865:, it was federal in nature, and political tensions between allied kingdoms and the ruling dynasty resulted in some kingdoms (e.g. Manyika) and chieftainships breaking away from the Empire. Internal palace revolutions and constant attacks from the BaMangwato placed increased political pressure on the empire. Two major droughts, 1795 to 1800 and 1824 to 1829, contributed to political instability. Long-standing trading partners like the Portuguese shifted their attention to slaves, thus decreasing demand for gold; thus the Shona tradition of gold mining and trade, which had lasted almost a millennium, declined and so the power of central governments like the Rozvi started to weaken. On top of all the challenges, the 1830s were a time of multiple invasions and wars that the Rozvi Empire never recovered completely from.
876:
Tohwechipi did not accept
Mzilikazi's offer and instead, consolidated his power and spent the next 30 years in a series of back-and-forth raids and counter-raids with Mzilikazi and eventually Lobengula, earning the nickname Chibhamubhamu because of his army of raiders armed with rifles. Tohwechipi was defeated in battle, and surrendered in 1866 and curiously, Mzilikazi let him go. He died around 1873 in the Nyashanu area in Buhera and was buried there in Mavangwe Hills. Tohwechipi's grave is a protected national monument.
372:
94:
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repelled, but did much damage. Another wave of attacks followed from the group led by the Swazi Queen
Nyamazanana, resulting in the capture of the capital Manyanga and the murder of the Rozvi Mambo Chirisamhuru. Contrary to the established narrative, this was not the end of the Rozvi Empire. Chirisamhuru's son, Tohwechipi escaped and went into exile in the Buhera area. With the support of the Mutinhima and other Noble Rozvi Houses, Tohwechipi effectively became the Rozvi Mambo.
38:
841:. Changamire Dombo, according to oral tradition, is believed to have possessed supernatural powers. He was said to be able to turn a white cow into a red one, and more. His magical ability made him feared by people and earned him respect and even more followers. The name Changamire became the honour name of all the kings who followed after him.
1076:
Zimbabwe continued to grow, reaching the height of its power in 1700, under the rule of the Rozwi people. When the first
Europeans arrived on the African coast, they heard tales of a great stone city, the capital of a vast empire. The tales were true, for the Rozwi controlled 240,000 square miles
797:
trade in the interior of Africa by invading the Rozvi empire. However, the Rozvi, armed with their traditional spears and shields, repelled these attacks and maintained control of the gold mines, until their empire collapsed. The Rozvi were led by
Changamire Dombo, and his son Kambgun Dombo whose
888:
and millet, and the state depended heavily on subsistence farming. Livestock was important; they kept sheep, goats, cattle and chickens; men who owned much livestock had high social status. Mining was a major branch and was done by men. Internal and external trade were important, especially with
904:
Rozvi kings revived the tradition of stone building and constructed impressive cities, now known as 'zimbabwes', throughout the southwest. Polychrome pottery was also emblematic. Warriors were armed with spears, shields, bows and arrows. Portuguese records show that the Rozvi were sophisticated
844:
The Rozvi's political system was hierarchical. Kingship followed a male line and the king was the highest political, religious, military, economic, judicial and social authority, as well as the main distributor of land. The King was helped to rule by an advisory council made of state officials
875:
realized that although some of the Rozvi nobility had accepted him as King, most of the Shona did not accept him, limiting the geographic area of his
Kingdom. Taking a diplomatic approach, he sent word to Tohwechipi asking him to return home and submit to him, crowning him King of the Shona.
868:
In the area of modern-day South Africa, several events resulted in a mass exodus. Drought, invading Dutch settlers and the catastrophic aftermath of the
Mfecane resulted in waves of Nguni tribes moving north. Successive attacks on the Empire by the Mpanga, Ngwana, Maseko and Zwangendaba were
828:
A leader of the people of
Guruuswa, given the title Changamire and known as Dombo, became independent from the Mutapa. When the Portuguese tried to colonize them, Changamire Dombo led rebellions against their rule. The area of the Rozvi Empire fluctuated. Its influence extended over much of
809:
Changamire brought the whole of old -day
Zimbabwe under his control, forming a polity that became known as the Rozvi Empire. This powerful kingdom of warriors was to be known as the Rozvi or baLozwi people. They established their capital at
837:. The Rozvi leader Changamire Dombo was originally a herdsman in the Mutapa state, yet managed to drive away the Portuguese, earning himself support and followers, thereby enabling him to break away from the legendary
852:
Many tales identify Dombo ('Rock') as
Chikura Wadyembeu. Modern scholars agree that this is confusion with another leader of a different people. Rulers of Rozvi State included Chirisa Mhuru and Chikuyo Chisamarenga.
592:
330:
305:
291:
1370:
1045:
Innocent
Pikirayi et Joseph O. Vogel, The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States, Rowman & Littlefield - Altamira Press, 2001
806:. They drove the Portuguese off the central plateau, and the Europeans retained only a nominal presence at one of the fair-towns in the eastern highlands.
631:
1365:
849:(regent), religious leaders, military commanders and vassal chiefs. The Rozvi Empire eventually became the most powerful empire in present-day Zimbabwe.
93:
752:
379:
802:
in the what is today southwestern Zimbabwe. The Rozvi were formed from several Shona states that dominated the plateau of present-day
1380:
1335:
825:
The administrative power of the Mutapa began to fail to control the whole empire, and tributaries began to exert more independence.
480:
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adopted it in the 19th century. Armed with spears, shields, bows and arrows, the aggressive Rozvi took over the Zimbabwe plateau.
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The economic power of the Rozvi empire was based on cattle herding, farming, and gold mining. Crops included
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8:
781:. The term "Rozvi" refers to their legacy as a warrior nation, taken from the Shona term
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360:
51:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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In the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Rozvi Empire faced several challenges. Like the
785:, "to plunder". They became the most powerful fighting force in the whole of Zimbabwe.
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appointed by him; this consisted of his most senior wives, the crown prince, the
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Names and dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).
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Map showing the extent of the Rozvi empire and its center around Butwa
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Beach, D. N. (October 1974). "Ndebele raiders and Shona power".
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In 1683, Portuguese militia tried to take control of the
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More than one million Africans lived under Rozwi rule.
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military strategists. They were noted for using the
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901:and gold for guns, salt, beads and sea shells.
1284:The National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe
1371:States and territories disestablished in 1866
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1147:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
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1064:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 24.
1366:States and territories established in 1660
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1280:"National Monuments Management Programme"
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1015:Changamire Tohwechipi Zharare (1838–1866)
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241:620,000 km (240,000 sq mi)
1135:
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1145:Shillington, Kevin, ed. (4 July 2013).
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1122:A History of African Societies to 1870
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27:Empire (1660-1880) in present Zimbabwe
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829:present-day Zimbabwe, westward into
49:about the empire's decline and fall.
31:
1226:"The Rozvi in Search of Their Past"
909:years before the great Zulu leader
24:
1308:. London: McFarland. p. 226.
1124:Cambridge University Press, 1997,
833:, and southward into northeastern
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1381:1866 disestablishments in Africa
1336:Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe
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1061:Lost Lands and Forgotten People
220:• Surrender of Tohwechipi
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1376:1660 establishments in Africa
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1005:Changamire Chirisamuru II (
948:Changamire Dombo 1695–1720)
573:Colony of Southern Rhodesia
10:
1397:
788:
1306:African States and Rulers
1195:10.1017/s0021853700013918
1120:Isichei, Elizabeth Allo,
938:Changamire Tumbare (1530–
935:Changamire II (1494–1530)
820:Northern Ndebele language
773:state established on the
668:Lancaster House Agreement
632:Unilateral Declaration of
481:White settlement pre-1923
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1346:Former empires in Africa
607:Federation with Northern
583:World War II involvement
1100:Encyclopædia Britannica
1058:Cornell, James (1978).
563:World War I involvement
175:Changamire Dombo(first)
1361:19th century in Africa
1356:18th century in Africa
1351:17th century in Africa
1304:Stewart, John (1989).
1028:, an archelogical site
880:Technology and economy
609:Rhodesia and Nyasaland
47:is missing information
1224:Beach, D. N. (1983).
1155:10.4324/9780203483862
185:Changamire Tohwechipi
122:Common languages
951:Changamire Zharare (
893:traders, exchanging
857:Invasions and demise
965:Changamire Negamo (
798:power was based in
550:Second Matabele War
995:Changamire Baswi (
907:cow-horn formation
863:Mwenemutapa Empire
769:(1660–1866) was a
679:British Dependency
661:June–December 1979
634:Independence (UDI)
621:Rhodesian Bush War
536:First Matabele War
406:Mapungubwe Kingdom
1230:History in Africa
1164:978-0-203-48386-2
1071:978-0-8069-3926-1
985:Changamire Dhafa(
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657:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
593:Malayan Emergency
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181:• 1831–1866
143:Absolute Monarchy
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16:(Redirected from
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1189:(4): 633–651.
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1149:. Routledge.
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975:Chirisamuru (
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839:Mutapa empire
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673:December 1979
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444:Butua Kingdom
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311:Mutapa Empire
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61:December 2019
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45:This article
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1287:. Retrieved
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1116:
1104:. Retrieved
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871:
867:
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835:South Africa
827:
824:
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767:Rozvi Empire
766:
764:
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548:
541:
534:
489:Rozvi Empire
488:
479:
279:Succeeded by
278:
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256:• 1700
79:
76:Rozvi Empire
58:
46:
29:
1010: 1828
1000: 1825
990: 1790
980: 1712
970: 1700
960: 1700
956: 1695
943: 1660
930: 1480
777:Plateau by
722:Coup d'état
702:Gukurahundi
595:involvement
497: 1684
468: 1450
452: 1450
437: 1450
433: 1220
418: 1220
414: 1075
399: 1075
361:History of
274:Preceded by
170: 1695
166: 1660
1330:Categories
1033:References
958: – c.
822:)
812:Danangombe
775:Zimbabwean
435: – c.
416: – c.
397: – c.
395: 900
246:Population
168: – c.
148:Changamire
140:Government
116:Danangombe
1266:161864409
1250:0361-5413
1236:: 13–34.
1211:163048312
1203:0021-8537
1026:Dhlo-Dhlo
873:Mzilikazi
816:Dhlo-Dhlo
716:1998–2003
706:1982–1987
683:1979–1980
651:1965–1979
625:1964–1979
614:1953–1963
600:1948–1960
587:1939–1945
577:1923–1965
567:1914–1918
556:1896–1897
542:1893–1894
529:1890–1923
509:1823-1894
505:Mthwakazi
324:Mthwakazi
260:1,000,000
130:Religion
87:1660–1866
53:talk page
1132:page 435
1020:See also
831:Botswana
818:(in the
804:Zimbabwe
689:Zimbabwe
647:Rhodesia
363:Zimbabwe
352:a series
350:Part of
134:Musikism
1289:29 July
1258:3171688
1095:"Rozvi"
886:sorghum
847:tumbare
789:History
783:kurozva
695:present
194:History
161:•
112:Capital
107:Kingdom
1312:
1264:
1256:
1248:
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899:copper
354:on the
197:
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104:Status
1262:S2CID
1254:JSTOR
1207:S2CID
1106:9 May
911:Shaka
895:ivory
800:Butua
771:Shona
693:1980–
499:–1834
470:–1760
454:–1683
209:Butua
80:Rozvi
18:Rozvi
1310:ISBN
1291:2022
1246:ISSN
1199:ISSN
1159:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1108:2007
1066:ISBN
891:Arab
795:gold
765:The
726:2017
640:1965
519:1888
238:1700
233:Area
224:1866
214:1660
1238:doi
1191:doi
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1228:.
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1197:.
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997:c.
987:c.
977:c.
967:c.
953:c.
940:c.
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897:,
494:c.
465:c.
449:c.
430:c.
411:c.
392:c.
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