20:
445:. With trade impossible, their economies stagnated while social upheaval and limited food supplies reduced their ability to resist invasion by the large British forces maintained in the region. In the summer of 1808, desperate messages were sent to France from the islands, prompting a succession of French efforts to supply food, reinforcements and trading opportunities during the latter part of 1808 and the first months of 1809. These efforts were entirely unsuccessful: the few ships that did safely reach the
1381:
667:
1742:, who was killed by grapeshot. At 17:20, the fire reached the magazines of the burning flûte, and the ensuing explosion hurled burning wreckage across the bay. The British ships were largely untouched, but the second French flûte was struck by a large piece of flaming timber, which ignited her mainmast and destroyed her as well. The operations successfully completed, the British ships embarked their landing parties, who had demolished the fortifications around the bay, and returned to open water.
413:
through them, destroying both ships in succession. Many of the French crew escaped ashore from the wrecks, while others were picked up by
British ships. The blockade of Guadeloupe was successfully maintained, and the island was captured in a coordinated invasion a month later. Roquebert's remaining ships were intercepted on 16 January by a patrolling British frigate, but successfully escaped pursuit and eventually returned undamaged to France.
1369:
655:
1769:, including the grievously wounded Captain Shortland. Transported across the island on a wagon in the full glare of the sun, Shortland's condition rapidly worsened and he died on 21 January 1810 without regaining consciousness. He was buried at Basse-Terre with full military honours. Four decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by the clasp "ANSE LA BARQUE 18 DECR. 1809" attached to the
550:. The force departed on 15 November 1809 and made rapid progress across the Atlantic, avoiding all contact with British warships. Of the small ships despatched around the same time, none reached Guadeloupe; all were captured in the Western Atlantic or Caribbean by warships sent by Cochrane to patrol for approaching French reinforcements.
954:
under
Captain Frederick Wetherall, stopped an American merchant ship and boarded her in search of contraband. As he was engaged in the search, four sails appeared to the north. Shortland immediately gave chase, and by 16:00 realised his quarry was a squadron of four frigates. Firing warning shots in
1052:
clear off the two full-strength French frigates, Deecker tried to escape but found his ship unresponsive. Within minutes, Roquebert and Saint-Cricq had regained their positions on either side of the
British frigate and boarded simultaneously, forcing Deecker to surrender at 18:15. The British had
334:
squadrons had isolated and defeated the French
Caribbean colonies one by one, until by the autumn Guadeloupe was the only colony remaining in French hands. Cut off from the rest of the world by British blockade squadrons that intercepted all ships coming to or from the island, Guadeloupe was in a
1737:
began to withdraw from the bay as the fire took hold of the first frigate. The rest of the
British squadron, despite heavy cannon fire from a fort on shore, successfully landed their troops and stormed and captured the defences. There were heavy casualties in the storming parties, including Hugh
1781:
Roquebert's remaining frigates turned north after parting from the storeships, sighting the
British squadron in the distance and grounding on a sandbar off Antigua in their haste to escape. Throwing overboard their guns and stores, the ships were lightened enough to regain open water. They then
412:
that an attack was made in earnest. As small ships engaged the batteries on shore, two frigates entered the bay and attacked the flûtes, causing both to surrender in an hour-long engagement. Both French ships were badly damaged and a fire started during the engagement was able to rapidly spread
1213:
on either side of the bay. Lieutenants
Normand-Kergré and Vincent then anchored their ships parallel with the shore, so that they had the maximum number of cannon aimed at the entrance to the cove. As Ballard's ships cruised along the coast in light winds, seeking a way into the well-protected
1208:
sighted the French flûtes approaching Basse-Terre from the northwest and
Ballard advanced on them, blocking them from reaching Basse-Terre. Retreating northwest along the southern coastline of Guadeloupe, the flûtes entered a sheltered cove named Anse la Barque at 10:00, sheltering under two
1093:
had escaped from the French squadron and immediately sought out the blockade force off
Guadeloupe, the only place that the French squadron could be destined for. Arriving at Basse-Terre at 13:00 on 15 December, Captain Wetherall telegraphed the senior officer on the station, Captain
496:, and placed heavier forces at Martinique in case they were required. Individual ships were dispersed in the approaches to the French island, ready to intercept any approaching reinforcement. Other ships operated against ships already anchored off Guadeloupe: one squadron seized the
335:
desperate situation, facing economic collapse, food shortages and social upheaval, as well as the impending threat of
British invasion. In an effort to reinforce and resupply the colony, the French government sent four vessels to the West Indies in November 1809 under Commodore
1222:
then landed a shore party from his ship and stormed the battery, capturing it in 15 minutes. He demolished the position and withdrew to his ship, rejoining Ballard off Anse la Barque. Ballard then tested the feasibility of an attack on the French ships, ordering the 12-gun
1043:
s top deck was almost completely cleared and Shortland had been taken below, his leg broken by grapeshot and his body pierced by several large wooden splinters. Lieutenant Samuel Bartlett Deecker assumed command, and successfully beat off a boarding attack from
1910:, surrendered. Over the rest of the month, the few remaining colonies belonging to France and the Netherlands were seized without opposition and the entire Caribbean was either under British or Spanish control, with the exception of the independent state of
1873:
In the West Indies, the failure of the main resupply effort resulted in a further drop in morale among the defenders of Guadeloupe. Other smaller ships sent with supplies were captured during the operations against Roquebert's squadron, including the brig
1713:
was luckier, and Captain Miller was able to close with one of the French ships, although their identities during the engagement are uncertain in historical accounts and it is not clear which one was first into the action. By 15:35,
940:, following an unsuccessful attempt to return to France from Guadeloupe. Hastily repaired, she had been commissioned into the Royal Navy and added to Cochrane's fleet, from where Cochrane had ordered her to patrol to the east of
1966:, cut her masts and opened her scuttles to flood her. The water did not enter fast enough, so he fired her guns into the hold. This had the effect of starting a fire that led to the explosion that destroyed her, and set fire to
1674:, who immediately assumed command of the diverse squadron assembled at the entrance to the bay. Ballard dismissed the French negotiators and ordered an immediate attack on the anchored frigates. His plan was simple:
1177:, taken by Roquebert's squadron two weeks earlier. Roberts also discovered two other ships in the distance to the north and had closed to investigate, discovering the French convoy. Darkness fell soon afterwards and
476:, and two more frigates were captured in June and July as they tried to return to France. With such heavy losses, the French took time preparing their next effort while the British were distracted by the
1824:. Brace shadowed the French frigates for two days, but was unable to close with them and Roquebert made no attempt to use his superior strength against the British frigate. Eventually, Roquebert outran
1053:
suffered heavy losses, with 20 killed and 40 wounded, including Shortland. The prisoners were dispersed among the French squadron and rather than spare the men required to repair and crew the battered
2419:
1953:
s deck. Troude does not mention small arms, but insists that the two flûtes neither fired their guns nor received any cannon fire. James also gives the two flûtes heavier guns than do French records.
343:
carrying supplies and troops. The two others were 40-gun frigates, ordered to protect the storeships on their journey from the British forces operating off both the French and Guadeloupe coasts.
530:
Bernard Vincent, took on board large quantities of food supplies and over 200 military reinforcements each. To protect these ships two frigates were detailed to escort the convoy to Guadeloupe:
1025:
was pounded from all sides, Roquebert's ship coming so close to the British frigate that their rigging tangled and they collided, inflicting further damage. The French squadron was so close to
360:
s captain did not realise the size of the French squadron until it was too late and, despite fierce resistance, his ship was captured and he was mortally wounded. Destroying the badly damaged
1726:
led the remainder of the squadron into the bay, fire was seen spreading through the surrendered ship and, in the face of overwhelming opposition, the second flûte also surrendered at 16:20.
1181:
separated from the French ships, as Roberts sailed westwards as fast as possible to notify Ballard of his sighting, arriving at 04:00 on 17 December. In the aftermath of the destruction of
346:
The squadron almost reached the Caribbean without encountering any of patrolling British warships sent to watch for French reinforcements, but was spotted and intercepted by the frigate
1907:
959:. Initially unconvinced, Shortland raised the recognition signal for Spanish vessels and received the correct reply from the lead frigate. Closing with the ships during the afternoon,
1533:
798:
376:
to within sight of Guadeloupe and then left them, his frigates making their way back to France without ensuring the safe arrival of their convoy. On 15 December, the small British
23:
1804 map of Guadeloupe, illustrating the locations of the island's principal settlements. The action on 18 December 1809 took place in Anse à la Barque, a small bay to the east of
2414:
1705:
were within range of the gun batteries and fifteen minutes later they were able to open fire on the flûtes, although still at quite a distance. Becalmed in the bay,
981:
s rigging. Unable to manoeuvre away from the French due to the damage suffered in the opening broadside, Shortland returned fire as best he could while closing with
303:
1656:
At 08:30 on the morning of 18 December, a small boat sailed from Anse la Barque with a message offering the British a temporary truce. Simultaneously the British
1962:
With respect to the engagement at Anse à la Barque, Troude reports that the French vessels started to unload their cargo. When the British attacked, Vincent, on
1526:
791:
51:
456:
The British blockade squadrons had intercepted a number of the messages sent from the islands during 1808, and a large expeditionary force was built up on
1473:
1452:
1123:
492:, was again developing an expeditionary force, this time aimed at Guadeloupe. He had strengthened the blockade squadron off the island's principal port
1246:
398:
amassed a significant squadron and forced the French flûtes to anchor in a protected bay at Anse à la Barque, on the southeastern coast of Guadeloupe.
429:
rapidly and decisively seized control of the war at sea, driving French ships into protected harbours and laying heavy blockades on ports held by the
1519:
784:
1690:
would engage the gun batteries to prevent them targeting the small brigs bringing up the rear. The brigs would be towing boats full of sailors and
1316:
1245:
withdrew out of range. Operations were then suspended for the evening to allow additional reinforcements to come up. During the night the frigate
510:
In the months since Troude's failure, the French had only sent small supply ships to Guadeloupe, while carefully preparing a major expedition at
1133:, through which Roquebert's ships would have to pass. Urgent messages were sent to all nearby ships and bases, and the following day the sloops
1832:
safely. Within a year, Roquebert and Saint-Cricq would be despatched on another mission to resupply a French colony, sailing with the frigate
1017:
in the face of overwhelming French numbers and so sailed westward to find and warn other British ships of the approaching French squadron. As
963:
was only a short distance from the lead ship at 17:30 when French colours replaced the Spanish and Roquebert ordered his ships to open fire.
1785:
602:
19:
2439:
1970:, destroying her also. Troude also reports that the British landing party attacked Battery Choppard, of four guns, which repelled them.
1946:, one from in front and one from behind the British frigate, and that the French soldiers discharged their small arms, almost sweeping
226:
1599:
864:
488:
that was eventually concluded in July 1809 with British naval assistance. By the autumn of 1809, the British commander, Vice-Admiral
44:
1562:
827:
1634:
899:
465:
236:
1903:
1757:, although casualty figures are not known. French losses in the engagement are also uncertain, although most of the crews of
1709:
was forced to engage one of the forts instead, fire from the shore causing some damage but not enough to endanger the ship.
1614:
879:
460:
with orders to invade and capture the French colonies as swiftly as possible. Their first target was Martinique, which was
283:
37:
1870:
only escaped by deserting the other ships in the middle of the engagement, fleeing north and eventually reaching France.
1609:
1543:
874:
808:
293:
231:
1770:
273:
966:
Roquebert had learned the correct signals for Spanish shipping from captured Spanish merchant ships and, having lured
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165:
148:
136:
124:
104:
87:
82:
248:
194:
189:
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when the action began, and was thus not directly engaged by any of the French ships. Wetherall initially fired at
449:
and successfully landed supplies were all intercepted and captured on the return journey, costing the French four
2345:
1813:, approximately 200 nautical miles (370 km) west of the Portuguese coast, when they encountered the frigate
1257:
1906:. The French garrison largely deserted, and by 6 February all resistance was defeated and the governor, General
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were able to quite easily reach the shore. Among those that did make land were a section of prisoners from
1592:
857:
253:
1843:
1782:
returned to European waters, avoiding all contact with British shipping until 16 January 1810 at position
944:
for ships attempting to evade the British blockade. On 13 December, Shortland, in company with the 16-gun
433:
and her allies to strangle communications and overseas trade. This had a devastating effect on the French
922:
742:
477:
347:
98:
2424:
1629:
1567:
1557:
1105:, of the impending arrival of Roquebert's squadron. Ballard swiftly gathered his squadron, the frigate
937:
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822:
263:
183:
154:
114:
76:
1619:
884:
176:
2367:
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401:
Ineffectual efforts were made to capture the flûtes, but it was not until the arrival of the 74-gun
1582:
847:
298:
216:
24:
1421:
1415:
732:
726:
371:
365:
1604:
1572:
869:
837:
109:
2287:
1834:
1577:
1095:
842:
395:
684:
537:
336:
2304:
2217:
1754:
1671:
1480:
1401:
1227:
1193:
and leaving the supply ships to make the journey to Guadeloupe independently. As a result,
409:
258:
8:
1814:
1459:
1373:
1189:, Roquebert decided to separate from the convoy and return to France, turning north with
1141:
1134:
659:
547:
430:
2371:
1130:
1029:
that the soldiers carried aboard for the garrison on Guadeloupe were able to fire their
469:
2222:
1847:
1842:
in December 1810. Unknown to the French authorities, a British expeditionary force had
1660:
1445:
1237:
attacked the batteries directly at 16:00. Discovering that the entrance was navigable.
1057:, Roquebert had the frigate set on fire and abandoned. French losses were also severe,
489:
402:
92:
1155:
to watch Basse-Terre while the rest of squadron patrolled to the south of the island.
2389:
2353:
2331:
2312:
2273:
1466:
1431:
1163:
1116:
1106:
211:
160:
1587:
852:
1657:
694:
473:
2291:
1511:
776:
464:
during February 1809. Outlying islands were captured over the next few months and
2381:
1438:
1286:
1099:
955:
an effort to force the frigates to identify themselves, the strange ships raised
714:
572:
532:
422:
327:
61:
1718:
had dismasted her opponent, which surrendered. Moving against the second ship,
1667:
1385:
1380:
929:
690:
671:
666:
206:
142:
1174:
394:. Summoning ships from the surrounding region, the British commander, Captain
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1829:
1800:
1787:
1773:, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.
1691:
1331:
1318:
1210:
956:
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604:
481:
446:
364:
and continuing with the mission, Roquebert successfully delivered the flûtes
1895:
1821:
1113:
390:, brought news of the French arrival to the blockade squadron anchored off
200:
998:
493:
434:
391:
319:
170:
131:
119:
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from extreme range, but soon recognised that he could do nothing to aid
1855:
1310:
1033:
at the British top deck, killing many of the sailors manning the guns.
485:
442:
438:
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331:
323:
1722:
was then also becalmed and was forced to engage the forts instead. As
1839:
2309:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V
1851:
1224:
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497:
457:
340:
936:
had been captured from the French less than a year earlier at the
29:
2420:
Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom
1902:
were complete and 7,000 men were landed under Lieutenant-General
1428:
941:
739:
710:
596:
450:
1129:, and positioned them in the channel between Guadeloupe and the
1697:
The plan was initially frustrated by light winds, but by 14:25
1397:
Lieutenant Joseph-Normand Kergré and Lieutenant Bernard Vincent
1368:
1169:
under Captain William Roberts had recaptured the merchant brig
1030:
654:
511:
1682:
would enter the harbour and engage the flûtes directly, while
1201:
were sailing unprotected straight towards Ballard's squadron.
921:
Among the ships despatched by Cochrane was the 40-gun frigate
484:, a Spanish campaign to drive the French out of the island of
1911:
1745:
In total the British had lost eight killed and 16 wounded on
1233:
to assess the depth of the entrance to the bay while he in
945:
377:
1882:
on 19 December. In January 1810, the blockade tightened:
453:
and numerous smaller ships by the end of February 1809.
2350:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811
2415:
Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving France
1214:
anchorage, other batteries opened fire, one striking
1563:
St Lucia • Tobago • Demerara • Essequibo and Berbice
828:
St Lucia • Tobago • Demerara • Essequibo and Berbice
1866:were both captured and Roquebert killed in action.
1541:
806:
1898:. By 27 January, Cochrane's preparations for the
1263:
2406:
1527:
1218:off Pointe Lizard. Captain William Dowers of
970:within range, opened a destructive fire from
792:
45:
2098:James and Chamier (1837), Vol. 5, pp.186-87.
1930:James, in his report on the engagement with
1080:
2293:The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol. IV
1890:from inside the harbour at Basse-Terre and
1670:on Martinique under the command of Captain
553:
16:1809 failed French supply run to Guadeloupe
1534:
1520:
997:took up stations fore and aft, repeatedly
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52:
38:
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993:attacked her from the other side and the
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1278:Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean:
564:Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean:
18:
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1061:losing 15 killed and three wounded and
468:was trapped and then defeated near the
316:Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean
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1753:, and an uncertain number lost in the
1036:Within ten minutes of the first shot,
437:colonies, particularly the islands of
326:in December 1809 at the height of the
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2011:
1515:
1162:arrived off Basse-Terre, the frigate
780:
466:a major French reinforcement squadron
33:
2239:
2226:. 26 January 1849. pp. 236–245.
2053:
2029:
2020:
1993:
1425:with support from batteries on shore
1147:joined the squadron. Ballard placed
1112:under Captain George Miller and the
386:, which had witnessed the defeat of
2210:
2002:
1984:
318:was an unsuccessful operation by a
59:
13:
2440:1809 in the French colonial empire
1894:seized several coastal vessels in
330:. Over the previous year, British
322:squadron to transport supplies to
14:
2456:
2268:Adkins, Roy & Lesley (2006).
2207:Troude (1867), Vol. 6, pp.80-81.
1379:
1367:
665:
653:
2326:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
2201:
2101:
2092:
1956:
1924:
1545:Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810
810:Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810
339:. Two of the ships were 20-gun
2373:Batailles navales de la France
1005:had been some distance behind
985:to inflict maximum damage. As
1:
2261:
1878:captured on 14 December and
1506:At least 9 killed, 22 wounded
974:that caused severe damage to
416:
2107:Troude (1867), Vol. 6, p.79.
1977:
1776:
1204:At daylight on 17 December,
472:in April: the French lost a
7:
1846:, and Roquebert's squadron
1844:already captured the island
1771:Naval General Service Medal
1260:joined Ballard's squadron.
1077:suffered no losses at all.
1065:six killed and 15 wounded.
522:Joseph Normand-Kergré, and
10:
2461:
2270:The War for All the Oceans
1850:and brought to battle off
1828:and on 23 January reached
1280:Action of 18 December 1809
989:closed with the flagship,
938:action of 10 February 1809
566:Action of 13 December 1809
2352:. Conway Maritime Press.
1942:both fired their guns at
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1407:
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1360:
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1081:Operations off Guadeloupe
818:
758:
704:
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578:
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177:French invasion of Russia
71:
2388:. Constable Publishers.
1917:
1848:was ambushed in May 1811
2368:Troude, Onésime-Joachim
2328:The Victory of Seapower
1185:and the encounter with
767:20 killed, 40 wounded,
526:, under the command of
518:, under the command of
264:Lamellerie's expedition
217:Minor campaigns of 1815
2311:. Chatham Publishing.
2298:edward pelham brenton.
2288:Brenton, Edward Pelham
1900:invasion of Guadeloupe
1640:Roquebert's expedition
1392:Commanders and leaders
905:Roquebert's expedition
678:Commanders and leaders
528:lieutenant de vaisseau
520:lieutenant de vaisseau
490:Sir Alexander Cochrane
254:L'Hermite's expedition
242:Roquebert's expedition
110:First Serbian Uprising
27:
2435:1809 in the Caribbean
2305:Clowes, William Laird
1490:Casualties and losses
1332:16.24028°N 61.32361°W
1158:On the same day that
1096:Volant Vashon Ballard
764:21 killed, 18 wounded
759:Casualties and losses
514:. Two French flûtes,
396:Volant Vashon Ballard
269:Senyavin's expedition
249:Allemand's expedition
195:Swedish-Norwegian War
22:
2445:Military expeditions
1755:amphibious operation
1738:Cameron, captain of
1672:Samuel James Ballard
1402:Samuel James Ballard
1089:had been destroyed,
462:invaded and captured
410:Samuel James Ballard
2430:1800s in Guadeloupe
2330:. Caxton Editions.
1797: /
1635:Troude's expedition
1337:16.24028; -61.32361
1328: /
900:Troude's expedition
614: /
554:Destruction of HMS
548:Jacques Saint-Cricq
237:Troude's expedition
227:Linois's expedition
2223:The London Gazette
1886:captured the brig
1600:Danish West Indies
1444:with support from
1001:the British ship.
865:Danish West Indies
685:François Roquebert
538:François Roquebert
536:, under Commodore
337:François Roquebert
294:Mauritius campaign
232:Caribbean campaign
93:Franco-Swedish War
28:
2425:Conflicts in 1809
2376:. Challamel ainé.
1801:40.833°N 12.150°W
1749:, six wounded on
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918:
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775:
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642:
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618:17.300°N 57.000°W
312:
311:
274:Adriatic campaign
212:Waterloo campaign
201:Seventh Coalition
166:Anglo-Swedish War
161:Austro-Polish War
149:Anglo-Russian War
137:Anglo-Turkish War
105:Russo-Turkish War
88:Russo-Persian War
83:Anglo-Spanish War
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2386:The Sea Warriors
2382:Woodman, Richard
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1325:
1324:
1321:
1309:Anse la Barque,
1300:18 December 1809
1294:
1293:
1275:
1274:
1256:) under Captain
1131:Îles des Saintes
1042:
980:
813:
811:
801:
794:
787:
778:
777:
699:
670:
669:
658:
657:
629:
628:
626:
625:
624:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
586:13 December 1809
580:
579:
561:
560:
546:, under Captain
507:on 12 December.
474:ship of the line
470:Îles des Saintes
359:
353:on 13 December.
190:Dano-Swedish War
125:Dano-Swedish War
99:Fourth Coalition
66:
64:
54:
47:
40:
31:
30:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2360:
2338:
2319:
2280:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:Gardiner, p. 99
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2156:Woodman, p. 244
2155:
2148:
2143:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:Clowes, p. 447.
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2075:Brenton, p. 376
2074:
2070:
2065:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:Woodman, p. 243
2037:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:Gardiner, p. 75
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:Gardiner, p. 17
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1934:, reports that
1929:
1925:
1920:
1904:George Beckwith
1806:40.833; -12.150
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1654:
1649:
1630:Leeward Islands
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1378:
1366:
1352:British victory
1344:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1287:Napoleonic Wars
1279:
1273:
1264:Destruction of
1098:in the frigate
1083:
1040:
978:
957:Spanish colours
919:
914:
895:Leeward Islands
814:
809:
807:
805:
695:
664:
652:
630:
623:17.300; -57.000
622:
620:
616:
613:
608:
605:
603:
601:
600:
573:Napoleonic Wars
565:
559:
423:Napoleonic Wars
419:
357:
328:Napoleonic Wars
313:
308:
223:
184:Sixth Coalition
155:Fifth Coalition
77:Third Coalition
67:
63:Napoleonic Wars
62:
60:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2346:James, William
2342:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2301:
2284:
2278:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:Adkins, p. 333
2247:
2238:
2229:
2209:
2200:
2188:
2174:
2172:Clowes, p. 448
2158:
2146:
2130:
2121:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2077:
2068:
2052:
2050:Clowes, p. 446
2040:
2028:
2019:
2017:Clowes, p. 283
2010:
2001:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1955:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1820:under Captain
1778:
1775:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:Saint-Domingue
1554:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1426:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:United Kingdom
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1082:
1079:
930:John Shortland
928:under Captain
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Saint-Domingue
819:
816:
815:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
773:
772:
765:
761:
760:
756:
755:
737:
707:
706:
702:
701:
691:John Shortland
687:
680:
679:
675:
674:
672:United Kingdom
662:
649:
648:
644:
643:
640:
639:
638:French victory
636:
632:
631:
594:
592:
588:
587:
584:
576:
575:
568:
567:
558:
552:
418:
415:
408:under Captain
310:
309:
307:
306:
304:Banda Oriental
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
245:
244:
239:
229:
222:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
207:Neapolitan War
197:
192:
187:
180:
173:
168:
163:
158:
151:
146:
143:Peninsular War
139:
134:
129:
128:
127:
122:
112:
107:
102:
95:
90:
85:
80:
72:
69:
68:
57:
56:
49:
42:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2457:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2395:1-84119-183-3
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2359:0-85177-909-3
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2337:1-84067-359-1
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2318:1-86176-014-0
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:0-349-11916-3
2275:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2242:
2236:James, p. 192
2233:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:James, p. 191
2195:
2193:
2186:James, p. 190
2183:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2144:James, p. 189
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2128:James, p. 188
2125:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2095:
2089:James, p. 187
2086:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2066:James, p. 186
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2026:James, p. 167
2023:
2014:
2005:
1999:James, p. 206
1996:
1987:
1983:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:Manuel Ernouf
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:Île de France
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1692:Royal Marines
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:arrived from
1665:
1664:
1659:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:French Guiana
1613:
1611:
1610:Santo Domingo
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:Jeune Richard
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:French Empire
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:French Guiana
878:
876:
875:Santo Domingo
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
859:Jeune Richard
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
812:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
782:
779:
770:
766:
763:
762:
757:
754:
753:
747:
746:
741:
738:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
703:
700:
698:
692:
688:
686:
682:
681:
676:
673:
668:
663:
661:
660:French Empire
656:
651:
650:
645:
637:
634:
633:
627:
598:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
569:
562:
557:
551:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Santo Domingo
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
447:Caribbean Sea
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:French Empire
428:
424:
414:
411:
407:
406:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
374:
369:
368:
363:
356:
352:
351:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Spice Islands
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
185:
181:
179:
178:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:
152:
150:
147:
145:
144:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
65:
55:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
35:
32:
26:
21:
2402:
2385:
2372:
2349:
2327:
2308:
2297:
2292:
2269:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2124:
2103:
2094:
2071:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1896:Baie-Mahault
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1833:
1825:
1822:Edward Brace
1816:
1780:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1620:Pointe Noire
1605:Palo Hincado
1593:
1573:Diamond Rock
1500:
1496:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1420:
1414:
1361:Belligerents
1285:Part of the
1269:
1265:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1125:
1118:
1108:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
971:
967:
965:
960:
950:
933:
924:
920:
904:
885:Pointe Noire
870:Palo Hincado
858:
838:Diamond Rock
768:
751:
744:
731:
725:
719:
713:
696:
647:Belligerents
571:Part of the
555:
541:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
500:
455:
420:
404:
400:
387:
382:
372:
366:
361:
354:
349:
345:
320:French naval
315:
314:
241:
199:
182:
175:
153:
141:
115:English Wars
97:
75:
2296:. C. Rice.
2218:"No. 20939"
1804: /
1578:San Domingo
1335: /
1175:La Désirade
1160:Observateur
1091:Observateur
1075:Observateur
1019:Observateur
1003:Observateur
951:Observateur
843:San Domingo
752:Observateur
621: /
494:Basse-Terre
478:Reconquista
435:West Indian
421:During the
392:Basse-Terre
383:Observateur
284:River Plate
171:War of 1812
132:Finnish War
120:Gunboat War
25:Sainte-Anne
2409:Categories
2272:. Abacus.
2262:References
1856:Madagascar
1729:By 17:10,
1668:Fort Royal
1645:Guadeloupe
1625:Martinique
1323:61°19′25″W
1320:16°14′25″N
1311:Guadeloupe
1258:John Hayes
1073:, and HMS
1048:. Pulling
910:Guadeloupe
890:Martinique
771:destroyed.
683:Commodore
486:Hispaniola
443:Guadeloupe
439:Martinique
427:Royal Navy
417:Background
332:Royal Navy
324:Guadeloupe
2348:(2002) .
2307:(1997) .
1978:Citations
1880:Papillion
1777:Aftermath
1503:destroyed
1495:Unknown,
1483:Elizabeth
1481:HMS
1467:HMS
1247:HMS
1243:Elizabeth
1230:Elizabeth
1228:HMS
1211:batteries
1142:HMS
1135:HMS
1124:HMS
1117:HMS
1085:Although
1021:escaped,
923:HMS
748:and brig
743:HMS
724:, flûtes
403:HMS
348:HMS
259:Cape Town
2384:(2001).
2370:(1867).
2290:(1825).
1884:Scorpion
1876:Béarnais
1868:Clorinde
1852:Tamatave
1826:Virginie
1817:Virginie
1462:Ringdove
1429:frigates
1408:Strength
1400:Captain
1305:Location
1225:schooner
1220:Ringdove
1216:Ringdove
1191:Clorinde
1153:Ringdove
1144:Scorpion
1137:Ringdove
1063:Clorinde
1059:Renommée
1046:Clorinde
1011:Clorinde
991:Clorinde
983:Renommée
972:Renommée
721:Clorinde
715:Renommée
711:frigates
705:Strength
689:Captain
595:East of
591:Location
543:Clorinde
533:Renommée
505:Deshaies
498:corvette
458:Barbados
451:frigates
299:2nd Java
279:1st Java
1864:Renomée
1860:Néréide
1835:Néréide
1792:12°09′W
1789:40°50′N
1724:Sceptre
1684:Sceptre
1663:Sceptre
1568:Surinam
1448:Sceptre
1413:Flûtes
1031:muskets
942:Antigua
833:Surinam
740:frigate
697:†
609:57°00′W
606:17°18′N
597:Antigua
405:Sceptre
2392:
2356:
2334:
2315:
2276:
1892:Freija
1888:Oreste
1751:Thetis
1747:Blonde
1740:Hazard
1735:Blonde
1731:Thetis
1720:Thetis
1716:Thetis
1711:Thetis
1707:Blonde
1703:Thetis
1699:Blonde
1688:Freija
1680:Thetis
1676:Blonde
1588:Samaná
1583:Havana
1476:Cygnet
1469:Hazard
1455:Freija
1441:Blonde
1434:Thetis
1349:Result
1254:Freija
1239:Blonde
1235:Blonde
1206:Blonde
1187:Castor
1179:Castor
1166:Castor
1149:Hazard
1126:Cygnet
1119:Hazard
1114:sloops
1109:Thetis
1102:Blonde
999:raking
995:flûtes
853:Samaná
848:Havana
693:
635:Result
540:, and
512:Nantes
425:, the
341:flûtes
1968:Loire
1964:Seine
1951:'
1948:Junon
1944:Junon
1940:Seine
1936:Loire
1932:Junon
1918:Notes
1912:Haiti
1830:Brest
1767:Junon
1763:Seine
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1501:Seine
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1422:Seine
1416:Loire
1270:Seine
1266:Loire
1249:Freya
1199:Seine
1195:Loire
1183:Junon
1173:near
1171:Ariel
1087:Junon
1071:Seine
1067:Loire
1055:Junon
1050:Junon
1041:'
1038:Junon
1027:Junon
1023:Junon
1015:Junon
1007:Junon
987:Junon
979:'
976:Junon
968:Junon
961:Junon
934:Junon
925:Junon
769:Junon
745:Junon
733:Seine
727:Loire
556:Junon
524:Seine
516:Loire
503:from
501:Nisus
388:Junon
373:Seine
367:Loire
362:Junon
358:'
355:Junon
350:Junon
2390:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2274:ISBN
1938:and
1862:and
1815:HMS
1761:and
1733:and
1701:and
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1678:and
1661:HMS
1499:and
1479:and
1474:HMS
1460:HMS
1453:HMS
1446:HMS
1439:HMS
1437:and
1432:HMS
1419:and
1297:Date
1268:and
1252:(or
1241:and
1197:and
1164:HMS
1151:and
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750:HMS
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441:and
381:HMS
378:brig
370:and
1854:in
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480:in
2411::
2220:.
2191:^
2177:^
2161:^
2149:^
2133:^
2112:^
2080:^
2055:^
2043:^
2031:^
1914:.
1858:.
1472:,
1465:,
1458:,
1451:,
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932:.
599:,
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2362:.
2340:.
2321:.
2282:.
1535:e
1528:t
1521:v
800:e
793:t
786:v
736:.
53:e
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39:v
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