: 16245: 16239: 16065: 15985: 15571: 15398: 15351: 15305: 15277: 15203: 15081: 15040: 14922: 14887: 14859: 14077: 13934: 13816: 13588: 13454: 13107: 8215:

University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register

4062: 3323: 3097: 2988: 2968: 2951: 2890:. In the west, Antinous was identified with the Celtic sun god 2867: 2497: 2496:. The attack was repulsed by Hadrian's governor, the historian 2373: 2249: 1993:

suggests that the revolt was spurred by Hadrian's abolition of

1820: 1801: 1741: 1721: 1681: 1670: 1631: 1602: 1580: 1569: 1441: 1433: 1390: 1367:, he personally negotiated a settlement with the Parthian King 1119: 1067: 1028: 1016: 770: 717:. One Roman biographer claims instead that Hadrian was born in 674: 631:; he saw this rebellion as a failure of his panhellenic ideal. 572: 319: 72: 12979:

The Province of Achaea in the 2nd century CE: The Past Present

10049: 10047: 8740:

The Province of Achaea in the 2nd century CE: The Past Present

1859:– were acknowledged as fully Hellenic. The German sociologist 705:; Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern 693:), a Roman town founded by Italic settlers in the province of 492: 18651: 18093: 17872: 17862: 17840: 17498: 16407: 16395: 16308: 16225: 16076: 16010: 15672: 15341: 15299: 15293: 15085: 15044: 14915: 14908: 14894: 13678: 13449: 13439: 13419: 11727:

including translations by Henry Vaughan, A. Pope, Lord Byron.

11386: 10652:

Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion

9475: 8690: 8688: 8103:

Carcopino Jérôme. "L'hérédité dynastique chez les Antonins".

7434: 6861:, a 1951 semi-fictional autobiography of Hadrian, written by 3881: 3836: 3499: 2875: 2531: 2481: 2344: 2148: 2113:

and the Roman People; marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD,

1685: 1666: 1473: 1044: 924: 864: 828:

Hadrian's first official post in Rome was as a member of the

647: 309: 125: 112: 19:

This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see

12971:

Magnificent Hadrian: A Biography of Hadrian, Emperor of Rome

10809:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1955, p. 115 10257:

Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire

9704:

Rabbi Akiva, Bar Kokhba Revolt, and the Ten Tribes of Israel

9043:

Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire

7096: 7056:

48, 76, Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 80–90, 91, and footnote 19,

3514:. A 1907 biography by Weber, a German nationalist and later 2232:

sometime around 128 – was deified not long after her death.

1866:

Hadrian bestowed honorific titles on many regional centres.

1309:

Hadrian appears to have continued through southern Gaul. At

17845: 17835: 17225: 17100: 16301: 15631: 15451: 15433: 15318: 15100: 15095: 14929: 14721: 13424: 13414: 10385:

The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art

10044: 9538:

Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World

8658: 8370: 8368: 3363: 3076: 2715: 1768: 1565: 1238: 718: 489: 480: 12007:

The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian

11546:

The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian

11524:"Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project" 11452:

The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian

9318:

Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms

8685: 7655:

This made Hadrian the first senator in history to have an

3145:). Some of his Greek productions found their way into the 2798:

extolled Athens as the spiritual centre of Greek culture.

1579:

During his tour of the Peloponnese, Hadrian persuaded the

981: 16050: 12885: 7923:

de Trajan. À propos d'un aureus au nom d'Hadrien César".

7403:

The Athenian inscription confirms and expands the one in

6416: bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties 2776:, other issues stressed his personal identification with 1122:

frontier. In Rome, Hadrian's former guardian and current

17271: 10278:

Le Haut Empire Romain en Occident, d'Auguste aux Sévères

8365: 6774:

Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins

3155:

says was published under the name of Hadrian's freedman

2456:, possibly destroyed in a late Trajanic uprising by the 1962:

of 66–73. He may have planned to rebuild Jerusalem as a

1271:, the Roman frontier fortification in northern England. 12206:

Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds.,

9896:

Ronald Syme (1988), "Journeys of Hadrian", pp. 164–169.

9364:

Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation

8584:

Jason König, Katerina Oikonomopoulou, Greg Woolf, eds.

8480:

Le haut-Empire romain en Occident d'Auguste aux Sévères

7739:

Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds.,

2810:

rebuilt, following damage sustained in 116, during the

2610:, Hadrian made the Emperor's legal advisory board, the 736:

rank, born and raised in Italica. Hadrian's mother was

681:

Publius Aelius Hadrianus was born on 24 January 76, in

12659:

Giurescu, Dinu C.; Fischer-Galaţi, Stephen A. (1998).

12658: 10721:, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1968, 8940: 8938: 7462:

I Minerviae Piae Fidelis (106, in Germania Inferior)/

7409:

Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History From Inscriptions

7354: 7352: 7343: 2633:("the others"), including low-ranking citizens – were 2598:, the first attempt to codify Roman law. This was the 1110:

Hadrian remained in the east for a while, suppressing

18712: 11871:

A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138

10654:, New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010, 9775:(trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), London: 9003: 9001: 8999: 7224:. British Museum Press, 2008, p. – 39 6838:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

2372:, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to 820:("Greekling"), intended as a form of "mild mockery". 501: 11821:

cf Ronald Syme, among others; see Ando, footnote 172

10847:

Roman Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era

7992: 7990: 7376: 7067: 7065: 6410: grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants 2444:

as a jealous belittlement of Trajan's achievements (

2127:

Hadrian replaced the province's name by renaming it

1767:

While Hadrian and his entourage were sailing on the

1412:

With or without Antinous, Hadrian travelled through

954:

thus far. Thereafter, no more is heard of him until

486: 483: 12120:

Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers

11032: 10994:

Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers

10549:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, 10137:"The Emperor Hadrian (fl. AD 117–138) and Medicine" 9493:

Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies

8955:

Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers

8935: 8350:: Romans and non-Romans". In Andrea Giardina, ed., 7835:: see Judith Lynn Sebesta, Larissa Bonfante, eds., 7364: 7349: 7108: 6815:

Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age

6594:

Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.

6562: 3123:School in Athens be open to a non-Roman candidate. 3096:(r. 306–337); this imperial fashion was revived by 1881: 1712:

Greece, Asia, and Egypt (128–130); Antinous's death

721:, but this view is held by a minority of scholars. 477: 474: 13010:. Rome: L'Intellettuale Dissidente. Archived from 12681:Beloved and God: the story of Hadrian and Antinous 12473:Barnes, T. D. (1967). "Hadrian and Lucius Verus". 11994:, vol. 21, no. 1, 1995. pp. 290–297. Available at 11954:. Tome 61, 1959, n°1–2. pp. 202–206. Available at 11372:, who had much of the marble removed to build the 10259:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, 9045:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, 8996: 8622:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, 7701:. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, 6954: 6793:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous 6546:Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. 3100:(r. 602–610) at the beginning of the 7th century. 2941: 1878:, At some time in 132, he headed East, to Judaea. 1112:the Jewish revolt that had broken out under Trajan 1091:The Roman Empire in 125, under the rule of Hadrian 998:. When Ulpia Marciana died in 112, Trajan had her 994:, who was the daughter of Trajan's beloved sister 12889:Hadrian's empire : when Rome ruled the world 12226: 12224: 11588:Antike Autobiographien: Werke, Epochen, Gattungen 11368:It was lost in large part to despoliation by the 11189:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 8533: 8531: 7987: 7839:. University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, p. 78 7466:Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Inferioris (107)/ 7201:Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99 7062: 6492:Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. 3254:Your usual distractions no more shall be there... 3103:Hadrian was familiar with the rival philosophers 2714:; senators and knights were expected to wear the 1680:On his return to Italy, Hadrian made a detour to 1583:grandee Eurycles Herculanus – leader of the 899:, in 105. After the war, he was probably elected 875:In 101, Hadrian was back in Rome; he was elected 18772: 10497:. The University of North Carolina Press, 2005, 7235:Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta 6752: 6724:Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. 6549: 6462:Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 3526:period help support alternate views of Hadrian. 3111:, and with their works, and held an interest in 3075:may have been one reason for his adoption, like 3003:(temple "to all the gods"), originally built by 2416:Statue of Hadrian in military garb, wearing the 2339:Hadrian died in the year 138 on 10 July, in his 1807: 646:as his own heirs. Hadrian died the same year at 12538:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 10823:Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome 10719:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, Volume 43 10691: 10689: 10400:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001, 10188: 10186: 9180:, vol. 25, n°2, 1999. pp. 91–112. Available at 8984:116 (1997), pp. 209–245. Retrieved 23 July 2015 8805:Verhoogen Violette. Review of Graindor (Paul). 6666:Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 6514: 6512: 6510: 3015:) provides the greatest Roman equivalent of an 2347:at the age of 62, having reigned for 21 years. 2081:The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to 1540:. His exact route is uncertain, but it took in 1358: 1253: 563:Early in his political career, Hadrian married 13003: 12945:. Mary E. Robinson, trans. London: Macmillan. 12740:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 12637:, vol. I, 1776. The Online Library of Liberty 12221: 11446: 11444: 10807:The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity 10774:Les Réalités de l'esclavage d'après Le Digeste 9541:. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–105. 9531: 8528: 7754:Ancient Rome: a Military and Political History 7321: 7319: 7054:Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 6831: 6675:Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. 3431:Hadrian Portrait type I Rome, denarius 117AD, 2991:). Several other towns and cities – including 2954:(123). The reverse bears a personification of 1564:. Hadrian also rebuilt the ancient shrines of 18285: 14737: 13356: 12096:. Princeton University Press, 2002, pp. 20–26 11753:see Note 2 in Emanuela Andreoni Fontecedro's 11026: 11016:. "Hadrien et l'Asklépieion de Pergame". In: 10776:. Paris: Presses Univ. Franche-C omté, 1981, 9799:Daniel R. Schwartz, Zeev Weiss, eds. (2011), 9581:Ancient Rome a Military and Political History 7546:Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte 3552: 3533: 3439: 3350:called Hadrian "the Empire's first servant". 2759:to oversee the completion or foundation of a 2534:borders. Troops practised intensive, regular 1516:; one brought water from Mount Parnes to the 1347:In 123, Hadrian crossed the Mediterranean to 1146:would have retained a stake in the East. The 950:II2 3286) offering a detailed account of his 446: 12864:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 346–57. 12796:Syme, Ronald (1964). "Hadrian and Italica". 12398:"Epitome De Caesaribus: text – IntraText CT" 11313:. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, 10686: 10183: 7831:handed a similar ring to his heir apparent, 6581:Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and 6507: 3040:the Column commemorating his Dacian conquest 1800:. After that, he headed north, reaching the 1603:Return to Italy and trip to Africa (126–128) 1335:, in Spain, where he restored the Temple of 207:Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus 13049:Major scultoric find at Sagalassos (Turkey) 12938: 12886:Danziger, Danny; Purcell, Nicholas (2006). 11933:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2012, 11582:For instance, a probably bogus anecdote in 11441: 9858:. Cambridge University Press, pp. 248–249, 9252:Greece and the Augustan Cultural Revolution 8040:. Cambridge University Press: 1955, pp. 54f 7316: 7093:VI 10909 ( on the Epigraphic Database Roma) 6585:; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. 3374:' description of the rise and accession of 3211: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3181: 2570: 2235: 891:, keeping the Senate's records. During the 18434:Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus 18292: 18278: 14744: 14730: 13363: 13349: 12968: 12962:Life and Principate of the Emperor Hadrian 12842:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 12555:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire 12552: 12530: 12336:Greek Text and Translation by Earnest Cary 12094:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire 12083:Vol. 131, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 285–325 11495: 11074:Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt 10215:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 9907:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 9822:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 9685:. Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–112, 9657: 9655: 9231:Plutarco y el arte de la Atenas hegemónica 9105: 8981:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 8408:. Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 12 8116:Cizek, "L'éloge de Caius Avidius Nigrinus" 7870:. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1995, 7559:The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia 6935: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6479: 6477: 3559: 3545: 2602:, according to which the legal actions of 2480:, disputed). Late in his reign (135), the 2092: 1444:were promoted as regional centres for the 1173:of Hadrian issued in 119 AD for his third 453: 439: 36: 12959: 12721:. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 12557:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 11950:Marache, R.: R. Syme, Tacitus, 1958. In: 11266:. Cambridge University Press; 2007, p. 89 10949:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. 10631:The Roman Paratext: Frame, Texts, Readers 10448: 9995:. Jan.-Mar. 1958. pp. 5–18. Available at 9795: 9793: 9768: 9766: 8217:, Vol. 74, No. 8 (June 1926), pp. 753–766 8170:Personal Patronage Under the Early Empire 7604:Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense 6533: 6531: 6500: 6498: 2228:propriety, Sabina – who had been made an 1978:to the traditional Roman civic-religious 1532:, completed under Emperor Hadrian in 131. 1313:, he may have overseen the building of a 808:in subjects appropriate to a young Roman 744:). His only sibling was an elder sister, 713:region of Italia, the source of the name 556:in eastern Italy. He was a member of the 18154: 12634:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 11343:"Edirne | Turkey | Britannica" 11132:The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1 10433:"Did Hadrian Ever Meet a Parthian King?" 9661:Chronicle of Jerome, s.v. Hadrian. See: 9341:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World 9273:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World 8845: 8843: 7980:Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé 7688:. Harvard University Press, 2008, p. 170 6521:contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), 3426: 3410: 3317: 3274: 3151:. He also wrote an autobiography, which 3059: 2945: 2846: 2726: 2656: 2574: 2411: 2327: 2239: 2208:, c. 120–140 AD, reworked c. 170–175 AD. 2183: 2096: 1891: 1827:, built to honour Hadrian's visit in 130 1811: 1735: 1523: 1506:such as aqueducts and public fountains ( 1381: 1342: 1263: 1202: 1164: 1154:, an ex-consul, intellectual, friend of 1086: 1010: 665: 18619:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 12991: 12906: 12754: 12716: 12675: 12600: 11740:, Folklore, 61, 1950 : "... since 11684:. Oxford University Press: 2013, p. 591 10889:, 48.8.4.2, quoted by Paul Du Plessis, 10430: 9652: 9573: 9298:. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 2006, 8811:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 8281: 7102: 6790: 6771: 6727: 6678: 6638: 6622: 6597: 6474: 3398:to replace a sham senatorial republic. 2971:include monumental developments to the 2806:of the time. He may have had the great 2722: 2652:condemnation to the beasts in the arena 1851:, who respected Rome's imperial order. 1716:In September 128, Hadrian attended the 1536:During that winter, Hadrian toured the 982:Relationship with Trajan and his family 18773: 17301: 16666: 15768: 14794: 12619: 12509: 12472: 10576:Baumer, Christoph (11 December 2012). 10575: 9856:Religious Networks in the Roman Empire 9790: 9763: 9672:, New York: Random House, pp. 22, 258. 9511: 9509: 8550: 8493: 7913:49. Bd., H. 4 (Sep. 1914), pp. 590–601 7586:, 18, 2000, pp. 191–224. Available at 6809: 6528: 6495: 6465: 3406: 2650:might suffer crucifixion, burning, or 2407: 2166: 1636:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 1395:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 1181:Soon after, in 125, Hadrian appointed 919:in 107, tasked with "holding back the 18299: 18273: 18153: 17270: 16635: 15737: 14763: 14725: 13344: 13320:Q. Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus 12735: 12697: 12642:. Oll.libertyfund.org. Archived from 12571: 12553:Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro. (2002). 12455: 12301:, 7: Birley describes the results of 11682:The Fragments of the Roman Historians 11635:Juan Gil & Sofía Torallas Tovar, 11018:Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 10134: 9378:The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian 8840: 8354:, University of Chicago Press: 1993, 8107:. Tome 51, 1949, no.3–4. pp. 262–321. 7697:David L. Balch, Carolyn Osiek, eds., 7478:(before 112)/ archon Athenis (112/13) 7382: 7370: 7358: 7256:Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis 7114: 6346: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6179: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5954: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5930: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5790: 5724: 5697: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5633: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5414: 5383: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5159: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5054: 4996: 4984: 4971: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4733: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4481: 4479: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4335: 4329: 4320: 4310: 4300: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4202: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4101: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4078: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3834: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3576: 3083:as suited to Roman imperial dignity; 2707:Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis 2155:, now the location for the (smaller) 1958:, which was still in ruins after the 1945: 1027:Hadrian's personal relationship with 607:, which marked the northern limit of 525:from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in 516: 18881:Roman governors of Pannonia Inferior 18806:2nd-century Roman governors of Syria 18695: 18672:Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt 17806: 13007:Imago roboris: Adriano di Tel Shalem 12925: 12859: 12832: 12795: 12773: 12449: 12259:. Cambridge University Press: 2015, 11988:Adriano, un ventennio di cambiamento 11264:Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome 11187:Power and eroticism in Imperial Rome 11134:. Cambridge University Press, 2008, 10673:Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development 10633:, Cambridge University Press, 2014, 10471:N. J. E. Austin & N. B. Rankov, 10217:. Cambridge University Press: 2015, 9989:Passion et politique chez les Césars 9905:Ronald Syme, "Journeys Of Hadrian". 9381:. Cambridge University Press, 1988, 9344:, Cambridge University Press, 2013, 9275:. Cambridge University Press, 2013, 9254:. Cambridge University Press: 2011, 9212:. Cambridge University Press, 2008, 8648:Anthony Birley, pp. 151–152, 176–180 8387:. Sheffield: A & C Black, 1996, 8191:Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome 8172:. Cambridge University Press: 2002, 7000:Ronald Syme, "Hadrian and Italica" ( 3142: 2922:addressed to the proconsul of Asia, 2766:As Emperor, Hadrian was also Rome's 2594:Hadrian enacted, through the jurist 1401:It is possible that Hadrian visited 816:and culture earned him the nickname 619:. In Egypt, he may have rebuilt the 12781:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12122:. Cambridge University Press:2004, 11548:. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2006, 11153:Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph 10821:48.18.21; quoted by Q.F. Robinson, 10795:Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome 9506: 9427:. Cambridge University Press, 2010 9110:(PhD). Princeton. pp. 107–108. 8922:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 8829:, University of Texas Press, 2009, 8557:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395 7058:googlebooks preview of 1987 edition 7035:Astrology in Roman Law and Politics 3064:Bust of the emperor Hadrian in the 2542:, even threat, with an emphasis on 1457: 838:offices at the lowest level of the 521:; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was 13: 12892:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 12879: 12321: 12210:Cambridge University Press, 2000, 11618:. Cornell University Press: 2007, 11498:"Byzantine first & last times" 11109:Tim Cornell, Kathryn Lomas, eds., 10947:Emperor Worship and Roman Religion 10135:Cruse, Audrey (22 December 2009). 9566:quot vetabantur mutilare genitalia 9106:Foertmeyer, Victoria Anne (1989). 7584:Studia historica, Historia antigua 7344:Giurescu & Fischer-Galaţi 1998 7260:The Cambridge Ancient History – XI 7052:B. Van Hoesen, "Greek Horoscopes" 3166: 3130:, Hadrian had a great interest in 962:as a legate. When the governor of 14: 18922: 18841:Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo 13034:Historia Augusta: Life of Hadrian 13027: 12973:. New York: Minton, Balch and Co. 12081:The American Journal of Philology 12060:Writing Politics in Imperial Rome 11412:"Cassius Dio – Epitome of Book69" 11210:. Oxford University Press: 1999, 10893:. Oxford University Press, 2015, 10891:Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law 10869:. Oxford University Press, 2012, 10011:. London: Routledge, 2014, p. 699 9949:. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, 9639:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah 9522:(in German), Tübingen, pp. 29–50. 9367:. Oxford University Press, 2013, 8862:Cynthia Kosso, Anne Scott, eds., 8462:. Ramsbury: Crowood Press, 2017, 8243:. Oxford University Press, 2012, 8006:Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2005, 7663:. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, 7634:Journal of Undergraduate Research 7025:, Walter de Gruyter, 2005, p. 49 3023:, recreating a sacred landscape. 2827:of the traditional Roman goddess 1835:, which was to be focused on the 1755:, offering sacrifice to him as a 1700:and improved the drainage of the 1082: 823: 611:. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the 18826:Ancient Roman military personnel 18758: 18746: 18734: 18722: 18694: 18685: 18684: 18345: 13004:Modena Altieri, Ascanio (2017). 12928:Smith College Studies in History 12291: 12270: 12249: 12200: 12179: 12142: 12133: 12112: 12099: 12086: 12073: 12048: 12039: 12030: 12020: 12000: 11980: 11968:Hadrian. Eine Deutungsgeschichte 11960: 11944: 11923: 11910: 11897: 11884: 11863: 11845: 11833: 11824: 11815: 11786: 11773: 11764: 11747: 11730: 11717: 11700: 11687: 11674: 11650: 11629: 11605: 11576: 11563: 11538: 11516: 11489: 11470: 11457: 11422: 11404: 11379: 11362: 11349: 11335: 11324: 11303: 11282: 11269: 11256: 11243: 11230: 11221: 11200: 11179: 11170: 11145: 11124: 11103: 11087: 11066: 11007: 10986: 10977: 10960: 10939: 10926: 10917: 10904: 10880: 10859: 10836: 10812: 10787: 10766: 10757: 10741: 10732: 10711: 10698: 10665: 10644: 10623: 10603: 10569: 10560: 10539: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10487: 10478: 10465: 10424: 10411: 10390: 10374: 10357: 10336: 10312: 10291: 10270: 10249: 10228: 10207: 10195: 10128: 10119: 10110: 10098: 10089: 10064: 10035: 10014: 10001: 9981: 9960: 9939: 9927: 9915: 9909:73 (1988) 159–170. Available at 9899: 9890: 9869: 9848: 9827: 9814: 9745: 9717: 9696: 9675: 9631: 9612: 9599: 9586: 9525: 9485: 9468: 9459: 9438: 9415: 9392: 9355: 9332: 9309: 9286: 9265: 9244: 9223: 9202: 9193: 9170: 9161: 9149: 9136: 9127: 9114: 9099: 9090: 9077: 9064: 9055: 9035: 9014: 8987: 8968: 8947: 8914: 8901: 8877: 8856: 8819: 8799: 8778: 8765: 8752: 8732: 8719: 8706: 8697: 8676: 8651: 8129:. New York: Random House, 2009, 6959:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 159. 6718: 6696: 6669: 6660: 6613: 6588: 6575: 6540: 6486: 6456: 2269:honourably as joint governor of 1934:statue of Hadrian discovered in 1924: 1904: 1882:Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136) 1837:Athenian Temple to Olympian Zeus 1642: 1611: 1077: 763:Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator 470: 276: 12999:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 12939:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1898). 12909:Hadrian and the triumph of Rome 12661:Romania: a Historic Perspective 12603:Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome 12367:"Caesares: text – IntraText CT" 12341:Scriptores Historiae Augustae, 12280:.Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005, 12009:. New York: Basic Books, 2006, 10475:. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 4 9233:. Universidad de Oviedo: 2008, 8642: 8633: 8612: 8607:Hadrian and the triumph of Rome 8599: 8578: 8544: 8506: 8472: 8452: 8440: 8431: 8418: 8398: 8377: 8340: 8324: 8303: 8275: 8254: 8233: 8220: 8204: 8183: 8162: 8153: 8140: 8127:Hadrian and the triumph of Rome 8119: 8110: 8097: 8076: 8052: 8043: 8030: 8017: 7999: 7972: 7963: 7942: 7930: 7916: 7903: 7890: 7881: 7860: 7851: 7842: 7821: 7805: 7780: 7771: 7746: 7733: 7716: 7691: 7678: 7649: 7626: 7617: 7592: 7576: 7551: 7538: 7521: 7504: 7422: 7397: 7388: 7328: 7299: 7290: 7273: 7248: 7227: 7214: 7193: 7176: 7163: 7150: 7137: 7120: 6918:, 52 (1998), pp. 183–185. 6702:The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 6394: Reddish-purple indicates 6355: 5919: 5665: 5622: 5355: 4597: 4069: 3888: 3843: 3338:, esteemed Hadrian as an ideal 3249:Colourless, unbending, and bare 2942:Personal and cultural interests 2735:, dated 130–140 AD, from Rome, 1649:Hadrian in armour, wearing the 1530:Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens 397:Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 13183:M. Titius Lustricus Bruttianus 12960:Henderson, Bernard W. (1923). 10238:.V&R unipress GmbH: 2011, 8773:Feeding the Ancient Greek city 7561:, Jefferson: Mcfarland, 2006, 7296:Boatwright, in Barrett, p. 158 7262:. Cambridge U. P.: 2000, 7082: 6994: 6973: 6948: 6929: 6906: 6897: 2468:Hadrian retained control over 2179: 1804:at the beginning of December. 1775:offers the following account: 1622:of the emperor Hadrian with a 1595:, wearing Athenian dress. The 1281:Prior to Hadrian's arrival in 1002:, and made Salonia Matidia an 831:decemviri stlitibus judicandis 1: 18871:People from Seville (comarca) 17764:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 13229:Gn. Pedanius Fuscus Salinator 13044:Catholic Encyclopedia article 12969:Ish-Kishor, Sulamith (1935). 12513:Hadrian. The restless emperor 12316: 12299:Hadrian: the Restless Emperor 12234:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, 12232:Hadrian: The Restless Emperor 12164:312. In the French original: 11992:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 10849:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009, 9877:Who's Who in the Age of Jesus 9837:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, 9178:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 9108:Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt 8827:Greek Sport and Social Status 8503:, Vol. 3, (1972), pp. 182–208 8447:Scriptores Historiae Augustae 8282:Kennedy, Maev (9 June 2008). 7741:The Cambridge Ancient History 7724:Hadrian: The Restless Emperor 7431:decemvir stlitibus iudicandis 7411:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, 7394:The inscription in footnote 1 7203:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, 6398:of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty 6167:C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus 3270: 3213:Nec, ut soles, dabis iocos... 2950:Hadrian on the obverse of an 2913: 2662: 2661:Bust of Hadrian from Athens, 2309:Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus 1808:Greece and the East (130–132) 1142:who as a former conqueror of 1074:" (Trajan's heir designate). 1050: 726:Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer 661: 235:Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer 43: 16:Roman emperor from 117 to 138 14751: 12738:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 12663:. East European Monographs. 12592:(2): 367–408. Archived from 12536:Hadrian and the city of Rome 12092:Mary Taliaferro Boatwright, 11793:Varius multiplex multiformis 11695:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 11292:. Berlim: De Gruyter, 2010, 11047:. Manchester. Archived from 10996:. Cambridge U. Press, 2004, 10141:Journal of Medical Biography 10041:Anthony Birley, pp. 289–292. 9912:. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 9879:, entry "Hadrian", Penguin, 9495:. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010, 9448:. Berlim: De Gruyter, 2010, 9144:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 8976:"Hadrian and Greek Senators" 8957:. Cambridge U. Press, 2004, 8788:. Cambridge U. Press: 2011, 8714:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 8588:. Cambridge U. Press: 2013, 8514:"Britannia on British Coins" 8025:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 7857:Fündling, 384; Strobel, 401. 7756:. Cambridge U. Press: 2007, 7686:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 7512:Hadrian the Restless Emperor 6891: 3498:, who covered the reigns of 3044:his bridge across the Danube 3034:– architect and designer of 3019:garden, complete with domed 2530:strengthened the Danube and 2147:at the junction of the main 1784:Hadrian founded the city of 1468: 1363:When Hadrian arrived on the 1359:Anatolia; Antinous (123–124) 1254:Britannia and the West (122) 881:quaestor imperatoris Traiani 107:, Roman Empire (present-day 7: 18455:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes 17697:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 13140:Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus 12755:Speller, Elizabeth (2003). 12532:Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro 12510:Birley, Anthony R. (1997). 12400:. Intratext.com. 4 May 2007 12369:. Intratext.com. 4 May 2007 11997:. Retrieved 19 January 2017 11873:. London: Routledge, 2004, 11857:, 130 (2010), pp. 121–135. 11854:Journal of Hellenic Studies 11738:"Animula, Vagula, Blandula" 11612:Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier 11113:. London: Routledge, 2003, 10825:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007 10805:; William Linn Westermann, 10797:. London: Routledge, 2012, 10675:, Walter de Gruyter: 1978, 10566:Christol & Nony, p. 180 10431:Doležal, Stanislav (2017). 10346:. London: Routledge, 2014, 10325:. London: Routledge, 2013, 10299:Some Minor Roman Historians 10095:Anthony Birley, pp. 291–292 10078:. New York: Da Capo, 2010, 10024:. London: Routledge, 2014, 9681:Steven T. Katz, ed (1984). 9024:, London: Routledge, 2013, 8993:Christol & Nony, p. 203 8924:. London: Routledge, 2014, 8694:Anthony Birley, pp. 157–158 8682:Anthony Birley, pp. 153–165 8374:Christol & Nony, p. 159 8264:. London: Routledge, 2004, 8193:. London: Routledge, 2002, 8159:Christol & Nony, p. 158 7589:. Retrieved 11 January 2017 7548:. Regensburg: 2010, p. 401. 6850: 6817:. Oxford University Press. 3910:Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus 3239:Body's companion and guest, 3234:Roving amiable little soul, 2842: 2488:with the covert support of 2388:and his first adopted son, 2318:prayed before his execution 812:. Hadrian's enthusiasm for 800:(who later became Trajan's 64:11 August 117 – 10 July 138 10: 18927: 18901:Ancient Roman philhellenes 18801:2nd-century Roman emperors 16596:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 15980:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 15744:Second Intermediate Period 14636:Constantine XI Palaiologos 14587:Andronikos III Palaiologos 14474:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 12911:. New York: Random House. 12683:. London: Phoenix Giants. 12605:. New York: Random House. 11952:Revue des Études Anciennes 11860:. Accessed 16 October 2017 11842:Retrieved 20 February 2015 11795:in the anonymous, ancient 11393:, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, 11290:Hadrian and the Christians 10650:Kathleen Kuiper (Editor), 10484:Austin & Rankov, p. 30 9706:. Bloomington: iUniverse, 9480:Hadrian and the Christians 9446:Hadrian and the Christians 9375:, p. 25; Robert K. Sherk, 9229:Fernando A. Marín Valdés, 9190:. Retrieved 3 January 2019 9158:(c. 395) Hadr. 14.5–7 9061:Royston Lambert, pp. 71–72 8703:Royston Lambert, pp. 60–61 8105:Revue des Études Anciennes 7925:Révue des études anciennes 7837:The World of Roman Costume 3567:Nerva–Antonine family tree 3534:Nerva–Antonine family tree 3440:Sources and historiography 3206:Pallidula, rigida, nudula, 1885: 1300:personification of Britain 1257: 1229:with Roman constitutions. 1198: 956:Trajan's Parthian campaign 761:. Hadrian's great-nephew, 709:), an ancient town in the 392:Nerva–Antonine family tree 18: 18680: 18627: 18601: 18572:Bar Kokhba revolt coinage 18564: 18526: 18453: 18446: 18409: 18378: 18371: 18354: 18343: 18319: 18307: 18258: 18160: 18149: 18047:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 17791: 17737:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 17632: 17604: 17589: 17552: 17524: 17484: 17466: 17416: 17349: 17334: 17292: 17288: 17266: 17216: 17193: 17126: 17049: 16987: 16939: 16924: 16857: 16804: 16716: 16701: 16657: 16653: 16642:Third Intermediate Period 16631: 16554: 16513: 16421: 16353: 16201: 15969: 15954: 15890: 15864: 15816: 15801: 15759: 15755: 15733: 15688: 15648: 15523: 15508: 15442: 15384: 15327: 15268: 15253: 15143: 15072: 15057: 14958: 14842: 14827: 14785: 14781: 14770:First Intermediate Period 14759: 14712: 14644: 14609:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 14577:Andronikos II Palaiologos 14402:Constantine IX Monomachos 14090: 13987: 13870: 13697: 13535: 13383: 13314: 13304:Publius Dasumius Rusticus 13292: 13271: 13248: 13217: 13196: 13173: 13157: 13136: 13131: 13121: 13112: 13104: 13099: 13072: 12977:Kouremenos, Anna (2022). 12907:Everitt, Anthony (2009). 12601:Everitt, Anthony (2009). 12572:Canto, Alicia M. (2004). 11639:. Barcelona: CSIC, 2010, 11496:Papathanassiou, Manolis. 11023:. Retrieved 24 July 2015. 10865:Christopher J. Fuhrmann, 10706:Life of Alexander Severus 10450:10.14712/24646830.2017.16 9998:. Retrieved 12 June 2015. 9970:. Oxford U. Press: 2015, 9702:Alexander Zephyr (2013), 8639:Royston Lambert, pp. 41–2 8239:Christopher J. Fuhrmann, 8065:. Paris: Hachette, 2003, 7952:. Oxford U. Press, 2011, 7606:. Bari: Edipuglia, 2007, 7480:. He also held office as 7450:(101)/ ab actis senatus/ 6936:Kouremenos, Anna (2022). 6791:Lambert, Royston (1984). 6772:Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). 6366: 6364: 6344: 6342: 6339:Furia Sabina Tranquillina 6275: 6271: 6269: 6259: 6189: 6187: 6177: 6143: 6136: 6134:L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6030: 6028: 6012: 6010: 5990: 5977: 5961: 5952: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5901: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5798: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5710: 5704: 5695: 5681: 5674: 5640: 5631: 5629: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5344: 5328: 5312: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5165: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5062: 5060: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4969: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4831: 4829: 4817: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4756: 4738: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4651: 4649: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4604: 4587: 4556: 4554: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4520:L. Julius Ursus Servianus 4516: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4306: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4272: 4270: 4258: 4256: 4244: 4242: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4178: 4176: 4164: 4162: 4148: 4116: 4099: 4085: 4076: 4051: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3937: 3935: 3906: 3864: 3850: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3804: 3792: 3790: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3582: 2700:Hadrian issued a general 2304:, on his own initiative. 2039: 1989:A tradition based on the 1792:, where his visit to the 1589:Herodes Atticus the Elder 615:and constructed the vast 425:Year of the Five Emperors 256: 246: 227: 215: 206: 199: 195: 174: 164: 136: 119: 92: 88: 78: 68: 60: 53: 35: 30: 18886:Roman governors of Syria 18372:Belligerents and leaders 17759:Cleopatra VII Philopator 16016:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 14774: (<3150–2040 BC) 14572:Michael VIII Palaiologos 12798:Journal of Roman Studies 12736:Opper, Thorsten (2008). 12475:Journal of Roman Studies 12422:Church History (Book IV) 11957:. Accessed 30 April 2017 11504:. Byzantium.xronikon.com 11454:Basic Books. 2006 p. 574 10610:Fronto: Selected Letters 10514:Elizabeth Speller, p. 69 10055:Journal of Roman Studies 8884:Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis 8816:. Retrieved 20 June 2015 7646:. Accessed 15 April 2017 7002:Journal of Roman Studies 6426:= posthumously deified ( 5316:Calvisia Domitia Lucilla 3682:Q. Marcius Barea Soranus 3244:Now descending for parts 3224:P. Aelius Hadrianus Imp. 3199:Quae nunc abibis in loca 3192:Hospes comesque corporis 3048:Temple of Venus and Roma 2995:– were named or renamed 2874:. It was a proper Greek 2571:Legal and social reforms 2492:, the king of Caucasian 2472:through the client king 2446:Traiani gloriae invidens 2323: 2236:Arranging the succession 1740:Gateway of Hadrianus in 1512:). Athens was given two 1424:, begun by the kings of 1304:wall that bears his name 1060:saw it as bogus and the 798:Publius Acilius Attianus 617:Temple of Venus and Roma 552:, came from the town of 518:[(h)adriˈjaːnus] 514:Publius Aelius Hadrianus 271:Roman imperial dynasties 96:Publius Aelius Hadrianus 21:Hadrian (disambiguation) 18861:Imperial Roman praetors 18528:Bar Kokhba refuge caves 17732:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 17647:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 15941:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 14427:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 14061:Tiberius II Constantine 13079:Nervan–Antonine dynasty 12717:Morwood, James (2013). 12456:Bârcă, Vitalie (2013). 12305:'s attempt to sift the 12189:. Leiden: Brill, 2010, 11812:Retrieved 24 March 2018 11808:8 November 2020 at the 11714:; Antony Birley, p. 301 11526:. Forumancientcoins.com 11249:see Trevor W. Thompson 10582:. Bloomsbury Academic. 10387:. CUP Archive, 1934, 79 10323:The Imperial Roman Army 10301:, Leiden: Brill, 1972, 10153:10.1258/jmb.2009.009057 10076:Marcus Aurelius: A Life 10072:Lucius Catilius Severus 9936:, Life of Hadrian, 23.9 9924:, Life of Hadrian, 10.3 9740:Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand 9520:Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand 9421:Laura Salah Nasrallah, 9404:. Leiden: Brill, 2011, 9321:. Leiden: Brill, 2009, 9167:Foertmeyer, pp. 107–108 8866:. Leiden: Brill, 2009, 8665:. Leiden, Brill, 2001, 8383:Larry Joseph Kreitzer, 8086:. Leiden: Brill, 2011, 7790:. Leiden: Brill, 2011, 7786:Gabriele Marasco, ed., 7407:; see John Bodel, ed., 5948:Ti. Claudius Pompeianus 5074:L. Caesennius Antoninus 3488:, with a sprinkling of 3279:Bust of Emperor Hadrian 3184:Animula vagula blandula 3032:Apollodorus of Damascus 2924:Gaius Minicius Fundanus 2755:during his return from 2580:Bust of Emperor Hadrian 2363:coronary artery disease 2131:. He renamed Jerusalem 2093:Aftermath; persecutions 1876:Temple of Olympian Zeus 1597:Temple of Olympian Zeus 571:of the ruling emperor, 18846:Deified Roman emperors 18821:Ancient Roman adoptees 18657:Legio XXII Deiotariana 18332:First Jewish–Roman War 17774:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 17753:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 17747:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 17702:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 17672:Arsinoe III Philopator 16586:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 16056:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 15996:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 15587:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 14582:Michael IX Palaiologos 13206:Gn. Minicius Faustinus 13177:Quintus Pompeius Falco 12698:Mócsy, András (2014). 12620:Dobson, Brian (2000). 12152:. Paris: Seuil, 2005, 11931:A Companion to Tacitus 11590:. Köln: Böhlau, 2005, 10398:Trajan-Optimus Priceps 10365:Quintus Pompeius Falco 10280:. Paris: Seuil, 1998, 10125:Anthony Birley, p. 300 10116:Anthony Birley, p. 297 9811:, p. 529, footnote 42. 9777:Loeb Classical Library 9605:Peter Schäfer (2003), 9596:, Mohr Siebeck, p. 68. 9592:Peter Schäfer (2003), 9338:Nathanael J. Andrade, 9271:Nathanael J. Andrade, 8738:Anna Kouremenos 2022. 8482:. Paris: Seuil, 1998, 8478:Patrick le Roux, 8313:, Paris: Seuil, 1976, 7969:Royston Lambert, p. 34 7939:, Life of Hadrian, 6.2 7105:, pp. 5 & 43. 6991:XCII/2, 2004, 367–408. 6738:Levick (2014), p. 117. 6693:Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 6657:Levick (2014), p. 164. 6635:Levick (2014), p. 162. 6610:Levick (2014), p. 163. 6483:Levick (2014), p. 161. 6181:Junius Licinius Balbus 5975:Junius Licinius Balbus 5969:M. Plautius Quintillus 5941:M. Annius Verus Caesar 4900:C. Fuscus Salinator II 4712:Julia Serviana Paulina 3432: 3422:Franz Josef of Austria 3416: 3370:". According to Syme, 3327: 3280: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3068: 2963: 2859: 2808:Serapeum of Alexandria 2743: 2670: 2623:splendidiores personae 2591: 2540:peace through strength 2502:Periplus of the Euxine 2452:and the "lost legion" 2450:Legio XXII Deiotariana 2429: 2336: 2253: 2209: 2118: 2053:Tineius (Tynius) Rufus 1960:First Roman–Jewish War 1897: 1828: 1782: 1744: 1661:, c. 127–128 AD, from 1533: 1405:and saw the beautiful 1398: 1329:Gaius Septicius Clarus 1295:Quintus Pompeius Falco 1278: 1217: 1178: 1152:Gaius Avidius Nigrinus 1092: 1066:writer as genuine. An 1024: 915:, then as governor of 678: 621:Serapeum of Alexandria 558:Nerva-Antonine dynasty 513: 289:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 18911:Tribunes of the plebs 18429:Sextus Julius Severus 18424:Quintus Tineius Rufus 17722:Ptolemy X Alexander I 17687:Ptolemy VI Philometor 17667:Ptolemy IV Philopator 17662:Berenice II Euergetes 17657:Ptolemy III Euergetes 17619:Philip III Arrhidaeus 16128:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 16123:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 15477:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 14676:Thessalonian emperors 14670:Trapezuntine emperors 14631:John VIII Palaiologos 14626:Manuel II Palaiologos 14597:John VI Kantakouzenos 14513:Andronikos I Komnenos 14350:Constantine Lekapenos 13378:and empresses regnant 13309:Aulus Platorius Nepos 13243:G. Ummidius Quadratus 12860:Syme, Ronald (1991). 12835:"Journeys of Hadrian" 12833:Syme, Ronald (1988). 12516:. London: Routledge. 12392:Epitome de Caesaribus 12276:A'haron Oppenheimer, 12150:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 11970:. Habelt, Bonn 2004, 11929:Victoria Emma Pagán, 11918:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 11916:See also Paul Veyne, 11892:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 11798:Epitome de Caesaribus 11416:penelope.uchicago.edu 11159:, Oxford U.P., 1998, 11157:Oxford History of Art 11093:Cassius Dio, LIX.11; 10708:, CUP Archive, p. 110 10213:Samuel Ball Platner, 10057:(1967), Ronald Syme, 9751:Cassius Dio 69, 14.3 9734:17 March 2015 at the 9579:Mackay, Christopher. 9292:Domingo Plácido, ed. 7752:Mackay, Christopher. 7642:16 April 2017 at the 7147:(21.1): 263–305. 2003 6756:contributors (2000). 6537:Giacosa (1977), p. 9. 6504:Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 6471:Giacosa (1977), p. 8. 4706:C. Fuscus Salinator I 3689:Q. Marcius Barea Sura 3512:Ferdinand Gregorovius 3430: 3414: 3358:view, Hadrian "was a 3321: 3278: 3094:Constantine the Great 3063: 2949: 2858:in the British Museum 2850: 2731:Statue of Hadrian as 2730: 2660: 2578: 2415: 2331: 2243: 2206:marble, Roman artwork 2187: 2100: 2068:Sextus Julius Severus 1895: 1815: 1777: 1739: 1659:marble, Roman artwork 1527: 1385: 1343:Africa, Parthia (123) 1277:is in the foreground. 1267: 1206: 1183:Quintus Marcius Turbo 1168: 1140:Aulus Cornelius Palma 1090: 1014: 869:Legio XXII Primigenia 859:in 95, then with the 746:Aelia Domitia Paulina 724:Hadrian's father was 701:at the initiative of 669: 123:10 July 138 (aged 62) 18876:Romans from Hispania 18866:LGBTQ Roman emperors 18355:Military engagements 18155:Dynastic genealogies 17779:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 17075:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 16989:High Priests of Amun 16491:Merankhre Mentuhotep 16193:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 16188:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 16041:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 15748: (2040–1550 BC) 15467:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 14614:John VII Palaiologos 14562:Theodore II Laskaris 14422:Constantine X Doukas 14362:Nikephoros II Phokas 13281:T. Sabinius Barbarus 13258:T. Sabinius Barbarus 13236:Bellicius Tebanianus 13169:M. Trebatius Priscus 13160:Roman suffect consul 13063:8 April 2011 at the 12418:Eusebius of Caesarea 11680:T. J. Cornell, ed., 11482:however claims that 11376:in the 16th century. 11076:, de Gruyter, 1991, 10671:A. Arthur Schiller, 10234:Christian Bechtold, 9875:Geza Vermes (2006), 9854:Anna Collar (2013), 9637:Shaye Cohen (2013), 9609:. Routledge, p. 146. 9361:Andrew M. Smith II, 9250:A. J. S. Spawforth, 8807:Athènes sous Hadrien 8742:. London: Routledge 8311:Le Pain et le Cirque 8061:& D. Nony, 7498:8 April 2011 at the 7441:feriarum Latinarum/ 6957:Lives of the Caesars 6863:Marguerite Yourcenar 6795:. New York: Viking. 6713:"Marcus Aurelius" 24 4947:L. Caesennius Paetus 4890:L. Ceionius Commodus 4760:Cn. Arrius Antoninus 4055:C. Salonius Matidius 3304:cum periculo capitis 2774:genius populi Romani 2723:Religious activities 2586:, now housed in the 2390:Lucius Aelius Caesar 2382:Mausoleum of Hadrian 2333:Mausoleum of Hadrian 2262:Lucius Aelius Caesar 1718:Eleusinian Mysteries 1624:wreath of oak leaves 1464:Eleusinian Mysteries 1287:expeditio Britannica 897:tribune of the plebs 541:; his branch of the 261:Hellenistic religion 182:Lucius Aelius Caesar 18831:Ancient Roman poets 18646:Lamentations Rabbah 17677:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 17614:Alexander the Great 16646: (1550–664 BC) 16168:Mershepsesre Ini II 16163:Merkawre Sobekhotep 15557:Neferkare IV Khendu 14545:Theodore I Laskaris 14530:Alexios III Angelos 14508:Alexios II Komnenos 14432:Romanos IV Diogenes 14387:Romanos III Argyros 14333:Romanos I Lekapenos 13318:M. Paccius Silvanus 13275:L. Pomponius Bassus 13252:L. Pomponius Bassus 13152:as Ordinary consuls 12596:on 15 October 2007. 12338:at internet archive 12255:Thomas E. Jenkins, 12185:Danèel den Hengst, 12174:et un peu d'Ubu Roi 11966:Susanne Mortensen: 11869:Edward Togo Salmon, 11779:Russell E. Murphy, 11502:Βυζαντινον Χρονικον 11206:Craig A. Williams, 11130:Carl F. Petry, ed. 11054:on 16 December 2020 10704:R.V. Nind Hopkins, 10545:Luttvak, Edward N. 10419:Empire and Conflict 9993:Journal des savants 9773:Dio's Roman History 9208:Anthony Kaldellis, 9186:3 June 2018 at the 8890:. OUP : 2010, 8784:Brenda Longfellow, 8618:William E. Mierse, 8260:Rose Mary Sheldon, 8189:Richard A. Bauman, 8168:Richard P. Saller, 8036:John Antony Crook, 7636:: 54. Available at 7437:equitum Romanorum/ 7222:The Emperor Hadrian 7130:(Oxford, 1988), pp. 7042:Googlebooks preview 6154:Plautius Quintillus 6147:L. Antistius Burrus 6129:Petronius Antoninus 5692:Q. Servilius Pudens 5685:Plautius Quintillus 5136:C. Avidius Nigrinus 4312:Libo Rupilius Frugi 4089:P. Acilius Attianus 3730:P. Aelius Hadrianus 3407:Hadrian's portraits 3334:, though an avowed 3332:Niccolò Machiavelli 3079:before him, of the 2926:, and preserved by 2408:Military activities 2167:Hadrian's itinerary 2137:Jupiter Capitolinus 2051:The Roman governor 2032:had been after the 1915:, displayed at the 1726:Amphictyonic League 1562:Antigonus III Doson 1375:, the main city of 1021:Musée Saint-Raymond 944:Theatre of Dionysus 656:benevolent dictator 155:Hadrian's Mausoleum 18796:1st-century Romans 18640:Messiah in Judaism 18589:Archive of Babatha 18577:Bar Kokhba weights 18401:Eleazar of Modi'im 18391:Yeshua ben Galgula 18014:Trebonianus Gallus 16601:Senakhtenre Ahmose 16219:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 16173:Sewahenre Senebmiu 16148:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 15577:Neferkare V Tereru 15547:Neferkare III Neby 15215:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 14664:Britannic emperors 14658:Palmyrene emperors 14592:John V Palaiologos 14535:Alexios IV Angelos 14484:Constantine Doukas 14479:Alexios I Komnenos 14467:Constantine Doukas 14450:Michael VII Doukas 14412:Michael VI Bringas 13978:Romulus Augustulus 13601:Trebonianus Gallus 13594:Herennius Etruscus 13376:Byzantine emperors 13332:as Suffect consuls 13287:as Suffect consuls 13264:as Suffect consuls 13212:as Suffect consuls 13189:as Suffect consuls 13132:Political offices 12964:. London: Methuen. 12759:. London: Review. 12624:. London: Penguin. 12445:, Cambridge, 1966. 12230:Anthony R Birley, 12056:William J. Dominik 11706:Historia Augusta, 11309:Robert M. Haddad, 11227:Marco Rizzi, p. 12 10983:Boatwright, p. 136 9729:livius.org account 9199:Boatwright, p. 150 9133:Boatwright, p. 142 9022:Rome the Law-Giver 8944:Boatwright, p. 134 8468:978-0-7-1982-159-2 8334:, Routledge, 2014 8063:Rome et son Empire 7996:Elizabeth Speller. 7722:Anthony R Birley, 7493:Roman-emperors.org 7476:sodalis Augustalis 7472:septemvir epulonum 7254:John D. Grainger, 7199:John D. Grainger, 7019:Kocku von Stuckrad 6858:Memoirs of Hadrian 6557:"Julius Servianus" 5644:C. Avidius Cassius 4973:T. Aurelius Fulvus 3472:Aspasius of Byblos 3433: 3417: 3348:Friedrich Schiller 3344:Five Good Emperors 3328: 3281: 3157:Phlegon of Tralles 3148:Palatine Anthology 3069: 3066:Capitoline Museums 2964: 2860: 2778:Hercules Gaditanus 2744: 2741:Capitoline Museums 2671: 2612:consilia principis 2592: 2584:Townley Collection 2430: 2378:Gardens of Domitia 2337: 2254: 2210: 2188:imperial group as 2141:Aquila from Sinope 2135:after himself and 2119: 2115:Capitoline Museums 1954:, Hadrian visited 1946:Background, causes 1898: 1829: 1745: 1534: 1399: 1279: 1218: 1179: 1124:praetorian prefect 1093: 1025: 861:Legio V Macedonica 802:Praetorian prefect 679: 652:Five Good Emperors 597:panhellenic empire 529:, close to modern 150:Gardens of Domitia 18851:Eponymous archons 18836:Bar Kokhba revolt 18710: 18709: 18597: 18596: 18442: 18441: 18312:Jewish–Roman wars 18301:Bar Kokhba revolt 18267: 18266: 18254: 18253: 18145: 18144: 18141: 18140: 18137: 18136: 18061:Claudius Gothicus 17955:Severus Alexander 17922:Septimius Severus 17787: 17786: 17585: 17584: 17330: 17329: 17262: 17261: 17258: 17257: 17254: 17253: 16969:Osorkon the Elder 16920: 16919: 16697: 16696: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16591:Nubkheperre Intef 16471:Sekhemre Shedwast 16093:Sehetepkare Intef 16021:Semenkare Nebnuni 15950: 15949: 15797: 15796: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15721: 15720: 15504: 15503: 15482:Netjerkare Siptah 15404:Neferirkare Kakai 15249: 15248: 15053: 15052: 14823: 14822: 14719: 14718: 14557:John III Vatatzes 14503:Manuel I Komnenos 14242:Michael I Rangabe 14086: 14085: 13928:Petronius Maximus 13527:Severus Alexander 13495:Septimius Severus 13339: 13338: 13335: 13315:Succeeded by 13290: 13267: 13249:Succeeded by 13215: 13192: 13174:Succeeded by 13155: 13122:Succeeded by 12918:978-1-4000-6662-9 12899:978-0-340-83361-2 12871:978-0-19-814494-6 12788:978-0-19-814327-7 12766:978-0-7472-6662-4 12709:978-1-317-75425-1 12690:978-1-85799-944-0 12612:978-1-4000-6662-9 12564:978-0-691-04889-5 12523:978-0-415-16544-0 12450:Secondary sources 12265:978-0-521-19626-0 12195:978-90-04-17438-2 12068:978-90-04-15671-5 12015:978-0-465-02497-1 11939:978-1-4051-9032-9 11645:978-84-00-09193-4 11624:978-0-8014-4396-1 11554:978-0-465-02497-1 11399:978-1-4724-2062-6 11385:Brickstamps with 11319:978-1-58979-575-4 11298:978-3-11-022470-2 11216:978-0-19-511300-6 11140:978-0-521-47137-4 10972:978-0-19-926526-8 10899:978-0-19-957488-9 10875:978-0-19-973784-0 10855:978-0-415-39744-5 10831:978-0-415-41651-1 10782:978-2-251-60254-7 10772:Marcel Morabito, 10660:978-1-61530-207-9 10639:978-1-107-02436-6 10618:978-1-78093-442-6 10589:978-1-78076-060-5 10352:978-1-138-01920-1 10342:Albino Garzetti, 10276:Patrick Le Roux, 10244:978-3-89971-685-6 10223:978-1-108-08324-9 10084:978-0-306-81916-2 10030:978-0-415-74582-6 10007:Albino Garzetti, 9976:978-0-19-873682-0 9966:Olivier Hekster, 9955:978-3-05-004898-7 9864:978-1-107-04344-2 9809:978-90-04-21534-4 9803:. Leiden: Brill, 9712:978-1-4917-1256-6 9691:978-0-521-77248-8 9647:978-0-664-23904-6 9548:978-0-674-04321-3 9501:978-3-11-019497-5 9454:978-3-11-022470-2 9433:978-0-521-76652-4 9410:978-90-04-20363-1 9373:978-0-19-986110-1 9350:978-1-107-01205-9 9327:978-90-04-17321-7 9281:978-1-107-01205-9 9260:978-1-107-01211-0 9239:978-84-8317-659-7 9218:978-0-521-87688-9 9096:Boatwright, p. 81 9051:978-0-520-22067-6 8930:978-0-415-84054-5 8896:978-0-19-956190-2 8872:978-90-04-17357-6 8835:978-0-292-71869-2 8794:978-0-521-19493-8 8605:Anthony Everitt, 8594:978-1-107-01256-1 8586:Ancient Libraries 8249:978-0-19-973784-0 8135:978-1-4000-6662-9 8092:978-90-04-20363-1 7958:978-0-19-975370-3 7796:978-90-04-18299-8 7669:978-3-05-004898-7 7612:978-88-7228-492-6 7567:978-0-7864-2349-1 7557:Robert H. Allen, 7071:Royston Lambert, 7048:Neugebauer and H. 7031:978-3-11-018545-4 6979:Alicia M. Canto, 6966:978-1-4051-2755-4 6848: 6847: 6824:978-0-19-537941-9 6443: 6442: 6370: 6369: 5905:M. Petronius Sura 4331:L. Vibius Sabinus 3710:M. Cocceius Nerva 3396:absolute monarchy 3171:According to the 3026:An anecdote from 2614:("council of the 2548:Legio III Augusta 2368:He was buried at 2275:Pannonia Inferior 2271:Pannonia Superior 2153:Decumanus Maximus 1972:Caesarea Maritima 1888:Bar Kokhba revolt 1794:Colossi of Memnon 1759:and composing an 1480:and the Athenian 1323:, the biographer 1244:return or rebirth 1156:Pliny the Younger 1095:According to the 905:Second Dacian War 848:, first with the 834:, one among many 629:Bar Kokhba revolt 535:Italic settlement 463: 462: 430: 429: 378: 377: 294: 282:Aureus of Hadrian 266: 265: 239:Trajan (adoptive) 211: 210: 175:Adoptive children 42:Bust of Hadrian, 18918: 18763: 18762: 18761: 18751: 18750: 18749: 18739: 18738: 18737: 18727: 18726: 18725: 18718: 18698: 18697: 18688: 18687: 18614:Syria Palaestina 18451: 18450: 18386:Simon bar Kokhba 18379:Bar Kokhba state 18376: 18375: 18349: 18337:Aelia Capitolina 18294: 18287: 18280: 18271: 18270: 18261:List of pharaohs 18151: 18150: 17916:Pescennius Niger 17804: 17803: 17800: 17799: 17712:Ptolemy IX Soter 17682:Cleopatra I Syra 17602: 17601: 17598: 17597: 17347: 17346: 17343: 17342: 17299: 17298: 17290: 17289: 17283: 17282: 17268: 17267: 17019:Djedkhonsuefankh 16937: 16936: 16933: 16932: 16714: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16684: 16679: 16664: 16663: 16655: 16654: 16648: 16647: 16633: 16632: 16226:Qareh Khawoserre 16212:Yakbim Sekhaenre 16153:Mersekhemre Ined 15967: 15966: 15963: 15962: 15814: 15813: 15810: 15809: 15766: 15765: 15757: 15756: 15750: 15749: 15735: 15734: 15521: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15266: 15265: 15262: 15261: 15070: 15069: 15066: 15065: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14792: 14791: 14783: 14782: 14776: 14775: 14761: 14760: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14723: 14722: 14567:John IV Laskaris 14540:Alexios V Doukas 14525:Isaac II Angelos 14491:John II Komnenos 14417:Isaac I Komnenos 14377:Constantine VIII 14367:John I Tzimiskes 14094:Byzantine Empire 13868: 13867: 13365: 13358: 13351: 13342: 13341: 13329: 13326:Q. Vibius Gallus 13284: 13272:Preceded by 13261: 13209: 13197:Preceded by 13186: 13149: 13146:M. Appius Bradua 13137:Preceded by 13105:Preceded by 13095: 13088: 13087:24 January AD 76 13070: 13069: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13000: 12993:Perowne, Stewart 12974: 12965: 12956: 12935: 12922: 12903: 12875: 12857: 12855: 12853: 12839: 12829: 12792: 12770: 12751: 12732: 12713: 12694: 12677:Lambert, Royston 12672: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12646:on 7 August 2010 12625: 12616: 12597: 12568: 12549: 12527: 12506: 12469: 12441:Smallwood, E.M, 12438: 12436: 12434: 12427:"Church History" 12409: 12407: 12405: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12344:Augustan History 12311: 12307:Historia Augusta 12295: 12289: 12274: 12268: 12253: 12247: 12245: 12228: 12219: 12204: 12198: 12183: 12177: 12163: 12146: 12140: 12137: 12131: 12116: 12110: 12107:Restless Emperor 12103: 12097: 12090: 12084: 12077: 12071: 12052: 12046: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12028: 12024: 12018: 12004: 11998: 11984: 11978: 11964: 11958: 11948: 11942: 11927: 11921: 11914: 11908: 11905:Restless Emperor 11901: 11895: 11888: 11882: 11867: 11861: 11849: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11828: 11822: 11819: 11813: 11790: 11784: 11777: 11771: 11768: 11762: 11751: 11745: 11734: 11728: 11721: 11715: 11704: 11698: 11691: 11685: 11678: 11672: 11654: 11648: 11633: 11627: 11609: 11603: 11601: 11584:Historia Augusta 11580: 11574: 11571:Restless Emperor 11567: 11561: 11559: 11544:Robin Lane Fox, 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11493: 11487: 11479:Historia Augusta 11474: 11468: 11465:Restless Emperor 11461: 11455: 11448: 11439: 11429:Historia Augusta 11426: 11420: 11419: 11408: 11402: 11383: 11377: 11366: 11360: 11357:Restless Emperor 11353: 11347: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11328: 11322: 11307: 11301: 11286: 11280: 11277:Restless Emperor 11273: 11267: 11260: 11254: 11247: 11241: 11234: 11228: 11225: 11219: 11204: 11198: 11183: 11177: 11174: 11168: 11149: 11143: 11128: 11122: 11107: 11101: 11095:Historia Augusta 11091: 11085: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11046: 11030: 11024: 11011: 11005: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10975: 10964: 10958: 10943: 10937: 10934:Restless Emperor 10930: 10924: 10923:Garzetti, p. 411 10921: 10915: 10908: 10902: 10884: 10878: 10863: 10857: 10840: 10834: 10816: 10810: 10793:Donald G. Kyle, 10791: 10785: 10770: 10764: 10761: 10755: 10745: 10739: 10736: 10730: 10715: 10709: 10702: 10696: 10693: 10684: 10669: 10663: 10648: 10642: 10627: 10621: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10573: 10567: 10564: 10558: 10543: 10537: 10534:Restless Emperor 10530: 10524: 10521: 10515: 10512: 10506: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10476: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10452: 10428: 10422: 10415: 10409: 10396:Julian Bennett, 10394: 10388: 10378: 10372: 10369:Restless Emperor 10361: 10355: 10340: 10334: 10316: 10310: 10295: 10289: 10274: 10268: 10253: 10247: 10232: 10226: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10190: 10181: 10180: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10117: 10114: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10093: 10087: 10068: 10062: 10051: 10042: 10039: 10033: 10018: 10012: 10005: 9999: 9985: 9979: 9964: 9958: 9943: 9937: 9934:Historia Augusta 9931: 9925: 9922:Historia Augusta 9919: 9913: 9903: 9897: 9894: 9888: 9873: 9867: 9852: 9846: 9831: 9825: 9818: 9812: 9797: 9788: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9749: 9743: 9725:XXII Deiotariana 9721: 9715: 9700: 9694: 9679: 9673: 9659: 9650: 9635: 9629: 9619:Historia Augusta 9616: 9610: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9562:Historia Augusta 9557: 9555: 9529: 9523: 9513: 9504: 9489: 9483: 9472: 9466: 9463: 9457: 9442: 9436: 9419: 9413: 9396: 9390: 9359: 9353: 9336: 9330: 9313: 9307: 9290: 9284: 9269: 9263: 9248: 9242: 9227: 9221: 9206: 9200: 9197: 9191: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9156:Historia Augusta 9153: 9147: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9125: 9122:Restless Emperor 9118: 9112: 9111: 9103: 9097: 9094: 9088: 9085:Restless Emperor 9083:Anthony Birley, 9081: 9075: 9072:Restless Emperor 9070:Anthony Birley, 9068: 9062: 9059: 9053: 9039: 9033: 9018: 9012: 9009:Restless Emperor 9007:Anthony Birley, 9005: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8972: 8966: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8933: 8920:David S. Potter, 8918: 8912: 8909:Restless Emperor 8907:Anthony Birley, 8905: 8899: 8881: 8875: 8860: 8854: 8851:Restless Emperor 8849:Anthony Birley, 8847: 8838: 8823: 8817: 8803: 8797: 8782: 8776: 8769: 8763: 8760:Restless Emperor 8758:Anthony Birley, 8756: 8750: 8736: 8730: 8727:Restless Emperor 8725:Anthony Birley, 8723: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8683: 8680: 8674: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8631: 8616: 8610: 8603: 8597: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8552:Potter, David S. 8548: 8542: 8539:Restless Emperor 8535: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8510: 8504: 8497: 8491: 8476: 8470: 8456: 8450: 8449:, Hadrian, xi, 2 8444: 8438: 8435: 8429: 8426:Restless Emperor 8422: 8416: 8404:Simon Goldhill, 8402: 8396: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8363: 8344: 8338: 8328: 8322: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8279: 8273: 8258: 8252: 8237: 8231: 8228:Restless Emperor 8224: 8218: 8208: 8202: 8187: 8181: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8151: 8148:Restless Emperor 8144: 8138: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8108: 8101: 8095: 8080: 8074: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8041: 8034: 8028: 8021: 8015: 8003: 7997: 7994: 7985: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7961: 7946: 7940: 7937:Historia Augusta 7934: 7928: 7920: 7914: 7907: 7901: 7898:Restless Emperor 7894: 7888: 7885: 7879: 7864: 7858: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7825: 7819: 7812:Historia Augusta 7809: 7803: 7801: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7695: 7689: 7684:Thorsten Opper, 7682: 7676: 7674: 7653: 7647: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7615: 7596: 7590: 7580: 7574: 7572: 7555: 7549: 7542: 7536: 7534: 7529:Restless Emperor 7527:Anthony Birley, 7525: 7519: 7517: 7510:Anthony Birley, 7508: 7502: 7490: 7468:consul suffectus 7460:legatus legionis 7443:tribunus militum 7426: 7420: 7405:Historia Augusta 7401: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7314: 7307:Historia Augusta 7303: 7297: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7281:Restless Emperor 7279:Anthony Birley, 7277: 7271: 7252: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7220:Thorsten Opper, 7218: 7212: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7184:Restless Emperor 7182:Anthony Birley, 7180: 7174: 7171:Restless Emperor 7169:Anthony Birley, 7167: 7161: 7158:Restless Emperor 7156:Anthony Birley, 7154: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7047: 7010:Historia Augusta 7007: 7004:, LIV, 1964; pp. 6998: 6992: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6933: 6927: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6885:Rufus Wainwright 6873:Samuel R. Delany 6842: 6828: 6806: 6787: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6739: 6736: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6636: 6633: 6620: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6595: 6592: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6560: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6526: 6516: 6505: 6502: 6493: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6425: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6393: 6387:(3) = 3rd spouse 6384:(2) = 2nd spouse 6381:(1) = 1st spouse 6376: 6375: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6174:Antonia Gordiana 6159:Plautia Servilla 5980:Servilia Ceionia 5923: 5921: 5915: 5898:Cornificia Minor 5669: 5667: 5661: 5638: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5370:L. Aelius Caesar 5359: 5357: 5351: 5342: 4754:Boionia Procilla 4741:Rupilia Faustina 4611: 4601: 4599: 4594: 4585: 4325: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4040: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3871: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3715:Sergia Plautilla 3695:Antonia Furnilla 3574: 3573: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3486:sword and sandal 3482:cloak and dagger 3477:Historia Augusta 3342:, one of Rome's 3312:imperial decrees 3261:Historia Augusta 3215: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3174:Historia Augusta 3153:Historia Augusta 3128:Historia Augusta 3113:Roman philosophy 3090:Scipio Africanus 2956:Aequitas Augusti 2852:Busts of Hadrian 2769:pontifex maximus 2733:pontifex maximus 2664: 2596:Salvius Julianus 2478:Historia Augusta 2354:Historia Augusta 2294:of the same name 2266:Jerome Carcopino 2225:Historia Augusta 2133:Aelia Capitolina 2129:Syria Palaestina 2046:Simon bar Kokhba 2034:Babylonian exile 2017:Historia Augusta 1991:Historia Augusta 1928: 1913:Simon bar Kokhba 1908: 1773:Historia Augusta 1749:Pompey the Great 1646: 1615: 1574:Heraion of Argos 1558:Poseidon Hippios 1471: 1458:Greece (124–125) 1387:Bust of Antinous 1248:Historia Augusta 1234:Aelius Aristides 1160:Historia Augusta 1148:Historia Augusta 1097:Historia Augusta 1063:Historia Augusta 1040:Historia Augusta 1015:Bust of Emperor 940:eponymous archon 913:Legio I Minervia 893:First Dacian War 889:ab actis senatus 853: 846:military tribune 814:Greek literature 703:Scipio Africanus 699:Second Punic War 695:Hispania Baetica 539:Hispania Baetica 520: 504: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 455: 448: 441: 422:Followed by 415:Preceded by 412: 411: 306: 305: 292: 280: 268: 267: 197: 196: 105:Hispania Baetica 48: 45: 40: 28: 27: 18926: 18925: 18921: 18920: 18919: 18917: 18916: 18915: 18906:Roman quaestors 18771: 18770: 18769: 18759: 18757: 18747: 18745: 18735: 18733: 18723: 18721: 18713: 18711: 18706: 18676: 18623: 18593: 18560: 18546:Wadi Murabba'at 18541:Cave of Letters 18522: 18483:Khirbet el-Qutt 18438: 18405: 18367: 18356: 18350: 18341: 18315: 18303: 18298: 18268: 18263: 18250: 18156: 18133: 18033:Macrianus Minor 17962:Maximinus Thrax 17898:Marcus Aurelius 17797: 17796: 17795: 17783: 17642:Ptolemy I Soter 17628: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17581: 17548: 17520: 17480: 17462: 17442:Psammetichus IV 17412: 17340: 17339: 17338: 17326: 17304: 17295: 17284: 17281:(664 BC–313 AD) 17280: 17279: 17250: 17212: 17189: 17185:Menkheperre Ini 17122: 17045: 16983: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16916: 16853: 16800: 16781:Neferneferuaten 16707: 16706: 16705: 16693: 16692: 16682: 16677: 16676:Pharaohs 16669: 16660: 16649: 16645: 16644: 16615: 16550: 16509: 16436:Sobekhotep VIII 16417: 16349: 16197: 16158:Sewadjkare Hori 15960: 15959: 15958: 15946: 15886: 15860: 15807: 15806: 15805: 15793: 15771: 15762: 15751: 15747: 15746: 15717: 15684: 15644: 15552:Djedkare Shemai 15514: 15513: 15512: 15500: 15438: 15380: 15323: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15245: 15139: 15063: 15062: 15061: 15049: 14954: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14819: 14797: 14788: 14777: 14773: 14772: 14755: 14750: 14720: 14715: 14708: 14652:Gallic emperors 14640: 14328:Constantine VII 14109:Constantine III 14096: 14093: 14082: 13991: 13983: 13922:Valentinian III 13910:Constantius III 13904:Priscus Attalus 13888:Constantine III 13874: 13866: 13756:Valerius Valens 13701: 13693: 13539: 13531: 13490:Didius Julianus 13470:Marcus Aurelius 13387: 13379: 13369: 13328: 13323: 13319: 13307: 13300: 13298: 13283: 13278: 13260: 13255: 13240: 13233: 13225: 13223: 13208: 13203: 13185: 13180: 13165: 13163: 13148: 13143: 13127: 13118: 13110: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13075: 13065:Wayback Machine 13039:Hadrian coinage 13030: 13017: 13015: 12953: 12919: 12900: 12882: 12880:Further reading 12872: 12862:Roman Papers VI 12851: 12849: 12837: 12804:(1–2): 142–49. 12789: 12767: 12748: 12729: 12710: 12691: 12649: 12647: 12638: 12613: 12565: 12546: 12524: 12452: 12432: 12430: 12425: 12403: 12401: 12396: 12387:Aurelius Victor 12372: 12370: 12365: 12358:Aurelius Victor 12330:or Dio Cassius 12324: 12322:Primary sources 12319: 12314: 12303:Ernst Kornemann 12296: 12292: 12275: 12271: 12254: 12250: 12243: 12229: 12222: 12205: 12201: 12184: 12180: 12168:Alexandre Dumas 12161: 12147: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12117: 12113: 12104: 12100: 12091: 12087: 12078: 12074: 12053: 12049: 12044: 12040: 12035: 12031: 12025: 12021: 12005: 12001: 11985: 11981: 11965: 11961: 11949: 11945: 11928: 11924: 11915: 11911: 11902: 11898: 11889: 11885: 11868: 11864: 11850: 11846: 11838: 11834: 11829: 11825: 11820: 11816: 11810:Wayback Machine 11791: 11787: 11778: 11774: 11769: 11765: 11752: 11748: 11735: 11731: 11722: 11718: 11705: 11701: 11692: 11688: 11679: 11675: 11655: 11651: 11634: 11630: 11610: 11606: 11599: 11581: 11577: 11568: 11564: 11557: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11494: 11490: 11475: 11471: 11462: 11458: 11449: 11442: 11427: 11423: 11410: 11409: 11405: 11384: 11380: 11370:Cardinal d'Este 11367: 11363: 11354: 11350: 11345:. 7 March 2024. 11341: 11340: 11336: 11329: 11325: 11308: 11304: 11287: 11283: 11279:, pp. 127, 183. 11274: 11270: 11262:Caroline Vout, 11261: 11257: 11248: 11244: 11235: 11231: 11226: 11222: 11205: 11201: 11184: 11180: 11176:Williams, p. 61 11175: 11171: 11150: 11146: 11129: 11125: 11108: 11104: 11092: 11088: 11071: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11044: 11031: 11027: 11012: 11008: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10965: 10961: 10945:Gradel, Ittai, 10944: 10940: 10931: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10910:Peter Schäfer, 10909: 10905: 10885: 10881: 10864: 10860: 10841: 10837: 10817: 10813: 10792: 10788: 10771: 10767: 10763:Westermann, 109 10762: 10758: 10746: 10742: 10737: 10733: 10716: 10712: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10687: 10670: 10666: 10649: 10645: 10628: 10624: 10608: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10544: 10540: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10513: 10509: 10493:Fergus Millar, 10492: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10470: 10466: 10437:AUC Philologica 10429: 10425: 10416: 10412: 10395: 10391: 10379: 10375: 10362: 10358: 10341: 10337: 10317: 10313: 10296: 10292: 10275: 10271: 10255:Clifford Ando, 10254: 10250: 10233: 10229: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10133: 10129: 10124: 10120: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10094: 10090: 10069: 10065: 10052: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10019: 10015: 10006: 10002: 9986: 9982: 9965: 9961: 9944: 9940: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9904: 9900: 9895: 9891: 9874: 9870: 9853: 9849: 9832: 9828: 9819: 9815: 9798: 9791: 9771: 9764: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9736:Wayback Machine 9722: 9718: 9701: 9697: 9680: 9676: 9660: 9653: 9636: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9604: 9600: 9591: 9587: 9578: 9574: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9530: 9526: 9514: 9507: 9490: 9486: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9443: 9439: 9420: 9416: 9397: 9393: 9360: 9356: 9337: 9333: 9314: 9310: 9291: 9287: 9270: 9266: 9249: 9245: 9228: 9224: 9207: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9188:Wayback Machine 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9119: 9115: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9082: 9078: 9069: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9041:Clifford Ando, 9040: 9036: 9020:J. Declareuil, 9019: 9015: 9006: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8973: 8969: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8936: 8919: 8915: 8906: 8902: 8882: 8878: 8861: 8857: 8848: 8841: 8824: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8783: 8779: 8770: 8766: 8757: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8720: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8617: 8613: 8604: 8600: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8549: 8545: 8536: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8498: 8494: 8477: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8423: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8366: 8345: 8341: 8329: 8325: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8280: 8276: 8259: 8255: 8238: 8234: 8225: 8221: 8209: 8205: 8188: 8184: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8145: 8141: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8102: 8098: 8081: 8077: 8059:Michel Christol 8057: 8053: 8049:Marasco, p. 377 8048: 8044: 8035: 8031: 8022: 8018: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7988: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7947: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7917: 7908: 7904: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7826: 7822: 7816:Life of Hadrian 7810: 7806: 7799: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7696: 7692: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7654: 7650: 7644:Wayback Machine 7631: 7627: 7623:Marasco, p. 375 7622: 7618: 7600:Domitia Longina 7597: 7593: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7556: 7552: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7509: 7505: 7500:Wayback Machine 7488: 7452:tribunus plebis 7439:praefectus Urbi 7427: 7423: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7317: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7253: 7249: 7233:Jörg Fündling, 7232: 7228: 7219: 7215: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7168: 7164: 7155: 7151: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7128:Roman Papers IV 7125: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7073:Beloved And God 7070: 7063: 7049: 7045: 7033:: Cramer, FH., 7005: 6999: 6995: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6953: 6949: 6934: 6930: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6853: 6825: 6811:Levick, Barbara 6803: 6784: 6762: 6760: 6742: 6737: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6639: 6634: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6580: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6517: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6354: 6352: 6347: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5699:Ceionia Plautia 5664: 5662: 5657: 5652:Aurelia Fadilla 5634: 5621: 5619: 5616:Marcus Aurelius 5614: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5309:M. Annius Verus 4735:M. Annius Verus 4607: 4596: 4590: 4581: 4323:Salonia Matidia 4321: 4079: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4045: 4038: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3867: 3854:Marcia Furnilla 3842: 3840: 3835: 3568: 3565: 3536: 3442: 3409: 3286:Marcus Aurelius 3273: 3169: 3167:Poem by Hadrian 3009:Hadrian's Villa 2944: 2916: 2845: 2835:of the goddess 2812:Diaspora revolt 2725: 2600:Perpetual Edict 2573: 2484:attacked Roman 2435:Severan dynasty 2410: 2359:Townley Hadrian 2326: 2238: 2198:into a portrait 2182: 2169: 2095: 2042: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1909: 1890: 1884: 1817:Arch of Hadrian 1810: 1714: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1647: 1639: 1638: 1628:Pentelic marble 1616: 1605: 1460: 1361: 1345: 1272: 1262: 1256: 1212: 1201: 1136:capaces imperii 1085: 1080: 1053: 992:Salonia Matidia 984: 851: 826: 779:Aurelius Victor 773:, his father's 755:Hadrian's Villa 738:Domitia Paulina 664: 640:Marcus Aurelius 599:, led by Rome. 591:, and parts of 577:Pompeia Plotina 502: 473: 469: 459: 423: 418:Flavian dynasty 416: 401: 360:Marcus Aurelius 283: 251:Domitia Paulina 242: 191: 160: 159: 124: 99: 97: 49: 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18924: 18914: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18896:Roman pharaohs 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18811:Adult adoptees 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18768: 18767: 18755: 18743: 18731: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18704: 18692: 18681: 18678: 18677: 18675: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18642: 18637: 18631: 18629: 18628:Related topics 18625: 18624: 18622: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18605: 18603: 18599: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18592: 18591: 18586: 18585: 18584: 18574: 18568: 18566: 18565:Small findings 18562: 18561: 18559: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18536:Cave of Horror 18532: 18530: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18478:Khirbet Jamjum 18475: 18470: 18468:Khirbet Kelafa 18465: 18459: 18457: 18448: 18444: 18443: 18440: 18439: 18437: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18415: 18413: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18382: 18380: 18373: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18365: 18363:Siege of Betar 18359: 18357: 18352: 18351: 18344: 18342: 18340: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18323: 18321: 18317: 18316: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18297: 18296: 18289: 18282: 18274: 18265: 18264: 18259: 18256: 18255: 18252: 18251: 18249: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18170: 18167: 18161: 18158: 18157: 18147: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18139: 18138: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18131: 18129:Maximinus Daza 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18085: 18078: 18071: 18064: 18057: 18050: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18024: 18017: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17993: 17986: 17979: 17972: 17965: 17958: 17951: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17912: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17888:Antoninus Pius 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17812: 17810: 17801: 17798:(30 BC–313 AD) 17789: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17638: 17636: 17630: 17629: 17627: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17610: 17608: 17599: 17587: 17586: 17583: 17582: 17580: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17562:Artaxerxes III 17558: 17556: 17550: 17549: 17547: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17530: 17528: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17518: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17490: 17488: 17482: 17481: 17479: 17478: 17472: 17470: 17464: 17463: 17461: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17438: 17433: 17431:Petubastis III 17428: 17422: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17368: 17363: 17355: 17353: 17344: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17324: 17319: 17318: 17317: 17314: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17296: 17293: 17286: 17285: 17264: 17263: 17260: 17259: 17256: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17249: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17222: 17220: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17210: 17205: 17199: 17197: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17187: 17182: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17132: 17130: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17120: 17115: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17055: 17053: 17047: 17046: 17044: 17043: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 16999: 16993: 16991: 16985: 16984: 16982: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16945: 16943: 16934: 16926:3 Intermediate 16922: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16863: 16861: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16810: 16808: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16722: 16720: 16711: 16708:(1550–1070 BC) 16699: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16661: 16658: 16651: 16650: 16629: 16628: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16566: 16560: 16558: 16552: 16551: 16549: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16519: 16517: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16507: 16500: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16441:Neferhotep III 16438: 16433: 16427: 16425: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16381: 16374: 16367: 16359: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16340: 16333: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16271:Sewadjkare III 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16240:Maaibre Sheshi 16236: 16233:'Ammu Ahotepre 16229: 16222: 16215: 16207: 16205: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16143:Merhotepre Ini 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16103:Sobekhotep III 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15975: 15973: 15964: 15961:(1802–1550 BC) 15956:2 Intermediate 15952: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15896: 15894: 15888: 15887: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15853: 15851:Mentuhotep III 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15822: 15820: 15811: 15808:(2040–1802 BC) 15803:Middle Kingdom 15799: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15781: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15763: 15760: 15753: 15752: 15740:Middle Kingdom 15731: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15723: 15722: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15703:Neferkare VIII 15700: 15694: 15692: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15675: 15670: 15668:Nebkaure Khety 15665: 15660: 15658:Meryibre Khety 15654: 15652: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15635: 15628: 15621: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15592:Neferkamin Anu 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15533: 15531: 15518: 15515:(2181–2040 BC) 15510:1 Intermediate 15506: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15491: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15436: 15431: 15429:Djedkare Isesi 15426: 15424:Menkauhor Kaiu 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15390: 15388: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15378: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15333: 15331: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15316: 15309: 15302: 15297: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15274: 15272: 15263: 15260:(2686–2181 BC) 15251: 15250: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15243: 15238: 15231: 15224: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15200: 15193: 15186: 15179: 15172: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15149: 15147: 15141: 15140: 15138: 15137: 15130: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15078: 15076: 15067: 15064:(3150–2686 BC) 15059:Early Dynastic 15055: 15054: 15051: 15050: 15048: 15047: 15038: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14964: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14952: 14945: 14940: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14905: 14898: 14891: 14884: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14856: 14848: 14846: 14837: 14825: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14817: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14789: 14786: 14779: 14778: 14757: 14756: 14749: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14726: 14717: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14673: 14667: 14661: 14655: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14611: 14606: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14488: 14476: 14471: 14447: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14407:Theodora (III) 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14303: 14298: 14286: 14274: 14269: 14257: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14222:Constantine VI 14219: 14214: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14186:Theodosius III 14183: 14178: 14173: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14131:Constantine IV 14128: 14123: 14111: 14106: 14100: 14098: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14083: 14081: 14080: 14075: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13995: 13993: 13989:Eastern Empire 13985: 13984: 13982: 13981: 13974: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13950: 13943: 13938: 13931: 13924: 13919: 13912: 13907: 13900: 13884: 13878: 13876: 13872:Western Empire 13865: 13864: 13857: 13845:Magnus Maximus 13841: 13839:Valentinian II 13836: 13831: 13826: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13778: 13773: 13771:Constantius II 13768: 13766:Constantine II 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13705: 13703: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13634: 13629: 13621: 13616: 13598: 13586: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13543: 13541: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13465:Antoninus Pius 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13391: 13389: 13388:27 BC – AD 235 13381: 13380: 13368: 13367: 13360: 13353: 13345: 13337: 13336: 13316: 13313: 13291: 13273: 13269: 13268: 13250: 13247: 13216: 13198: 13194: 13193: 13175: 13172: 13156: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13129: 13128: 13125:Antoninus Pius 13123: 13120: 13111: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13100:Regnal titles 13097: 13096: 13094:10 July AD 138 13076: 13073: 13068: 13067: 13055: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13029: 13028:External links 13026: 13025: 13024: 13014:on 31 May 2021 13001: 12989: 12987:978-1032014852 12975: 12966: 12957: 12952:978-0790552286 12951: 12936: 12923: 12917: 12904: 12898: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12870: 12830: 12810:10.2307/298660 12793: 12787: 12771: 12765: 12752: 12747:978-0674030954 12746: 12733: 12728:978-1849668866 12727: 12714: 12708: 12695: 12689: 12673: 12656: 12629:Gibbon, Edward 12626: 12622:Hadrian's Wall 12617: 12611: 12598: 12569: 12563: 12550: 12545:978-0691002187 12544: 12528: 12522: 12507: 12487:10.2307/299345 12481:(1/2): 65–79. 12470: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12439: 12413:Inscriptions: 12411: 12410: 12395:, XIII. Latin 12379: 12355: 12351:Translated by 12339: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12312: 12290: 12269: 12248: 12220: 12216:978-0521263351 12199: 12178: 12141: 12139:Boatwright, 20 12132: 12111: 12098: 12085: 12072: 12047: 12038: 12029: 12019: 11999: 11979: 11959: 11943: 11922: 11909: 11896: 11883: 11862: 11844: 11832: 11823: 11814: 11785: 11772: 11763: 11746: 11729: 11716: 11699: 11686: 11673: 11649: 11628: 11604: 11575: 11562: 11537: 11515: 11488: 11469: 11456: 11440: 11421: 11403: 11387:consular dates 11378: 11361: 11348: 11334: 11323: 11302: 11281: 11268: 11255: 11242: 11229: 11220: 11199: 11178: 11169: 11144: 11123: 11102: 11086: 11065: 11025: 11014:Marcel Le Glay 11006: 10992:K. W. Arafat, 10985: 10976: 10959: 10957:, pp. 194–195. 10938: 10925: 10916: 10903: 10879: 10858: 10843:Judith Perkins 10835: 10811: 10786: 10765: 10756: 10740: 10731: 10717:Adolf Berger, 10710: 10697: 10685: 10664: 10643: 10629:Laura Jansen, 10622: 10602: 10588: 10568: 10559: 10538: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10486: 10477: 10464: 10443:(2): 111–125. 10423: 10410: 10389: 10373: 10367:; see Birley, 10356: 10335: 10311: 10290: 10269: 10248: 10227: 10206: 10194: 10182: 10147:(4): 241–243. 10127: 10118: 10109: 10097: 10088: 10063: 10043: 10034: 10020:András Mócsy, 10013: 10000: 9980: 9959: 9938: 9926: 9914: 9898: 9889: 9868: 9847: 9826: 9813: 9789: 9762: 9744: 9716: 9695: 9674: 9651: 9630: 9611: 9598: 9585: 9572: 9547: 9533:Schäfer, Peter 9524: 9505: 9484: 9467: 9458: 9437: 9414: 9391: 9354: 9331: 9315:Georg Simmel, 9308: 9285: 9264: 9243: 9222: 9201: 9192: 9169: 9160: 9148: 9135: 9126: 9113: 9098: 9089: 9076: 9063: 9054: 9034: 9013: 8995: 8986: 8967: 8965:, pp. 162, 185 8953:K. W. Arafat, 8946: 8934: 8913: 8900: 8876: 8855: 8839: 8818: 8798: 8777: 8764: 8751: 8731: 8718: 8705: 8696: 8684: 8675: 8650: 8641: 8632: 8611: 8598: 8577: 8570: 8564:. p. 77. 8543: 8527: 8505: 8492: 8471: 8458:Nick Hodgson, 8451: 8439: 8430: 8417: 8397: 8376: 8364: 8346:Paul Veyne, " 8339: 8330:András Mócsy, 8323: 8302: 8274: 8253: 8232: 8219: 8203: 8182: 8161: 8152: 8139: 8118: 8109: 8096: 8075: 8051: 8042: 8029: 8016: 7998: 7986: 7971: 7962: 7941: 7929: 7915: 7902: 7889: 7880: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7820: 7804: 7779: 7770: 7745: 7732: 7715: 7690: 7677: 7648: 7625: 7616: 7591: 7575: 7550: 7544:Karl Strobel: 7537: 7520: 7503: 7491:W. Benario in 7474:(before 112)/ 7421: 7396: 7387: 7385:, p. 101. 7375: 7363: 7348: 7336: 7327: 7325:Bowman, p. 133 7315: 7298: 7289: 7272: 7270:, p. 133. 7247: 7245:, p. 351. 7226: 7213: 7192: 7175: 7162: 7149: 7136: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7081: 7061: 6993: 6972: 6965: 6947: 6928: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6876: 6866: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6835:, ed. (1870). 6833:Smith, William 6829: 6823: 6807: 6801: 6788: 6782: 6769: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6726: 6717: 6695: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6637: 6621: 6612: 6596: 6587: 6574: 6572:, pp. 319–322. 6568:Smith (1870), 6561: 6555:Smith (1870), 6548: 6539: 6527: 6506: 6494: 6485: 6473: 6464: 6454: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6358: 238–244 6345: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6140:Aurelia Sabina 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5922: 177–192 5909: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5668: 161–169 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5636:Faustina Minor 5632: 5630: 5628: 5625: 161–180 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5358: 138–161 5349:Antoninus Pius 5345: 5343: 5336: 5334: 5332:M. Annius Libo 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Arria Antonina 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4600: 117–138 4588: 4586: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4302:Lucius Mindius 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4096:P. Aelius Afer 4093: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3869:Trajanus Pater 3865: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3528:Anthony Birley 3520:Bar Kokhba war 3496:Marius Maximus 3441: 3438: 3408: 3405: 3400:Robin Lane Fox 3284:His successor 3272: 3269: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3168: 3165: 3161:Antoninus Pius 3036:Trajan's Forum 2993:Roman Carthage 2943: 2940: 2915: 2912: 2844: 2841: 2724: 2721: 2588:British Museum 2572: 2569: 2520:fortifications 2474:Parthamaspates 2422:muscle cuirass 2409: 2406: 2398:Campus Martius 2361:) as signs of 2325: 2322: 2282:Antoninus Pius 2237: 2234: 2221:Empress Sabina 2181: 2178: 2168: 2165: 2117:, Vatican City 2094: 2091: 2041: 2038: 2011:. The scholar 2003:); which as a 1970:had done with 1947: 1944: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1910: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1886:Main article: 1883: 1880: 1809: 1806: 1798:Julia Balbilla 1713: 1710: 1698:Cupra Maritima 1648: 1641: 1640: 1626:(AD 117–138); 1617: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1459: 1456: 1418:Hadrianutherae 1360: 1357: 1344: 1341: 1269:Hadrian's Wall 1260:Hadrian's Wall 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1214:British Museum 1200: 1197: 1144:Arabia Nabatea 1116:Lusius Quietus 1084: 1083:Securing power 1081: 1079: 1076: 1052: 1049: 996:Ulpia Marciana 983: 980: 952:cursus honorum 917:Lower Pannonia 841:cursus honorum 825: 824:Public service 822: 671:Hadrian's Arch 663: 660: 636:Antoninus Pius 605:Hadrian's Wall 461: 460: 458: 457: 450: 443: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 420: 408: 407: 403: 402: 400: 399: 394: 388: 385: 384: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 366: 365: 362: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 342: 340:Antoninus Pius 336: 335: 332: 326: 325: 322: 316: 315: 312: 302: 301: 297: 296: 285: 284: 281: 273: 272: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 231: 229: 225: 224: 222:Nerva–Antonine 219: 213: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 193: 192: 190: 189: 187:Antoninus Pius 184: 178: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 141: 140: 138: 134: 133: 132:, Roman Empire 121: 117: 116: 94: 90: 89: 86: 85: 83:Antoninus Pius 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 51: 50: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18923: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18891:Roman legates 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18778: 18776: 18766: 18756: 18754: 18744: 18742: 18732: 18730: 18720: 18719: 18716: 18703: 18702: 18693: 18691: 18683: 18682: 18679: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18647: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18630: 18626: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18606: 18604: 18600: 18590: 18587: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18563: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18533: 18531: 18529: 18525: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18508:Horvat Midras 18506: 18504: 18503:Horvat 'Ethri 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18493:Horvat Burgin 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18473:Kiryat Arbaya 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18463:Khirbet Almit 18461: 18460: 18458: 18456: 18452: 18449: 18445: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18416: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18383: 18381: 18377: 18374: 18370: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18318: 18314: 18313: 18306: 18302: 18295: 18290: 18288: 18283: 18281: 18276: 18275: 18272: 18262: 18257: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18162: 18159: 18152: 18148: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18109: 18105: 18103: 18102: 18098: 18096: 18095: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18083: 18079: 18077: 18076: 18072: 18070: 18069: 18065: 18063: 18062: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18051: 18049: 18048: 18044: 18042: 18041: 18037: 18035: 18034: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18022: 18018: 18016: 18015: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17998: 17994: 17992: 17991: 17987: 17985: 17984: 17980: 17978: 17977: 17973: 17971: 17970: 17966: 17964: 17963: 17959: 17957: 17956: 17952: 17950: 17949: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17917: 17913: 17911: 17910: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17853: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17809: 17805: 17802: 17794: 17790: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17754: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17707:Cleopatra III 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17635: 17631: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17611: 17609: 17607: 17603: 17600: 17592: 17588: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17555: 17551: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17529: 17527: 17523: 17517: 17516: 17512: 17510: 17509:Nepherites II 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17487: 17483: 17477: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17469: 17465: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17443: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17373: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17361: 17357: 17356: 17354: 17352: 17348: 17345: 17337: 17333: 17323: 17320: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17300: 17297: 17291: 17287: 17278: 17274: 17269: 17265: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17219: 17215: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17200: 17198: 17196: 17192: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17153: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17129: 17125: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17113: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17076: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17056: 17054: 17052: 17048: 17042: 17041: 17040:Psusennes III 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17004: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16990: 16986: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16944: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16931:(1069–664 BC) 16927: 16923: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16897:Ramesses VIII 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16860: 16856: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16807: 16803: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16766:Amenhotep III 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16719: 16715: 16712: 16704: 16700: 16689: 16686: 16681: 16675: 16674: 16671: 16665: 16662: 16656: 16652: 16643: 16639: 16634: 16630: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16606:Seqenenre Tao 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16581:Sobekemsaf II 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16571: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16557: 16553: 16547: 16546: 16542: 16540: 16539: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16531:Wepwawetemsaf 16528: 16526: 16525: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16516: 16512: 16506: 16505: 16501: 16499: 16498: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16403: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16382: 16380: 16379: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16368: 16366: 16365: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16346: 16345: 16341: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16318: 16317: 16313: 16311: 16310: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16241: 16237: 16235: 16234: 16230: 16228: 16227: 16223: 16221: 16220: 16216: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16206: 16204: 16200: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16138:Merneferre Ay 16136: 16134: 16133:Wahibre Ibiau 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16118:Sobekhotep IV 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15981: 15977: 15976: 15974: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15942: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15925:Amenemhat III 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15897: 15895: 15893: 15889: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15863: 15857: 15856:Mentuhotep IV 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15846:Mentuhotep II 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15819: 15815: 15812: 15804: 15800: 15790: 15787: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15767: 15764: 15758: 15754: 15745: 15741: 15736: 15732: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15708:Wahkare Khety 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15687: 15681: 15680: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15663:Neferkare VII 15661: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15653: 15651: 15647: 15641: 15640: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15519: 15511: 15507: 15497: 15496: 15492: 15490: 15489: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15359: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15330: 15326: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15310: 15308: 15307: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15295: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15271: 15267: 15264: 15256: 15252: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15236: 15232: 15230: 15229: 15225: 15223: 15222: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15210:Seth-Peribsen 15208: 15206: 15205: 15201: 15199: 15198: 15194: 15192: 15191: 15187: 15185: 15184: 15180: 15178: 15177: 15173: 15171: 15170: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15153:Hotepsekhemwy 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15142: 15136: 15135: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15083: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15071: 15068: 15060: 15056: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15036: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15015: 15013: 15012: 15008: 15006: 15005: 15001: 14999: 14998: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14987: 14985: 14984: 14980: 14978: 14977: 14973: 14971: 14970: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14957: 14951: 14950: 14946: 14944: 14943:Double Falcon 14941: 14939: 14938: 14934: 14932: 14931: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14913: 14911: 14910: 14906: 14904: 14903: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14885: 14883: 14882: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14864: 14862: 14861: 14857: 14855: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14834:(pre-3150 BC) 14830: 14829:Protodynastic 14826: 14816: 14813: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14793: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14771: 14767: 14766:Protodynastic 14762: 14758: 14754: 14747: 14742: 14740: 14735: 14733: 14728: 14727: 14724: 14711: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14662: 14659: 14656: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14346: 14345: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14289:Theodora (II) 14287: 14284: 14283: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14204: 14203: 14199: 14197: 14196:Constantine V 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14181:Anastasius II 14179: 14177: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14095: 14089: 14079: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14004:Theodosius II 14002: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13980: 13979: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13901: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13824: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13812:Valentinian I 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13786: 13784: 13783: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13737: 13735: 13734:Constantine I 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13724:Constantius I 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13366: 13361: 13359: 13354: 13352: 13347: 13346: 13343: 13334: 13333: 13327: 13321: 13312: 13311:(March–April) 13310: 13305: 13297: 13296: 13289: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13266: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13246: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13232: 13230: 13222: 13221: 13214: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13191: 13190: 13184: 13178: 13171: 13170: 13162: 13161: 13154: 13153: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13130: 13126: 13117: 13116: 13115:Roman emperor 13109: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13086: 13081: 13080: 13071: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12988: 12984: 12981:. Routledge. 12980: 12976: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12944: 12943: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12924: 12920: 12914: 12910: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12873: 12867: 12863: 12858:Reprinted in 12847: 12843: 12836: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12794: 12790: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12762: 12758: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12739: 12734: 12730: 12724: 12720: 12715: 12711: 12705: 12702:. Routledge. 12701: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12657: 12645: 12641: 12636: 12635: 12630: 12627: 12623: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12556: 12551: 12547: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12515: 12514: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12454: 12453: 12444: 12440: 12428: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12399: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12368: 12364:, XIV. Latin 12363: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12332:Roman History 12329: 12326: 12325: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12287: 12286:3-16-148514-9 12283: 12279: 12273: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12252: 12241: 12240:0-415-16544-X 12237: 12233: 12227: 12225: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12197:, p. 93. 12196: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12159: 12158:2-02-057798-4 12155: 12151: 12145: 12136: 12129: 12128:0-521-55340-7 12125: 12121: 12118:K.W. Arafat, 12115: 12108: 12102: 12095: 12089: 12082: 12076: 12069: 12065: 12062:Brill, 2009, 12061: 12057: 12051: 12042: 12033: 12023: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12003: 11996: 11993: 11989: 11983: 11977: 11976:3-7749-3229-8 11973: 11969: 11963: 11956: 11953: 11947: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11926: 11919: 11913: 11906: 11900: 11893: 11887: 11880: 11879:0-415-04504-5 11876: 11872: 11866: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11836: 11827: 11818: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11783:, 2007. p. 48 11782: 11776: 11767: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11743: 11739: 11733: 11726: 11720: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11696: 11690: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11626:, p. 177 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11608: 11597: 11596:3-412-10505-8 11593: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11572: 11566: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11541: 11525: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11481: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11460: 11453: 11447: 11445: 11437: 11434: 11430: 11425: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11359:, pp. 176–180 11358: 11352: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11327: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11278: 11272: 11265: 11259: 11252: 11246: 11239: 11238:Imperial Rome 11233: 11224: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11197:, pp. 52–135. 11196: 11195:0-521-86739-8 11192: 11188: 11182: 11173: 11166: 11165:0-19-284201-3 11162: 11158: 11154: 11151:Elsner, Jás, 11148: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11127: 11120: 11119:0-415-14689-5 11116: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11084:, pp. 960–964 11083: 11082:3-11-010389-3 11079: 11075: 11069: 11050: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11010: 11003: 11002:0-521-55340-7 10999: 10995: 10989: 10980: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10956: 10955:0-19-815275-2 10952: 10948: 10942: 10935: 10929: 10920: 10913: 10907: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10883: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10839: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10815: 10808: 10804: 10803:0-415-09678-2 10800: 10796: 10790: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10760: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10735: 10728: 10727:0-87169-435-2 10724: 10720: 10714: 10707: 10701: 10692: 10690: 10682: 10681:90-279-7744-5 10678: 10674: 10668: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10572: 10563: 10556: 10555:0-8018-2158-4 10552: 10548: 10542: 10536:, pp. 209–212 10535: 10529: 10520: 10511: 10504: 10503:0-8078-2852-1 10500: 10496: 10490: 10481: 10474: 10468: 10460: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10414: 10407: 10406:0-253-21435-1 10403: 10399: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10377: 10371:, pp. 84, 86. 10370: 10366: 10360: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10332: 10331:0-415-22295-8 10328: 10324: 10320: 10319:Yann Le Bohec 10315: 10308: 10307:90-04-03545-1 10304: 10300: 10297:W. Den Boer, 10294: 10287: 10286:2-02-025932-X 10283: 10279: 10273: 10266: 10265:0-520-22067-6 10262: 10258: 10252: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10189: 10187: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10131: 10122: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10092: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10048: 10038: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9978:, pp. 140–142 9977: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9935: 9930: 9923: 9918: 9911: 9908: 9902: 9893: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9844: 9843:0-415-30502-0 9840: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9817: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9754:Roman History 9748: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723:Possibly the 9720: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9658: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9608: 9602: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9576: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9550: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9521: 9517: 9516:Peter Schäfer 9512: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9481: 9478:: see Rizzi, 9477: 9471: 9462: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9412:, pp. 104–105 9411: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9398:Hadrien Bru, 9395: 9388: 9387:0-521-33887-5 9384: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9304:84-7491-790-5 9301: 9297: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9196: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9173: 9164: 9157: 9152: 9145: 9139: 9130: 9123: 9117: 9109: 9102: 9093: 9087:, pp. 215–120 9086: 9080: 9074:, pp. 213–214 9073: 9067: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9030:0-415-15613-0 9027: 9023: 9017: 9011:, pp. 191–200 9010: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8990: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8971: 8964: 8963:0-521-55340-7 8960: 8956: 8950: 8941: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8911:, pp. 177–180 8910: 8904: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8853:, pp. 182–184 8852: 8846: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8825:Mark Golden, 8822: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8774: 8768: 8762:, pp. 175–177 8761: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8729:, pp. 164–167 8728: 8722: 8715: 8709: 8700: 8691: 8689: 8679: 8672: 8671:0-391-04155-X 8668: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8629: 8628:0-520-20377-1 8625: 8621: 8615: 8608: 8602: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8573: 8571:9781134694778 8567: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8515: 8509: 8502: 8496: 8489: 8488:2-02-025932-X 8485: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8434: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8414:0-521-66317-2 8411: 8407: 8401: 8394: 8393:1-85075-623-6 8390: 8386: 8380: 8371: 8369: 8361: 8360:0-226-29049-2 8357: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8320: 8319:2-02-004507-9 8316: 8312: 8306: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8270:0-7146-5480-9 8267: 8263: 8257: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8229: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8200: 8199:0-203-42858-7 8196: 8192: 8186: 8179: 8178:0-521-23300-3 8175: 8171: 8165: 8156: 8149: 8143: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8113: 8106: 8100: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8082:Hadrien Bru, 8079: 8072: 8071:2-01-145542-1 8068: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8046: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8020: 8013: 8012:84-95555-80-8 8009: 8002: 7993: 7991: 7984: 7981: 7975: 7966: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7938: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7884: 7877: 7876:1-56000-210-7 7873: 7869: 7863: 7854: 7848:Fündling, 351 7845: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7777:Fündling, 335 7774: 7763: 7762:0-521-80918-5 7759: 7755: 7749: 7742: 7736: 7725: 7719: 7708: 7707:0-8028-3986-X 7704: 7700: 7694: 7687: 7681: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7620: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7588: 7585: 7579: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7547: 7541: 7530: 7524: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7487:(117): see H. 7486: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7417:0-415-11623-6 7414: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7373:, p. 19. 7372: 7367: 7361:, p. 94. 7360: 7355: 7353: 7346:, p. 39. 7345: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7320: 7312: 7311:Vita Hadriani 7308: 7302: 7293: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7268:0-521-26335-2 7265: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7243:3-7749-3390-1 7240: 7236: 7230: 7223: 7217: 7210: 7209:0-415-34958-3 7206: 7202: 7196: 7185: 7179: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7129: 7123: 7117:, p. 34. 7116: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7091: 7085: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7014:Vita Hadriani 7011: 7003: 6997: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6983:sedes natalis 6976: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6802:0-670-15708-2 6798: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6783:0-8390-0193-2 6779: 6775: 6770: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6721: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6616: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6591: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6558: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6468: 6459: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6419: 6397: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6350: 6340: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6148: 6141: 6123: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6066: 6040: 6038: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5933: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5864: 5862: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5744: 5742: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5678:Ceionia Fabia 5672: 5660: 5645: 5637: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5496: 5494: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5371: 5350: 5341: 5333: 5317: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5285: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5201: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5140: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5075: 5053: 5050: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4986: 4974: 4965:Arria Fadilla 4935: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4914: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4881: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4761: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4638: 4632: 4610: 4593: 4584: 4552: 4551:Matidia Minor 4544: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4521: 4514: 4513:Paulina Minor 4475: 4463: 4461: 4432: 4429: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4371: 4369: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4324: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4222: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103:Paulina Major 4097: 4090: 4082: 4072: 98–117 4064: 4056: 4048: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3945: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3904: 3883: 3870: 3862: 3855: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3608: 3606: 3588: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460:Roman History 3456: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356:Ronald Syme's 3353: 3352:Edward Gibbon 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:Mars Gradivus 3293: 3292: 3287: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:philhellenism 3067: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:Hadrianopolis 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983:(present-day 2982: 2981:Philippopolis 2978: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Justin Martyr 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780:(Hercules of 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2737:Palazzo Nuovo 2734: 2729: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298:Ceionia Fabia 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2202:Annia Lucilla 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2177: 2175: 2164: 2162: 2161:Mount Gerizim 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2057:Justin Martyr 2054: 2049: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:Peter Schäfer 2010: 2007:he viewed as 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980:imperial cult 1977: 1976:Jewish Temple 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1917:Israel Museum 1914: 1907: 1894: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1672: 1669:, now in the 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:portrait bust 1614: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:heroic nudity 1547: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518:Athenia Agora 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446:imperial cult 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1210: 1209:Victorian era 1205: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1101:fait accompli 1098: 1089: 1078:Emperor (117) 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 903:. During the 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857: 847: 843: 842: 837: 836:vigintivirate 833: 832: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 676: 672: 668: 659: 657: 654:", and as a " 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 550:Aeli Hadriani 547: 546: 540: 536: 533:in Spain, an 532: 528: 524: 523:Roman emperor 519: 515: 511: 507: 506: 497: 467: 456: 451: 449: 444: 442: 437: 436: 434: 433: 426: 421: 419: 414: 413: 410: 409: 405: 404: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 387: 386: 382: 381: 374:177–192 373: 371: 368: 367: 364:161–180 363: 361: 358: 357: 354:161–169 353: 351: 348: 347: 344:138–161 343: 341: 338: 337: 334:117–138 333: 331: 328: 327: 323: 321: 318: 317: 313: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 299: 298: 290: 287: 286: 279: 275: 274: 270: 269: 262: 259: 255: 252: 249: 245: 238: 236: 233: 232: 230: 226: 223: 220: 218: 214: 205: 202: 198: 194: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98:24 January 76 95: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 63: 59: 56: 55:Roman emperor 52: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 18856:Ghostwriters 18753:Roman Empire 18729:Ancient Rome 18700: 18644: 18556:Te'omim Cave 18498:Horvat 'Eqed 18418: 18411:Roman Empire 18310:Part of the 18309: 18106: 18099: 18092: 18080: 18073: 18066: 18059: 18052: 18045: 18038: 18031: 18019: 18012: 17995: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17953: 17946: 17914: 17907: 17893:Lucius Verus 17882: 17850: 17751: 17727:Berenice III 17717:Cleopatra IV 17692:Cleopatra II 17624:Alexander IV 17544:Nectanebo II 17513: 17494:Nepherites I 17453:Artaxerxes I 17440: 17370: 17358: 17341:(664–332 BC) 17321: 17277:Roman Period 17179:Shoshenq VII 17177: 17150: 17110: 17091:Shoshenq III 17073: 17038: 17001: 16979:Psusennes II 16892:Ramesses VII 16872:Ramesses III 16756:Amenhotep II 16751:Thutmose III 16687: 16576:Sobekemsaf I 16568: 16543: 16536: 16529: 16522: 16502: 16495: 16400: 16383: 16378:'Aper-'Anati 16376: 16369: 16362: 16342: 16335: 16328: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16300: 16286:Sekheperenre 16238: 16231: 16224: 16217: 16210: 16108:Neferhotep I 16098:Seth Meribre 16075: 16061:Djedkheperew 15978: 15939: 15930:Amenemhat IV 15920:Senusret III 15910:Amenemhat II 15826:Mentuhotep I 15788: 15677: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15542:Neferkare II 15493: 15486: 15419:Nyuserre Ini 15373: 15356: 15311: 15304: 15292: 15233: 15228:Neferkasokar 15226: 15219: 15202: 15195: 15188: 15181: 15174: 15167: 15132: 15125: 15033: 15016: 15009: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14981: 14976:Finger Snail 14974: 14967: 14947: 14935: 14928: 14921: 14914: 14907: 14900: 14893: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14858: 14851: 14814: 14619:Andronikos V 14617: 14600: 14548: 14516: 14494: 14482: 14465: 14459: 14453: 14441: 14435: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14309: 14292: 14280: 14263: 14251: 14245: 14232:Nikephoros I 14207: 14206: 14200: 14167: 14164:Justinian II 14159:Tiberius III 14149:Justinian II 14140: 14134: 14117: 14069: 14041:Anastasius I 14032: 13976: 13972:Julius Nepos 13964: 13957: 13945: 13933: 13926: 13914: 13902: 13893: 13892: 13886: 13859: 13850: 13849: 13843: 13834:Theodosius I 13821: 13794: 13787: 13780: 13751:Maximinus II 13738: 13640: 13623: 13610: 13604: 13592: 13580: 13513: 13475:Lucius Verus 13459: 13331: 13330: 13301: 13295:Roman consul 13293: 13286: 13285: 13263: 13262: 13241: 13234: 13226: 13220:Roman consul 13218: 13211: 13210: 13199: 13188: 13187: 13166: 13158: 13151: 13150: 13113: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13016:. Retrieved 13012:the original 13006: 12996: 12978: 12970: 12961: 12941: 12931: 12927: 12908: 12888: 12861: 12850:. Retrieved 12845: 12841: 12801: 12797: 12778: 12775:Syme, Ronald 12756: 12737: 12718: 12699: 12680: 12660: 12648:. Retrieved 12644:the original 12632: 12621: 12602: 12594:the original 12589: 12585: 12579: 12575: 12554: 12535: 12512: 12478: 12474: 12457: 12442: 12431:. Retrieved 12429:. New Advent 12421: 12412: 12402:. Retrieved 12390: 12382: 12371:. Retrieved 12361: 12342: 12331: 12306: 12298: 12293: 12277: 12272: 12256: 12251: 12231: 12207: 12202: 12186: 12181: 12165: 12149: 12148:Paul Veyne, 12144: 12135: 12119: 12114: 12106: 12101: 12093: 12088: 12080: 12075: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12022: 12006: 12002: 11991: 11987: 11982: 11967: 11962: 11951: 11946: 11930: 11925: 11917: 11912: 11904: 11899: 11891: 11890:Paul Veyne, 11886: 11870: 11865: 11852: 11847: 11835: 11826: 11817: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11775: 11766: 11749: 11732: 11719: 11707: 11702: 11694: 11689: 11681: 11676: 11652: 11636: 11631: 11615: 11607: 11587: 11583: 11578: 11570: 11565: 11545: 11540: 11528:. Retrieved 11518: 11506:. 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Retrieved 8289:The Guardian 8287: 8277: 8261: 8256: 8240: 8235: 8227: 8222: 8214: 8206: 8190: 8185: 8169: 8164: 8155: 8147: 8142: 8126: 8121: 8112: 8104: 8099: 8083: 8078: 8062: 8054: 8045: 8037: 8032: 8024: 8019: 8001: 7979: 7974: 7965: 7949: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7918: 7910: 7905: 7897: 7892: 7883: 7867: 7862: 7853: 7844: 7836: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7787: 7782: 7773: 7753: 7748: 7743:, XI, p. 133 7740: 7735: 7723: 7718: 7698: 7693: 7685: 7680: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7633: 7628: 7619: 7603: 7594: 7583: 7578: 7558: 7553: 7545: 7540: 7528: 7523: 7511: 7506: 7481: 7429: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7390: 7378: 7366: 7339: 7330: 7310: 7306: 7305:The text of 7301: 7292: 7280: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7234: 7229: 7221: 7216: 7200: 7195: 7183: 7178: 7170: 7165: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7139: 7127: 7122: 7110: 7103:Morwood 2013 7098: 7088: 7084: 7072: 7053: 7038: 7034: 7022: 7013: 7001: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6956: 6950: 6942:Academia.edu 6941: 6931: 6913: 6908: 6899: 6879: 6856: 6836: 6814: 6792: 6773: 6761:. Retrieved 6753: 6747: 6720: 6707: 6698: 6671: 6662: 6615: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6564: 6551: 6542: 6518: 6488: 6467: 6458: 6451: 6448: 6427: 5659:Lucius Verus 5128: 4895:Appia Severa 4591: 3891: 96–98 3846: 79–81 3508: 3489: 3475: 3459: 3451:Philostratus 3443: 3434: 3418: 3384: 3339: 3329: 3308:dies imperii 3307: 3303: 3289: 3282: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3172: 3170: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3127: 3125: 3102: 3085:Dio of Prusa 3070: 3052: 3025: 2996: 2967:Province of 2965: 2931: 2917: 2896: 2884:Tyrannicides 2872:Antinoöpolis 2862:Hadrian had 2861: 2832: 2822: 2819:Golden House 2816: 2800: 2795:Panhellenion 2793: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2745: 2732: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2593: 2559: 2556: 2543: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2477: 2467: 2445: 2439: 2431: 2386:Vibia Sabina 2367: 2352: 2338: 2306: 2302:Lucius Verus 2279: 2255: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2170: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2103:goddess Roma 2080: 2076:Roman Senate 2065: 2050: 2043: 2030:First Temple 2016: 1998: 1995:circumcision 1990: 1988: 1964:Roman colony 1952:Roman Judaea 1949: 1873: 1865: 1861:Georg Simmel 1853: 1833:Panhellenion 1830: 1786:Antinoöpolis 1783: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1746: 1730:Panhellenion 1715: 1706: 1690:Sabine Hills 1688:, among the 1679: 1578: 1535: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1461: 1450: 1411: 1403:Claudiopolis 1400: 1362: 1346: 1320:ab epistulis 1318: 1308: 1286: 1280: 1247: 1231: 1219: 1190: 1180: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1109: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1061: 1054: 1038: 1026: 1003: 988:Vibia Sabina 985: 967: 951: 937: 888: 880: 874: 855: 839: 829: 827: 817: 795: 782: 775:first cousin 723: 714: 680: 644:Lucius Verus 633: 601: 565:Vibia Sabina 562: 549: 544: 465: 464: 350:Lucius Verus 329: 324:98–117 169:Vibia Sabina 25: 18635:Cassius Dio 18609:Ten Martyrs 18551:El-Jai cave 18488:Hazan caves 18447:Archaeology 18396:Rabbi Akiva 17997:Gordian III 17942:Diadumenian 17742:Cleopatra V 17596:(332–30 BC) 17591:Hellenistic 17534:Nectanebo I 17426:Cambyses II 17408:Psamtik III 17366:Tefnakht II 17168:Takelot III 17163:Osorkon III 17158:Shoshenq VI 17112:Pedubast II 17096:Shoshenq IV 17069:Shoshenq II 17034:Pinedjem II 17024:Menkheperre 16959:Psusennes I 16912:Ramesses XI 16902:Ramesses IX 16887:Ramesses VI 16877:Ramesses IV 16824:Ramesses II 16786:Tutankhamun 16761:Thutmose IV 16741:Thutmose II 16731:Amenhotep I 16703:New Kingdom 16638:New Kingdom 16497:Senusret IV 16481:Dedumose II 16456:Nebiriau II 16451:Nebiryraw I 16446:Mentuhotepi 16251:Khakherewre 16178:Merkheperre 16088:Imyremeshaw 16071:Sedjefakare 16026:Sehetepibre 16001:Ameny Qemau 15935:Sobekneferu 15915:Senusret II 15900:Amenemhat I 15882:Iyibkhentre 15612:Neferirkare 15607:Neferkauhor 15414:Shepseskare 15255:Old Kingdom 15241:Khasekhemwy 15221:Neferkara I 15190:Weneg-Nebty 15035:Scorpion II 14678:(1224–1242) 14672:(1204–1461) 14461:Konstantios 14338:Christopher 14311:Constantine 14301:Michael III 14282:Constantine 14265:Constantine 14247:Theophylact 14176:Philippicus 14126:Constans II 14051:Justinian I 13947:Severus III 13895:Constans II 13649:Claudius II 13625:Silbannacus 13572:Gordian III 13547:Maximinus I 13515:Diadumenian 12852:12 December 12353:David Magie 12328:Cassius Dio 11736:A.A. Barb, 11486:, H.A. 26.1 11450:Fox, Robin 10912:Judeophobia 10738:Salmon, 813 10695:Salmon, 812 10595:3 September 10192:Salmon, 816 9957:, pp. 26-27 9945:Anne Kolb, 9465:Bazzana, 98 9456:, pp. 89–91 8395:, pp. 194ff 7173:, pp. 16–17 7160:, pp. 24–26 6903:Salmon, 333 6748:References: 6349:Gordian III 5116:L. Commodus 3502:through to 3464:Cassius Dio 3291:Meditations 3265:T. S. Eliot 3028:Cassius Dio 3017:Alexandrian 2960:Juno Moneta 2904:Caracalla's 2866:deified as 2748:deification 2712:honestiores 2679:honestiores 2644:honestiores 2627:honestiores 2565:cataphracts 2528:watchtowers 2490:Pharasmanes 2454:IX Hispania 2442:Mesopotamia 2418:civic crown 2402:deification 2349:Dio Cassius 2246:Roman Egypt 2180:Final years 2083:Cassius Dio 1966: – as 1919:, Jerusalem 1825:Transjordan 1751:'s tomb at 1702:Fucine lake 1655:breastplate 1630:, found in 1538:Peloponnese 1498:Agonothetes 1494:Gymnasiarch 1490:foundations 1192:frumentarii 1128:in absentia 1058:Cassius Dio 885:ghostwriter 697:during the 673:in central 581:Mesopotamia 314:96–98 201:Regnal name 69:Predecessor 18791:138 deaths 18775:Categories 18667:Tur Shimon 18518:Tel Lavnin 18114:Diocletian 18068:Quintillus 18021:Aemilianus 17976:Gordian II 17948:Elagabalus 17769:Arsinoe IV 17652:Arsinoe II 17577:Darius III 17504:Psammuthes 17393:Psamtik II 17208:Bakenranef 17146:Pedubast I 17141:Takelot II 17136:Harsiese A 17118:Osorkon IV 17106:Shoshenq V 17086:Osorkon II 17059:Shoshenq I 17029:Smendes II 17009:Pinedjem I 16954:Amenemnisu 16907:Ramesses X 16882:Ramesses V 16834:Amenmesses 16814:Ramesses I 16776:Smenkhkare 16746:Hatshepsut 16736:Thutmose I 16486:Montuemsaf 16476:Dedumose I 16276:Nebdjefare 16266:Merdjefare 16036:Nedjemibre 16031:Sewadjkare 15905:Senusret I 15877:Qakare Ini 15698:Meryhathor 15602:Neferkaure 15597:Qakare Iby 15582:Neferkahor 15567:Neferkamin 15375:Thamphthis 15369:Shepseskaf 15283:Sekhemkhet 15134:Horus Bird 15011:Scorpion I 14455:Andronikos 14443:Nikephoros 14392:Michael IV 14357:Romanos II 14277:Theophilos 14272:Michael II 14253:Staurakios 14237:Staurakios 14209:Nikephoros 14202:Artabasdos 14114:Heraclonas 14071:Theodosius 14029:Basiliscus 13789:Nepotianus 13782:Magnentius 13776:Constans I 13729:Severus II 13709:Diocletian 13654:Quintillus 13619:Aemilianus 13612:Volusianus 13557:Gordian II 13522:Elagabalus 13385:Principate 12934:: 151–209. 12574:"Itálica, 12466:1023761641 12349:Latin Text 12317:References 11881:, pp. 314f 11830:McLynn, 42 11573:, pp. 108f 11530:7 November 11508:7 November 11240:, p. 183f. 11167:, p. 176f. 11038:B. R. Rees 10620:, pp. 184f 9885:0140515658 9779:1925, pp. 9670:Bar-Kokhba 9554:1 February 8874:, pp. 216f 8748:1032014857 8352:The Romans 7383:Mócsy 2014 7371:Bârcă 2013 7359:Mócsy 2014 7115:Opper 2008 6424:Small Caps 5608:Cornificia 3516:Nazi Party 3504:Elagabalus 3388:ecumenical 3336:republican 3271:Appraisals 3136:divination 3071:Hadrian's 3011:at Tibur ( 2936:defamation 2914:Christians 2908:Diocletian 2888:Greek love 2804:syncretism 2786:Sagalassos 2689:) or to a 2683:humiliores 2648:humiliores 2635:humiliores 2544:disciplina 2486:Cappadocia 2214:salutation 2111:the Senate 2021:castration 2009:mutilation 2000:brit milah 1984:monotheism 1651:gorgoneion 1572:, and the 1349:Mauretania 1291:vexillatio 1275:milecastle 1187:procurator 1175:consulship 1051:Succession 1023:, Toulouse 921:Sarmatians 810:aristocrat 793:dynasty". 734:praetorian 687:Santiponce 662:Early life 569:grandniece 406:Succession 300:Chronology 109:Santiponce 47: 130 18786:76 births 18741:Biography 18602:Aftermath 18513:Tel Goded 18246:Ptolemaic 18054:Gallienus 17969:Gordian I 17932:Caracalla 17858:Vespasian 17852:Vitellius 17634:Ptolemaic 17476:Amyrtaeus 17458:Darius II 17403:Ahmose II 17383:Psamtik I 17322:uncertain 17310:Pharaohs 17246:Tanutamun 17081:Takelot I 17064:Osorkon I 17014:Masaharta 16964:Amenemope 16867:Setnakhte 16829:Merneptah 16771:Akhenaten 16688:uncertain 16570:Nebmaatre 16391:Sakir-Har 16344:Yaqub-Har 16256:Nebefawre 16006:Hotepibre 15872:Segerseni 15841:Intef III 15789:uncertain 15777:Pharaohs 15409:Neferefre 15235:Hudjefa I 15116:Semerkhet 14853:Hedju Hor 14815:uncertain 14803:Pharaohs 14697:Classical 14682:Empresses 14666:(286–296) 14660:(267–273) 14654:(260–274) 14397:Michael V 14323:Alexander 14136:Heraclius 14104:Heraclius 14056:Justin II 13966:Glycerius 13953:Anthemius 13823:Procopius 13761:Martinian 13740:Maxentius 13669:Florianus 13642:Saloninus 13637:Gallienus 13606:Hostilian 13582:Philip II 13552:Gordian I 13500:Caracalla 13435:Vespasian 13430:Vitellius 13306:(Jan–Feb) 13231:(Jan–Feb) 12848:: 159–170 12826:162241585 12777:(1997) . 12586:Athenaeum 12580:Vita Hadr 12503:162678629 12460:. Dacia. 12288:, p. 199. 12267:, p. 121. 12218:, p. 132. 12130:, p. 171. 11637:Hadrianus 11300:, pp. 77f 11218:, pp. 60f 11034:Alan Rowe 10459:2464-6830 10381:Eutropius 10161:0967-7720 9664:See also 9503:, p. 197. 8562:Routledge 8501:Britannia 8348:Humanitas 8094:, pp. 46f 7960:, pp. 72f 7827:In 23 BC 6989:Athenaeum 6981:Itálica, 6892:Citations 6570:"Hadrian" 6523:"Hadrian" 6437:or other) 3455:Pausanias 3392:autocracy 3330:In 1503, 3300:Dis Pater 3288:, in his 3132:astrology 3121:Epicurean 3117:Nicopolis 3109:Favorinus 3105:Epictetus 2999:. Rome's 2788:in Greek 2757:Britannia 2695:ergastula 2675:decurions 2552:Lambaesis 2522:, forts, 2458:Brigantes 2428:, Turkey. 2286:proconsul 2174:Illyricum 2005:Hellenist 1968:Vespasian 1956:Jerusalem 1845:biography 1663:Heraklion 1618:Colossal 1546:Pausanias 1542:Epidaurus 1478:olive oil 1469:archonate 1373:Nicomedia 1365:Euphrates 1325:Suetonius 1283:Britannia 1223:municipia 1216:, London. 1034:patrician 818:Graeculus 806:education 750:wet nurse 715:Hadrianus 609:Britannia 79:Successor 18690:Category 18206:21 to 23 18124:Galerius 18119:Maximian 18108:Numerian 18075:Aurelian 18027:Valerian 17990:Balbinus 17983:Pupienus 17937:Macrinus 17909:Pertinax 17903:Commodus 17868:Domitian 17831:Claudius 17826:Caligula 17821:Tiberius 17816:Augustus 17436:Darius I 17388:Necho II 17231:Shebitku 17203:Tefnakht 16796:Horemheb 16726:Ahmose I 16538:Pantjeny 16524:Senebkay 16504:Pepi III 16466:Bebiankh 16323:Shenshek 16281:Nebsenre 16113:Sihathor 16083:Khendjer 16046:Renseneb 15991:Nerikare 15836:Intef II 15713:Merykare 15618:Wadjkare 15562:Merenhor 15457:Userkare 15364:Menkaure 15358:Bikheris 15347:Djedefre 15313:Qahedjet 15197:Wadjenes 15183:Horus Sa 15176:Nubnefer 15163:Nynetjer 15127:Sneferka 14867:Ni-Neith 14753:Pharaohs 14692:Usurpers 14687:Augustae 14645:See also 14550:Nicholas 14372:Basil II 14169:Tiberius 14154:Leontius 14142:Tiberius 14119:Tiberius 14097:610–1453 14092:Eastern/ 14046:Justin I 13999:Arcadius 13959:Olybrius 13941:Majorian 13882:Honorius 13861:Eugenius 13796:Vetranio 13746:Licinius 13719:Galerius 13714:Maximian 13699:Dominate 13689:Numerian 13659:Aurelian 13632:Valerian 13577:Philip I 13567:Balbinus 13562:Pupienus 13510:Macrinus 13485:Pertinax 13480:Commodus 13445:Domitian 13410:Claudius 13405:Caligula 13400:Tiberius 13395:Augustus 13119:117–138 13074:Hadrian 13061:Archived 13018:25 March 12995:(1960). 12679:(1997). 12669:39317152 12650:13 March 12534:(1987). 12433:13 March 12404:13 March 12383:Excerpta 12373:13 March 12362:Caesares 12297:Birley, 12105:Birley, 11903:Birley, 11806:Archived 11801:, 14.6: 11759:20547373 11742:Casaubon 11723:see e.g. 11647:, p. 100 11569:Birley, 11463:Birley, 11355:Birley, 11275:Birley, 11236:Elsner, 11058:10 April 11040:(1956). 11004:, p. 162 10936:, p. 107 10932:Birley, 10877:, p. 102 10833:, p. 107 10784:, p. 230 10557:, p. 123 10532:Birley, 10505:, p. 183 10408:, p. 165 10354:, p. 381 10267:, p. 330 10246:, p. 259 10225:, p. 250 10177:33084298 10169:20029087 10032:, p. 102 9845:, p. 58. 9732:Archived 9668:(1971), 9535:(1998). 9518:(1981), 9389:, p. 190 9352:, p. 177 9329:, p. 288 9306:, p. 462 9283:, p. 176 9262:, p. 262 9184:Archived 9146:, p. 173 9124:, p. 235 9120:Birley, 8974:Birley, 8898:, p. 171 8796:, p. 120 8716:, p. 171 8673:, p. 410 8630:, p. 141 8596:, p. 251 8554:(2014). 8541:, p. 145 8537:Birley, 8490:, p. 396 8428:, p. 123 8424:Birley, 8362:, p. 364 8321:, p. 655 8272:, p. 253 8251:, p. 153 8226:Birley, 8180:, p. 140 8146:Birley, 8073:, p. 158 8014:, p. 611 7896:Birley, 7878:, p. 128 7829:Augustus 7640:Archived 7614:, p. 143 7496:Archived 7482:legatus 7448:quaestor 7433:/ sevir 7211:, p. 109 6851:See also 6813:(2014). 6763:14 April 6433:Augustae 5913:Commodus 5340:Faustina 5326:Fundania 4609:Antinous 4047:Marciana 3524:post-war 3468:encomium 3376:Tiberius 3368:Caudillo 3340:princeps 3055:Antinous 3021:Serapeum 3001:Pantheon 2932:calumnia 2920:rescript 2880:alimenta 2864:Antinous 2856:Antinous 2843:Antinous 2761:basilica 2753:Nemausus 2702:rescript 2691:procurer 2665:130 AD, 2640:maiestas 2616:princeps 2608:Domitian 2604:praetors 2590:, London 2524:outposts 2462:Roxolani 2351:and the 2157:Muristan 2105:and the 2061:Eusebius 2026:Jeremiah 1938:, Israel 1936:Caesarea 1932:Porphyry 1849:Plutarch 1841:Pericles 1761:epigraph 1753:Pelusium 1593:Dionysia 1585:Euryclid 1554:Mantinea 1514:nymphaea 1509:nymphaea 1482:Assembly 1451:neocoros 1430:Pergamon 1426:Pergamon 1414:Anatolia 1407:Antinous 1377:Bithynia 1369:Osroes I 1337:Augustus 1315:basilica 1311:Nemausus 1227:colonies 1171:denarius 968:de facto 877:quaestor 856:Adiutrix 685:(modern 625:Antinous 613:Pantheon 505:-dree-ən 370:Commodus 257:Religion 18781:Hadrian 18715:Portals 18701:Commons 18662:Koseiba 18419:Hadrian 18320:Origins 18101:Carinus 18082:Tacitus 18040:Quietus 17883:Hadrian 17567:Khabash 17398:Wahibre 17378:Necho I 17372:Nekauba 17360:Ammeris 17303:Dynasty 17241:Taharqa 17236:Shabaka 17173:Rudamun 17152:Iuput I 16997:Herihor 16949:Smendes 16849:Twosret 16839:Seti II 16683:female) 16668:Dynasty 16564:Rahotep 16461:Semenre 16431:Djehuti 16413:Khamudi 16402:Yanassi 16385:Salitis 16337:Yakareb 16330:Khamure 16261:Sehebre 16183:Merkare 15831:Intef I 15770:Dynasty 15679:Imhotep 15639:Iytjenu 15625:Khuiqer 15537:Menkare 15488:Neferka 15472:Pepi II 15394:Userkaf 15288:Sanakht 15111:Anedjib 15091:Hor-Aha 15024:Iry-Hor 15018:Shendjw 14990:Pen-Abu 14874:Hat-Hor 14796:Dynasty 14702:Eastern 14602:Matthew 14496:Alexios 14344:Stephen 14306:Basil I 14191:Leo III 14066:Maurice 14009:Marcian 13992:395–610 13916:Joannes 13875:395–480 13829:Gratian 13702:284–610 13684:Carinus 13664:Tacitus 13540:235–285 13460:Hadrian 13238:(March) 13200:ignotus 12997:Hadrian 12779:Tacitus 12719:Hadrian 12582:. 1, 3" 12070:, p. 60 12058:, ed;, 11990:". In: 11920:, p. 65 11894:, p. 40 11708:Hadrian 11697:, p. 26 11693:Opper, 11662:VII 674 11467:, p. 62 11433:Hadrian 11401:, p. 20 11321:, p. 16 11142:, p. 15 11121:, p. 97 11099:Hadrian 10901:, p. 95 10421:, p. 67 10417:Opper, 10333:, p. 55 10309:, p. 41 10288:, p. 56 10106:69.17.2 10086:, p. 84 10059:Tacitus 9991:). In: 9623:Hadrian 9435:, p. 96 9241:, p. 76 9220:, p. 38 9142:Opper, 9032:, p. 72 8932:, p. 44 8837:, p. 88 8712:Opper, 8520:25 June 8516:. 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