4346:
almost all instances, they begin with the sound value represented by the associated letter. ... The fact that each rune represents a sound value and a word gives this writing system a multivalent quality that further distinguishes it from roman script. A roman letter simply represents its sound value. When used, for example, for the purpose of pagination, such letters can assume added significance, but this is localised to the context of an individual manuscript. Runic letters, on the other hand, are inherently multivalent; they can, and often do, represent several different kinds of information simultaneously. This aspect of runic letters is one that is frequently employed and exploited by writers and scribes who include them in their manuscripts.
2161:
2966:
4630:
94:
3796:
3591:
3357:
2194:
4754:
3150:
3659:
3866:
1141:
3791:
3759:
3727:
3586:
3522:
3392:
3352:
19069:
17651:
3834:
3695:
3623:
3554:
3456:
3320:
3256:
3224:
2041:
3192:
3488:
5104:
3288:
3114:
3082:
3424:
3031:
19059:
4174:
3909:
2540:
1980:
4237:
1674:
4907:
2635:
2516:
53:
4115:
276:
4310:
4739:
4186:
1698:
6198:
4247:
1961:
priest, if the consultation is a public one, or the father of the family, if it is private, prays to the gods and, gazing to the heavens, picks up three separate strips and reads their meaning from the marks scored on them. If the lots forbid an enterprise, there can be no further consultation about it that day; if they allow it, further confirmation by divination is required.
4323:
in Sweden a mix of runes and Latin letters developed." The
Dalecarlian runes came into use in the early 16th century and remained in some use up to the 20th century. Some discussion remains on whether their use was an unbroken tradition throughout this period or whether people in the 19th and 20th
4221:
settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and
Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions is a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference between them was functional (viz.,
2604:
evolved into its later language groups, the words assigned to the runes and the sounds represented by the runes themselves began to diverge somewhat and each culture would create new runes, rename or rearrange its rune names slightly, or stop using obsolete runes completely, to accommodate these
4345:
As well as being distinguished from the roman alphabet in visual appearance and letter order, the fuþorc is further set apart by the fact that, unlike their roman counterparts, runic letters are often associated not only with sound values but also with names. These names are often nouns and, in
1960:
For divination and casting lots they have the highest possible regard. Their procedure for casting lots is uniform: They break off the branch of a fruit tree and slice into strips; they mark these by certain signs and throw them, as random chance will have it, on to a white cloth. Then a state
1965:
As
Victoria Symons summarizes, "If the inscriptions made on the lots that Tacitus refers to are understood to be letters, rather than other kinds of notations or symbols, then they would necessarily have been runes, since no other writing system was available to Germanic tribes at this time."
2178:
3924:), are an extended alphabet, consisting of 29, and later 33, characters. It was probably used from the 5th century onwards. There are competing theories as to the origins of the Anglo-Saxon (also called Anglo-Frisian) Futhorc. One theory proposes that it was developed in
2631:), personal messages, business letters, and expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even of a vulgar nature. Following this find, it is nowadays commonly presumed that, at least in late use, Runic was a widespread and common writing system.
1926:
unity preceding the emergence of Proto-Norse proper from roughly the 5th century. An alternative suggestion explaining the impossibility of classifying the earliest inscriptions as either North or West
Germanic is forwarded by È. A. Makaev, who presumes a "special runic
2616:), which often contain solemn inscriptions about people who died or performed great deeds. For a long time it was presumed that this kind of grand inscription was the primary use of runes, and that their use was associated with a certain societal class of rune carvers.
4340:
While Roman script would ultimately replace runes in most contexts, it differed significantly from runic script. For example, on the differences between the use of Anglo-Saxon runes and the Latin script that would come to replace them, runologist
Victoria Symons says:
2502:
The lack of extensive knowledge on historical use of the runes has not stopped modern authors from extrapolating entire systems of divination from what few specifics exist, usually loosely based on the reconstructed names of the runes and additional outside influence.
2264:
The earliest runic inscriptions found on artifacts give the name of either the craftsman or the proprietor, or sometimes, remain a linguistic mystery. Due to this, it is possible that the early runes were not used so much as a simple writing system, but rather as
2354:
Elder
Futhark inscriptions as well as variants and abbreviations of them. Much speculation and study has been produced on the potential meaning of these inscriptions. Rhyming groups appear on some early bracteates that also may be magical in purpose, such as
2506:
A recent study of runic magic suggests that runes were used to create magical objects such as amulets, but not in a way that would indicate that runic writing was any more inherently magical, than were other writing systems such as Latin or Greek.
1411:
finds them difficult to justify for semantic or linguistic reasons. Because of this, some scholars have speculated that the
Germanic and Celtic words may have been a shared religious term borrowed from an unknown non-Indo-European language.
4270:
consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds. Inscriptions in medieval
Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune forms, and some letters, such as
1874:
strokes: when carving a message on a flat staff or stick, it would be along the grain, thus both less legible and more likely to split the wood. This characteristic is also shared by other alphabets, such as the early form of the
4475:
This object was cut by thieves, damaging one of the runes. The identity of this rune was debated by scholars until a photograph of it was republished that, according to runologist
Bernard Mees, clearly indicates it to have been
4286:
Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of
Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in
1732:
No distinction is made in surviving runic inscriptions between long and short vowels, although such a distinction was certainly present phonologically in the spoken languages of the time. Similarly, there are no signs for
2378:
literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination. There are at least three sources on divination with rather vague descriptions that may, or may not, refer to runes:
4972:
Runes play an important role in the horror story "Casting the Runes," by the academic Medievalist and ghost story author M. R. James, first published in his 1911 collection "More Ghost Stories of an Antiquary." In
4556:, for example, which would be of little or no use as an abbreviation because of its rarity. The practicality of using an abbreviation for a familiar noun such as 'man' is demonstrated clearly in the Old Norse poem
1931:", an early "literary Germanic" employed by the entire Late Common Germanic linguistic community after the separation of Gothic (2nd to 5th centuries), while the spoken dialects may already have been more diverse.
4817:", based on the Younger Futhark and runes of List's own introduction, which allegedly were revealed to him in a state of temporary blindness after cataract operations on both eyes in 1902. The use of runes in
2300:
I, master of the runes(?) conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who breaks this (monument). I prophesy destruction / prophecy of destruction.
4652:
runestones, commonly found in Denmark and Sweden. Another large group are medieval runes, most commonly found on small objects, often wooden sticks. The largest concentration of runic inscriptions are the
2917:(noble)—by human women. These sons became the ancestors of the three classes of humans indicated by their names. When Jarl reached an age when he began to handle weapons and show other signs of nobility,
1922:, are considered unresolved and long having been the subject of discussion. In the early Runic period, differences between Germanic languages are generally presumed to be small. Another theory presumes a
2475:, where there are three accounts of what some believe to be the use of runes for divination, but Rimbert calls it "drawing lots". One of these accounts is the description of how a renegade Swedish king,
1359:(linguistic siblings from a common origin), or if the Proto-Germanic form reflects an early borrowing from Celtic. Various connections have been proposed with other Indo-European terms (for example:
2424:, describes "signs" chosen in groups of three and cut from "a nut-bearing tree", although the runes do not seem to have been in use at the time of Tacitus' writings. A second source is the
5059:. They are used for a range of purposes including as names, symbols, decoration and on runestones that provide information about Nordic mythology and background for the game's narrative.
2627:. These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained information of an everyday nature—ranging from name tags, prayers (often in
1115:
The process of transmission of the script is unknown. The oldest clear inscriptions are found in Denmark and northern Germany. A "West Germanic hypothesis" suggests transmission via
3932:, while another holds that Scandinavians introduced runes to England, where the futhorc was modified and exported to Frisia. Some examples of futhorc inscriptions are found on the
4295:). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries. Indeed, some of the medieval runic inscriptions are written in Latin.
6435:
6910:
2277:
itself, taken to mean "secret, something hidden", seems to indicate that knowledge of the runes was originally considered esoteric, or restricted to an elite. The 6th-century
2107:
Artifacts such as spear heads or shield mounts have been found that bear runic marking that may be dated to 200 AD, as evidenced by artifacts found across northern Europe in
1883:, but it is not universal, especially among early runic inscriptions, which frequently have variant rune shapes, including horizontal strokes. Runic manuscripts (that is
3006:
Most probably each rune had a name, chosen to represent the sound of the rune itself. The names are, however, not directly attested for the Elder Futhark themselves.
2466:(sacrificial chip), which was "marked, possibly with sacrificial blood, shaken, and thrown down like dice, and their positive or negative significance then decided."
6698:
4094:. Feoh, þorn, and sigel stood for , , and in most environments, but voiced to , , and between vowels or voiced consonants. Gyfu and wynn stood for the letters
2483:, but then changes his mind and asks the Danes to "draw lots". According to the story, this "drawing of lots" was quite informative, telling them that attacking
2132:
7043:
6922:
2371:(500–700 AD) gives a cryptic inscription describing the use of three runic letters followed by the Elder Futhark f-rune written three times in succession.
4222:
the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood).
4445:
In this inscription, several runes repeat in a sentence to form an unknown meaning. Various scholars have proposed that these runes represent repeated
262:
4552:
are all used on occasion. These are some of the most functional of the rune names, occurring relatively often in written language, unlike the elusive
13214:
12698:
2666:. The authenticity of some monuments bearing Runic inscriptions found in Northern America is disputed; most of them have been dated to modern times.
1870:
The angular shapes of the runes are shared with most contemporary alphabets of the period that were used for carving in wood or stone. There are no
13644:
13634:
13209:
11738:
11371:
7409:
1002:. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes beyond this period. Up until the early 20th century, runes were still used in rural
13624:
13614:
13204:
13199:
13194:
2487:
would bring bad luck and that they should attack a Slavic town instead. The tool in the "drawing of lots", however, is easily explainable as a
18585:
7574:
7110:
15340:
13629:
6493:
18113:
7032:. Aberystwyth Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.
12773:
6782:
5141:
The block as of Unicode 3.0 contained 81 symbols: 75 runic letters (U+16A0–U+16EA), 3 punctuation marks (Runic Single Punctuation U+16EB
7519:
6349:
1956:. Dating from around 98 CE, Tacitus describes the Germanic peoples as utilizing a divination practice involving rune-like inscriptions:
16561:
5735:
17687:
15372:
6903:
5185:'s mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes, and five for the "cryptogrammic" vowel symbols used in an inscription on the
4258:
In the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the
7280:
Penzl, Herbert; Hall, Margaret Austin (Mar 1994a). "The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. I: the beginnings to 1066".
4516:
In addition to the instances above, several different runes occur as ideographs in Old English and Old Norse manuscripts (featuring
1906:. This hypothesis is based on claiming that the earliest inscriptions of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, found in bogs and graves around
17608:
6427:
17626:
6182:
4837:, and not shared by the other members of the Nazi top echelon. Consequently, runes appear mostly in insignia associated with the
1950:
dating to around 50 AD, the earliest reference to runes (and runic divination) may occur in Roman Senator Tacitus's ethnographic
17977:
7470:
4898:
popularized this "Uthark" runic row, which he refers to as, the "night side of the runes", in the context of modern occultism.
14562:
5134:
long-branch and short-twig (but not the staveless) variants, in cases where cognate letters have the same shape resorting to "
18041:
16442:
12691:
7371:
7334:
7257:
7235:
7209:
7153:
7093:
7074:
6997:
6950:
15011:
7159:
5017:
4153:, and rather is an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabets with runic equivalents.
982:
The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from around AD 150, with a potentially earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and
17989:
14448:
12760:
9140:
8499:
6690:
6149:
1717:
stage linguistically, with a continuum of dialects not yet clearly separated into the three branches of later centuries:
293:
12984:
2995:'). The earliest known sequential listing of the full set of 24 runes dates to approximately AD 400 and is found on the
2058:
Runic inscriptions from the 400-year period 150–550 AD are described as "Period I". These inscriptions are generally in
19002:
18328:
18073:
5135:
4792:
7513:
7400:
4641:, Denmark, features the earliest known runic inscription (AD 150 to 200) and simply reads, ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ "Harja", a male name.
19123:
18323:
18068:
16707:
16210:
16196:
16166:
15305:
7037:
6978:
6792:
6507:
6192:
6003:
5975:
5882:
5849:
5776:
in masculine Proto-Norse would be resolved by assuming Roman (Rhineland) influences, while "the awkward ending -a of
2587:
2027:
4359:
In addition to their historic use as letters in the runic alphabets, runes were also used to represent their names (
4324:
centuries learned runes from books written on the subject. The character inventory was used mainly for transcribing
4125:
A runic alphabet consisting of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon futhorc is recorded in a treatise called
2569:
2009:
18946:
18208:
18061:
18056:
18051:
16669:
16428:
15145:
14542:
12684:
12018:
11279:
10633:
7327:
Englisch: Eine Sprachgeschichte nach Texten von 350 bis 1992 : vom Nordisch-Westgermanischen zum Neuenglischen
5937:
698:
12989:
2317:. There also are some inscriptions suggesting a medieval belief in the magical significance of runes, such as the
19113:
18012:
17982:
17631:
16839:
14868:
14129:
7604:
7024:
5073:
5037:
3064:
562:
244:
6919:
5001:. Following Tolkien, historical and fictional runes appear commonly in modern popular culture, particularly in
2295:
Haidzruno runu, falahak haidera, ginnarunaz. Arageu haeramalausz uti az. Weladaude, sa'z þat barutz. Uþarba spa.
17621:
16889:
16694:
16554:
16435:
15001:
14640:
12198:
11227:
10589:
10324:
9939:
9338:
9285:
8697:
8644:
8081:
2948:
2565:
2005:
704:
17:
5035:
Runes feature extensively in many video games that incorporate themes from early Germanic cultures, including
4189:
While also featuring a runic inscription detailing the erection of a bridge for a loved one, the 11th-century
17680:
15110:
14635:
13693:
7565:
7486:
1154:("dguest painted/wrote this runic inscription"), is the earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation of the term.
1105:
544:
13972:
16770:
16421:
16400:
13688:
13463:
12979:
12755:
11892:
10928:
10319:
10245:
9934:
9849:
7919:
7381:
Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1966–1967). "Frühgeschichtliche Sprachbewegungen im Kölner Raum (mit 8 Karten)".
5023:
1088:
The exact development of the early runic alphabet remains unclear but the script ultimately stems from the
382:
6854:
6604:
6076:
5677:
The oldest known runic inscription dates to around AD 150 and is found on a comb discovered in the bog of
4603:(1701–1744) further extended the science of runes and travelled around the whole of Sweden to examine the
3881:
3849:
3813:
3774:
3742:
3710:
3674:
3638:
3606:
3569:
3537:
3503:
3471:
3439:
3407:
3372:
3335:
3303:
3271:
3239:
3207:
3167:
3129:
3097:
1844:
1097:
258:
254:
18879:
18615:
18218:
18030:
17636:
16649:
16301:
16280:
14960:
14955:
14650:
14552:
13074:
12765:
10250:
9853:
4983:(1937), the Anglo-Saxon runes are used on a map and on the title page to emphasize its connection to the
4758:
4149:, and hence traditionally, the alphabet is called "Marcomannic runes", but it has no connection with the
2985:, consists of 24 runes that often are arranged in three groups of eight; each group is referred to as an
1843:. Giuliano and Larissa Bonfante suggest that runes derived from some North Italic alphabet, specifically
1829:) having no counterpart in the Bolzano alphabet. Scandinavian scholars tend to favor derivation from the
6608:
2923:
returned and, having claimed him as a son, taught him the runes. In 1555, the exiled Swedish archbishop
18465:
18120:
16802:
16797:
16368:
14965:
14532:
13945:
13006:
11991:
10918:
10309:
9920:
9207:
8566:
8001:
7066:
6938:
3937:
2809:
1787:
1734:
13698:
13016:
19108:
18924:
18475:
18223:
17654:
16834:
16741:
16734:
16712:
16547:
14618:
14340:
13893:
13480:
12572:
12171:
11153:
10998:
10528:
10397:
9807:
9370:
9362:
8725:
7898:
7456:
5638:
5612:
3042:
3010:
1163:
768:
9047:
7104:
4665:
inscriptions number around 350, about 260 of which are from Scandinavia, of which about half are on
2703:, meaning "I prepare the suitable divine rune..." and in an attestation from the 9th century on the
1837:
dating to the 2nd century BC. This is in a northern Etruscan alphabet but features a Germanic name,
18580:
18527:
18333:
18083:
17909:
17722:
17673:
16874:
16859:
16674:
16659:
16118:
16104:
15409:
13992:
13795:
13011:
6219:
Rix, Robert W. (2011). "Runes and Roman: Germanic literacy and the significance of runic writing".
4860:
4708:
2970:
2550:
2526:
manuscript from approximately 1300 AD containing one of the oldest and best preserved texts of the
1990:
1718:
15723:
13139:
6620:
Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.
1794:
is often advanced as a candidate for the origin of the runes, with only five Elder Futhark runes (
1601:, meaning 'poem', is an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic, and the source of the term for rune,
93:
19044:
18670:
18007:
17899:
16989:
16879:
16869:
16864:
16684:
16664:
16621:
16407:
15435:
14392:
14069:
14048:
13928:
13908:
13740:
13411:
13315:
12792:
12750:
12707:
10254:
9857:
4809:
3054:
2877:
another origin is related of how the runic alphabet became known to humans. The poem relates how
2554:
1994:
1899:
1833:
itself over Rhaetic candidates. A "North Etruscan" thesis is supported by the inscription on the
1726:
1722:
306:
289:
2306:
2278:
2198:
2137:
716:
19118:
18897:
18401:
18046:
18022:
17972:
17391:
16824:
16819:
16746:
16641:
15125:
14064:
14054:
13987:
13497:
12930:
8987:
8980:
8805:
8389:
8382:
8206:
5651:
5055:
4524:
runes respectively). Runologist Thomas Birkett summarizes these numerous instances as follows:
1428:
1173:, which may be translated as 'secret, mystery; secret conversation; rune'. It is the source of
1108:
as candidates. At the time, all of these scripts had the same angular letter shapes suited for
240:
18253:
7026:
Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West
2374:
Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to find unambiguous traces of runic "oracles": although
18188:
18152:
17967:
17768:
16689:
16579:
16509:
16414:
16203:
16152:
15612:
15534:
15298:
15237:
15222:
14791:
14670:
14412:
14372:
14104:
13780:
12964:
12952:
12925:
12910:
7512:
5827:
5196:
5098:
5064:
4989:
4843:("SS"), the paramilitary organization led by Himmler. Wiligut is credited with designing the
4246:
3945:
2561:
2001:
841:
128:
31:
15217:
14422:
2704:
19022:
18914:
18099:
18092:
17763:
16780:
16751:
16654:
16273:
16024:
15701:
15197:
14852:
14816:
14221:
14144:
13977:
13725:
13715:
13554:
13537:
12853:
12655:
7508:
5996:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
4984:
4692:
4682:
4654:
4612:
4564:
rune is used a total of forty-five times, saving a significant amount of space and effort (
4485:
4375:
and the frequency of their use by ancient rune-writers remains controversial. The topic of
4292:
2620:
2314:
2282:
1903:
1033:(800–1100). The Younger Futhark is divided further into the long-branch runes (also called
636:
317:
123:
2160:
2142:, in northern Germany; these include brooches and combs found in graves, most notably the
1867:
people could have adopted the Venetic alphabet within the 3rd century BC or even earlier.
8:
18909:
18406:
18295:
18258:
18233:
18036:
17887:
17616:
16829:
15100:
14996:
14718:
14241:
12947:
12045:
11420:
10575:
10402:
10020:
8039:
7629:
7597:
5127:
5080:
4634:
3795:
2987:
2965:
2605:
changes. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc has several runes peculiar to itself to represent
1911:
1630:
1612:
1124:
1089:
987:
649:
451:
401:
133:
13263:
4629:
4209:, consisting of only 16 characters. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when
3590:
3356:
885:, and for specialised purposes thereafter. In addition to representing a sound value (a
19103:
19062:
18575:
18555:
18545:
18418:
18356:
18313:
18127:
17999:
17959:
17914:
17829:
17814:
17712:
17707:
16999:
16851:
16790:
16679:
16611:
16587:
16259:
16236:
15870:
15759:
15749:
15641:
15584:
15570:
15527:
15232:
15115:
14950:
14842:
14801:
14755:
14750:
14645:
14627:
14295:
14226:
14191:
14139:
13952:
13940:
13351:
13273:
13174:
12729:
12635:
11403:
9439:
9435:
9424:
7547:
7313:
7297:
7224:
6931:
6920:
Preprints to The 7th International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Oslo 2010
6891:
6355:
5622:
5069:
5043:
5002:
4826:
4818:
4700:
4624:
4454:
4325:
4259:
4251:
4214:
4134:
4133:
and preserved in 8th- and 9th-century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the
3007:
2679:
2375:
2266:
2217:
attribute to runes the power to bring that which is dead back to life. In this stanza,
2044:
1947:
1923:
1880:
1580:
976:
968:
878:
680:
590:
345:
105:
15492:
15150:
5963:
2880:
2493:(lot-twig), which according to Foote and Wilson would be used in the same manner as a
1408:
19098:
19027:
18941:
18620:
18495:
18238:
17892:
17803:
17797:
17758:
17746:
16775:
16626:
16601:
16382:
16375:
16111:
16097:
16009:
15898:
15808:
15787:
15766:
15694:
15626:
15485:
15443:
15395:
15130:
15120:
14765:
14760:
14665:
14660:
14567:
14522:
14345:
14325:
14315:
14305:
14300:
14236:
14231:
14159:
14094:
14079:
14029:
14024:
13967:
13903:
13861:
13703:
13589:
13512:
13028:
13023:
12900:
12221:
9484:
8750:
8151:
7551:
7480:
7440:
7367:
7330:
7305:
7253:
7231:
7205:
7149:
7089:
7070:
7033:
6993:
6974:
6946:
6788:
6503:
6495:
West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300
6188:
5999:
5971:
5878:
5794:
assume a period of "Proto-Nordic-Westgermanic" unity down to the 5th century and the
5627:
5617:
4670:
4517:
4313:
4304:
3903:
3149:
3039:
2368:
2182:
1738:
1702:
1535:
1341:
1101:
1078:
1026:
945:
862:
762:
630:
376:
178:
143:
7529:
4190:
1928:
1112:, which would become characteristic of the runes and related scripts in the region.
19072:
18936:
18782:
18638:
18607:
18308:
18106:
17876:
17778:
17717:
17198:
16570:
16516:
16454:
16347:
16308:
16294:
16252:
16127:
16073:
16054:
15988:
15980:
15966:
15959:
15884:
15680:
15655:
15591:
15563:
15478:
15464:
15381:
15354:
15291:
15202:
15105:
14927:
14770:
14397:
14377:
14367:
14362:
14246:
14002:
13935:
13923:
13888:
13883:
13866:
13805:
13770:
13730:
13532:
13527:
13475:
13426:
13310:
13244:
13184:
13134:
13079:
12996:
12974:
12959:
12905:
12895:
12829:
9634:
7537:
7436:
7289:
7245:
6883:
6499:
6228:
5991:
5658:
5182:
5085:
4997:
rune-like alphabet invented by Tolkien, used to write the language of the Dwarves,
4974:
4967:
4947:
4914:
4868:
4834:
3933:
2687:
2392:
2351:
2273:, there is no direct evidence to suggest they were ever used in this way. The name
1864:
1771:
The formation of the Elder Futhark was complete by the early 5th century, with the
1710:
1608:
1592:
1247:
995:
874:
781:
692:
666:
654:
624:
596:
582:
471:
463:
18460:
16354:
15549:
15175:
14826:
14196:
5122:
for Runic alphabets is U+16A0–U+16FF. It is intended to encode the letters of the
4363:). Such instances are sometimes referred to by way of the modern German loan word
3658:
2969:
Detail of the Elder Futhark inscription on a replica of one of the 5th-century AD
1690:
1050:
19017:
18565:
18163:
17938:
17881:
16807:
16785:
16729:
16699:
16583:
16340:
16032:
15973:
15919:
15912:
15891:
15877:
15861:
15839:
15794:
15687:
15662:
15634:
15619:
15542:
15520:
15513:
15471:
15431:
15402:
15090:
15060:
14883:
14806:
14572:
14502:
14407:
14355:
14335:
14271:
14261:
14251:
14216:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14084:
14039:
14034:
13918:
13913:
13760:
13750:
13604:
13569:
13564:
13544:
13438:
13396:
13336:
13219:
13189:
13099:
13059:
13001:
12935:
12915:
12863:
12846:
12834:
12665:
10034:
9461:
7139:
7127:"Norse mythology in video games : part of immanent Nordic regional branding"
6926:
6914:
5131:
4925:
4895:
4876:
4864:
4649:
4584:
4521:
4424:
4288:
4178:
4168:
4130:
3865:
3487:
3022:
2675:
2386:
2165:
1860:
1742:
1714:
1686:
1657:
1234:
1216:
1174:
1127:. Runes continue to be used in a wide variety of ways in modern popular culture.
1093:
1070:
1030:
999:
939:⟩, corresponding to the Latin letters ⟨f⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨þ⟩/⟨th⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨r⟩, and ⟨k⟩. The
756:
750:
744:
618:
602:
573:
556:
354:
174:
14537:
13720:
7126:
4205:
The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian Futhark, is a reduced form of the
3790:
3758:
3726:
3585:
3521:
3391:
3351:
2437:
2146:, and are supposed to have the earliest markings resembling runic inscriptions.
831:
388:
19093:
18997:
18992:
18490:
18318:
18268:
18193:
18017:
17854:
17773:
17481:
17265:
16929:
16616:
16477:
16361:
16245:
16225:
16134:
16002:
15933:
15832:
15780:
15773:
15605:
15598:
15577:
15556:
15457:
15450:
15257:
15212:
15140:
15135:
14986:
14970:
14945:
14888:
14878:
14873:
14713:
14587:
14547:
14517:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14427:
14402:
14350:
14290:
14256:
14206:
14154:
14119:
14074:
14044:
13997:
13957:
13856:
13810:
13765:
13683:
13619:
13574:
13559:
13522:
13502:
13470:
13458:
13406:
13401:
13391:
13381:
13376:
13293:
13278:
13268:
13234:
13224:
13169:
13154:
13119:
12969:
12873:
12821:
12711:
10647:
7590:
7344:
Stoklund, M. (2003). "The first runes – the literary language of the Germani".
5840:
5795:
5782:
may be solved by accepting the fact that the name may indeed be West Germanic".
5696:
5201:
5154:
4880:
4830:
4804:
4774:
4733:
4688:
4658:
4600:
4240:
4231:
4103:
3949:
3833:
3694:
3622:
3553:
3455:
3319:
3255:
3223:
3191:
3162:
3069:
3014:
2647:
2624:
2601:
2193:
2143:
1943:
1876:
1856:
1830:
1516:
1233:('secret, mystery, rune'). The earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation is the
1159:
1074:
1011:
991:
882:
686:
674:
608:
524:
498:
491:
367:
230:
138:
14687:
7187:
Mees, Bernard (2000). "The North Etruscan Thesis of the Origin of the Runes".
6155:
5807:
The division between Northwest Germanic and Proto-Norse is somewhat arbitrary.
5181:). As of Unicode 7.0 (2014), eight characters were added, three attributed to
4380:
3423:
3287:
3113:
3081:
3017:
based on the names given for the runes in the later alphabets attested in the
2939:
had stolen three rune staffs from Odin and learned the runes and their magic.
1355:'belonging to the secret'). However, it is difficult to tell whether they are
19087:
18892:
18769:
18742:
18438:
18347:
18280:
18248:
18203:
18198:
17921:
17904:
17240:
17203:
17163:
17029:
16758:
16717:
16484:
16333:
16266:
16189:
16159:
16017:
15995:
15926:
15822:
15801:
15648:
15506:
15424:
15417:
15388:
15347:
15262:
15252:
15247:
15034:
14728:
14387:
14330:
13982:
13755:
13639:
13594:
13549:
13517:
13366:
13283:
13256:
13229:
13159:
13144:
13129:
13084:
12841:
7644:
7309:
7301:
7219:
7145:
6630:
6232:
5186:
5123:
5119:
5006:
4891:
4887:
4839:
4822:
4814:
4766:
4729:
4725:
4662:
4432:
4206:
4194:
4156:
3513:
3212:
2960:
2934:
2872:
2850:
2519:
2476:
2443:
2398:
2318:
2059:
1890:
1766:
1682:
1383:
1282:
1018:
819:
710:
224:
170:
87:
75:
17342:
13303:
7569:
7528:
Smith, Nicole; Beale, Gareth; Richards, Julian; Scholma-Mason, Nela (2018),
7268:
4753:
1597:
18919:
18560:
18303:
18243:
18183:
17955:
17849:
17824:
17819:
17785:
16934:
16924:
16907:
16724:
15940:
15905:
15846:
15333:
15095:
14991:
14904:
14796:
14697:
14507:
14320:
14285:
14266:
14201:
14089:
13851:
13775:
13584:
13579:
13490:
13485:
13421:
13361:
13341:
13298:
13288:
13239:
13124:
13104:
13094:
12942:
12920:
12878:
12676:
12660:
12232:
12228:
11877:
11863:
11766:
11724:
11717:
11606:
11317:
11098:
11036:
10772:
10698:
10658:
10654:
10486:
10159:
10085:
10045:
10041:
9738:
9664:
9588:
9514:
9472:
9448:
9443:
8916:
8761:
8317:
7810:
7699:
7366:. North-Western European Language Evolution. Vol. 11. John Benjamins.
7020:
5011:
4844:
4592:
4536:
rune somewhat less frequently, whilst in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts the runes
4091:
3035:
2996:
2926:
2912:
2784:. Stanza 138 describes how Odin received the runes through self-sacrifice:
2720:
2410:
2212:
2097:
1848:
1834:
1772:
1678:
1319:
1273:
1254:
1243:
1207:
1145:
940:
924:
920:
889:), runes can be used to represent the concepts after which they are named (
722:
516:
510:
457:
440:
14149:
7494:
2454:. There, the "chips" fell in a way that said that he would not live long (
2096:, remain unattested altogether prior to the first full futhark row on the
530:
18986:
18971:
18904:
18747:
18732:
18722:
18675:
18633:
18625:
18455:
18228:
18134:
17844:
17809:
17416:
17374:
17297:
17210:
17078:
17068:
16979:
16763:
16523:
16287:
16218:
15499:
15190:
15050:
14811:
14655:
14512:
14417:
14186:
14114:
14099:
14007:
13800:
13710:
13609:
13599:
13453:
13416:
13371:
13356:
13331:
13251:
13179:
13164:
12868:
12650:
9844:
9468:
9022:
8757:
8162:
8158:
7655:
7651:
7008:
6874:
Antonsen, Elmer H. (1965). "On Defining Stages in Prehistoric Germanic".
5644:
4696:
4496:
4477:
4470:
4437:
4210:
3941:
3747:
2992:
2982:
2714:
2639:
2527:
2345:
2170:
2155:
2074:
1919:
1915:
1189:
1140:
958:
504:
7557:
6430:. In Alfred John Church; William Jackson Brodribb; Lisa Cerrato (eds.).
5089:
used rune-based cipher for clues and jokes throughout its publications.
5079:, use a runic font for in-game signs and printed maps and booklets, and
4800:
3172:
2619:
In the mid-1950s, however, approximately 670 inscriptions, known as the
18981:
18832:
18757:
18727:
18707:
18702:
18665:
18655:
18648:
18643:
18629:
18597:
18290:
18213:
17931:
17871:
17866:
17741:
17593:
17381:
17364:
17312:
17302:
17287:
17255:
17245:
17123:
17073:
16949:
16944:
16912:
16631:
15180:
15155:
14723:
14166:
13656:
13651:
13507:
13448:
13089:
12640:
12630:
9008:
8406:
6969:
Düwel, Klaus (2004). "Runic". In Read, Malcolm; Murdoch, Brian (eds.).
4979:
4955:
4872:
4646:
4465:
4218:
4150:
4118:
4109:
3643:
2270:
2269:
signs to be used for charms. Although some say the runes were used for
2040:
1642:
972:
890:
809:
792:
538:
7317:
6895:
5103:
990:
dates from between AD 1 and 250. Runes were generally replaced by the
19032:
18822:
18737:
18717:
18550:
18535:
18386:
17926:
17588:
17583:
17573:
17506:
17411:
17307:
17270:
17260:
17220:
17173:
17168:
17118:
17058:
16984:
16974:
16954:
16917:
16902:
16491:
16470:
16463:
15242:
15079:
14775:
14742:
14577:
14468:
14017:
13745:
13661:
13386:
12645:
11870:
11831:
11800:
11793:
11780:
11579:
11076:
11022:
10749:
10684:
10425:
10136:
10071:
9715:
9650:
9565:
9500:
8994:
8791:
8396:
8192:
7685:
7561:
7542:
5743:
5731:
5049:
4921:
4910:
4788:
4666:
4608:
4360:
4329:
4263:
4138:
3134:
3030:
3018:
2613:
2606:
2108:
1713:
from the 1st or 2nd century AD. This period corresponds to the late
1264:
1225:
1198:
1116:
1109:
912:
477:
190:
18158:
15185:
11856:
11850:
11818:
11812:
11759:
11599:
11593:
11509:
11360:
11089:
10762:
10149:
9728:
9578:
8906:
8307:
7800:
7794:
5015:, where Runes is a subject taught at Hogwarts, also in the 7th book
3955:
The Anglo-Saxon rune poem gives the following characters and names:
3178:
2539:
1979:
1458:
1219:
18966:
18817:
18712:
18660:
18592:
18448:
18396:
18285:
17859:
17790:
17561:
17546:
17526:
17511:
17491:
17466:
17451:
17446:
17426:
17396:
17386:
17337:
17327:
17322:
17153:
17138:
17113:
17093:
17063:
17053:
17048:
17019:
17014:
17004:
16939:
16897:
16606:
16539:
15207:
15170:
15165:
15045:
15006:
14847:
14606:
14491:
14382:
14124:
14012:
13962:
13833:
13346:
13149:
13109:
12890:
12883:
12734:
11773:
11731:
11613:
11586:
11105:
11029:
10779:
10691:
10493:
10432:
10166:
10078:
9745:
9657:
9595:
9507:
9136:
8923:
8798:
8495:
8324:
8199:
7817:
7692:
7624:
7346:
The Spoils of Victory – the North in the Shadow of the Roman Empire
7293:
6887:
5429:
5174:
5166:
4941:
4783:
4762:
4588:
4583:
The modern study of runes was initiated during the Renaissance, by
4578:
3679:
3026:
2888:
2202:
2186:
2063:
1952:
1673:
1360:
964:
916:
866:
825:
798:
333:
250:
18517:
17665:
15227:
9001:
8892:
8876:
8870:
8293:
8277:
8271:
7780:
7764:
7560:
by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
7329:. Germanistische Lehrbuchsammlung: Literatur. Vol. 82. Lang.
6691:"Isolated people in Sweden only stopped using runes 100 years ago"
5730:
are supposed to represent tribe names, tentatively proposed to be
5403:
5068:
used runes as "magical symbols" associated with unnatural forces.
4501:
4236:
4173:
3908:
3476:
3340:
2197:
Closeup of the runic inscription found on the 6th- or 7th-century
2068:
1752:
1210:
907:; this name is derived from the first six letters of the script, ⟨
18842:
18837:
18812:
18777:
18752:
18697:
18540:
18512:
18500:
18443:
17696:
17578:
17566:
17556:
17531:
17521:
17516:
17496:
17486:
17461:
17401:
17359:
17332:
17250:
17183:
17178:
17158:
17148:
17103:
17098:
17088:
17083:
17024:
17009:
16959:
15314:
14821:
14692:
14582:
14557:
14443:
14280:
14134:
14109:
13878:
13785:
13433:
13047:
12858:
7634:
6548:
6530:
6423:
6382:
5700:
5686:
5112:
4998:
4856:
4796:
4747:
4743:
4704:
4320:
4142:
3929:
3886:
3140:
3000:
2974:
2663:
2634:
2431:
2404:
2380:
2128:
2127:(Sweden). Earlier—but less reliable—artifacts have been found in
2120:
2116:
1907:
1791:
1356:
1291:
1058:
1007:
983:
886:
206:
6807:
6254:
4906:
2515:
2449:
2177:
2084:
runes undergo considerable modifications, while others, such as
1750:
1697:
1624:
1607:, meaning 'scratched letter'. The root may also be found in the
1574:
1452:
1192:
951:
52:
18931:
18847:
18827:
18807:
18505:
18470:
18411:
17839:
17834:
17598:
17551:
17536:
17501:
17476:
17441:
17436:
17369:
17354:
17292:
17230:
17215:
17193:
17143:
17133:
17128:
17041:
17036:
16994:
16964:
16315:
14059:
13871:
13790:
13735:
13443:
13114:
11824:
11807:
11745:
11710:
11703:
11697:
11690:
11669:
11648:
11641:
11634:
11341:
11326:
11060:
11045:
10788:
10733:
10726:
10712:
10458:
10443:
10175:
10120:
10113:
10099:
9754:
9699:
9692:
9678:
9604:
9549:
9542:
9528:
8971:
8937:
8885:
8856:
8849:
8843:
8819:
8372:
8338:
8286:
8257:
8250:
8244:
8220:
7865:
7831:
7773:
7750:
7743:
7737:
7713:
7527:
7500:
7462:
7174:
Markey, TL (2001). "A Tale of the Two Helmets: Negau A and B".
6080:
5695:; a disputed candidate for a 1st-century inscription is on the
5678:
5606:
5432:
5353:
5282:
5158:
4932:
4687:
Runic alphabets have seen numerous uses since the 18th-century
4611:" in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of
4267:
4198:
4090:
stan. Some of these additional letters have only been found in
3925:
3818:
3685:
3611:
3542:
3412:
3377:
3276:
2896:
2780:
explains that the originator of the runes was the major deity,
2523:
2313:
The same curse and use of the word, rune, is also found on the
2124:
1852:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1003:
936:
932:
899:('concept runes'). The Scandinavian variants are also known as
483:
429:
423:
7530:"Maeshowe: The Application of RTI to Norse Runes (Data Paper)"
6266:
5356:
4946:, equivalent to the letters H and B, that are the initials of
4319:
According to Carl-Gustav Werner, "In the isolated province of
4114:
19037:
19007:
18976:
18887:
18869:
18802:
18797:
18682:
18480:
18433:
18391:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
17751:
17471:
17456:
17431:
17421:
17406:
17349:
17317:
17282:
17277:
17235:
17225:
17108:
16969:
16812:
14682:
14677:
14527:
14310:
14211:
13898:
12809:
12081:
11843:
11837:
11752:
11683:
11676:
11458:
11129:
11116:
10808:
10795:
10705:
10504:
10195:
10182:
10092:
9774:
9761:
9671:
9624:
9611:
9521:
9029:
9015:
8964:
8957:
8951:
8944:
8930:
8899:
8812:
8365:
8358:
8352:
8345:
8331:
8300:
8213:
7858:
7851:
7845:
7838:
7824:
7787:
7706:
7613:
6908:
rune: Runic abbreviations in their immediate literary context
6646:
6392:
6039:
6017:
6015:
5739:
5682:
5633:
5553:
5453:
5447:
5115:
Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
4994:
4833:. The fascination with runic symbolism was mostly limited to
4638:
4383:
has proposed two criteria for the identification of runes as
4298:
3872:
3854:
3840:
3824:
3802:
3779:
3765:
3733:
3715:
3701:
3665:
3629:
3597:
3574:
3560:
3528:
3508:
3494:
3462:
3430:
3398:
3363:
3326:
3294:
3262:
3244:
3230:
3198:
3156:
3120:
3088:
2904:
2818:
on that tree of which no man knows from where its roots run.
2713:, meaning "And interpret the runes of divine origin". In the
2628:
2484:
2480:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2080:
1737:
in the Elder Futhark (such signs were introduced in both the
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1374:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1120:
928:
736:
730:
283:
6154:(under preparation). Oxford University Press. Archived from
5450:
5385:
5362:
5359:
5300:
3897:
2947:"Futhark" redirects here. For the programming language, see
1934:
986:'s potential description of rune use from around AD 98. The
975:, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of
19012:
18854:
18687:
18570:
18485:
18428:
17541:
17188:
15160:
15055:
11787:
11662:
11655:
11627:
11620:
11067:
11015:
10740:
10677:
10465:
10418:
10127:
10064:
9706:
9643:
9556:
9493:
9038:
8863:
8833:
8826:
8784:
8264:
8234:
8227:
8185:
7757:
7727:
7720:
7678:
6575:
6573:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5423:
5406:
5320:
5303:
4738:
4379:
has produced much discussion among runologists. Runologist
4309:
4099:
4095:
3444:
3382:
3308:
3182:
3102:
2781:
2218:
908:
12608:
12599:
12590:
12207:
12189:
12126:
12063:
11964:
11928:
11392:
11180:
11175:
11166:
10845:
10559:
10541:
10533:
10236:
9883:
9836:
9831:
9811:
9357:
9334:
9329:
9311:
9223:
9218:
9169:
9157:
9148:
9110:
9106:
9093:
9088:
8716:
8693:
8688:
8670:
8582:
8577:
8528:
8516:
8507:
8469:
8465:
8452:
8447:
8138:
8134:
8121:
8107:
8017:
8012:
7959:
7924:
7911:
7906:
7576:
Scratching runes was not much different from spraying tags
7106:
Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700
6461:
6012:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5752:
reflect Germanic morphology representing the Latin ending
5747:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5468:
5415:
5394:
5388:
4813:("The Secret of the Runes") a set of eighteen so-called, "
4225:
4162:
3808:
1838:
1522:
It is also often part of personal names, including Gothic
18864:
18859:
18792:
18787:
18423:
6307:
6305:
6290:
5494:
5264:
5153:), and three runic symbols that are used in early modern
4587:(1568–1652). Bureus viewed runes as holy or magical in a
4185:
4074:
Extra runes attested to outside of the rune poem include
3649:
1300:
1294:
961:
of the sounds represented by the fourth letter, ⟨ᚨ⟩/⟨ᚩ⟩.
7582:
7475:, Galinn grund, archived from the original on 2008-09-05
6855:"Northgard – Balancing Patch 7 – July 2021 – Steam News"
6732:
6730:
6728:
6585:
6570:
6558:
6362:
6244:
6242:
5579:
5512:
5497:
5373:
4291:
since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called
3038:. An asterisk before the rune names means that they are
1267:
998:, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in
6473:
6449:
6094:
5500:
5465:
5444:
5344:
3025:. For example, the letter /a/ was named from the runic
2954:
2800:
a þeim meiþi, er mangi veit, hvers hann af rótom renn.
2460:). These "chips", however, are easily explainable as a
1420:
In early Germanic, a rune could also be referred to as
6302:
6278:
5830:, Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.
5509:
5397:
5338:
5030:
4719:
4532:
rune is found regularly in Icelandic manuscripts, the
2646:
In the later Middle Ages, runes also were used in the
2457:
Féll honum þá svo spánn sem hann mundi eigi lengi lifa
12581:
12563:
12554:
12545:
12536:
12527:
12518:
12509:
12500:
12491:
12482:
12473:
12464:
12455:
12446:
12437:
12428:
12419:
12410:
12401:
12392:
12383:
12180:
12162:
12153:
12144:
12135:
12117:
12108:
12099:
12090:
12072:
12054:
12036:
12027:
12009:
12000:
11982:
11973:
11955:
11946:
11937:
11919:
11910:
11901:
11558:
11446:
11441:
11294:
11266:
11257:
11247:
11242:
11216:
11207:
11190:
11158:
11144:
10983:
10974:
10963:
10954:
10943:
10913:
10904:
10896:
10891:
10877:
10872:
10863:
10854:
10837:
10832:
10823:
10620:
10611:
10584:
10554:
10519:
10382:
10373:
10362:
10353:
10343:
10338:
10304:
10295:
10286:
10271:
10262:
10228:
10224:
10219:
10210:
10005:
9996:
9986:
9981:
9973:
9968:
9958:
9953:
9924:
9915:
9906:
9897:
9879:
9874:
9865:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9802:
9794:
9789:
9406:
9397:
9348:
9320:
9302:
9293:
9280:
9271:
9262:
9251:
9242:
9233:
9198:
9189:
9180:
9161:
9153:
9132:
9127:
9118:
9101:
9080:
9075:
9067:
9062:
8707:
8679:
8661:
8652:
8639:
8630:
8621:
8610:
8601:
8592:
8557:
8548:
8539:
8520:
8512:
8491:
8486:
8477:
8460:
8439:
8434:
8426:
8421:
8129:
8116:
8098:
8089:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8047:
8034:
8025:
7992:
7983:
7974:
7964:
7950:
7941:
7932:
7893:
7885:
7880:
6747:
6725:
6713:
6239:
6118:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5515:
5441:
4890:
originally was proposed as a scholarly hypothesis by
4645:
The largest group of surviving Runic inscription are
2678:, the runic alphabet is attested to a divine origin (
7427:
Williams, Henrik (1996). "The Origin of the Runes".
6831:
6658:
6130:
5270:
5021:, Dumbledore gave Hermione a children's book called
4350:
4254:, Sweden, including a runic inscription from 1228 AD
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1439:
1432:
1421:
1167:
1123:
hypothesis" presumes transmission via East Germanic
249:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7202:
On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script
7086:
Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions
6765:
6670:
6027:
5529:
5521:
5456:
5435:
5400:
5391:
5370:
5347:
4506:This inscription is commonly cited as containing a
4145:). The manuscript text attributes the runes to the
1914:), exhibit word endings that, being interpreted by
1620:means both 'to cut (with a knife)' and 'to speak'.
1313:
1285:
7355:Runes and Roman Letters in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts
7223:
6404:
6162:
6057:Häkkinen, Kaisa. Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja
5891:
5482:
5379:
5350:
5288:
4850:
4821:, notably List's "Armanen runes" and the derived "
4266:signs were introduced to denote the corresponding
2609:unique to (or at least prevalent in) Old English.
1701:A Younger Futhark inscription on the 12th-century
1538:
1307:
1276:
1257:
1073:). The Younger Futhark developed further into the
7523:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 852–853.
6819:
6434:(1999 Perseus ed.). New York: Random House.
5877:. Woodbridge: The Boydell press. pp. 42–43.
5641:, various scripts having a "rune-like" appearance
5518:
5459:
5438:
5329:
1641:is a later formation that is partly derived from
19085:
6322:
6320:
6180:
6106:
5488:
5323:
4954:in English), who was a king of Denmark from the
4871:have been published since the 1980s, notably by
4795:in the late 19th and early 20th century was the
4335:
3045:. The 24 Elder Futhark runes are the following:
1615:
893:). Scholars refer to instances of the latter as
263:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
7380:
7325:Penzl, Herbert; Hall, Margaret Austin (1994b).
6992:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 401.
6272:
5491:
5485:
5297:
5294:
5291:
4987:. They also were used in the initial drafts of
4703:in the 19th century, and in the context of the
2932:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2775:
2726:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2494:
2488:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2425:
2396:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2293:
2210:
2066:employed is far from standardized. Notably the
1651:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1446:
1445:('staff; letter'). It is attested in Old Norse
1290:('secret wisdom'), and possibly in the ancient
1228:
1201:
881:(with some exceptions) before they adopted the
7514:"Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions"
7006:
6652:
6181:Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002).
5479:
5476:
5462:
5382:
5341:
5335:
5326:
5285:
4847:, which displays a number of "Wiligut runes".
4387:: A graphic argument and a semantic argument.
1368:
1363:
1350:
1344:
994:as the cultures that had used runes underwent
967:is the academic study of the runic alphabets,
18114:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
17681:
16555:
15299:
12692:
12370:
12365:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
11878:
11871:
11864:
11857:
11851:
11844:
11838:
11832:
11825:
11819:
11813:
11808:
11801:
11794:
11788:
11781:
11774:
11767:
11760:
11753:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11725:
11718:
11711:
11704:
11698:
11691:
11684:
11677:
11670:
11663:
11656:
11649:
11642:
11635:
11628:
11621:
11614:
11607:
11600:
11594:
11587:
11580:
11510:
11372:
11361:
11342:
11327:
11318:
11130:
11117:
11106:
11099:
11090:
11077:
11068:
11061:
11046:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11016:
10809:
10796:
10789:
10780:
10773:
10763:
10750:
10741:
10734:
10727:
10713:
10706:
10699:
10692:
10685:
10678:
10505:
10494:
10487:
10466:
10459:
10444:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10196:
10183:
10176:
10167:
10160:
10150:
10137:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10072:
10065:
9775:
9762:
9755:
9746:
9739:
9729:
9716:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9679:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9625:
9612:
9605:
9596:
9589:
9579:
9566:
9557:
9550:
9543:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9048:
9039:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8952:
8945:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8917:
8907:
8900:
8893:
8886:
8877:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8844:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8407:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8278:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8245:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7801:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7738:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7598:
6317:
5649:
5630: – Runic notation for presenting numbers
5538:
5535:
5317:
5309:
5273:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5150:
5146:
5142:
4938:
4929:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3871:
3839:
3801:
3764:
3732:
3700:
3664:
3628:
3596:
3559:
3527:
3493:
3461:
3429:
3397:
3362:
3325:
3293:
3261:
3229:
3197:
3155:
3119:
3087:
2725:, Stanza 80, the runes also are described as
2642:, now in the collection of the British Museum
2435:
1902:hypothesis" speculates on an introduction by
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1602:
1237:
1149:
1063:
1017:The three best-known runic alphabets are the
43:
12706:
7429:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
7204:. Uppsala, Sweden: Gustav Adolfs akademien.
6374:
6329:
6187:. Manchester University Press. p. 119.
5690:
5591:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
5532:
5506:
5503:
5426:
5412:
5409:
5376:
5332:
5306:
5279:
5276:
5267:
4924:logo is the combination of two runes of the
4595:(1630–1702) and presented in his collection
2766:that it is best for him if he stays silent.
2149:
1660:
1637:, which is now obsolete. The modern English
1529:
1523:
1183:
1177:
894:
16586:origin primarily identified as speakers of
7137:
6987:
6540:
6522:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6398:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5759:
5753:
4863:, and to a lesser extent in other forms of
4591:sense. The study of runes was continued by
3784:"water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek")
3021:and the linked names of the letters of the
2638:17th-century clog almanac collected by Sir
2568:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2470:
2419:
2408:
2384:
2008:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1888:
1645:
1377:
17688:
17674:
16562:
16548:
15306:
15292:
12699:
12685:
7605:
7591:
7389:
7324:
7279:
7060:
6973:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 121–147.
6780:
6579:
6564:
6368:
6343:
6341:
6296:
6260:
5791:
4299:Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries)
4110:"Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)
1508:('secret of the mind, magical rune'), and
1092:. Early runes may have developed from the
92:
7541:
7408:. The Comprehensive Tex Archive Network.
7199:
7102:
7083:
6741:
6248:
6124:
5990:
5962:
5872:
5770:, the question of the problematic ending
4791:and one of the more important figures in
3916:The Anglo-Saxon runes, also known as the
3898:Anglo-Saxon runes (5th to 11th centuries)
2612:Some later runic finds are on monuments (
2588:Learn how and when to remove this message
2028:Learn how and when to remove this message
7426:
7343:
7252:. The British Museum Press. p. 31.
6937:
6873:
6311:
6136:
6100:
6021:
5951:
5914:
5866:
5102:
4905:
4752:
4737:
4628:
4308:
4245:
4235:
4226:Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries)
4184:
4181:: long-branch runes and short-twig runes
4172:
4113:
3907:
2964:
2814:wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,
2669:
2633:
2514:
2192:
2176:
2159:
2039:
1946:, a possible runic inscription found in
1696:
1672:
1263:('secret, magic'), which is attested in
1139:
17627:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
7124:
6943:Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch
6813:
6756:
6491:
6422:
6338:
6077:"Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language"
5968:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
5587:
4618:
4163:Younger Futhark (9th to 11th centuries)
4147:Marcomanni, quos nos Nordmannos vocamus
3547:meaning unknown; possibly "pear-tree".
3059:
2686:). This is attested as early as on the
1206:('secret counsel, confidential talk'),
294:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
19086:
7398:
7361:
7352:
7266:
7173:
7138:MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006).
6837:
6719:
6676:
6664:
6284:
6168:
5875:Norwegian runes and runic inscriptions
5202:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
4894:in 1932. In 2002, Swedish esotericist
4742:Runic script on an 1886 gravestone in
4673:inscriptions number around 100 items.
2931:recorded a tradition that a man named
2893:in the introduction, sired three sons—
410:
18042:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
17669:
16543:
16443:American Printing House for the Blind
16219:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
15871:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
15287:
15077:
15032:
14925:
14604:
14489:
13831:
13045:
12807:
12790:
12680:
7586:
7507:
6971:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
6968:
6853:
6825:
6737:
6629:
5933:
5931:
5157:staves ("Golden number Runes", Runic
4961:
1969:
16569:
14926:
7364:The Unaccented Vowels of Proto-Norse
7244:
7218:
7186:
7019:
6988:Foote, P. G.; Wilson, D. M. (1970).
6688:
6591:
6428:"Germany and its Tribes, chapter 10"
6410:
6112:
6045:
6033:
5922:
5918:
5902:
5145:, Runic Multiple Punctuation U+16EC
5018:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
4367:, meaning 'concept-runes' (singular
4217:. They are found in Scandinavia and
3143:", Wild ox (or *ûram "water/slag"?)
2981:The Elder Futhark, used for writing
2955:Elder Futhark (2nd to 8th centuries)
2834:Við hleifi mik seldo ne viþ hornigi,
2828:
2786:
2733:
2566:adding citations to reliable sources
2533:
2252:I can so carve and colour the runes,
2223:
2006:adding citations to reliable sources
1973:
1942:With the potential exception of the
1242:(accusative singular), found on the
1197:('whisper, mystery, secret, rune'),
253:. For the distinction between ,
17695:
15313:
6218:
5149:and Runic Cross Punctuation U+16ED
5031:Video, board and role-playing games
4720:Germanic mysticism and Nazi Germany
2749:þá hefir hann bazt, ef hann þegir.
2062:, but the set of letter shapes and
24:
19003:LGBT themes in speculative fiction
18329:Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
15033:
12631:Runic inscriptions interactive map
6787:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 700.
6701:from the original on July 19, 2019
6641:] (in German), pp. 149–59
6553:(entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)
6535:(entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)
6387:(entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)
5928:
5111:Runic alphabets were added to the
4968:Cirth § Runes from The Hobbit
4883:(1990), and Nigel Pennick (1995).
4793:esotericism in Germany and Austria
4769:, invented in the 19th century by
2942:
2807:I know that I hung on a windy tree
1887:rather than carved runes, such as
1863:culture diminished in importance,
1668:
1466:Other Germanic terms derived from
1407:'investigate'), although linguist
1057:, although they were also used in
1037:, although they were also used in
25:
19135:
7472:Bibliography of Runic Scholarship
7449:
7390:Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1968).
7144:. Woodbridge, UK; Rochester, NY:
5107:Runic steel stamps, Elder Futhark
4993:, but later were replaced by the
4572:
4283:often were used interchangeably.
3579:"elk" (or "protection, defence")
2792:Veit ek at ek hekk vindga meiði a
2479:, first brings a Danish fleet to
2367:. Further, an inscription on the
1935:The Meldorf fibula and Tacitus's
1515:('witch, sorceress'; literally '
1327:'shared secret, confidence') and
19068:
19067:
19057:
17650:
17649:
12239:
10665:
10052:
9479:
8768:
8169:
7662:
7441:10.1163/18756719-045-01-90000019
7226:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
7176:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7109:(Thesis). Groningen University.
7015:. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards.
6930:. Last accessed 29 August 2021.
5938:Oxford English Dictionary Online
3864:
3832:
3794:
3789:
3757:
3725:
3693:
3657:
3621:
3589:
3584:
3552:
3520:
3486:
3454:
3422:
3390:
3355:
3350:
3318:
3286:
3254:
3222:
3190:
3148:
3112:
3080:
3029:
2849:No bread did they give me nor a
2538:
1978:
1895:) also show horizontal strokes.
1775:being the first evidence of the
1709:The runes were in use among the
1501:('trial, inquiry, experiment'),
1415:
1340:'sacred secret'), as well as in
274:
51:
19058:
18013:Ballantine Adult Fantasy series
17632:Christianization of Scandinavia
15078:
7415:from the original on 2017-10-20
7162:from the original on 2020-09-19
7141:Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
7113:from the original on 2006-07-28
7049:from the original on 2021-11-25
6774:
6682:
6623:
6614:
6597:
6485:
6438:from the original on 2020-08-03
6416:
6212:
6201:from the original on 2015-06-22
6174:
6142:
6069:
6060:
6051:
5855:from the original on 2021-10-07
5828:"First Alphabet Found in Egypt"
5801:
5785:
5706:
5671:
4851:Modern paganism and esotericism
4371:). The criteria for the use of
4159:discussed these runes in 1821.
3891:"heritage, estate, possession"
2826:In stanza 139, Odin continues:
2530:, is written entirely in runes.
2510:
1188:, 'secret, mystery, counsel'),
324:
245:International Phonetic Alphabet
17622:Christianization of the Franks
16695:Continental Germanic mythology
12772:Languages by writing system /
7394:(in German). Cologne: Opladen.
7383:Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter
6784:The Nordic Languages, Volume 1
6736:See discussion in for example
5984:
5908:
5833:
5820:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
4714:
3281:"ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?)
2949:Futhark (programming language)
2469:The third source is Rimbert's
1306:'confident'; cf. Middle Welsh
13:
1:
16211:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
16167:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
14605:
14490:
13832:
7566:University of Texas at Austin
7402:The Allrunes Font and Package
7269:"Modern Trends in God of War"
7061:Larrington, Carolyne (1999).
6753:MacLeod & Mees 2006: 173.
6151:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
6066:Nykysuomen sanakirja: "riimu"
5814:
4676:
4336:Differences from Roman script
2861:then I fell back from there.
2700:Runo fahi raginakundo toja...
2691:
2250:a dangling corpse in a noose,
2101:
2048:
1082:
1022:
801:
784:
771:
639:
432:
391:
16422:National Braille Association
16401:Braille Institute of America
16119:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
13046:
7570:lesson on runic inscriptions
7399:Werner, Carl-Gustav (2004).
7069:. Translated by Larrington.
5664:
5038:Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
5024:The Tales of Beedle the Bard
4901:
4607:. From the "golden age of
2796:geiri vndaþr ok gefinn Oðni,
2764:and the mighty sage stained,
2758:what you asked of the runes,
2418:The first source, Tacitus's
1524:
1398:
1387:
1178:
1135:
238: This article contains
7:
18031:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
17637:Christianization of Iceland
16302:Refreshable braille display
16281:Optical braille recognition
15878:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
15410:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
14553:New Epoch Notation Painting
7579:, Frisia Coast Trail (2023)
7562:Linguistics Research Center
6781:de Gruyter, Walter (2002).
6689:Brix, Lise (May 21, 2015).
5599:
5027:which is written in runes.
4829:, played a certain role in
4807:. In 1908, he published in
4759:Schutzstaffel unit insignia
4250:A church bell from Saleby,
4197:that depicts the legend of
3481:"year, good year, harvest"
2235:svá ek ríst ok í rúnum fák,
1855:after 200 BC, and then the
1779:ordering as well as of the
1364:
1006:for decorative purposes in
877:. Runes were used to write
408:
10:
19140:
16369:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
12808:
7189:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi
7125:Lysiane, Lasausse (2018).
7084:Looijenga, Tineke (2003).
6846:
6653:Jacobsen & Moltke 1942
5764:was reflected by Germanic
5583:As of Unicode version 16.0
5572:
5194:
5096:
5092:
4965:
4913:logo with the initials of
4799:occultist, mysticist, and
4723:
4680:
4661:, more than 650 in total.
4622:
4576:
4302:
4229:
4166:
3901:
2958:
2946:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2762:which the great gods made,
2760:of the potent famous ones,
2710:Ok rað runaʀ þaʀ rægikundu
2448:
2153:
1764:
1760:
1530:
1403:
1392:
1184:
29:
19053:
18959:
18878:
18768:
18606:
18526:
18355:
18346:
18276:
18267:
18176:
18144:
18082:
18069:List of story collections
17998:
17954:
17947:
17910:Occult detective fiction
17731:
17703:
17645:
17607:
16888:
16850:
16640:
16594:
16577:
16501:
16452:
16392:
16325:
16235:
16181:
16144:
16105:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
16084:
16065:
16046:
15951:
15857:
15818:
15745:
15672:
15371:
15364:
15325:
15283:
15086:
15073:
15041:
15028:
14979:
14938:
14934:
14921:
14897:
14861:
14835:
14784:
14741:
14706:
14626:
14619:Chinese family of scripts
14617:
14613:
14600:
14498:
14485:
14436:
13844:
13840:
13827:
13689:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
13676:
13324:
13067:
13058:
13054:
13041:
12816:
12803:
12799:
12791:
12786:
12774:by first written accounts
12743:
12722:
12718:
12621:
12220:
10646:
10033:
9460:
8751:Later Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
8749:
8150:
7643:
7620:
7612:
7485:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7353:Symons, Victoria (2016).
7200:Odenstedt, Bengt (1990).
6816:, pp. 16, 20, 35–36.
6432:Complete Works of Tacitus
6048:, pp. 155, 190, 310.
5873:Spurkland, Terje (2005).
5639:Runiform (disambiguation)
5613:Gothic runic inscriptions
4948:Harald “Blåtand” Gormsson
4398:) include the following:
2832:
2790:
2737:
2436:
2227:
2150:Magical or divinatory use
1369:
1224:('secret, mystery'), and
236:
222:
212:
205:
189:
184:
164:
116:
111:
101:
82:
69:
59:
50:
39:
19124:Obsolete writing systems
18334:World Fantasy Convention
16875:North Germanic languages
16860:Germanic parent language
16092:Chinese semi-syllabaries
15355:Unicode braille patterns
15341:International uniformity
13796:Thomas Natural Shorthand
7013:Danmarks Runeindskrifter
6964:(in German). JB Metzler.
6945:(1977 ed.). Brill.
6902:Birkett, Thomas. 2010. "
6609:Proto-Germanic phonology
6492:William, Gareth (2007).
6354:, Norway, archived from
6233:10.2979/textcult.6.1.114
5998:. Errance. p. 122.
5826:Himelfarb, Elizabeth J.
5746:. Since names ending in
5689:. The inscription reads
4861:modern Germanic paganism
4765:, which derive from the
4709:modern Germanic paganism
4442:Several different runes
4127:De Inventione Litterarum
4102:, which became and in
2971:Golden Horns of Gallehus
2869:In the Poetic Edda poem
2350:, appear on a number of
2168:bearing the inscription
18402:Fire-breathing monsters
16880:West Germanic languages
16870:East Germanic languages
16865:Proto-Germanic language
16685:Proto-Germanic folklore
16622:Romano-Germanic culture
16429:Blindness organizations
16408:Braille Without Borders
16197:Canadian currency marks
15819:Egyptian lineage family
15002:Southwest Paleohispanic
7520:Encyclopædia Britannica
7362:Syrett, Martin (1994).
7067:Oxford World's Classics
6639:Concerning German runes
6480:MacLeod & Mees 2006
6468:Foote & Wilson 1970
6456:Foote & Wilson 1970
6399:MacLeod & Mees 2006
6351:Norrøne Tekster og Kvad
5778:
5772:
5766:
5748:
5726:
5720:
5714:
4810:Das Geheimnis der Runen
3912:The Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
3181:) or *þunraz ("the god
2871:
2776:
2745:þeim er gerðu ginnregin
2727:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2683:
2495:
2489:
2462:
2456:
2426:
2397:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2294:
2211:
2181:An illustration of the
1839:
1751:
1652:
1625:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1423:
1351:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1253:The term is related to
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1169:
1150:
1144:The inscription on the
1130:
952:
307:History of the alphabet
241:phonetic transcriptions
78:from the 2nd century AD
27:Ancient Germanic letter
19114:Language and mysticism
18153:Dungeons & Dragons
15746:Russian lineage family
15146:Great Lakes Algonquian
14055:Greco-Iberian alphabet
13988:Gabelsberger shorthand
12931:Inscriptional Parthian
7645:Germanic Elder Futhark
7131:University of Helsinki
7103:Looijenga, JH (1997).
6990:The Viking Achievement
6859:store.steampowered.com
6297:Penzl & Hall 1994b
6263:, pp. 135, 392ff.
5970:. Brill. p. 316.
5792:Penzl & Hall 1994a
5760:
5754:
5742:tribes located in the
5691:
5652:Sveriges runinskrifter
5650:
5108:
4917:
4778:
4750:
4642:
4570:
4348:
4316:
4255:
4243:
4202:
4182:
4122:
3913:
2978:
2859:screaming I took them,
2847:
2805:
2754:
2643:
2531:
2471:
2420:
2409:
2385:
2311:
2248:if I see up in a tree,
2244:
2229:Þat kann ek it tolfta,
2206:
2190:
2174:
2055:
2054:) by Henri Trenk, 1875
1963:
1889:
1706:
1694:
1661:
1646:
1616:
1603:
1596:
1457:, and Old High German
1378:
1158:The name stems from a
1155:
1148:(AD 350–400), reading
1069:, or Hälsinge, runes (
1064:
895:
699:Great Lakes Algonquian
296: instead of runes.
282:This article contains
18219:International Fantasy
16690:Anglo-Saxon mythology
16580:Ethnolinguistic group
16510:Accessible publishing
16436:Schools for the blind
16415:Japan Braille Library
16204:Computer Braille Code
15858:Indian lineage family
15238:Old Persian cuneiform
14105:Carolingian minuscule
12911:Ancient North Arabian
10035:Later Younger Futhark
9462:Norse Younger Futhark
8152:Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
7509:Gosse, Edmund William
7267:Hakala, Pyry (2020).
6960:Düwel, Klaus (2001).
6184:The Etruscan Language
6079:. LKZ. Archived from
5712:Inscriptions such as
5106:
5099:Runic (Unicode block)
4990:The Lord of the Rings
4909:
4867:. Various systems of
4855:Runes are popular in
4756:
4741:
4724:Further information:
4711:in the 20th century.
4632:
4526:
4429:2nd to 4th centuries
4343:
4312:
4262:. Dotted variants of
4249:
4239:
4188:
4176:
4117:
3946:Anglo-Saxon rune poem
3911:
3008:Germanic philologists
2991:(Old Norse, meaning '
2968:
2670:Runes in Eddic poetry
2660:Scandinavian calendar
2637:
2518:
2342:, and most commonly,
2324:Charm words, such as
2291:
2196:
2180:
2163:
2043:
1958:
1859:became prominent and
1700:
1689:, on the 9th-century
1677:An inscription using
1676:
1623:The Old English form
1494:('secret, mystery'),
1272:('mystery, secret'),
1246:(AD 350–400) and the
1151:ðagastiz runo faihido
1143:
1077:(1100–1500), and the
1053:, runes (also called
383:Ancient South Arabian
32:Rune (disambiguation)
19023:Supernatural fiction
18100:Fantastic Adventures
16274:Mountbatten Brailler
15629:(largely reassigned)
15412:(largely reassigned)
14961:Southeastern Iberian
14956:Northeastern Iberian
12854:Egyptian hieroglyphs
12656:Modern runic writing
12225:Dalecarlian alphabet
7534:Internet Archaeology
7461:(runology journal),
6771:Looijenga 2003: 160.
6635:Ueber deutsche Runen
6594:, pp. 8, 15–16.
6273:Weisgerber 1966–1967
5917:, pp. 453–454;
5062:The 1992 video game
4693:Romantic nationalism
4683:Modern runic writing
4655:Bryggen inscriptions
4619:Body of inscriptions
4613:Germanic linguistics
4486:Stentoften Runestone
4293:Bryggen inscriptions
3928:and later spread to
3385:(the precipitation)
2857:I took up the runes,
2842:fell ek aptr þaðan.
2741:er þú at rúnum spyrr
2621:Bryggen inscriptions
2562:improve this section
2315:Stentoften Runestone
2307:Björketorp Runestone
2279:Björketorp Runestone
2246:I know a twelfth one
2199:Björketorp Runestone
2002:improve this section
1904:West Germanic tribes
1281:('mystery, charm'),
1049:); short-branch, or
1029:(400–1100), and the
957:, due to changes in
943:variant is known as
865:in a set of related
318:Egyptian hieroglyphs
201:, Runic
124:Egyptian hieroglyphs
30:For other uses, see
18324:Tolkien's influence
18037:Fantasy Masterworks
17990:Television programs
17798:Fairy tale parodies
17617:Gothic Christianity
16226:Nemeth braille code
16012:(reassigned vowels)
15537:(extended to 8-dot)
15111:Canadian Aboriginal
14997:Khitan small script
14719:Khitan large script
13909:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
7630:List of runologists
7496:Gamla Runinskrifter
7392:Die Namen der Ubier
6335:Mattingly 2009: 39.
6024:, pp. 453–454.
5128:Anglo-Frisian runes
4781:The pioneer of the
4671:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
4637:from the island of
4351:Use as ideographs (
3920:(sometimes written
2855:downwards I peered;
2798:sialfr sialfom mer,
2756:That is now proved,
2747:ok fáði fimbulþulr,
2256:and talks with me.
2231:ef ek sé á tré uppi
1912:Vimose inscriptions
1739:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
1631:early modern period
1090:Phoenician alphabet
1027:Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
988:Svingerud Runestone
545:Canadian Aboriginal
179:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
64:Alphabet
18546:Damsel in distress
18314:Mythopoeic Society
17915:Paranormal romance
17830:Historical fantasy
17815:Fantasy of manners
17769:Children's fantasy
17000:Germani cisrhenani
16708:Funerary practices
16612:Pre-Roman Iron Age
16588:Germanic languages
16260:Braille translator
16237:Braille technology
16213:(science; GS8/GS6)
16182:Symbols in braille
16112:Taiwanese Mandarin
15627:Taiwanese Mandarin
15233:Nwagu Aneke script
14785:Other logosyllabic
14707:Chinese-influenced
14646:Oracle bone script
14628:Chinese characters
14563:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
13953:Eclectic shorthand
13941:Duployan shorthand
13894:Caucasian Albanian
13694:Canadian syllabics
12730:History of writing
12636:Runic inscriptions
7273:Tampere University
6932:University of Oslo
6925:2021-08-29 at the
6913:2021-08-29 at the
6424:Tacitus, Cornelius
6401:, pp. 100–01.
5848:(chart), Unicode,
5623:List of runestones
5109:
5070:Role-playing games
5003:fantasy literature
4962:Fantasy Literature
4918:
4827:Karl Maria Wiligut
4819:Germanic mysticism
4779:
4751:
4701:Germanic occultism
4691:, in Scandinavian
4643:
4625:Runic inscriptions
4455:Ring of Pietroassa
4317:
4260:Old Norse language
4256:
4244:
4203:
4183:
4135:Carolingian Empire
4123:
3914:
3107:"chattel, wealth"
2979:
2705:Sparlösa Runestone
2650:(sometimes called
2644:
2532:
2254:that the man walks
2239:ok mælir við mik.
2221:recounts a spell:
2209:The stanza 157 of
2207:
2191:
2185:(500–700 AD) from
2175:
2056:
2045:Ring of Pietroassa
1970:Early inscriptions
1948:Schleswig-Holstein
1924:Northwest Germanic
1881:Duenos inscription
1786:Specifically, the
1707:
1695:
1629:survived into the
1156:
977:Germanic philology
969:runic inscriptions
879:Germanic languages
769:Caucasian Albanian
106:Germanic languages
19081:
19080:
18955:
18954:
18880:Places and events
18342:
18341:
18172:
18171:
17893:Planetary romance
17804:Fairytale fantasy
17759:Alternate history
17747:Sword and sorcery
17738:Action-adventure
17663:
17662:
16835:Gothic and Vandal
16627:Germanic Iron Age
16602:Nordic Bronze Age
16584:Northern European
16537:
16536:
16533:
16532:
16455:tactile alphabets
16383:William Bell Wait
16376:Sabriye Tenberken
16177:
16176:
16042:
16041:
16027:(Japanese vowels)
15825:-mediated scripts
15752:-mediated scripts
15279:
15278:
15275:
15274:
15271:
15270:
15131:Ditema tsa Dinoko
15069:
15068:
15024:
15023:
15020:
15019:
14917:
14916:
14913:
14912:
14737:
14736:
14596:
14595:
14481:
14480:
14477:
14476:
13823:
13822:
13819:
13818:
13672:
13671:
13037:
13036:
13024:Teeline Shorthand
12782:
12781:
12674:
12673:
12616:
12615:
12612:
12603:
12594:
12585:
12576:
12567:
12558:
12549:
12540:
12531:
12522:
12513:
12504:
12495:
12486:
12477:
12468:
12459:
12450:
12441:
12432:
12423:
12414:
12405:
12396:
12387:
12249:
12222:Dalecarlian runes
12215:
12214:
12211:
12202:
12193:
12184:
12175:
12166:
12157:
12148:
12139:
12130:
12121:
12112:
12103:
12094:
12085:
12076:
12067:
12058:
12049:
12040:
12031:
12022:
12013:
12004:
11995:
11986:
11977:
11968:
11959:
11950:
11941:
11932:
11923:
11914:
11905:
11896:
11573:
11562:
11462:
11449:
11424:
11407:
11396:
11298:
11283:
11270:
11261:
11250:
11231:
11220:
11211:
11194:
11183:
11170:
11161:
11148:
11002:
10987:
10978:
10967:
10958:
10947:
10932:
10921:
10908:
10899:
10880:
10867:
10858:
10849:
10840:
10827:
10641:
10640:
10637:
10624:
10615:
10592:
10579:
10562:
10545:
10536:
10523:
10405:
10386:
10377:
10366:
10357:
10346:
10327:
10312:
10299:
10290:
10275:
10266:
10257:
10240:
10231:
10214:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10009:
10000:
9989:
9976:
9961:
9942:
9927:
9910:
9901:
9886:
9869:
9860:
9839:
9826:
9797:
9455:
9454:
9451:
9428:
9417:
9410:
9401:
9392:
9383:
9374:
9365:
9352:
9341:
9324:
9315:
9306:
9297:
9288:
9275:
9266:
9255:
9246:
9237:
9228:
9211:
9202:
9193:
9184:
9173:
9164:
9143:
9122:
9113:
9096:
9083:
9070:
8744:
8743:
8740:
8729:
8720:
8711:
8700:
8683:
8674:
8665:
8656:
8647:
8634:
8625:
8614:
8605:
8596:
8587:
8570:
8561:
8552:
8543:
8532:
8523:
8502:
8481:
8472:
8455:
8442:
8429:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8124:
8111:
8102:
8093:
8084:
8071:
8062:
8051:
8042:
8029:
8020:
8005:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7967:
7954:
7945:
7936:
7927:
7914:
7901:
7888:
7373:978-87-7838-049-4
7348:. Nationalmuseet.
7336:978-3-906751-79-5
7259:978-0-7141-8065-6
7246:Page, Raymond Ian
7237:978-90-04-12875-0
7220:Orel, Vladimir E.
7211:978-91-85352-20-3
7155:978-1-84383-205-8
7095:978-90-04-12396-0
7088:. Leiden: Brill.
7076:978-0-19-283946-6
6999:978-0-283-97926-2
6952:978-90-04-05436-3
5992:Delamarre, Xavier
5758:, and the suffix
5628:Pentadic numerals
5618:Etruscan alphabet
5597:
5596:
4518:Anglo-Saxon runes
4514:
4513:
4332:was predominant.
4314:Dalecarlian runes
4305:Dalecarlian runes
3904:Anglo-Saxon runes
3895:
3894:
2867:
2866:
2851:drink from a horn
2824:
2823:
2816:myself to myself,
2772:
2771:
2743:inum reginkunnum,
2598:
2597:
2590:
2369:Gummarp Runestone
2262:
2261:
2183:Gummarp Runestone
2133:Süderdithmarschen
2111:(North Germany),
2052: 250–400 AD
2038:
2037:
2030:
1703:Vaksala Runestone
1119:groups, while a "
1079:Dalecarlian runes
1055:Swedish–Norwegian
1025:AD 150–800), the
855:
854:
395: 5th c. BCE
290:rendering support
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
19131:
19109:Germanic culture
19071:
19070:
19061:
19060:
18937:Enchanted forest
18581:Occult detective
18353:
18352:
18309:Lovecraft fandom
18274:
18273:
17978:highest-grossing
17952:
17951:
17939:Western fantasy
17690:
17683:
17676:
17667:
17666:
17653:
17652:
17609:Christianization
17199:Ripuarian Franks
16571:Germanic peoples
16564:
16557:
16550:
16541:
16540:
16526:
16519:
16517:Braille literacy
16512:
16494:
16487:
16480:
16473:
16466:
16445:
16438:
16431:
16424:
16417:
16410:
16403:
16385:
16378:
16371:
16364:
16357:
16350:
16343:
16336:
16318:
16311:
16309:Slate and stylus
16304:
16297:
16295:Perkins Brailler
16290:
16283:
16276:
16269:
16262:
16255:
16253:Braille embosser
16248:
16228:
16221:
16214:
16206:
16199:
16192:
16170:
16162:
16155:
16137:
16130:
16121:
16114:
16107:
16100:
16093:
16077:
16074:American Braille
16058:
16055:Algerian Braille
16035:
16028:
16020:
16013:
16005:
15998:
15991:
15984:
15976:
15969:
15962:
15944:
15936:
15929:
15922:
15915:
15908:
15901:
15894:
15887:
15880:
15873:
15850:
15842:
15835:
15811:
15804:
15797:
15790:
15783:
15776:
15769:
15762:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15670:
15669:
15665:
15658:
15651:
15644:
15637:
15630:
15622:
15615:
15608:
15601:
15594:
15587:
15580:
15573:
15566:
15559:
15552:
15545:
15538:
15530:
15523:
15516:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15488:
15481:
15474:
15467:
15460:
15453:
15446:
15439:
15427:
15420:
15413:
15405:
15398:
15391:
15384:
15369:
15368:
15357:
15350:
15343:
15336:
15319:
15308:
15301:
15294:
15285:
15284:
15075:
15074:
15030:
15029:
14936:
14935:
14928:Semi-syllabaries
14923:
14922:
14624:
14623:
14615:
14614:
14602:
14601:
14487:
14486:
13842:
13841:
13829:
13828:
13731:Japanese Braille
13316:Zanabazar square
13185:Nepalese scripts
13075:Bengali–Assamese
13065:
13064:
13056:
13055:
13043:
13042:
12960:Pitman shorthand
12805:
12804:
12801:
12800:
12788:
12787:
12720:
12719:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12678:
12677:
12627:
12606:
12597:
12588:
12579:
12570:
12561:
12552:
12543:
12534:
12525:
12516:
12507:
12498:
12489:
12480:
12471:
12462:
12453:
12444:
12435:
12426:
12417:
12408:
12399:
12390:
12381:
12372:
12367:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12243:
12240:
12205:
12196:
12187:
12178:
12169:
12160:
12151:
12142:
12133:
12124:
12115:
12106:
12097:
12088:
12079:
12070:
12061:
12052:
12043:
12034:
12025:
12016:
12007:
11998:
11989:
11980:
11971:
11962:
11953:
11944:
11935:
11926:
11917:
11908:
11899:
11890:
11880:
11873:
11866:
11859:
11853:
11846:
11840:
11834:
11827:
11821:
11815:
11810:
11803:
11796:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11769:
11762:
11755:
11748:
11741:
11734:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11706:
11700:
11693:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11665:
11658:
11651:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11623:
11616:
11609:
11602:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11567:
11556:
11512:
11456:
11439:
11418:
11401:
11390:
11374:
11363:
11344:
11329:
11320:
11292:
11277:
11264:
11255:
11240:
11225:
11214:
11205:
11188:
11173:
11164:
11151:
11142:
11132:
11119:
11108:
11101:
11092:
11079:
11070:
11063:
11048:
11039:
11032:
11025:
11018:
10996:
10981:
10972:
10961:
10952:
10941:
10926:
10911:
10902:
10889:
10870:
10861:
10852:
10843:
10830:
10821:
10811:
10798:
10791:
10782:
10775:
10765:
10752:
10743:
10736:
10729:
10715:
10708:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10680:
10666:
10631:
10618:
10609:
10582:
10573:
10552:
10539:
10526:
10517:
10507:
10496:
10489:
10468:
10461:
10446:
10435:
10428:
10421:
10395:
10380:
10371:
10360:
10351:
10336:
10317:
10302:
10293:
10284:
10269:
10260:
10243:
10234:
10217:
10208:
10198:
10185:
10178:
10169:
10162:
10152:
10139:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10102:
10095:
10088:
10081:
10074:
10067:
10053:
10018:
10003:
9994:
9979:
9966:
9951:
9932:
9913:
9904:
9895:
9872:
9863:
9842:
9829:
9800:
9787:
9777:
9764:
9757:
9748:
9741:
9731:
9718:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9681:
9674:
9667:
9660:
9653:
9646:
9627:
9614:
9607:
9598:
9591:
9581:
9568:
9559:
9552:
9545:
9531:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9503:
9496:
9480:
9433:
9422:
9413:
9404:
9395:
9386:
9377:
9368:
9355:
9346:
9327:
9318:
9309:
9300:
9291:
9278:
9269:
9260:
9249:
9240:
9231:
9216:
9205:
9196:
9187:
9178:
9167:
9146:
9125:
9116:
9099:
9086:
9073:
9060:
9050:
9041:
9032:
9025:
9018:
9011:
9004:
8997:
8990:
8983:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8909:
8902:
8895:
8888:
8879:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8852:
8846:
8836:
8829:
8822:
8815:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8769:
8734:
8723:
8714:
8705:
8686:
8677:
8668:
8659:
8650:
8637:
8628:
8619:
8608:
8599:
8590:
8575:
8564:
8555:
8546:
8537:
8526:
8505:
8484:
8475:
8458:
8445:
8432:
8419:
8409:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8280:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8247:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8188:
8170:
8127:
8114:
8105:
8096:
8087:
8074:
8065:
8056:
8045:
8032:
8023:
8010:
7999:
7990:
7981:
7972:
7957:
7948:
7939:
7930:
7917:
7904:
7891:
7878:
7868:
7861:
7854:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7803:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7740:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7663:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7584:
7583:
7558:Old Norse Online
7554:
7545:
7543:10.11141/ia.47.8
7524:
7516:
7504:
7490:
7484:
7476:
7466:
7444:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7414:
7407:
7395:
7386:
7377:
7358:
7349:
7340:
7321:
7276:
7263:
7241:
7229:
7215:
7196:
7183:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7134:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7099:
7080:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7031:
7016:
7003:
6984:
6965:
6956:
6899:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6763:
6762:Birkett 2010: 1.
6760:
6754:
6751:
6745:
6734:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6500:Brill Publishers
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6345:
6336:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6315:
6309:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6287:, pp. 44ff.
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6221:Textual Cultures
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6010:
6009:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5964:Matasović, Ranko
5960:
5949:
5935:
5926:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5805:
5799:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5704:
5694:
5675:
5659:Letter symbolism
5655:
5590:
5582:
5192:
5191:
5183:J. R. R. Tolkien
5180:
5172:
5164:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5086:The Fantasy Trip
4975:J. R. R. Tolkien
4940:
4931:
4879:(1984, onward),
4869:Runic divination
4835:Heinrich Himmler
4401:
4400:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3934:Thames scramasax
3883:
3875:
3868:
3851:
3843:
3836:
3815:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3676:
3668:
3661:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3539:
3531:
3524:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3473:
3465:
3458:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3329:
3322:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3249:"ride, journey"
3241:
3233:
3226:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3169:
3159:
3152:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3033:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2885:, identified as
2884:
2883:
2876:
2838:nam ek vp rvnar,
2829:
2787:
2779:
2739:Þat er þá reynt,
2734:
2730:
2724:
2712:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2688:Noleby Runestone
2662:) of Sweden and
2623:, were found in
2593:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2542:
2534:
2498:
2492:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2402:
2395:'s 13th-century
2393:Snorri Sturluson
2390:
2366:
2360:
2352:Migration period
2349:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2321:(AD 700) panel.
2309:
2297:
2289:in both senses:
2237:at sá gengr gumi
2224:
2216:
2141:
2103:
2053:
2050:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
1982:
1974:
1894:
1842:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:Rhaetic alphabet
1756:
1711:Germanic peoples
1664:
1655:
1649:
1628:
1619:
1609:Baltic languages
1606:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1480:('counsellor'),
1479:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1382:'noise, rumor';
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1312:, Middle Breton
1311:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1153:
1084:
1067:
1024:
996:Christianisation
955:
898:
875:Germanic peoples
806:
803:
789:
786:
776:
773:
644:
641:
578:
577:
437:
434:
413:
396:
393:
372:
371:
350:
349:
338:
337:
326:
322:
321:
301:
300:
278:
277:
266:
260:
256:
200:
197:
97:
96:
55:
45:
37:
36:
21:
19139:
19138:
19134:
19133:
19132:
19130:
19129:
19128:
19084:
19083:
19082:
19077:
19049:
19018:Science fiction
18951:
18874:
18764:
18671:Magical weapons
18602:
18566:Fairy godmother
18522:
18466:Talking animals
18338:
18263:
18189:British Fantasy
18168:
18140:
18121:Science Fantasy
18078:
17994:
17943:
17882:Science fantasy
17727:
17699:
17697:Fantasy fiction
17694:
17664:
17659:
17641:
17603:
16884:
16846:
16808:Gothic alphabet
16700:Norse mythology
16636:
16590:
16573:
16568:
16538:
16529:
16522:
16515:
16508:
16497:
16490:
16483:
16476:
16469:
16462:
16448:
16441:
16434:
16427:
16420:
16413:
16406:
16399:
16388:
16381:
16374:
16367:
16360:
16353:
16346:
16341:Charles Barbier
16339:
16332:
16321:
16314:
16307:
16300:
16293:
16286:
16279:
16272:
16265:
16258:
16251:
16244:
16231:
16224:
16217:
16209:
16202:
16195:
16188:
16173:
16165:
16158:
16151:
16140:
16133:
16126:
16117:
16110:
16103:
16096:
16091:
16080:
16072:
16066:Frequency-based
16061:
16053:
16038:
16031:
16023:
16016:
16008:
16001:
15994:
15987:
15979:
15972:
15965:
15958:
15947:
15939:
15932:
15925:
15918:
15911:
15904:
15897:
15890:
15883:
15876:
15869:
15862:Bharati Braille
15859:
15853:
15845:
15838:
15831:
15820:
15814:
15807:
15800:
15793:
15786:
15779:
15772:
15765:
15758:
15747:
15741:
15734:
15729:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15700:
15693:
15686:
15679:
15668:
15661:
15654:
15647:
15640:
15633:
15625:
15618:
15611:
15604:
15597:
15590:
15583:
15576:
15569:
15562:
15555:
15548:
15541:
15533:
15526:
15519:
15512:
15505:
15498:
15491:
15484:
15477:
15470:
15463:
15456:
15449:
15442:
15436:Unified English
15430:
15423:
15416:
15408:
15401:
15394:
15387:
15380:
15365:Braille scripts
15360:
15353:
15346:
15339:
15332:
15321:
15317:
15312:
15267:
15082:
15065:
15061:Stokoe notation
15037:
15016:
14975:
14930:
14909:
14893:
14857:
14836:Logoconsonantal
14831:
14780:
14733:
14702:
14609:
14592:
14573:Siglas poveiras
14494:
14473:
14432:
14336:Younger Futhark
14040:Gregg shorthand
13836:
13815:
13668:
13320:
13050:
13033:
12812:
12795:
12778:
12751:Writing systems
12739:
12714:
12712:writing systems
12705:
12675:
12670:
12666:Staveless runes
12625:
12617:
12246:
12226:
12224:
12216:
11855:
11842:
11836:
11823:
11817:
11792:
11702:
11598:
11570:
11445:
11246:
11179:
11157:
10917:
10895:
10876:
10836:
10652:
10651:Medieval Fuþark
10650:
10642:
10588:
10558:
10532:
10401:
10342:
10323:
10308:
10249:
10227:
10223:
10039:
10037:
10029:
9985:
9972:
9957:
9938:
9923:
9919:
9882:
9878:
9852:
9848:
9835:
9818:
9814:
9806:
9793:
9466:
9464:
9456:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9390:
9381:
9361:
9337:
9333:
9284:
9226:
9222:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9109:
9105:
9092:
9079:
9066:
8956:
8875:
8848:
8780:
8774:
8755:
8753:
8745:
8738:
8696:
8692:
8643:
8585:
8581:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8468:
8464:
8451:
8438:
8425:
8357:
8276:
8249:
8181:
8175:
8156:
8154:
8146:
8137:
8133:
8120:
8080:
8038:
8016:
7963:
7923:
7910:
7897:
7884:
7850:
7799:
7742:
7674:
7668:
7649:
7647:
7639:
7616:
7611:
7503:: Christer hamp
7493:
7478:
7477:
7469:
7455:
7452:
7447:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7374:
7337:
7260:
7238:
7212:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7116:
7114:
7096:
7077:
7063:The Poetic Edda
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7029:
7007:Jacobsen, Lis;
7000:
6981:
6959:
6953:
6927:Wayback Machine
6915:Wayback Machine
6864:
6862:
6849:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6735:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6580:Larrington 1999
6578:
6571:
6565:Larrington 1999
6563:
6559:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6502:. p. 473.
6490:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6441:
6439:
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6369:Larrington 1999
6367:
6363:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6326:Symons 2020: 5.
6325:
6318:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6261:Weisgerber 1968
6259:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6217:
6213:
6204:
6202:
6195:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6084:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5961:
5952:
5936:
5929:
5921:, p. 310;
5913:
5909:
5901:
5892:
5885:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5790:
5786:
5711:
5707:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5602:
5200:
5132:Younger Futhark
5101:
5095:
5033:
4970:
4964:
4926:Younger Futhark
4904:
4896:Thomas Karlsson
4877:Stephen Flowers
4865:modern paganism
4853:
4767:Armanen Futhark
4757:From 1933, the
4736:
4722:
4717:
4685:
4679:
4650:Younger Futhark
4627:
4621:
4593:Olof Rudbeck Sr
4585:Johannes Bureus
4581:
4575:
4522:Younger Futhark
4425:Lindholm amulet
4357:
4338:
4328:in areas where
4307:
4301:
4234:
4228:
4191:Ramsung carving
4179:Younger Futhark
4171:
4169:Younger Futhark
4165:
4131:Hrabanus Maurus
4112:
3906:
3900:
3887:*ōþila-/*ōþala-
3043:reconstructions
3023:Gothic alphabet
2963:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2943:Runic alphabets
2909:(freeman), and
2863:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:netr allar nío,
2793:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2694:
2676:Norse mythology
2672:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2559:
2543:
2513:
2407:'s 9th-century
2383:'s 1st-century
2310:
2305:
2285:using the word
2258:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:váfa virgilná,:
2232:
2230:
2158:
2152:
2135:
2123:(Denmark), and
2051:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1972:
1940:
1918:scholars to be
1769:
1763:
1745:as variants of
1743:Gothic alphabet
1715:Common Germanic
1687:Younger Futhark
1671:
1669:History and use
1418:
1409:Ranko Matasović
1235:Primitive Norse
1217:Old High German
1138:
1133:
1071:staveless runes
1031:Younger Futhark
1012:runic calendars
1000:northern Europe
871:runic alphabets
851:
850:
849:
804:
787:
774:
642:
571:
570:
447:
446:
435:
394:
365:
364:
343:
342:
331:
330:
315:
314:
309:
299:
298:
297:
288:Without proper
279:
275:
237:
227:
215:
198:
195:
175:Younger Futhark
167:
160:
119:
112:Related scripts
91:
86:Left-to-right,
72:
65:
46:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19137:
19127:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19079:
19078:
19076:
19075:
19065:
19054:
19051:
19050:
19048:
19047:
19042:
19041:
19040:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18998:Horror fiction
18995:
18993:Gothic fiction
18990:
18984:
18979:
18974:
18969:
18963:
18961:
18957:
18956:
18953:
18952:
18950:
18949:
18944:
18942:Thieves' guild
18939:
18934:
18929:
18928:
18927:
18917:
18912:
18907:
18902:
18901:
18900:
18890:
18884:
18882:
18876:
18875:
18873:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18851:
18850:
18845:
18835:
18830:
18825:
18820:
18815:
18810:
18805:
18800:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18780:
18774:
18772:
18766:
18765:
18763:
18762:
18761:
18760:
18755:
18750:
18745:
18740:
18735:
18730:
18725:
18720:
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18692:
18691:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18679:
18678:
18668:
18663:
18653:
18652:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18623:
18612:
18610:
18604:
18603:
18601:
18600:
18595:
18590:
18589:
18588:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18532:
18530:
18524:
18523:
18521:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18509:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18468:
18463:
18458:
18453:
18452:
18451:
18446:
18436:
18431:
18426:
18421:
18416:
18415:
18414:
18409:
18399:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18383:
18382:
18377:
18367:
18361:
18359:
18350:
18344:
18343:
18340:
18339:
18337:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18319:Tolkien fandom
18316:
18311:
18306:
18301:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18277:
18271:
18265:
18264:
18262:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18180:
18178:
18174:
18173:
18170:
18169:
18167:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18148:
18146:
18142:
18141:
18139:
18138:
18131:
18124:
18117:
18110:
18103:
18096:
18088:
18086:
18080:
18079:
18077:
18076:
18071:
18066:
18065:
18064:
18059:
18054:
18047:List of novels
18044:
18039:
18034:
18027:
18026:
18025:
18015:
18010:
18004:
18002:
17996:
17995:
17993:
17992:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17980:
17970:
17964:
17962:
17949:
17945:
17944:
17942:
17941:
17936:
17935:
17934:
17929:
17919:
17918:
17917:
17912:
17902:
17897:
17896:
17895:
17890:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17863:
17862:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17801:
17795:
17794:
17793:
17783:
17782:
17781:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17755:
17754:
17749:
17744:
17735:
17733:
17729:
17728:
17726:
17725:
17720:
17715:
17710:
17704:
17701:
17700:
17693:
17692:
17685:
17678:
17670:
17661:
17660:
17658:
17657:
17646:
17643:
17642:
17640:
17639:
17634:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17613:
17611:
17605:
17604:
17602:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17570:
17569:
17564:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17378:
17377:
17372:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17347:
17346:
17345:
17335:
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17274:
17273:
17268:
17266:Thracian Goths
17263:
17258:
17253:
17248:
17243:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17207:
17206:
17201:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17045:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17033:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16922:
16921:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16894:
16892:
16886:
16885:
16883:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16856:
16854:
16848:
16847:
16845:
16844:
16843:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16822:
16817:
16816:
16815:
16810:
16800:
16795:
16794:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16773:
16768:
16767:
16766:
16756:
16755:
16754:
16749:
16739:
16738:
16737:
16732:
16722:
16721:
16720:
16715:
16705:
16704:
16703:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16646:
16644:
16638:
16637:
16635:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16619:
16617:Roman Iron Age
16614:
16609:
16604:
16598:
16596:
16592:
16591:
16578:
16575:
16574:
16567:
16566:
16559:
16552:
16544:
16535:
16534:
16531:
16530:
16528:
16527:
16520:
16513:
16505:
16503:
16502:Related topics
16499:
16498:
16496:
16495:
16488:
16481:
16478:New York Point
16474:
16467:
16459:
16457:
16450:
16449:
16447:
16446:
16439:
16432:
16425:
16418:
16411:
16404:
16396:
16394:
16390:
16389:
16387:
16386:
16379:
16372:
16365:
16362:Harris Mowbray
16358:
16351:
16344:
16337:
16329:
16327:
16323:
16322:
16320:
16319:
16312:
16305:
16298:
16291:
16284:
16277:
16270:
16263:
16256:
16249:
16246:Braille e-book
16241:
16239:
16233:
16232:
16230:
16229:
16222:
16215:
16207:
16200:
16193:
16185:
16183:
16179:
16178:
16175:
16174:
16172:
16171:
16163:
16156:
16148:
16146:
16142:
16141:
16139:
16138:
16131:
16124:
16123:
16122:
16115:
16108:
16101:
16088:
16086:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16078:
16069:
16067:
16063:
16062:
16060:
16059:
16050:
16048:
16044:
16043:
16040:
16039:
16037:
16036:
16029:
16021:
16014:
16006:
15999:
15992:
15985:
15977:
15970:
15963:
15955:
15953:
15949:
15948:
15946:
15945:
15937:
15930:
15923:
15916:
15909:
15902:
15895:
15888:
15881:
15874:
15866:
15864:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15851:
15843:
15836:
15828:
15826:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15812:
15805:
15798:
15791:
15784:
15777:
15770:
15763:
15755:
15753:
15743:
15742:
15740:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15698:
15691:
15684:
15676:
15674:
15667:
15666:
15659:
15652:
15645:
15638:
15631:
15623:
15616:
15609:
15602:
15595:
15588:
15581:
15574:
15567:
15560:
15553:
15546:
15539:
15531:
15524:
15517:
15510:
15503:
15496:
15489:
15482:
15475:
15468:
15461:
15454:
15447:
15440:
15428:
15421:
15414:
15406:
15399:
15392:
15385:
15377:
15375:
15373:French-ordered
15366:
15362:
15361:
15359:
15358:
15351:
15344:
15337:
15329:
15327:
15323:
15322:
15311:
15310:
15303:
15296:
15288:
15281:
15280:
15277:
15276:
15273:
15272:
15269:
15268:
15266:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15213:Linear Elamite
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15194:
15193:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15087:
15084:
15083:
15071:
15070:
15067:
15066:
15064:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15042:
15039:
15038:
15035:Sign languages
15026:
15025:
15022:
15021:
15018:
15017:
15015:
15014:
15012:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14987:Espanca script
14983:
14981:
14977:
14976:
14974:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14946:Linear Elamite
14942:
14940:
14932:
14931:
14919:
14918:
14915:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14908:
14907:
14901:
14899:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14865:
14863:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14839:
14837:
14833:
14832:
14830:
14829:
14827:Yi (Classical)
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14788:
14786:
14782:
14781:
14779:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14747:
14745:
14739:
14738:
14735:
14734:
14732:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14710:
14708:
14704:
14703:
14701:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14674:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14653:
14651:Bronze scripts
14648:
14643:
14638:
14632:
14630:
14621:
14611:
14610:
14598:
14597:
14594:
14593:
14591:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14499:
14496:
14495:
14483:
14482:
14479:
14478:
14475:
14474:
14472:
14471:
14466:
14464:Flag semaphore
14461:
14459:New York Point
14456:
14454:Telegraph code
14451:
14449:Maritime flags
14446:
14440:
14438:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14403:Visible Speech
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14373:Sorang Sompeng
14370:
14365:
14360:
14359:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14277:
14276:
14275:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14257:Galik alphabet
14254:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14163:
14162:
14157:
14155:Tironian notes
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14097:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14000:
13998:Garay alphabet
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13949:
13948:
13938:
13933:
13932:
13931:
13926:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13875:
13874:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13848:
13846:
13838:
13837:
13825:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13817:
13816:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13781:Sorang Sompeng
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13704:Déné syllabics
13701:
13691:
13686:
13680:
13678:
13674:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13664:
13659:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13541:
13540:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13494:
13493:
13488:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13467:
13466:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13430:
13429:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13328:
13326:
13322:
13321:
13319:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13307:
13306:
13301:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13260:
13259:
13249:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13071:
13069:
13062:
13052:
13051:
13039:
13038:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13014:
13009:
12999:
12994:
12993:
12992:
12987:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12965:Proto-Sinaitic
12962:
12957:
12956:
12955:
12945:
12940:
12939:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12850:
12849:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12826:
12825:
12817:
12814:
12813:
12797:
12796:
12784:
12783:
12780:
12779:
12777:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12747:
12745:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12737:
12732:
12726:
12724:
12716:
12715:
12704:
12703:
12696:
12689:
12681:
12672:
12671:
12669:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12614:
12613:
12604:
12595:
12586:
12577:
12568:
12559:
12550:
12541:
12532:
12523:
12514:
12505:
12496:
12487:
12478:
12469:
12460:
12451:
12442:
12433:
12424:
12415:
12406:
12397:
12388:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12250:
12238:
12236:
12218:
12217:
12213:
12212:
12203:
12194:
12185:
12176:
12167:
12158:
12149:
12140:
12131:
12122:
12113:
12104:
12095:
12086:
12077:
12068:
12059:
12050:
12041:
12032:
12023:
12014:
12005:
11996:
11987:
11978:
11969:
11960:
11951:
11942:
11933:
11924:
11915:
11906:
11897:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11861:
11848:
11829:
11805:
11798:
11785:
11778:
11771:
11764:
11757:
11750:
11743:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11715:
11708:
11695:
11688:
11681:
11674:
11667:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11632:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11604:
11591:
11584:
11577:
11574:
11564:
11563:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11501:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11437:
11435:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11427:
11425:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11399:
11397:
11388:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11369:
11367:
11365:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11346:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11331:
11324:
11322:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11300:
11299:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11284:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11262:
11253:
11251:
11238:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11223:
11221:
11212:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11186:
11184:
11171:
11162:
11149:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11134:
11127:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11103:
11096:
11094:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11081:
11074:
11072:
11065:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11043:
11041:
11034:
11027:
11020:
11013:
11010:
11004:
11003:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10979:
10970:
10968:
10959:
10950:
10948:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10933:
10924:
10922:
10909:
10900:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10868:
10859:
10850:
10841:
10828:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10806:
10804:
10802:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10784:
10777:
10770:
10767:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10747:
10745:
10738:
10731:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10710:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10675:
10672:
10664:
10662:
10648:Medieval runes
10644:
10643:
10639:
10638:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10616:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10580:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10550:
10548:
10546:
10537:
10524:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10491:
10484:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10463:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10448:
10441:
10439:
10437:
10430:
10423:
10416:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10378:
10369:
10367:
10358:
10349:
10347:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10328:
10315:
10313:
10300:
10291:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10267:
10258:
10241:
10232:
10215:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10180:
10173:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10154:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10134:
10132:
10125:
10118:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10097:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10059:
10051:
10049:
10031:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10010:
10001:
9992:
9990:
9977:
9964:
9962:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9930:
9928:
9911:
9902:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9870:
9861:
9840:
9827:
9798:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9779:
9772:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9759:
9752:
9750:
9743:
9736:
9733:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9720:
9713:
9711:
9704:
9697:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9641:
9638:
9630:
9629:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9600:
9593:
9586:
9583:
9576:
9574:
9572:
9570:
9563:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9488:
9478:
9476:
9465:16-type Fuþark
9458:
9457:
9453:
9452:
9431:
9429:
9420:
9418:
9411:
9402:
9393:
9384:
9375:
9366:
9353:
9344:
9342:
9325:
9316:
9307:
9298:
9289:
9276:
9267:
9258:
9256:
9247:
9238:
9229:
9214:
9212:
9203:
9194:
9185:
9176:
9174:
9165:
9144:
9123:
9114:
9097:
9084:
9071:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9045:
9043:
9036:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8978:
8976:
8969:
8962:
8949:
8942:
8935:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8881:
8868:
8861:
8854:
8841:
8838:
8831:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8789:
8782:
8777:
8767:
8765:
8754:33-type Fuþorc
8747:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8732:
8730:
8721:
8712:
8703:
8701:
8684:
8675:
8666:
8657:
8648:
8635:
8626:
8617:
8615:
8606:
8597:
8588:
8573:
8571:
8562:
8553:
8544:
8535:
8533:
8524:
8503:
8482:
8473:
8456:
8443:
8430:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8404:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8282:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8242:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8178:
8168:
8166:
8155:28-type Fuþorc
8148:
8147:
8143:
8142:
8125:
8112:
8103:
8094:
8085:
8072:
8063:
8054:
8052:
8043:
8030:
8021:
8008:
8006:
7997:
7988:
7979:
7970:
7968:
7955:
7946:
7937:
7928:
7915:
7902:
7889:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7805:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7735:
7732:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7671:
7661:
7659:
7648:24-type Fuþark
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7572:
7555:
7525:
7505:
7491:
7467:
7451:
7450:External links
7448:
7446:
7445:
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7396:
7387:
7378:
7372:
7359:
7350:
7341:
7335:
7322:
7294:10.2307/416753
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6900:
6888:10.2307/411849
6871:
6861:. 20 July 2021
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6806:
6793:
6773:
6764:
6755:
6746:
6742:Looijenga 2003
6740:: 123–124 and
6724:
6722:, p. 6-7.
6712:
6681:
6669:
6657:
6655:, p. vii.
6645:
6633:(1821), "18",
6631:Grimm, William
6622:
6613:
6603:also rendered
6596:
6584:
6569:
6557:
6539:
6521:
6508:
6484:
6472:
6470:, p. 401.
6460:
6448:
6415:
6403:
6391:
6373:
6361:
6358:on 2007-05-08.
6337:
6328:
6316:
6301:
6299:, p. 186.
6289:
6277:
6275:, p. 207.
6265:
6253:
6249:Looijenga 1997
6238:
6211:
6193:
6173:
6161:
6158:on 2007-06-23.
6141:
6129:
6125:Odenstedt 1990
6117:
6105:
6103:, p. 173.
6093:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6038:
6036:, p. 310.
6026:
6011:
6004:
5983:
5976:
5950:
5927:
5907:
5905:, p. 137.
5890:
5883:
5865:
5832:
5818:
5816:
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5810:
5809:
5800:
5796:Gallehus horns
5784:
5705:
5697:Meldorf fibula
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5228:
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5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5177:Symbol U+16F0
5169:Symbol U+16EF
5161:Symbol U+16EE
5155:runic calendar
5097:Main article:
5094:
5091:
5072:, such as the
5032:
5029:
4963:
4960:
4915:Harald Blåtand
4903:
4900:
4881:Stephan Grundy
4852:
4849:
4831:Nazi symbolism
4805:Guido von List
4775:Guido von List
4761:comprised two
4734:Runengymnastik
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4689:Viking revival
4681:Main article:
4678:
4675:
4623:Main article:
4620:
4617:
4601:Anders Celsius
4577:Main article:
4574:
4573:Academic study
4571:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:Elder Futhark
4491:
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4473:
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4463:
4462:Elder Futhark
4460:
4457:
4451:
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4440:
4435:
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4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4414:
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4408:
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4394:(or potential
4356:
4349:
4337:
4334:
4303:Main article:
4300:
4297:
4241:Medieval runes
4232:Medieval runes
4230:Main article:
4227:
4224:
4167:Main article:
4164:
4161:
4129:, ascribed to
4111:
4108:
4104:Middle English
3950:Ruthwell Cross
3902:Main article:
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3092:
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3077:
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3070:Proto-Germanic
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3015:Proto-Germanic
2959:Main article:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2941:
2865:
2864:
2845:
2836:nysta ek niþr,
2822:
2821:
2803:
2770:
2769:
2752:
2707:, which reads
2671:
2668:
2602:Proto-Germanic
2596:
2595:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2512:
2509:
2434:, the king of
2303:
2260:
2259:
2242:
2154:Main article:
2151:
2148:
2144:Meldorf fibula
2036:
2035:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1944:Meldorf fibula
1939:
1933:
1877:Latin alphabet
1857:Latin alphabet
1831:Latin alphabet
1765:Main article:
1762:
1759:
1719:North Germanic
1670:
1667:
1573:, Old English
1451:, Old English
1417:
1414:
1160:Proto-Germanic
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1075:medieval runes
992:Latin alphabet
883:Latin alphabet
873:native to the
853:
852:
848:
847:
846:
845:
839:
838:
837:
836:
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696:
672:
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664:
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646:
645:
616:
615:
614:
613:
612:
594:
588:
587:
586:
568:
567:
566:
563:Square Aramaic
554:
553:
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551:
550:
549:
548:
536:
535:
534:
522:
521:
520:
514:
508:
481:
469:
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448:
445:
444:
438:
427:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
399:
398:
397:
380:
368:Proto-Sinaitic
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
311:
310:
305:
304:
292:, you may see
280:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
261:⟩, see
234:
233:
228:
223:
220:
219:
216:
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193:
187:
186:
182:
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168:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
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156:
155:
154:
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151:
150:
139:Greek alphabet
129:Proto-Sinaitic
122:
120:
118:Parent systems
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
84:
80:
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73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
42:
26:
18:Runic alphabet
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19136:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19119:Magic symbols
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19091:
19089:
19074:
19066:
19064:
19056:
19055:
19052:
19046:
19043:
19039:
19036:
19035:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18988:
18987:Ghost stories
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18964:
18962:
18958:
18948:
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18943:
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18935:
18933:
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18911:
18908:
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18894:
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18886:
18885:
18883:
18881:
18877:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
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18849:
18846:
18844:
18841:
18840:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18809:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18776:
18775:
18773:
18771:
18770:Fantasy races
18767:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18743:Shapeshifting
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18695:
18693:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18677:
18674:
18673:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18658:
18657:
18654:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18631:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18618:
18617:
18616:Hard and soft
18614:
18613:
18611:
18609:
18605:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18587:
18584:
18583:
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18574:
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18464:
18462:
18459:
18457:
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18450:
18447:
18445:
18442:
18441:
18440:
18439:Shapeshifters
18437:
18435:
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18427:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18413:
18410:
18408:
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18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18278:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18266:
18260:
18259:World Fantasy
18257:
18255:
18254:Tähtifantasia
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18224:Japan Fantasy
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
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18006:
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17997:
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17957:
17953:
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17946:
17940:
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17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17924:
17923:
17922:Weird fiction
17920:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17907:
17906:
17905:Urban fantasy
17903:
17901:
17898:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
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17838:
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17811:
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17799:
17796:
17792:
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17776:
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17772:
17770:
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17762:
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17757:
17753:
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17709:
17706:
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17677:
17672:
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17668:
17656:
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17644:
17638:
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17610:
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17600:
17597:
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17592:
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17577:
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17572:
17568:
17565:
17563:
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17555:
17553:
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17523:
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17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
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17495:
17493:
17490:
17488:
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17483:
17480:
17478:
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17473:
17470:
17468:
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17463:
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17299:
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17279:
17276:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17241:Crimean Goths
17239:
17238:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17205:
17204:Salian Franks
17202:
17200:
17197:
17196:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17002:
17001:
16998:
16997:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16900:
16899:
16896:
16895:
16893:
16891:
16887:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16853:
16849:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16827:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16805:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16778:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16765:
16762:
16761:
16760:
16757:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16744:
16743:
16740:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16727:
16726:
16723:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16710:
16709:
16706:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16682:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16647:
16645:
16643:
16642:Early culture
16639:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16599:
16597:
16593:
16589:
16585:
16581:
16576:
16572:
16565:
16560:
16558:
16553:
16551:
16546:
16545:
16542:
16525:
16521:
16518:
16514:
16511:
16507:
16506:
16504:
16500:
16493:
16489:
16486:
16485:Night writing
16482:
16479:
16475:
16472:
16468:
16465:
16461:
16460:
16458:
16456:
16451:
16444:
16440:
16437:
16433:
16430:
16426:
16423:
16419:
16416:
16412:
16409:
16405:
16402:
16398:
16397:
16395:
16393:Organisations
16391:
16384:
16380:
16377:
16373:
16370:
16366:
16363:
16359:
16356:
16355:Valentin Haüy
16352:
16349:
16345:
16342:
16338:
16335:
16334:Louis Braille
16331:
16330:
16328:
16324:
16317:
16313:
16310:
16306:
16303:
16299:
16296:
16292:
16289:
16285:
16282:
16278:
16275:
16271:
16268:
16267:Braille watch
16264:
16261:
16257:
16254:
16250:
16247:
16243:
16242:
16240:
16238:
16234:
16227:
16223:
16220:
16216:
16212:
16208:
16205:
16201:
16198:
16194:
16191:
16190:Braille music
16187:
16186:
16184:
16180:
16168:
16164:
16161:
16157:
16154:
16153:Luxembourgish
16150:
16149:
16147:
16143:
16136:
16132:
16129:
16125:
16120:
16116:
16113:
16109:
16106:
16102:
16099:
16095:
16094:
16090:
16089:
16087:
16083:
16075:
16071:
16070:
16068:
16064:
16056:
16052:
16051:
16049:
16045:
16034:
16030:
16026:
16022:
16019:
16015:
16011:
16007:
16004:
16000:
15997:
15993:
15990:
15986:
15982:
15978:
15975:
15971:
15968:
15964:
15961:
15957:
15956:
15954:
15952:Other scripts
15950:
15942:
15938:
15935:
15931:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15917:
15914:
15910:
15907:
15903:
15900:
15896:
15893:
15889:
15886:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15872:
15868:
15867:
15865:
15863:
15856:
15848:
15844:
15841:
15837:
15834:
15830:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15817:
15810:
15806:
15803:
15799:
15796:
15792:
15789:
15785:
15782:
15778:
15775:
15771:
15768:
15764:
15761:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15744:
15733:
15728:
15725:
15724:Northern Sámi
15721:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15705:
15703:
15699:
15696:
15692:
15689:
15685:
15682:
15678:
15677:
15675:
15673:Nordic family
15671:
15664:
15660:
15657:
15653:
15650:
15646:
15643:
15639:
15636:
15632:
15628:
15624:
15621:
15617:
15614:
15613:South African
15610:
15607:
15603:
15600:
15596:
15593:
15589:
15586:
15582:
15579:
15575:
15572:
15568:
15565:
15561:
15558:
15554:
15551:
15547:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15535:Luxembourgish
15532:
15529:
15525:
15522:
15518:
15515:
15511:
15508:
15504:
15501:
15497:
15494:
15490:
15487:
15483:
15480:
15476:
15473:
15469:
15466:
15462:
15459:
15455:
15452:
15448:
15445:
15441:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15426:
15422:
15419:
15415:
15411:
15407:
15404:
15400:
15397:
15393:
15390:
15386:
15383:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15374:
15370:
15367:
15363:
15356:
15352:
15349:
15348:ASCII braille
15345:
15342:
15338:
15335:
15331:
15330:
15328:
15324:
15316:
15309:
15304:
15302:
15297:
15295:
15290:
15289:
15286:
15282:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15163:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15088:
15085:
15081:
15076:
15072:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15040:
15036:
15031:
15027:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14984:
14982:
14978:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14924:
14920:
14906:
14903:
14902:
14900:
14896:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14879:Attic (Greek)
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14860:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14840:
14838:
14834:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14817:Proto-Elamite
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14789:
14787:
14783:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14748:
14746:
14744:
14740:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14705:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14658:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14633:
14631:
14629:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14603:
14599:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14500:
14497:
14493:
14488:
14484:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14441:
14439:
14435:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14331:Elder Futhark
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14249:
14248:
14245:
14244:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14222:Old Hungarian
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14092:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14050:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13947:
13944:
13943:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13873:
13870:
13869:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13849:
13847:
13843:
13839:
13835:
13830:
13826:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13756:Masaram Gondi
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13726:Gunjala Gondi
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13675:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13654:
13653:
13650:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13538:Old Sundanese
13536:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13483:
13482:
13481:Old Maldivian
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13465:
13464:Bilang-bilang
13462:
13461:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13428:
13425:
13424:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13323:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13296:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13284:Sylheti Nagri
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13258:
13255:
13254:
13253:
13250:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13085:Brahmi script
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13049:
13044:
13040:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13004:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12981:
12980:South Arabian
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12954:
12951:
12950:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12926:Inscriptional
12924:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12848:
12845:
12844:
12843:
12840:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12824:
12823:
12819:
12818:
12815:
12811:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12789:
12785:
12775:
12771:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12753:
12752:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12742:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12725:
12721:
12717:
12713:
12709:
12702:
12697:
12695:
12690:
12688:
12683:
12682:
12679:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12624:
12623:
12620:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12593:
12592:
12587:
12584:
12583:
12578:
12575:
12574:
12569:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12551:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12539:
12538:
12533:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12521:
12520:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12497:
12494:
12493:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12452:
12449:
12448:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12407:
12404:
12403:
12398:
12395:
12394:
12389:
12386:
12385:
12380:
12378:
12376:
12375:
12369:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12251:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12237:
12234:
12230:
12223:
12219:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12186:
12183:
12182:
12177:
12174:
12173:
12168:
12165:
12164:
12159:
12156:
12155:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12114:
12111:
12110:
12105:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12093:
12092:
12087:
12084:
12083:
12078:
12075:
12074:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12060:
12057:
12056:
12051:
12048:
12047:
12042:
12039:
12038:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12024:
12021:
12020:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12006:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11988:
11985:
11984:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11922:
11921:
11916:
11913:
11912:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11884:
11881:
11876:
11874:
11869:
11867:
11862:
11860:
11854:
11849:
11847:
11841:
11835:
11830:
11828:
11822:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11804:
11799:
11797:
11791:
11786:
11784:
11779:
11777:
11772:
11770:
11765:
11763:
11758:
11756:
11751:
11749:
11744:
11742:
11737:
11735:
11730:
11728:
11723:
11721:
11716:
11714:
11709:
11707:
11701:
11696:
11694:
11689:
11687:
11682:
11680:
11675:
11673:
11668:
11666:
11661:
11659:
11654:
11652:
11647:
11645:
11640:
11638:
11633:
11631:
11626:
11624:
11619:
11617:
11612:
11610:
11605:
11603:
11597:
11592:
11590:
11585:
11583:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11561:
11560:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11549:
11547:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11517:
11516:
11513:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11465:
11461:
11460:
11455:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11405:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11389:
11387:
11385:
11383:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11375:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11364:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11345:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11297:
11296:
11291:
11289:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11281:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11263:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11237:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11178:
11177:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11163:
11160:
11156:
11155:
11150:
11147:
11146:
11141:
11139:
11137:
11136:
11133:
11128:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11104:
11102:
11097:
11095:
11093:
11088:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11066:
11064:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11035:
11033:
11028:
11026:
11021:
11019:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10960:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10940:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10916:
10915:
10910:
10907:
10906:
10901:
10898:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10875:
10874:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10842:
10839:
10835:
10834:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10815:
10812:
10807:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10794:
10792:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10778:
10776:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10761:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10739:
10737:
10732:
10730:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10711:
10709:
10704:
10702:
10697:
10695:
10690:
10688:
10683:
10681:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10663:
10660:
10656:
10649:
10645:
10636:
10635:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10530:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10511:
10508:
10503:
10501:
10499:
10497:
10492:
10490:
10485:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10471:
10469:
10464:
10462:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10436:
10431:
10429:
10424:
10422:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10399:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10356:
10355:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10340:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10322:
10321:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10307:
10306:
10301:
10298:
10297:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10283:
10281:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10259:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10247:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10199:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10181:
10179:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10165:
10163:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10126:
10124:
10119:
10117:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10105:
10103:
10098:
10096:
10091:
10089:
10084:
10082:
10077:
10075:
10070:
10068:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10032:
10023:
10022:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9956:
9955:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9876:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9862:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9838:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9760:
9758:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9744:
9742:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9705:
9703:
9698:
9696:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9677:
9675:
9670:
9668:
9663:
9661:
9656:
9654:
9649:
9647:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9636:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9610:
9608:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9594:
9592:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9555:
9553:
9548:
9546:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9532:
9527:
9525:
9520:
9518:
9513:
9511:
9506:
9504:
9499:
9497:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9459:
9450:
9446:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9385:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9364:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9192:
9191:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9129:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9051:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9028:
9026:
9021:
9019:
9014:
9012:
9007:
9005:
9000:
8998:
8993:
8991:
8986:
8984:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8970:
8968:
8963:
8961:
8955:
8950:
8948:
8943:
8941:
8936:
8934:
8929:
8927:
8922:
8920:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8905:
8903:
8898:
8896:
8891:
8889:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8874:
8869:
8867:
8862:
8860:
8855:
8853:
8847:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8832:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8816:
8811:
8809:
8804:
8802:
8797:
8795:
8790:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8776:
8771:
8770:
8766:
8763:
8759:
8752:
8748:
8737:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8395:
8393:
8388:
8386:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8371:
8369:
8364:
8362:
8356:
8351:
8349:
8344:
8342:
8337:
8335:
8330:
8328:
8323:
8321:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8306:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8292:
8290:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8263:
8261:
8256:
8254:
8248:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8233:
8231:
8226:
8224:
8219:
8217:
8212:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8198:
8196:
8191:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8153:
8149:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7864:
7862:
7857:
7855:
7849:
7844:
7842:
7837:
7835:
7830:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7816:
7814:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7779:
7777:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7754:
7749:
7747:
7741:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7717:
7712:
7710:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7696:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7596:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7568:, contains a
7567:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7458:Nytt om Runer
7454:
7453:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7425:
7411:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7357:. De Gruyter.
7356:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7288:(1): 185–89.
7287:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7228:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7147:
7146:Boydell Press
7143:
7142:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7045:
7041:
7039:9781907029325
7035:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7021:Koch, John T.
7018:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6980:9781571131997
6976:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6939:de Vries, Jan
6936:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6840:, p. 21.
6839:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6796:
6794:9783110197051
6790:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6721:
6716:
6700:
6696:
6695:ScienceNordic
6692:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6667:, p. 20.
6666:
6661:
6654:
6649:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6617:
6610:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6582:, p. 34.
6581:
6576:
6574:
6567:, p. 25.
6566:
6561:
6552:
6551:
6543:
6534:
6533:
6525:
6511:
6509:9789047421214
6505:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6488:
6481:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6452:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6413:, p. 31.
6412:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6377:
6371:, p. 37.
6370:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6332:
6323:
6321:
6314:, p. 36.
6313:
6312:Antonsen 1965
6308:
6306:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6200:
6196:
6194:9780719055409
6190:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6137:Williams 1996
6133:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6101:Stoklund 2003
6097:
6083:on 2017-08-11
6082:
6078:
6072:
6063:
6054:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6022:de Vries 1962
6018:
6016:
6007:
6005:9782877723695
6001:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5979:
5977:9789004173361
5973:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5925:, p. 137
5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:de Vries 1962
5911:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5884:1-84383-186-4
5880:
5876:
5869:
5851:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5804:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5526:
5525:
5473:
5472:
5420:
5419:
5367:
5366:
5314:
5313:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:Franks Casket
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5124:Elder Futhark
5121:
5120:Unicode block
5116:
5114:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5007:J. K. Rowling
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:Sigurd Agrell
4889:
4888:Uthark theory
4884:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:esotericism,
4858:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4840:Schutzstaffel
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:Wiligut runes
4820:
4816:
4815:Armanen runes
4812:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4730:Wiligut runes
4727:
4726:Armanen runes
4712:
4710:
4707:genre and of
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4663:Elder Futhark
4660:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:Begriffsrunen
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Elder Futhark
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Begriffsrunen
4393:
4392:Begriffsrunen
4388:
4386:
4385:Begriffsrunen
4382:
4378:
4377:Begriffsrunen
4374:
4373:Begriffsrunen
4370:
4366:
4365:Begriffsrunen
4362:
4354:
4353:Begriffsrunen
4347:
4342:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4252:Västergötland
4248:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:evolved into
4212:
4208:
4207:Elder Futhark
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4157:Wilhelm Grimm
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4072:
3953:
3951:
3948:) and on the
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3905:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:"Thurs" (see
3176:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2977:, now Denmark
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:Elder Futhark
2950:
2940:
2936:
2935:Kettil Runske
2928:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2753:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695: 600 AD
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:clog almanacs
2641:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2589:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:This section
2545:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:Codex Runicus
2517:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:Anund Uppsale
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2428:
2427:Ynglinga saga
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:Ynglinga saga
2394:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2319:Franks Casket
2316:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2243:
2240:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2060:Elder Futhark
2046:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2018:December 2021
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:This section
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:West Germanic
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:Codex Runicus
1886:
1882:
1879:used for the
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1767:Elder Futhark
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1727:East Germanic
1724:
1723:West Germanic
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1691:Rök runestone
1688:
1684:
1683:Elder Futhark
1680:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1416:Related terms
1413:
1410:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1384:Ancient Greek
1380:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:Middle Breton
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:reconstructed
1161:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Elbe Germanic
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1019:Elder Futhark
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
960:
956:
954:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
896:Begriffsrunen
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
843:
842:Paleohispanic
840:
833:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:
820:Libyco-Berber
818:
811:
808:
807:
800:
797:
794:
791:
783:
780:
770:
767:
766:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
738:
735:
732:
729:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
673:
668:
665:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
638:
637:Old Hungarian
635:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
623:
622:
620:
617:
610:
607:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
595:
592:
589:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
569:
564:
561:
560:
558:
555:
546:
543:
542:
541:10th century
540:
537:
532:
529:
528:
526:
523:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
500:
497:
496:
494:
493:
488:
487:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
473:
470:
465:
462:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
450:
449:
442:
439:
431:
428:
425:
422:
412:
406:
405:
403:
400:
390:
387:
386:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
363:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
341:
340:
336:
335:
329:
328:
320:
319:
313:
312:
308:
303:
302:
295:
291:
287:
285:
264:
252:
248:
246:
242:
235:
232:
231:U+16A0–U+16FF
229:
226:
225:Unicode range
221:
217:
214:Unicode alias
211:
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
171:Elder Futhark
169:
166:Child systems
163:
148:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
121:
115:
110:
107:
104:
100:
95:
89:
88:boustrophedon
85:
81:
77:
76:Elder Futhark
74:
68:
62:
58:
54:
49:
38:
33:
19:
19045:Urban legend
18947:Magic school
18920:Astral plane
18915:Hollow Earth
18608:Magic system
18561:Dragonslayer
18456:Skin-walkers
18304:The Inklings
18297:Harry Potter
18296:
18151:
18133:
18126:
18119:
18112:
18105:
18098:
18091:
18029:
17850:Magical girl
17825:High fantasy
17820:Hard fantasy
17786:Dark fantasy
17764:Contemporary
16935:Anglo-Saxons
16925:Adrabaecampi
16908:Bucinobantes
16650:Architecture
16025:Thai and Lao
15702:Scandinavian
15334:1829 braille
15326:Braille cell
15126:Cypro-Minoan
14992:Pahawh Hmong
14905:Sitelen Pona
14869:Hindu-Arabic
14202:Mundari Bani
13776:Pahawh Hmong
13585:Tamil-Brahmi
13491:Eveyla Akuru
13486:Dhives Akuru
12953:Paleo-Hebrew
12820:
12756:undeciphered
12661:Pseudo-runes
12607:
12598:
12589:
12580:
12571:
12562:
12553:
12544:
12535:
12526:
12517:
12508:
12499:
12490:
12481:
12472:
12463:
12454:
12445:
12436:
12427:
12418:
12409:
12400:
12391:
12382:
12247:(incomplete)
12245:Alphabetical
12244:
12206:
12197:
12188:
12179:
12170:
12161:
12152:
12143:
12134:
12125:
12116:
12107:
12098:
12089:
12080:
12071:
12062:
12053:
12044:
12035:
12026:
12017:
12008:
11999:
11990:
11981:
11972:
11963:
11954:
11945:
11936:
11927:
11918:
11909:
11900:
11891:
11571:amalgamation
11569:Alphabetical
11568:
11557:
11467:
11457:
11440:
11419:
11402:
11391:
11303:
11293:
11278:
11265:
11256:
11241:
11226:
11215:
11206:
11189:
11174:
11165:
11152:
11143:
11007:
10997:
10982:
10973:
10962:
10953:
10942:
10927:
10912:
10903:
10890:
10871:
10862:
10853:
10844:
10831:
10822:
10669:
10632:
10619:
10610:
10583:
10574:
10553:
10540:
10527:
10518:
10410:
10396:
10381:
10372:
10361:
10352:
10337:
10318:
10303:
10294:
10285:
10270:
10261:
10244:
10235:
10218:
10209:
10056:
10038:Stung Fuþark
10019:
10004:
9995:
9980:
9967:
9952:
9933:
9914:
9905:
9896:
9873:
9864:
9843:
9830:
9801:
9788:
9633:
9483:
9434:
9423:
9414:
9405:
9396:
9387:
9378:
9369:
9356:
9347:
9328:
9319:
9310:
9301:
9292:
9279:
9270:
9261:
9250:
9241:
9232:
9217:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9179:
9168:
9147:
9126:
9117:
9100:
9087:
9074:
9061:
8772:
8735:
8724:
8715:
8706:
8687:
8678:
8669:
8660:
8651:
8638:
8629:
8620:
8609:
8600:
8591:
8576:
8565:
8556:
8547:
8538:
8527:
8506:
8485:
8476:
8459:
8446:
8433:
8420:
8173:
8128:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8088:
8075:
8066:
8057:
8046:
8033:
8024:
8011:
8000:
7991:
7982:
7973:
7958:
7949:
7940:
7931:
7918:
7905:
7892:
7879:
7666:
7575:
7533:
7518:
7495:
7471:
7457:
7432:
7428:
7417:. Retrieved
7401:
7391:
7385:(in German).
7382:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7326:
7285:
7281:
7272:
7249:
7225:
7201:
7192:
7188:
7179:
7175:
7164:. Retrieved
7140:
7130:
7115:. Retrieved
7105:
7085:
7062:
7051:. Retrieved
7025:
7012:
7009:Moltke, Erik
6989:
6970:
6961:
6942:
6918:
6906:alysendlecan
6905:
6882:(1): 19–36.
6879:
6875:
6863:. Retrieved
6858:
6833:
6821:
6814:Lysiane 2018
6809:
6798:. Retrieved
6783:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6749:
6715:
6703:. Retrieved
6694:
6684:
6679:, p. 7.
6672:
6660:
6648:
6638:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6599:
6587:
6560:
6549:
6542:
6531:
6524:
6513:. Retrieved
6494:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6440:. Retrieved
6431:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6383:
6376:
6364:
6356:the original
6350:
6331:
6292:
6280:
6268:
6256:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6203:. Retrieved
6183:
6176:
6164:
6156:the original
6150:
6144:
6132:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6085:. Retrieved
6081:the original
6071:
6062:
6053:
6041:
6029:
5995:
5986:
5967:
5945:
5941:
5910:
5874:
5868:
5857:, retrieved
5841:
5835:
5822:
5803:
5798:inscription.
5787:
5708:
5699:in southern
5673:
5605:
5588:
5580:
5573:
5195:
5140:
5117:
5110:
5084:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5022:
5016:
5012:Harry Potter
5010:
4988:
4978:
4971:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4919:
4885:
4854:
4845:SS-Ehrenring
4838:
4808:
4782:
4780:
4770:
4686:
4644:
4604:
4596:
4582:
4566:Codex Regius
4565:
4561:
4560:, where the
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4515:
4508:Begriffsrune
4507:
4446:
4404:Inscription
4395:
4391:
4390:Examples of
4389:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4369:Begriffsrune
4368:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4318:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4257:
4204:
4195:Sigurd stone
4155:
4146:
4126:
4124:
4073:
3954:
3938:Vienna Codex
3921:
3917:
3915:
3005:
2997:Kylver Stone
2986:
2980:
2927:Olaus Magnus
2868:
2848:
2833:
2825:
2812:long nights,
2806:
2791:
2773:
2755:
2738:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2618:
2611:
2599:
2584:
2575:
2560:Please help
2548:
2511:Medieval use
2505:
2501:
2472:Vita Ansgari
2468:
2438:Södermanland
2417:
2411:Vita Ansgari
2373:
2323:
2312:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2274:
2263:
2245:
2228:
2208:
2169:
2106:
2098:Kylver Stone
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2057:
2024:
2015:
2000:Please help
1988:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1916:Scandinavian
1897:
1884:
1871:
1869:
1847:: But since
1835:Negau helmet
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1773:Kylver Stone
1770:
1746:
1731:
1708:
1679:cipher runes
1650:, Old Norse
1638:
1634:
1622:
1604:riimukirjain
1590:
1543:, Old Norse
1531:𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌻𐍉
1520:
1464:
1419:
1320:Middle Irish
1274:Middle Welsh
1255:Proto-Celtic
1252:
1248:Noleby stone
1244:Einang stone
1208:Middle Dutch
1157:
1146:Einang stone
1114:
1087:
1085:1500–1800).
1062:
1054:
1034:
1016:
981:
963:
950:
944:
904:
900:
870:
858:
856:
832:Neo-Tifinagh
828:4th century
822:10th c. BCE
701:19th century
633:6th century
605:4th century
572:
527:7th century
511:Dhives Akuru
501:4th century
490:
460:10th c. BCE
458:Paleo-Hebrew
454:12th c. BCE
404:12th c. BCE
373:19th c. BCE
366:
344:
339:32nd c. BCE
332:
316:
281:
257:and ⟨
239:
18972:Epic poetry
18833:Leprechauns
18748:Thaumaturgy
18723:Incantation
18676:Magic sword
18234:Méliès d'Or
18135:Weird Tales
17888:Dying Earth
17867:Mythopoeia
17845:Low fantasy
17810:Fantastique
17375:Nahanarvali
17298:Hilleviones
17211:Frisiavones
17079:Cananefates
17069:Burgundians
16980:Banochaemae
16830:Anglo-Saxon
16781:Anglo-Saxon
16747:Anglo-Saxon
16730:Anglo-Saxon
16713:Anglo-Saxon
16524:RoboBraille
16348:Róża Czacka
16288:Perforation
16085:Independent
15983:(Bhutanese)
15718:Greenlandic
15389:Azerbaijani
15191:Jindai moji
15080:Syllabaries
15051:SignWriting
14951:Celtiberian
14853:Hieroglyphs
14656:Seal script
14641:Traditional
14513:Blissymbols
14418:Warang Citi
14393:Tolong Siki
14346:Marcomannic
14326:Dalecarlian
14316:Anglo-Saxon
14296:Pau Cin Hau
14187:Medefaidrin
14140:Merovingian
14100:Blackletter
14008:Asomtavruli
13801:Warang Citi
13610:Ulu scripts
13555:New Tai Lue
13498:Mon–Burmese
13352:Bhattiprolu
13180:Nandinagari
13007:ʾEsṭrangēlā
12766:constructed
12651:Runic magic
9485:Long-Branch
6838:Hakala 2020
6720:Symons 2016
6677:Werner 2004
6665:Werner 2004
6348:"Hávamál",
6285:Syrett 1994
6227:: 114–144.
6169:Markey 2001
5645:Runic magic
5136:unification
4715:Esotericism
4697:Gothicismus
4635:Vimose Comb
4589:kabbalistic
4497:Proto-Norse
4490:500–700 AD
4478:Odal (rune)
4471:Odal (rune)
4459:250–400 AD
4438:Proto-Norse
4381:Klaus Düwel
4211:Proto-Norse
4119:Marcomannic
4092:manuscripts
3942:Cotton Otho
3011:reconstruct
2993:clan, group
2983:Proto-Norse
2840:opandi nam,
2715:Poetic Edda
2697:that reads
2652:Runic staff
2640:Hans Sloane
2528:Scanian Law
2283:Proto-Norse
2201:located in
2156:Runic magic
2136: [
1920:Proto-Norse
1735:labiovelars
1424:rūna-stabaz
1190:Old English
1061:); and the
959:Old English
941:Anglo-Saxon
759:3rd century
753:3rd century
739:4th century
733:2nd century
689:7th c. BCE
683:8th c. BCE
677:8th c. BCE
669:2nd century
627:2nd c. BCE
621:2nd c. BCE
599:2nd c. BCE
585:4th century
579:3rd c. BCE
559:3rd c. BCE
513:6th century
507:4th century
486:3rd c. BCE
474:8th c. BCE
436: 1601
385:9th c. BCE
379:15th c. BCE
351:7th c. BCE
286:characters.
71:Time period
60:Script type
19088:Categories
19033:Tokusatsu
18982:Fairy tale
18925:Dreamworld
18823:Hobgoblins
18758:Witchcraft
18728:Necromancy
18708:Divination
18703:Demonology
18666:Magic ring
18656:Magic item
18639:Ceremonial
18528:Characters
18449:Werewolves
18387:Elementals
18291:Filk music
18239:Mythopoeic
18074:Publishers
18000:Literature
17960:television
17932:Weird West
17872:Omegaverse
17742:Lost world
17713:Literature
17594:Vinoviloth
17382:Marcomanni
17365:Helveconae
17343:Heaðobards
17313:Istvaeones
17303:Ingaevones
17288:Hermunduri
17256:Ostrogoths
17246:Greuthungi
17124:Chattuarii
16950:Angrivarii
16945:Ampsivarii
16913:Lentienses
16742:Literature
16632:Viking Age
16076:(obsolete)
16057:(obsolete)
15849:(Pakistan)
15760:Belarusian
15642:Vietnamese
15585:Portuguese
15571:Philippine
15528:Lithuanian
15181:Hentaigana
15176:Man'yōgana
14636:Simplified
14523:Ersu Shaba
14437:Non-linear
14242:Old Uyghur
14232:Old Permic
14227:Old Italic
14160:Visigothic
14095:Beneventan
14030:Glagolitic
13993:Gadabuursi
13657:Kolezhuthu
13652:Vatteluttu
13590:Tanchangya
13513:Saurashtra
13090:Devanagari
12948:Phoenician
12901:Manichaean
12646:Runestones
12641:Rune Poems
9635:Short-Twig
8775:Variations
8773:Normalized
8176:Variations
8174:Normalized
7669:Variations
7667:Normalized
7435:: 211–18.
7419:2006-06-21
7284:(review).
7166:2020-09-12
7117:2006-02-06
7053:2021-12-07
6962:Runenkunde
6800:2018-05-22
6738:Düwel 2004
6547:"Vg 119",
6515:2018-05-22
6442:2023-01-18
6381:"DR 360",
6205:2015-06-22
6087:2010-04-13
5859:2018-03-24
5815:References
5738:, and the
5130:, and the
5081:Metagaming
5056:God of War
5005:, like in
4980:The Hobbit
4966:See also:
4956:Viking Age
4873:Ralph Blum
4787:branch of
4677:Modern use
4667:bracteates
4647:Viking Age
4361:ideographs
4219:Viking Age
4151:Marcomanni
3514:"yew-tree"
3040:unattested
3019:rune poems
3003:, Sweden.
2728:reginkunnr
2684:reginkunnr
2614:runestones
2607:diphthongs
2578:March 2017
2442:, goes to
2271:divination
2164:Bracteate
1872:horizontal
1851:conquered
1685:, and the
1643:Late Latin
1613:Lithuanian
1519:-secret').
1512:halja-rūnō
1448:rúna-stafr
1396:'ask' and
1337:sacro-runa
1250:(AD 450).
973:runestones
891:ideographs
844:7th c. BCE
810:Old Permic
805: 940
793:Glagolitic
788: 430
775: 420
747:5th c. BCE
650:Old Uyghur
643: 650
631:Old Turkic
593:2nd c. BCE
539:Devanagari
480:3rd c. BCE
466:6th c. BCE
452:Phoenician
402:Phoenician
357:3rd c. BCE
146:(possibly)
144:Old Italic
134:Phoenician
19104:Alphabets
19028:Superhero
19013:Mythology
18910:Lost city
18818:Halflings
18738:Shamanism
18733:Runecraft
18718:Evocation
18576:Magicians
18551:Dark lord
18536:Barbarian
18496:Skeletons
18419:Gargoyles
18397:Familiars
18357:Creatures
18093:Fantastic
18084:Magazines
17927:New weird
17732:Subgenres
17589:Vidivarii
17584:Victohali
17574:Vangiones
17507:Thuringii
17412:Nuithones
17308:Irminones
17271:Visigoths
17261:Thervingi
17221:Gambrivii
17174:Dulgubnii
17169:Dauciones
17119:Chasuarii
17059:Brondings
16985:Bastarnae
16975:Baiuvarii
16955:Armalausi
16918:Raetovari
16852:Languages
16820:Symbology
16680:Folklore
16675:Festivals
16492:Vibratese
16471:Moon type
16464:Decapoint
16145:Eight-dot
16098:Cantonese
16047:Reordered
16010:Inuktitut
15899:Malayalam
15809:Ukrainian
15788:Mongolian
15767:Bulgarian
15730:Norwegian
15695:Icelandic
15486:Hungarian
15444:Esperanto
15396:Cantonese
14980:Redundant
14792:Anatolian
14743:Cuneiform
14671:bird-worm
14607:Logograms
14578:Testerian
14492:Ideograms
14469:Moon type
14356:Staveless
14247:Mongolian
14192:Molodtsov
14150:Sütterlin
14018:Mkhedruli
13884:Bassa Vah
13834:Alphabets
13806:Mwangwego
13771:Mwangwego
13746:Kharosthi
13699:Blackfoot
13662:Malayanma
13533:Sundanese
13528:Sukhothai
13476:Malayalam
13427:Khom Thai
13387:Goykanadi
13311:Tocharian
13264:ʼPhags-pa
13135:Khudabadi
13080:Bhaiksuki
12975:Samaritan
12906:Nabataean
12761:inventors
11468:4th types
11304:3rd types
11008:2nd types
10670:1st types
7552:165773006
7310:0097-8507
7302:1535-0665
7230:. Brill.
7182:: 69–172.
6826:Northgard
6592:Page 2005
6529:"Vg 63",
6411:Page 2005
6113:Mees 2000
6046:Orel 2003
6034:Orel 2003
5944:, n. and
5940:, s.v. †
5923:Koch 2020
5919:Orel 2003
5903:Koch 2020
5744:Rhineland
5732:Vangiones
5665:Footnotes
5050:Northgard
4977:'s novel
4952:Bluetooth
4950:'s name (
4922:Bluetooth
4911:Bluetooth
4902:Bluetooth
4789:Ariosophy
4763:sig runes
4657:found in
4609:philology
4605:runstenar
4597:Atlantica
4413:Language
4330:Elfdalian
4264:voiceless
4215:Old Norse
4139:Alemannia
4086:gar, and
3936:, in the
3823:"the god
3680:*berkanan
3648:"the god
3173:?*þurisaz
3013:names in
2973:found on
2901:(slave),
2774:The poem
2680:Old Norse
2549:does not
2496:blótspánn
2490:hlautlein
2463:blótspánn
2281:warns in
2109:Schleswig
2104:400 AD).
2064:bindrunes
1989:does not
1705:in Sweden
1693:in Sweden
1581:Lombardic
1505:hugi-rūnō
1491:ga-rūnjan
1352:runo-ātis
1303:com-rūnos
1265:Old Irish
1226:Old Norse
1199:Old Saxon
1136:Etymology
1125:expansion
1110:epigraphy
1106:Old Latin
869:known as
867:alphabets
705:Blackfoot
655:Mongolian
597:Nabataean
591:Palmyrene
531:ʼPhags-pa
478:Kharosthi
464:Samaritan
191:ISO 15924
185:ISO 15924
102:Languages
83:Direction
19099:Runology
19073:Category
18967:Allegory
18843:Mermaids
18813:Gremlins
18778:Centaurs
18713:Egregore
18694:Schools
18661:Grimoire
18621:Elements
18593:Wild man
18513:Unicorns
18501:Vampires
18444:Werecats
18286:Fanspeak
18194:Crawford
18164:Podcasts
17877:Romantic
17860:Mythpunk
17791:Grimdark
17779:Bangsian
17655:Category
17562:Hasdingi
17547:Usipetes
17527:Tubantes
17512:Toxandri
17492:Tencteri
17467:Suarines
17452:Sicambri
17447:Semnones
17427:Reudigni
17397:Mattiaci
17387:Marsacii
17338:Lombards
17328:Lacringi
17323:Juthungi
17154:Corconti
17139:Cherusci
17114:Charudes
17094:Chaedini
17064:Bructeri
17049:Bateinoi
17020:Eburones
17015:Condrusi
17010:Caeroesi
17005:Atuatuci
16940:Ambrones
16903:Brisgavi
16898:Alemanni
16776:Paganism
16665:Clothing
16660:Calendar
16607:Germania
16128:Japanese
15989:Georgian
15981:Dzongkha
15967:Armenian
15885:Gujarati
15750:Cyrillic
15681:Estonian
15656:Yugoslav
15592:Romanian
15564:Nigerian
15479:Hawaiian
15465:Ghanaian
15382:Albanian
15243:Sumerian
15208:Linear B
15171:Katakana
15166:Hiragana
15116:Cherokee
15046:ASLwrite
15007:Bopomofo
14862:Numerals
14848:Hieratic
14807:Isthmian
14776:Sumerian
14756:Assyrian
14751:Akkadian
14408:Vithkuqi
14383:Tifinagh
14351:Medieval
14306:Pisidian
14301:Phrygian
14272:Vagindra
14217:Ol Chiki
14125:Interlac
14080:Kayah Li
14070:Jenticha
14025:Veso Bey
14013:Nuskhuri
14003:Georgian
13973:Formosan
13968:Etruscan
13963:Enochian
13919:Cyrillic
13904:Coelbren
13862:Armenian
13761:Meroitic
13751:Mandombe
13741:Jenticha
13605:Tigalari
13570:Tai Viet
13565:Tai Tham
13545:Tagbanwa
13397:Javanese
13347:Baybayin
13337:Balinese
13325:Southern
13220:Pracalit
13215:Pachumol
13190:Bhujimol
13150:Mahajani
13110:Gurmukhi
13100:Gujarati
13068:Northern
13048:Abugidas
13029:Ugaritic
13017:Maḏnḥāyā
12891:Tifinagh
12884:Solitreo
12822:Numerals
12735:Grapheme
12723:Overview
12626:See also
7625:Runology
7511:(1911).
7481:citation
7410:Archived
7282:Language
7248:(2005).
7222:(2003).
7195:: 33–82.
7160:Archived
7111:Archived
7044:Archived
7023:(2020).
7011:(1942).
6941:(1962).
6923:Archived
6911:Archived
6876:Language
6705:July 22,
6699:Archived
6436:Archived
6426:(1942).
6199:Archived
5994:(2003).
5966:(2009).
5850:archived
5779:laguþewa
5736:Nidensis
5600:See also
5175:Belgthor
5173:, Runic
5167:Tvimadur
5165:, Runic
5065:Heimdall
4875:(1982),
4803:author,
4801:völkisch
4797:Austrian
4784:Armanist
4771:völkisch
4579:Runology
4078:cweorð,
3720:"horse"
3509:*ī(h)waz
3378:*hagalaz
3277:?*kaunan
3075:Meaning
2889:Heimdall
2873:Rígsþula
2446:for the
2430:, where
2421:Germania
2387:Germania
2364:luwatuwa
2358:salusalu
2304:—
2205:, Sweden
2203:Blekinge
2189:, Sweden
2187:Blekinge
1953:Germania
1937:Germania
1865:Germanic
1840:Harigast
1741:and the
1611:, where
1585:Goderūna
1536:Frankish
1473:include
1460:rūn-stab
1454:rún-stæf
1429:compound
1373:'roar',
1361:Sanskrit
1357:cognates
1342:Lepontic
1315:queffrin
1296:Cobrunus
1215:('id'),
1185:𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰
1102:Etruscan
1065:stavlösa
965:Runology
931:⟩, and ⟨
826:Tifinagh
799:Cyrillic
782:Georgian
763:Armenian
681:Etruscan
377:Ugaritic
355:Meroitic
334:Hieratic
255:/ /
251:Help:IPA
19063:Outline
18960:Related
18838:Merfolk
18828:Kobolds
18808:Goblins
18793:Treants
18783:Dwarves
18753:Theurgy
18698:Alchemy
18630:neutral
18598:Witches
18541:Caveman
18506:Zombies
18491:Mummies
18461:Spirits
18412:Dragons
18407:Chimera
18392:Faeries
18209:Gemmell
18204:Gandalf
18159:Féeries
18128:Unknown
18008:Authors
17983:S&S
17723:Sources
17708:History
17579:Varisci
17567:Silingi
17557:Vandals
17532:Tulingi
17522:Triboci
17517:Treveri
17497:Teutons
17487:Taifals
17462:Sitones
17402:Nemetes
17360:Helisii
17333:Lemovii
17251:Gutones
17184:Firaesi
17179:Favonae
17159:Cugerni
17149:Cobandi
17104:Chamavi
17099:Chaemae
17089:Casuari
17084:Caritni
17054:Betasii
17025:Paemani
16960:Auiones
16825:Warfare
16803:Scripts
16771:Numbers
16595:History
16033:Tibetan
15974:Burmese
15960:Amharic
15943:(India)
15920:Sinhala
15913:Punjabi
15892:Kannada
15840:Persian
15795:Russian
15735:Swedish
15713:Finnish
15688:Faroese
15663:Zambian
15635:Turkish
15620:Spanish
15543:Maltese
15521:Latvian
15514:Italian
15493:Iñupiaq
15472:Guarani
15432:English
15403:Catalan
15320:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
15315:Braille
15198:Kikakui
15136:Eskayan
15121:Cypriot
14971:Dunging
14843:Demotic
14822:Tenevil
14766:Hittite
14761:Elamite
14714:Jurchen
14693:Sawndip
14688:Chữ Nôm
14588:Zapotec
14583:Yerkish
14558:Nsibidi
14543:Miꞌkmaw
14533:Isotype
14503:Adinkra
14444:Braille
14428:Zaghawa
14398:Vellara
14378:Sunuwar
14368:Sidetic
14363:Shavian
14291:Osmanya
14281:Ol Onal
14135:Kurrent
14120:Insular
14110:Fraktur
14085:Klingon
14075:Kaddare
14049:Archaic
13958:Elbasan
13946:Chinook
13936:Deseret
13924:Bosnian
13879:Avoiuli
13867:Avestan
13857:Ariyaka
13786:Tengwar
13684:Bharati
13645:Serawai
13635:Pasemah
13620:Lampung
13575:Lai Tay
13560:Tai Noi
13523:Sinhala
13503:Pallava
13471:Makasar
13459:Lontara
13434:Kulitan
13407:Kannada
13402:Kadamba
13392:Hanunoo
13382:Grantha
13377:Fakkham
13294:Tibetan
13279:Soyombo
13274:Siddhaṃ
13269:Sharada
13245:Litumol
13235:Tirhuta
13225:Ranjana
13210:Kvemmol
13170:Multani
13155:Marchen
13120:Kalinga
13060:Brahmic
12997:Sogdian
12936:Psalter
12916:Pahlavi
12896:Mandaic
12874:Cursive
12859:Elymaic
12830:Aramaic
12233:20th c.
12229:16th c.
10659:16th c.
10655:13th c.
10057:Regular
10046:13th c.
10042:11th c.
9473:11th c.
8762:12th c.
7635:Rundata
7564:at the
6847:Sources
6550:Rundata
6532:Rundata
6384:Rundata
5715:wagnija
5701:Jutland
5687:Denmark
5527:U+16Fx
5474:U+16Ex
5421:U+16Dx
5368:U+16Cx
5315:U+16Bx
5262:U+16Ax
5113:Unicode
5093:Unicode
4999:Khuzdul
4985:Dwarves
4943:bjarkan
4857:New Age
4773:author
4748:England
4744:Parkend
4705:Fantasy
4568:: 5–14)
4558:Hávamál
4410:Script
4326:Swedish
4321:Dalarna
4143:Bavaria
4047:œthel,
4027:beorc,
4019:sigel,
4011:peorð,
3930:England
3918:futhorc
3819:*ingwaz
3748:*mannaz
3612:*sōwilō
3575:?*algiz
3543:?*perþ-
3417:"need"
3413:*naudiz
3313:"gift"
3183:Thunraz
3168:/θ/,/ð/
3141:aurochs
3098:/ɸ/,/f/
3034:called
3001:Gotland
2975:Jutland
2777:Hávamál
2721:Hávamál
2664:Estonia
2570:removed
2555:sources
2444:Uppsala
2432:Granmar
2405:Rimbert
2381:Tacitus
2267:magical
2213:Hávamál
2166:DR BR42
2129:Meldorf
2121:Jutland
2117:Zealand
2010:removed
1995:sources
1908:Jutland
1885:written
1861:Venetic
1845:Venetic
1792:Bolzano
1777:futhark
1761:Origins
1593:Finnish
1540:Rúnfrid
1404:ἐρευνάω
1399:ereunáō
1349:(< *
1346:Runatis
1330:Sacruna
1292:Gaulish
1098:Venetic
1059:Denmark
1010:and on
1008:Dalarna
984:Tacitus
946:futhorc
905:futhark
887:phoneme
717:Saanich
693:Deseret
667:Mandaic
625:Sogdian
583:Avestan
574:Pahlavi
525:Tibetan
499:Pallava
492:Brahmic
472:Aramaic
346:Demotic
243:in the
207:Unicode
18932:Castle
18893:Worlds
18888:Quests
18870:Trolls
18848:Mermen
18803:Gnomes
18798:Giants
18571:Heroes
18486:Liches
18481:Ghosts
18471:Undead
18434:Nymphs
18380:Ghouls
18375:Devils
18370:Demons
18365:Angels
18348:Tropes
18299:fandom
18269:Fandom
18249:Saturn
18244:Nebula
18199:Dragon
18184:Balrog
18177:Awards
18018:Comics
17900:Shenmo
17855:Mythic
17840:LitRPG
17835:Isekai
17774:Comedy
17752:Wuxia
17599:Warini
17552:Vagoth
17537:Tungri
17502:Thelir
17482:Swedes
17477:Sunici
17442:Saxons
17437:Rugini
17370:Manimi
17355:Diduni
17293:Heruli
17231:Gepids
17216:Frisii
17194:Franks
17144:Cimbri
17134:Chauci
17129:Chatti
17042:Nervii
17037:Morini
16995:Belgae
16990:Batavi
16965:Avarpi
16930:Angles
16890:Groups
16840:Viking
16786:Gothic
16764:Gothic
16670:Family
16453:Other
16326:People
16316:Braigo
16135:Korean
16003:Hebrew
15934:Telugu
15833:Arabic
15823:Arabic
15781:Kyrgyz
15774:Kazakh
15708:Danish
15606:Slovak
15599:Samoan
15578:Polish
15557:Navajo
15458:German
15451:French
15318:
15263:Yugtun
15253:Woleai
15203:Kpelle
15186:Sōgana
15106:Byblos
14884:Muisca
14802:Cretan
14771:Luwian
14729:Tangut
14548:Mixtec
14518:Dongba
14423:Yezidi
14413:Wancho
14388:Todhri
14341:Gothic
14321:Cipher
14262:Manchu
14252:Evenki
14237:Orkhon
14182:Manchu
14177:Lydian
14172:Lycian
14115:Gaelic
14065:Hanifi
14060:Hangul
14035:Gothic
13983:Fraser
13978:Fox II
13914:Coptic
13889:Carian
13872:Pazend
13845:Linear
13791:Thaana
13736:Sarati
13677:Others
13640:Rejang
13625:Lembak
13615:Incung
13595:Telugu
13550:Tai Le
13444:Langdi
13367:Chakma
13257:Karani
13230:Tamyig
13205:Kummol
13200:Himmol
13195:Golmol
13175:Nagari
13160:Meitei
13145:Lepcha
13130:Khojki
13115:Kaithi
13002:Syriac
12990:Musnad
12869:Ashuri
12864:Hebrew
12847:Elifba
12842:Arabic
12835:Hatran
12810:Abjads
9469:8th c.
8913:
8840:
8758:8th c.
8403:
8379:
8314:
8241:
8163:9th c.
8159:5th c.
7656:9th c.
7550:
7536:(47),
7370:
7333:
7318:416753
7316:
7308:
7300:
7256:
7234:
7208:
7152:
7092:
7073:
7036:
6996:
6977:
6949:
6896:411849
6894:
6865:14 May
6791:
6607:, see
6506:
6191:
6002:
5974:
5948:, n.2.
5881:
5767:-inio-
5761:-inius
5734:, the
5727:harija
5724:, and
5721:niþijo
5679:Vimose
5607:Bautil
5209:
5204:(PDF)
5159:Arlaug
5126:, the
5077:series
5075:Ultima
4934:hagall
4732:, and
4699:) and
4659:Bergen
4466:Gothic
4419:Notes
4289:Bergen
4279:, and
4268:voiced
4199:Sigurd
4082:calc,
4039:lagu,
4035:mann,
4015:eolh,
3991:hægl,
3987:ƿynn,
3983:gyfu,
3967:þorn,
3959:feoh,
3926:Frisia
3922:fuþorc
3882:/o(ː)/
3859:"day"
3855:*dagaz
3825:Ingwaz
3780:*laguz
3752:"man"
3716:*ehwaz
3711:/e(ː)/
3644:*tīwaz
3616:"sun"
3500:ï (æ)
3477:*jēra-
3449:"ice"
3440:/i(ː)/
3383:"hail"
3345:"joy"
3341:*wunjō
3268:k (c)
3245:*raidō
3217:"god"
3213:*ansuz
3208:/a(ː)/
3179:Jötunn
3135:?*ūruz
3130:/u(ː)/
3060:Trans.
3027:letter
2897:Thrall
2625:Bergen
2524:vellum
2403:, and
2339:laukaʀ
2125:Scania
2078:, and
1853:Veneto
1849:Romans
1783:rune.
1749:; see
1725:, and
1681:, the
1658:Danish
1656:, and
1617:runoti
1579:, and
1576:Ælfrún
1564:Sigrún
1558:Guðrún
1552:Dagrún
1546:Alfrún
1525:Runilo
1484:rūnjan
1442:stabaz
1333:(<
1324:comrún
1309:cyfrin
1299:(<
1175:Gothic
1121:Gothic
1094:Raetic
1047:Frisia
1045:, and
1043:Sweden
1039:Norway
1035:Danish
1004:Sweden
953:fuþorc
901:fuþark
863:letter
757:Gothic
751:Coptic
745:Lycian
711:Fraser
619:Syriac
603:Arabic
557:Hebrew
484:Brahmi
430:Thaana
424:Hangul
259:
90:
19094:Runes
19038:Kaiju
19008:Mecha
18977:Fable
18855:Ogres
18788:Elves
18683:Runes
18634:light
18556:Donor
18518:Yōkai
18476:Death
18229:Locus
18145:Other
18107:Locus
17973:Films
17968:Anime
17948:Media
17718:Magic
17472:Suebi
17457:Sciri
17432:Rugii
17422:Quadi
17407:Njars
17392:Marsi
17350:Lugii
17318:Jutes
17283:Harii
17278:Gutes
17236:Goths
17226:Geats
17164:Danes
17109:Chali
17030:Segni
16970:Baemi
16813:Runes
16798:Rings
16791:Norse
16759:Names
16752:Norse
16735:Norse
16718:Norse
16169:(GS8)
16160:Kanji
16018:Khmer
15996:Greek
15927:Tamil
15860:i.e.
15821:i.e.
15802:Tatar
15748:i.e.
15649:Welsh
15550:Māori
15507:Irish
15425:Dutch
15418:Czech
15228:Nüshu
15096:Bamum
15091:Afaka
14898:Other
14889:Roman
14874:Abjad
14797:Bagam
14698:Bowen
14683:Kanji
14678:Hanja
14666:small
14661:large
14568:Olmec
14538:Kaidā
14528:Emoji
14508:Aztec
14311:Runic
14286:Osage
14267:Oirat
14212:Ogham
14145:Sigla
14090:Latin
14045:Greek
13929:Early
13899:Cirth
13852:Adlam
13721:Geʽez
13716:Fox I
13580:Tamil
13439:Lanna
13422:Khmer
13412:Karen
13362:Buhid
13342:Batak
13299:Uchen
13289:Takri
13240:Limbu
13140:Laṇḍā
13125:Khema
13105:Gupta
13095:Dogri
13012:Serṭā
12985:Zabur
12970:Punic
12943:Pegon
12879:Rashi
12793:Types
12744:Lists
12708:Types
12227:(ca.
10653:(ca.
10411:Stung
10040:(ca.
9467:(ca.
8756:(ca.
8157:(ca.
7650:(ca.
7614:Runes
7548:S2CID
7465:: UIO
7413:(PDF)
7406:(PDF)
7314:JSTOR
7298:eISSN
7250:Runes
7047:(PDF)
7030:(PDF)
6892:JSTOR
6744:: 17.
6637:[
5853:(PDF)
5846:(PDF)
5842:Runic
5740:Harii
5692:harja
5683:Funen
5634:Ogham
5574:Notes
5197:Runic
5044:Jøtun
4995:Cirth
4825:" by
4639:Funen
4554:peorð
4502:Jēran
4416:Rune
4407:Date
4193:is a
4121:runes
4071:ear.
4067:ior,
4059:æsc,
4051:dæg,
4043:ing,
4023:tir,
4007:eoh,
4003:ger,
3995:nyd,
3979:cen,
3975:rad,
3944:B.x (
3940:, in
3686:birch
3650:Tiwaz
3445:*īsaz
3309:*gebō
3103:*fehu
3072:name
3051:Rune
3036:Ansuz
2905:Churl
2717:poem
2690:from
2658:, or
2629:Latin
2485:Birka
2481:Birka
2376:Norse
2140:]
2113:Funen
1929:koine
1910:(the
1898:The "
1753:peorð
1595:word
1570:Ǫlrún
1510:*
1503:*
1498:raunō
1496:*
1489:*
1482:*
1477:runōn
1475:*
1468:*
1440:*
1433:*
1422:*
1379:rūmor
1375:Latin
1365:ráuti
1335:*
1301:*
1258:*
1168:*
1162:form
1104:, or
949:, or
903:, or
861:is a
737:Ogham
731:Runic
723:Osage
687:Latin
675:Greek
517:Khmer
441:Adlam
411:below
389:Geʽez
323:32nd
284:runic
247:(IPA)
218:Runic
199:(211)
149:Runic
44:ᚱᚢᚾᛁᚲ
40:Runic
18905:Maps
18898:list
18865:Orcs
18688:Wand
18649:Moon
18644:Love
18626:Dark
18586:list
18429:Jinn
18424:Imps
18214:Hugo
18023:list
17958:and
17956:Film
17542:Ubii
17189:Fosi
17074:Buri
15941:Urdu
15906:Odia
15847:Urdu
15223:Loma
15218:Lisu
15161:Kana
15151:Iban
15141:Geba
15101:Bété
15056:si5s
14966:Khom
14939:Full
14812:Maya
14207:N'Ko
13766:Miao
13711:Dham
13630:Ogan
13600:Thai
13518:Shan
13454:Leke
13417:Kawi
13372:Cham
13357:Buda
13332:Ahom
13252:Odia
13165:Modi
12921:Book
7487:link
7368:ISBN
7331:ISBN
7306:ISSN
7254:ISBN
7232:ISBN
7206:ISBN
7150:ISBN
7090:ISBN
7071:ISBN
7034:ISBN
6994:ISBN
6975:ISBN
6947:ISBN
6904:The
6867:2022
6789:ISBN
6707:2015
6605:/ɛː/
6504:ISBN
6189:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5972:ISBN
5946:rune
5942:roun
5879:ISBN
5773:-ijo
5755:-ius
5118:The
5053:and
4937:and
4920:The
4886:The
4633:The
4562:maðr
4550:eþel
4548:and
4546:wynn
4530:maðr
4528:The
4520:and
4177:The
4100:wynn
4098:and
4096:yogh
4063:yr,
4055:ac,
4031:eh,
3999:is,
3971:os,
3963:ur,
3504:/æː/
2913:Jarl
2810:nine
2782:Odin
2656:Prim
2553:any
2551:cite
2522:, a
2450:blót
2361:and
2333:laþu
2327:auja
2287:rune
2275:rune
2219:Odin
2090:and
1993:any
1991:cite
1662:rune
1647:runa
1639:rune
1635:roun
1598:runo
1591:The
1487:and
1470:rūnō
1438:and
1435:rūnō
1427:, a
1393:ἐρέω
1388:eréō
1370:रौति
1260:rūna
1239:rūnō
1221:rūna
1212:rūne
1203:rūna
1179:rūna
1170:rūnō
1131:Name
927:⟩, ⟨
919:⟩, ⟨
915:⟩, ⟨
911:⟩, ⟨
859:rune
834:1970
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