1644:, Ryzhkov differed little from Gorbachev when it came to price reform. There were, however, subtle differences between the two men's views, with Ryzhkov supporting an administratively controlled price increase while Gorbachev, as a radical economist who supported market reform, opposed such measures. As Hough noted, Ryzhkov supported "the need for greater fiscal responsibility", while Gorbachev advocated the need for more rational prices which, according to Hough, would have brought inflation under control. Ryzhkov proposed price reform measures to Gorbachev several times but was turned down on each occasions, even though Gorbachev had argued strongly on the need for price reform in his speeches. Gorbachev strengthened his public image by accusing the Soviet leadership's conservative faction together with Ryzhkov, of delaying implementation of the necessary price reform. Ryzhkov had the backing of several high-standing institutions, such as the
1504:
feelings following the disaster, Ryzhkov persuaded the less sensitive
Gorbachev to forgo use of his limousine in favor of public transport. When Gorbachev left the ASSR, Ryzhkov remained to coordinate the rescue operation and made several television appearances which increased his standing amongst the Soviet leadership and the people in general. With his standing thus boosted, on 19 July 1988, at the Central Committee Plenum, Ryzhkov criticised nearly every one of Gorbachev's policies, further complaining that as Party Secretary he should devote more time to the Party. In the end, Ryzhkov failed in his promise to rebuild Spitak, partly due to the Soviet Union's mounting economic problems, and partly because many of the city's Soviet-era buildings had not been designed with adequate earthquake protection, making their reconstruction more difficult.
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central government apparatus. The 500 Days
Programme did not mention political union with the other Soviet republics, but instead weakened the authority of the central government by establishing a market economy. In other words, they left the question of continuing or dissolving the Soviet Union open. On 17 September, in a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev openly supported the 500 Days Programme, claiming it would not lead to the reestablishment of capitalism, but instead to a mixed economy where private enterprise played an important role.
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1539:(1986–1990). To achieve these goals, the government pumped money into the machine-building sector but as time went by, Gorbachev increasingly diverged from his original stance. He now wanted to increase overall investment in nearly all industrial sectors; a move which Ryzhkov knew was a budgetary impossibility. However, Ryzhkov's economic policies were not much better as he continued to advocate an unreasonable increase in the production of
1593:. Nevertheless, in 1986, Ryzhkov stated that he, along with the rest of the Soviet leadership, were already discussing the possibility of creating a market economy in the Soviet Union. Ryzhkov supported the creation of a "regulated market economy" where the government sector occupied the "commanding heights" of the economy as well as the creation of semi-private-public companies. His second cabinet, several high-standing members of the
1802:
1616:'s and one created by himself in conjunction with the Maslyukov chaired State Planning Committee along with several other government institutions. On 5 July 1989, the State Commission of the Council of Ministers on Economic Reforms was established, which replaced Maslyukov's reform commission. The new commission was chaired by Abalkin, who had also been appointed
1868:, subsequently resigning his seat in the State Duma. He served as Chairman of the Federation Council Commission on Natural Monopolies, as a member of the Committee on Local Self-Governance and as co-chairman of the Russian–Armenian commission on inter-parliamentary cooperation. Ryzhkov resigned as a member of the Federation Council on 25 September 2023.
1755:, weakening the head of government's hold on economic policy. In contrast to Hough's view that Gorbachev had little reason to remove Ryzhkov, Gordon M. Hahn argues that there were good reasons to replace him given that with Ryzhkov's Politburo support much reduced, the reformist opposition saw him as a conservative.
1668:
by
December, which as things turned out, put financial stability at the top of its agenda. Gorbachev disliked Abalkin's report and rejected Ryzhkov's requests that he support it. Ryzhkov was then forced to create an even more conservative reform plan for 1989 in which price reform was to be postponed
1623:
With strong support from
Ryzhkov, Gorbachev abolished the Central Committee economic department, thereby strengthening the authority of central government over economic matters. From then on, the government could not be blamed for economic policies initiated by the Party leadership. The establishment
1738:
Ryzhkov's Plan and the 500 Days
Programme were broadly similar, with both supporting price liberalisation, decentralisation and privatisation. The main difference between the two was Ryzhkov's desire to retain much of the social security system, free education for all and the continuance of a strong
705:
appointed
Ryzhkov head of the Economic Department of the Central Committee where he was responsible for overseeing major planning and financial organs, excluding industry. As head of the department, he reported directly to Mikhail Gorbachev and as head of the Central Committee's Economic Department
1722:
in
Ryzhkov's government also failed, with 199 members in favour of Ryzhkov and his cabinet's resignation, 1,685 against and 99 abstaining. As the result of a propaganda war launched against Ryzhkov by Gorbachev supporters, several leading members of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium urged
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and privatisation was not limited to high-level government officialdom. Several middle and low-ranking officials, who owed their rise in the hierarchy to government-owned enterprises, wanted to retain the existing system. Gorbachev also blamed
Ryzhkov and the Council of Ministers for the economic
1746:
headed by
Valentin Pavlov, Ryzhkov's former Minister of Finance. The law enacting the change was passed on 26 December 1990, but the new structure was not implemented until 14 January 1991 when Pavlov took over as Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. Between Ryzhkov's hospitalisation and Pavlov's
1696:
In August 1990, several leading officials tried to persuade
Gorbachev to force Ryzhkov to resign from his post. Gorbachev did not bow to this pressure, fearing that Ryzhkov's removal would lead to increased activity by many of his pro-republican first secretaries and Politburo members. Ryzhkov's
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between 2–3 May 1986. On Ryzhkov's orders the government evacuated everyone within a 30 kilometres (19 mi) radius of the plant. The 30 km radius was a purely random guess and it was later shown that several areas contaminated with radioactive material were left untouched by government
617:(now Toretsk) in 1929. After graduating in 1959, he worked first in local industry before being moved into government in the 1970s, working his way up through the hierarchy of Soviet industrial ministries. He was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1979. Following
1503:
within two years. A Politburo commission was established to provide guidance for the local ASSR Government with Ryzhkov elected its chairman. The commission then travelled to the ASSR to assess damage caused by the earthquake. During Gorbachev's subsequent visit to the ASSR, and aware of local
1697:
numerous supporters were not concerned about policy issues; they backed him simply because he opposed some of Gorbachev's economic and political reforms. In July 1990, as the Politburo underwent restructuring at the 28th Party Congress, all government officials except Gorbachev and
1994:
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until 1991. When the Abalkin report was proposed at the Central Committee plenum, the majority of delegates indirectly attacked Gorbachev for his indecisiveness when it came to the implementation of price reform. In April 1990, after submitting a draft to the
1939:, 4th class (27 September 2004 – for outstanding contribution to the strengthening of the Russian state and many years of diligent work). A monument in recognition of his significant personal contribution to the reconstruction in Armenia after the 1988
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as "members of the Russian leadership's inner circle." The sanctions freeze any assets he held in the US and banned him from entering the United States. On 17 March 2014, Ryzhkov was added to the European Union sanctions list due to his role in the
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1793:. Running as the Communist Party nominee, Ryzhkov placed second in the election. He received a total of 13,395,335 votes, equal to 16.9% of the total vote. He placed more than forty points behind Boris Yeltsin, who won the election.
1659:
By 1988, Ryzhkov increasingly sided with Leonid Abalkin, one of the few economists who advocated fiscal responsibility. At the 19th Conference of the Central Committee, Abalkin was severely criticised by Gorbachev, and accused of
1837:, the introduction of a planned economy, more state involvement in the economy and the promotion of nationalism and patriotism. In the Second State Duma "Power to the People!" sided with another national-patriotic forces in
1701:, the Deputy General Secretary, were excluded with Ryzhkov losing his Politburo seat by default. Nevertheless, Ryzhkov, along with many others, was elected a member of the Presidential Council. On 19 October 1990, the
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1609:, Ryzhkov proposed postponing the transition to a market economy until 1992, further suggesting that in the period between 1990–1992, recentralisation of government activities would ensure a period of stabilisation.
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support for Ryzhkov's economic reform plan increased. Ryzhkov's economic reform plan was passed by an overwhelming majority, with 1,532 deputies in favour, 419 against and 44 deputies abstaining. The parliamentary
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in income. Nevertheless, the campaign went ahead, losing the Soviet Government millions in revenues. Ryzhkov's opposition to the campaign was strengthened by his belief that both Gorbachev and Ligachev placed
391:
1959:, 5th class, "for his outstanding contribution to the development of Russian–Ukrainian cooperation and on the occasion of his 75th birthday" on 24 September 2004. The Russian President awarded Ryzhkov the
369:
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725:, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was elected Chairman of the newly established Commission on Improvements to the Management System. His title of chairman was largely honorary, with Ryzhkov the
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3798:"Фонд № 717 - Рыжков Николай Иванович (1929 - 2024), генеральный директор производственного объединения «Уралмаш», Председатель Совета Министров СССР, член Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания РФ"
967:
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and several pro-Gorbachev intellectuals. The economic turmoil which hit the Soviet Union in 1990 was blamed on Ryzhkov, even though it was Gorbachev who had delayed Ryzhkov's proposed reform.
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1821:, a liberal politician who strongly supported economic reforms. At the election, he was elected to the State Duma Federal Assembly as an independent candidate. Once elected, he headed the
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1656:. In contrast to Gorbachev, Ryzhkov actually had, according to Hough, a plan for a transition to a market economy. Gorbachev on the other hand was never able to turn words into deeds.
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1988:
1982:
1813:, Ryzhkov defended his own tenure as Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, claiming that Russians were far worse off under capitalism than Soviet communism. Russian TV channel
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1860:(NPSR) and was elected chairman of its Duma faction. The NPSR's formal leaders were Ryzhkov and Zyuganov, who was an unofficial leader. In September 2003, Ryzhkov entered the
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While supporting the transition away from a planned economy, Ryzhkov understood that privatisation would weaken the government's power. As changes occurred, skepticism over
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In December 1990, Ryzhkov suffered a heart attack. During his recovery, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union dissolved the Council of Ministers and replaced it with the
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he met with Andropov once a week. Ryzhkov became convinced that had Andropov lived at least another five years, the Soviet Union would have seen a reform package similar
3681:[Order of the President of the Russian Federation from 03.10.2009 N 640-p; "Awarded by the Honorary President of the Russian Federation to N.I. "] (in Russian).
1118:
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2017:
1969 – for the creation and implementation of complex mechanized welding demonstration in a unique block of welded structures URALMASHZAVOD engineering (with the team)
1907:
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Ryzhkov was an early supporter of the Gorbachev policy calling for an increase in the quantity and quality of goods planned for production during the period of the
664:
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov was born to Russian parents on 28 September 1929, in Dzerzhynsk, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. He graduated from the
2000:
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874:
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3577:[Nikolai Ryzhkov, awarded the Medal of Honor by the Armenian parliament for the development of Armenian-Russian relations] (in Russian). Armenia News
1960:
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In his memoirs, Gorbachev vaguely asserts that a single price increase would be better than several. Things did not improve for Ryzhkov when, at the
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5192:
3438:"Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members Of The Russian Leadership's Inner Circle, And An Entity For Involvement In The Situation In Ukraine"
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bloc, a communist faction with nationalist tendencies. The Power to the People bloc came about through the merger of Ryzhkov's supporters and the
5040:
2020:
1979 – for the creation and implementation of high-slab continuous casting machines for steel curved type complexes of high power (with the team)
1838:
1567:, which restricted the authority of central planners. This would later come into effect and give workers an unrealistically high level of power.
915:
1571:, Chairman of the State Planning Committee, became the scapegoat for the failure of this reform and on the orders of Ryzhkov he was replaced by
3409:
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before practical considerations, and he instead advocated an alternative long-term program rather than one designed to have immediate effect.
1664:". Several conference delegates agreed with Gorbachev, but Ryzhkov's support remained solid. Abalkin was ordered to deliver a report to the
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in December 1995 as an independent, Ryzhkov subsequently led the Power to the People voting bloc, later becoming the formal leader of the
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to become chief engineer, then became between 1970 and 1975 Factory Director of the Uralmash Production Amalgamation. Ryzhkov joined the
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1371:
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1970:
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621:'s resignation as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ryzhkov was voted into office in his place. During his tenure he supported
587:
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243:
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1677:, Ryzhkov's price reform was initiated. However, a short while later it was once more put on hold following severe criticism from
718:'s short rule, both Ryzhkov and Gorbachev elaborated several reform measures, sometimes in the face of opposition from Chernenko.
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2006:
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In 2014, Ryzhkov supported the introduction of Russian troops into Ukraine, and in 2022, he expressed his support for the
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Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime
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acted as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The reorganisation of the government made it subordinate to the
1605:, which espoused a quick transition to a market economy. Matters did not improve when at the second session of the
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648:, who was an unofficial leader. On 17 September 2003, he resigned his seat in the Duma and became a member of the
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683:(CPSU) in 1956. He was transferred to Moscow in 1975 and appointed to the post of First Deputy Minister of the
4076:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR)
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In 1996, Ryzhkov was one of the founders of the CPRF-led alliance of leftists and nationalists known as the
1777:
After recovering from his heart attack in early 1991, Ryzhkov stood as the Communist candidate in the first
5374:
3621:"Russian senator Nikolai Ryzhkov hopes for exclusively constitutional, legal solution of Armenia situation"
2110:
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3574:Николай Рыжков награжден почетной медалью армянского парламента за развитие армяно-российских отношений
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1976:
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762:
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3601:[Nikolai Ryzhkov was awarded the title "National Hero of Armenia"] (in Russian). Armenia News
3410:"Soviet ex-premier Nikolai Ryzhkov, who vainly tried to prevent USSR's economic meltdown, dies at 94"
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1271:
3452:"Executive Order – Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine"
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1948:
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707:
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1995:
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
3910:
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2073:
2012:
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17:
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Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5385:
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5380:
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2495:
2485:
1688:, Gorbachev claimed it would be "absurd" to begin serious economic reform with price increases.
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Ryzhkov and Gorbachev continued their work on economic reform and in 1987, began drafting the
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3333:[Former Prime Minister of the USSR and urogener of Donetschina Mykola Ryzhkov died].
3115:
The Soldier in Russian Politics: Duty, Dictatorship and Democracy under Gorbachev and Yeltsin
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87:
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1991 election. Blue indicates a win by Yeltsin, red a win by Ryzhkov, grey a win by Tuleyev.
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Members of the Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8:
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1944:
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673:
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Members of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5395:
Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3596:
3572:
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by Gorbachev in 1990 weakened the power of the government apparatus; a move Ryzhkov and
574:; 28 September 1929 – 28 February 2024) was a Russian politician. He served as the last
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1947:. In 2008, the Armenian Government awarded Ryzhkov their highest state decoration, the
1861:
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637:
567:
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Perestroika-Era Politics: The New Soviet Legislature and Gorbachev's Political Reforms
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3825:"Рыжков: «Я приехал в Армению после землетрясения на 2 дня, а остался там навсегда»"
2457:
Car Wars: Fifty Years of Greed, Treachery, and Skulduggery in the Global Marketplace
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Ryzkhov died in Moscow on 28 February 2024, at the age of 94. He was buried at the
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in 1981. He was one of several members of the Soviet leadership affiliated to the "
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1915:. He was barred from entering EU countries, and his assets in the EU were frozen.
1789:, a Soviet war veteran who led the Soviet military during the final stages of the
1723:
Ryzhkov to resign so that the Soviet Government could reach a compromise with the
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602:. He was the last surviving premier of the Soviet Union following the death of
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notes that Gorbachev treated Ryzhkov and his reform attempts just as badly as
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was opposed by Ryzhkov, who agreed with the State Planning Committee and the
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3678:О НАГРАЖДЕНИИ ПОЧЕТНОЙ ГРАМОТОЙ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ РЫЖКОВА Н.И.
3172:
Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000
2487:
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
1864:
of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as the representative for
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4192:
3650:[On awarding N.I. Ryzhkov Order Yaroslav the Wise] (in Ukrainian).
3048:
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2042:
The Soviet Union under Gorbachev (Routledge Revivals): Prospects for Reform
1834:
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1786:
1728:
603:
344:
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Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
5460:
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
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Russian individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
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1731:, stopped following Ryzhkov's orders, and Silayev refused to visit the
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633:
145:
42:
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Personal information on the Council of Federation website (in Russian)
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The Long Road to Recovery: Community Responses to Industrial Disaster
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The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995: The Battle for the Duma
1727:. To make matters worse, the Russian Government which was headed by
5146:
5129:
4085:М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. — 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6.
3386:
3055:[Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich]. praviteli.org. Archived from
2393:
Proceedings of the tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
1801:
1602:
1198:
1167:
727:
676:
4014:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
3804:. Центр документации общественных организаций Свердловской области
3331:"Помер колишній прем'єр СРСР та уроженець Донеччини Микола Рижков"
2483:
672:, he started work as a welder, proceeded through the ranks at the
5520:
Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
3454:. The White House – Office of the Press Secretary. 20 March 2014.
879:
688:
610:
465:
50:
5525:
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
5430:
Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
3086:
Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society
3274:
Political Parties in the Regions of Russia: Democracy Unclaimed
1500:
486:
5490:
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class
3516:
3165:
735:, Ryzhkov became a full rather than a candidate member of the
3598:Николаю Рыжкову присвоено звание "Национальный Герой Армении"
3492:"Putin's inner circle: who got in a new list of US sanctions"
2391:
International Association for Earthquake Engineering (1992).
1783:
President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1356:
5505:
People of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
4071:— М.: Алгоритм-Эксмо, 2010. — 544 с. ISBN 978-5-699-40627-2.
2740:
2738:
1524:, one-time Chairman of the Council of Ministers, during the
3380:
Militckaia, Ekaterina; Nefedova, Alena (28 February 2024).
3302:"Экс-премьер СССР Рыжков досрочно ушел из Совета Федерации"
2931:
2704:
1989:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"
1983:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
1551:
that such a drive would deprive from the state billions of
3776:Совет Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации
3743:Совет Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации
3647:Про нагородження М. Рижкова орденом князя Ярослава Мудрого
3547:"EU sanctions list includes Russian commanders, Crimea PM"
3239:
3209:
3147:
3135:
2894:
2685:
1833:. Its policies were left-wing and included revival of the
1589:, a move which fostered resentment for both Gorbachev and
586:
as prime minister. The same year, he lost his seat on the
4723:
26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4493:
27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2750:
2735:
2141:[Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov] (in Russian). Peoples
1594:
731:
head through his position as deputy chairman. Along with
5435:
Members of the Federation Council of Russia (after 2000)
5420:
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
3905:
Russia's Stillborn Democracy?: From Gorbachev to Yeltsin
3857:
The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline
2858:
2798:
5515:
Russian individuals subject to European Union sanctions
5470:
Recipients of the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow
5425:
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
3978:
3671:
3227:
3203:
2954:
3325:
3323:
3031:
3029:
2623:
2604:
2524:
2279:
2216:
3957:
Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991
2723:
2666:
2512:
2267:
2206:
2204:
5440:
Candidates in the 1991 Russian presidential election
5415:
Ninth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
2870:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2786:
2774:
2642:
2555:
2543:
2153:
5495:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
3359:"Умер Николай Рыжков — разочаровавшийся реформатор"
3320:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2913:
2882:
2654:
2109:[Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich] (in Russian).
1785:(RSFSR). Ryzhkov's vice presidential candidate was
743:. Ryzhkov succeeded Tikhonov on 27 September 1985.
4040:Market Socialism or the Restoration of Capitalism?
3983:
3902:
3379:
2762:
2361:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
1918:
5485:Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution
3541:
3539:
3268:
2573:
1607:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
5356:
4171:
3517:President of The United States (19 March 2016).
3112:
3076:
3074:
2454:
2423:Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History
2338:. United Nations University Press. p. 190.
2304:
2099:
685:Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building
3510:
2905:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGillMarkwick2000 (
2715:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGillMarkwick2000 (
2696:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGillMarkwick2000 (
2333:
1612:Ryzhkov's economic reform plan was a hybrid of
30:"Ryzhkov" redirects here. For the surname, see
3982:; Davidheiser, Evelyn; Lehmann, Susan (1996).
3536:
3242:Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe
3080:
1966:Other decorations awarded to Ryzhkov include:
1913:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
1817:broadcast a debate featuring only Ryzhkov and
739:on 23 April 1985 during Gorbachev's tenure as
687:. Ryzhkov became First Deputy Chairman of the
119:17 September 2003 – 25 September 2023
5115:
4945:
4707:
4477:
4157:
3071:
2484:Palazhchenko, Pavel; Oberdorfer, Don (1997).
2241:
1758:
1483:, along with Yegor Ligachev, Ryzhkov visited
1455:
4062:Кто поставил Горбачёва? (Who put Gorbachev?)
3877:
3485:
3483:
3215:
3153:
3141:
2900:
2710:
2691:
2419:
1528:. Brezhnev's most notable snub was over the
600:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
218:27 September 1985 – 14 January 1991
158:17 January 1996 – 17 September 2003
3900:
3709:"Ceremony for presenting state decorations"
1765:Nikolai Ryzhkov presidential campaign, 1991
404:22 November 1982 – 15 October 1985
163:Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
5475:Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
5122:
5108:
4952:
4938:
4714:
4700:
4484:
4470:
4164:
4150:
2677:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2634:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2615:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2535:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2290:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
2227:sfn error: no target: CITEREFService2009 (
1601:all supported Ryzhkov's opposition to the
1499:, Ryzhkov promised to rebuild the city of
1462:
1448:
656:, which he held until he retired in 2023.
86:
3480:
3476:Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)
3041:
2095:
2093:
2091:
1904:Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)
1851:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1841:faction, also led by Ryzhkov. During the
3361:(in Russian). BBC News. 28 February 2024
3047:
2357:
2355:
1971:Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation
1800:
1768:
659:
580:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
5410:Heads of government of the Soviet Union
4008:
3489:
2672:
2629:
2610:
2530:
2285:
2222:
1873:annexation of four regions from Ukraine
1652:, chaired by the future Soviet Premier
582:from 1985 to 1991 and was succeeded by
316:Head of the Economic Department of the
14:
5357:
4034:
3986:The 1996 Russian Presidential Election
3901:Gill, Graeme; Markwick, Roger (2002).
3878:Belin, Laura; Orttung, Robert (1997).
3851:
3822:
2932:Huber, Robert; Kelley, Ronald (1991).
2756:
2744:
2729:
2648:
2518:
2273:
2159:
2088:
1853:(CPRF) candidate, for the presidency.
435:3 March 1981 – 29 August 1991
5103:
4933:
4695:
4465:
4145:
3950:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3240:Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008).
3228:Hough, Davidheiser & Lehmann 1996
3204:Hough, Davidheiser & Lehmann 1996
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2561:
2549:
2352:
2307:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
2210:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2039:Dyker, David A. (13 September 2013).
2038:
2007:Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow
1796:
1666:Presidium of the Council of Ministers
382:23 April 1985 – 13 July 1990
4128:27 September 1985 – 14 January 1991
3927:
3382:"Человек труда: умер Николай Рыжков"
3035:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2919:
2888:
2768:
2660:
691:in 1979 and was elected to the CPSU
2066:
1474:
681:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
527:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
322:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
5500:Recipients of the USSR State Prize
4965:1991 Russian presidential election
3757:
1858:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
1711:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
1691:
1507:
1497:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
642:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
522:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
165:People's Patriotic Union of Russia
25:
5536:
4089:
1957:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise
1937:Order of Merit for the Fatherland
1925:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
5480:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
5343:
5130:
3490:Shuklin, Peter (21 March 2014).
3440:. US Department of the treasury.
3339:(in Ukrainian). 28 February 2024
2578:Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders
1585:difficulties which arose during
1422:
761:
609:Ryzhkov was born in the city of
3845:
3816:
3790:
3731:
3701:
3665:
3638:
3613:
3589:
3565:
3469:
3458:
3444:
3430:
3402:
3373:
3351:
3294:
3262:
3233:
3159:
3106:
2925:
2567:
2477:
2448:
2413:
2384:
2327:
2298:
2235:
1929:Order of the October Revolution
1919:Awards, decorations, and orders
1640:According to Swedish economist
1635:
2364:Armenia: With Nagorno Karabagh
2251:University of Washington Press
2129:
2032:
1908:list of individuals sanctioned
746:
721:When Gorbachev came to power,
27:Russian politician (1929–2024)
13:
1:
4074:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011).
4060:Ostrovsky, Alexander (2010).
1927:twice, in 1966 and 1985, the
1894:In March 2014, following the
1626:President of the Soviet Union
1620:of the Council of Ministers.
1377:Political abuse of psychiatry
956:Congress of People's Deputies
177:7 August 1996 – 1998
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
4173:Premiers of the Soviet Union
2111:Federation Council of Russia
1889:
1747:election as prime minister,
755:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
4417:Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990)
4124:Premier of the Soviet Union
3992:Brookings Institution Press
3962:Brookings Institution Press
3673:Presidential Administration
3177:Brookings Institution Press
2362:Holdning, Nicholas (2006).
1877:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1805:Ryzhkov on 27 November 2009
1565:Law on the State Enterprise
1543:. Gorbachev and Ligachev's
1530:1965 Soviet economic reform
916:Central Executive Committee
594:'s leading opponent in the
334:1982 – August 1985
206:Premier of the Soviet Union
10:
5541:
5136:National Heroes of Armenia
4044:Cambridge University Press
3823:admina (7 December 2017).
3494:. liga.net. Archived from
3308:(in Russian). 1 March 2024
3246:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
3169:; McFaul, Michael (2003).
3090:Cambridge University Press
3053:"Рыжков, Николай Иванович"
2584:Cambridge University Press
2574:Breslauer, George (2002).
2247:Days of Defeat and Victory
2074:"Nikolaj Ivanovič Ryzhkov"
1977:Order of the Patriotic War
1843:1996 presidential election
1762:
1759:1991 presidential campaign
712:People's Republic of China
666:Ural Polytechnic Institute
596:1991 presidential election
37:In this name that follows
36:
29:
5341:
5142:
5001:
4971:
4846:
4730:
4602:
4500:
4451:Prime Ministers of Russia
4436:
4270:
4179:
4130:
4121:
4113:
4108:
3772:"Рыжков Николай Иванович"
3745:(in Russian). 5 July 2023
3113:Barylski, Robert (1998).
2455:Mantle, Jonathan (1995).
2305:McCauley, Martin (2008).
2045:. Routledge. p. 28.
1935:in 1976 and 1979 and the
1896:Crimean status referendum
1811:1995 legislative campaign
1650:State Committee on Prices
1272:Material balance planning
973:1989 Legislative election
571:
563:
556:Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov
549:
541:
533:
515:
504:
493:
476:
453:Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov
448:
443:
439:
428:
408:
397:
386:
375:
360:
350:
338:
327:
315:
301:
289:
236:
222:
211:
203:
193:
181:
170:
162:
151:
143:
133:
123:
112:
101:
97:
85:
76:
64:
5455:National Hero of Armenia
5036:Liberal Democratic Party
3677:
3646:
3597:
3573:
3278:Lynne Rienner Publishers
3216:Belin & Orttung 1997
3154:Belin & Orttung 1997
3142:Belin & Orttung 1997
2901:Gill & Markwick 2000
2711:Gill & Markwick 2000
2692:Gill & Markwick 2000
2428:Indiana University Press
2334:Mitchell, James (1996).
2137:
2106:Рыжков, Николай Иванович
2105:
2026:
1961:Diploma of the President
1949:National Hero of Armenia
1923:Ryzhkov was awarded the
1884:Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
1491:In the aftermath of the
1087:Administrator of Affairs
689:State Planning Committee
498:Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
77:
67:National Hero of Armenia
3911:Oxford University Press
2138:Николай Иванович Рыжков
2013:State Prize of the USSR
1429:Soviet Union portal
941:Soviet of Nationalities
625:'s 1980s reform of the
564:Николай Иванович Рыжков
92:Official portrait, 2016
4808:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
4563:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
4096:Biography (in Russian)
4081:30 August 2022 at the
3934:Transaction Publishers
3119:Transaction Publishers
1806:
1774:
1703:Russian Supreme Soviet
1599:military establishment
1537:Twelfth Five-Year Plan
1372:Ideological repression
1262:Science and technology
572:Микола Іванович Рижков
5335:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan
4441:First Deputy Premiers
4067:7 August 2022 at the
3928:Hahn, Gordon (2002).
3652:Government of Ukraine
3415:Associated Press News
2420:Suny, Ronald (1993).
1804:
1772:
1720:vote of no confidence
1709:. In stark contrast,
1545:anti-alcohol campaign
1488:evacuation agencies.
805:Collective leadership
660:Early life and career
590:, going on to become
244:First Deputy Premiers
5152:Viktor Hambardzumyan
5028:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
4803:Konstantin Chernenko
3717:Government of Russia
3683:Government of Russia
2397:Taylor & Francis
2101:Government of Russia
1953:Ukrainian Government
1823:Power to the People!
1744:Cabinet of Ministers
1671:Presidential Council
1662:economic determinism
1382:Political repression
1347:Censorship of images
1077:First Deputy Premier
815:Presidential Council
716:Konstantin Chernenko
606:on 8 February 2023.
588:Presidential Council
266:Vsevolod Murakhovsky
5375:People from Toretsk
5330:Gurgen Dalibaltayan
5271:Ohannes Tchekidjian
5167:Geghaznik Mikaelyan
5079:Ramazan Abdulatipov
4889:Eduard Shevardnadze
4884:Mikhail Solomentsev
4838:Eduard Shevardnadze
4818:Mikhail Solomentsev
4662:Alexandra Biryukova
4558:Eduard Shevardnadze
4548:Mikhail Solomentsev
3713:President of Russia
2963:, pp. 243–244.
2867:, pp. 132–133.
2807:, pp. 131–132.
2759:, pp. 107–108.
2747:, pp. 108–109.
2368:Bradt Travel Guides
2117:on 21 December 2012
1963:on 3 October 2009.
1945:Armenian Government
1943:was erected by the
1902:put Ryzhkov on the
1845:, Ryzhkov endorsed
1716:Interregional Group
1686:28th Party Congress
1646:Ministry of Finance
1397:Suppressed research
1387:Population transfer
1257:New Economic Policy
936:Soviet of the Union
906:Congress of Soviets
708:to that implemented
409:Full member of the
361:Full member of the
311:(as Prime Minister)
5445:Russian communists
5318:Hrachia Andreasyan
4768:Dinmukhamed Kunaev
4643:Alexander Yakovlev
4589:Vladimir Kryuchkov
4568:Alexander Yakovlev
4533:Dinmukhamed Kunaev
4109:Political offices
3719:. 21 November 2019
3524:. Federal Register
3498:on 7 February 2015
3418:. 28 February 2024
1979:, 1st class (1985)
1862:Federation Council
1827:All-People's Union
1807:
1797:Post-Soviet Russia
1791:war in Afghanistan
1775:
1725:Russian Government
1707:500 Days Programme
1675:Federation Council
1630:his second cabinet
1603:500 Days Programme
1485:the crippled plant
1481:Chernobyl disaster
1131:Procurator General
1119:Military Collegium
650:Federation Council
638:Russian Federation
129:Alexander Dondukov
5352:
5351:
5301:Garegin Poghosyan
5291:Tiran Khachatryan
5266:Eduardo Eurnekian
5097:
5096:
4983:Alexander Rutskoy
4927:
4926:
4899:Vitaly Vorotnikov
4847:Candidate members
4813:Vitaly Vorotnikov
4748:Mikhail Gorbachev
4689:
4688:
4658:Georgy Razumovsky
4603:Candidate members
4518:Mikhail Gorbachev
4513:Vitaly Vorotnikov
4459:
4458:
4140:
4139:
4131:Succeeded by
4053:978-0-521-41193-6
4027:978-0-14-103797-4
4018:Penguin Books Ltd
4001:978-0-8157-3751-3
3971:978-0-8157-3748-3
3943:978-0-7658-0049-7
3920:978-0-19-924041-8
3893:978-0-7656-0084-4
3870:978-1-85043-030-8
3519:"Ukraine EO13661"
3336:Istorychna Pravda
3287:978-1-58826-217-2
3270:Golosov, Grigorii
3255:978-3-525-36912-8
3190:978-0-8157-1535-1
3128:978-1-56000-335-9
3099:978-0-521-58737-2
2947:978-0-87332-830-2
2597:978-0-521-89244-5
2505:978-0-271-01603-0
2470:978-1-55970-333-8
2461:Arcade Publishing
2441:978-0-253-20773-9
2406:978-90-5410-071-3
2377:978-1-84162-163-0
2345:978-92-808-0926-8
2320:978-0-582-78465-9
2311:Pearson Education
2260:978-0-295-97823-9
2052:978-1-135-01891-7
1941:Spitak earthquake
1819:Grigory Yavlinsky
1549:Ministry of Trade
1472:
1471:
1414:
1413:
1267:Era of Stagnation
1209:
1208:
1094:
1093:
982:
981:
888:
887:
859:General Secretary
844:Central Committee
741:General Secretary
693:Central Committee
623:Mikhail Gorbachev
553:
552:
463:28 September 1929
423:Central Committee
318:Central Committee
231:Mikhail Gorbachev
199:Viktor Zorkaltsev
139:Zhanna Chefranova
32:Ryzhkov (surname)
16:(Redirected from
5532:
5450:Soviet engineers
5347:
5326:
5314:
5296:Andranik Piloyan
5281:Hrayr Hovakimyan
5256:Charles Aznavour
5241:Karen Demirchyan
5237:
5221:
5209:Jivan Abrahamyan
5205:
5179:
5162:Movses Gorgisyan
5134:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5065:Aleksei Sergeyev
5002:Other candidates
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4904:Viktor Chebrikov
4894:Vladimir Dolgikh
4869:Vasili Kuznetsov
4823:Viktor Chebrikov
4788:Nikolai Tikhonov
4763:Andrei Kirilenko
4716:
4709:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4676:Yevgeny Primakov
4671:Anatoly Lukyanov
4666:Alexander Vlasov
4625:Nikolay Slyunkov
4615:Vladimir Dolgikh
4594:Vladimir Ivashko
4576:Nikolay Slyunkov
4553:Viktor Chebrikov
4486:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4429:(Jan.–Nov. 1991)
4423:(Jan.–Nov. 1991)
4306:(Mar.–June 1953)
4263:(Aug.–Dec. 1991)
4249:(Jan.–Aug. 1991)
4166:
4159:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4117:Nikolai Tikhonov
4114:Preceded by
4106:
4105:
4057:
4031:
4005:
3989:
3975:
3947:
3924:
3908:
3897:
3874:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3689:on 31 March 2012
3685:. Archived from
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:www.treasury.gov
3462:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3428:
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2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2492:Penn State Press
2481:
2475:
2474:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:. p. 7013.
2395:. Vol. 11.
2388:
2382:
2381:
2359:
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2349:
2331:
2325:
2324:
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2296:
2295:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2113:. Archived from
2097:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2036:
1955:awarded him the
1847:Gennady Zyuganov
1699:Vladimir Ivashko
1475:Political events
1464:
1457:
1450:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1362:Collectivization
1222:
1221:
1186:De-Stalinization
1160:Marxism–Leninism
1155:Soviet democracy
1149:
1148:
1052:State Committees
995:
994:
901:
900:
833:
832:
765:
751:
750:
723:Nikolai Tikhonov
697:Andrei Kirilenko
646:Gennady Zyuganov
619:Nikolai Tikhonov
573:
565:
537:Ludmila Ryzhkova
483:
480:28 February 2024
462:
460:
444:Personal details
433:
402:
380:
353:
341:
332:
304:
296:Nikolai Tikhonov
292:
281:Vladilen Nikitin
216:
196:
188:Post established
184:
175:
156:
136:
126:
117:
90:
80:
62:
61:
21:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5339:
5320:
5308:
5306:Tatul Ghazaryan
5286:Vahagn Asatryan
5261:Nikolai Ryzhkov
5246:Vazgen Sargsyan
5227:
5211:
5195:
5183:Monte Melkonian
5169:
5138:
5128:
5098:
5093:
5061:Albert Makashov
5051:Viktor Bocharov
5032:Andrey Zavidiya
5017:Communist Party
5009:Nikolai Ryzhkov
4997:
4967:
4958:
4928:
4923:
4914:Nikolai Talyzin
4879:Sharof Rashidov
4874:Boris Ponomarev
4864:Tikhon Kiselyov
4842:
4833:Nikolai Ryzhkov
4828:Yegor Ligachyov
4778:Grigory Romanov
4743:Leonid Brezhnev
4726:
4720:
4690:
4685:
4635:Nikolai Talyzin
4598:
4543:Nikolai Ryzhkov
4538:Yegor Ligachyov
4496:
4490:
4460:
4455:
4446:Deputy Premiers
4432:
4266:
4175:
4170:
4136:
4134:Valentin Pavlov
4127:
4119:
4092:
4083:Wayback Machine
4069:Wayback Machine
4054:
4028:
4010:Service, Robert
4002:
3972:
3944:
3921:
3894:
3871:
3853:Bialer, Seweryn
3848:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3758:
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3707:
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3644:
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3639:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
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3599:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3553:. 17 March 2014
3545:
3544:
3537:
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3521:
3515:
3511:
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3481:
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3329:
3328:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:. p. 449.
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3167:Colton, Timothy
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3079:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3059:on 16 July 2011
3046:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:. p. 196.
2930:
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2914:
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2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
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2628:
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2598:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2463:. p. 145.
2453:
2449:
2442:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:. p. 151.
2360:
2353:
2346:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:. p. 404.
2303:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2217:
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2202:
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2182:
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2166:
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2134:
2130:
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2098:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2001:Order "Danaker"
1921:
1892:
1866:Belgorod Oblast
1799:
1767:
1761:
1694:
1692:Fall from power
1654:Valentin Pavlov
1638:
1624:of the post of
1618:Deputy Chairman
1569:Nikolai Talyzin
1518:Leonid Brezhnev
1510:
1508:Economic policy
1493:1988 earthquake
1477:
1468:
1439:
1435:Other countries
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1327:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1182:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1030:
992:
984:
983:
898:
890:
889:
884:
830:
828:Communist Party
820:
819:
778:
749:
662:
654:Belgorod Oblast
632:Elected to the
584:Valentin Pavlov
525:
517:
516:Other political
505:Political party
485:
481:
464:
458:
456:
455:
454:
434:
429:
403:
398:
381:
376:
351:
339:
333:
328:
310:
308:Valentin Pavlov
302:
290:
285:
261:Nikolai Talyzin
247:
246:
229:
217:
212:
194:
182:
176:
171:
157:
152:
134:
124:
118:
113:
107:Belgorod Oblast
93:
81:
78:
72:
71:Nikolai Ryzhkov
69:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5315:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Ruben Sanamyan
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5251:Kirk Kerkorian
5248:
5243:
5238:
5225:Yura Poghosyan
5222:
5206:
5193:Vitya Ayvazyan
5190:
5185:
5180:
5164:
5159:
5157:Alex Manoogian
5154:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5072:
5058:
5044:
5025:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Sergey Sokolov
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Pyotr Demichev
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4793:Dmitry Ustinov
4790:
4785:
4783:Mikhail Suslov
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Andrei Gromyko
4755:
4753:Viktor Grishin
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4653:Yuri Maslyukov
4650:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4630:Sergey Sokolov
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Pyotr Demichev
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4584:Yuri Maslyukov
4581:
4580:Vadim Medvedev
4578:
4573:
4572:Viktor Nikonov
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Andrei Gromyko
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
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4437:
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4409:
4403:
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4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
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4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4272:First Deputies
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
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4176:
4169:
4168:
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4146:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4090:External links
4088:
4087:
4086:
4072:
4058:
4052:
4036:Åslund, Anders
4032:
4026:
4006:
4000:
3976:
3970:
3948:
3942:
3925:
3919:
3898:
3892:
3875:
3869:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3815:
3789:
3756:
3730:
3700:
3664:
3637:
3612:
3588:
3564:
3535:
3509:
3479:
3468:
3457:
3443:
3429:
3401:
3372:
3350:
3319:
3293:
3286:
3280:. p. 67.
3261:
3254:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3189:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3127:
3121:. p. 88.
3105:
3098:
3092:. p. 78.
3082:White, Stephen
3070:
3040:
3038:, p. 316.
3025:
3023:, p. 240.
3013:
3011:, p. 239.
3001:
2999:, p. 266.
2989:
2987:, p. 246.
2977:
2975:, p. 245.
2965:
2953:
2946:
2924:
2922:, p. 243.
2912:
2893:
2891:, p. 234.
2881:
2879:, p. 358.
2869:
2857:
2855:, p. 359.
2845:
2843:, p. 352.
2833:
2831:, p. 349.
2821:
2819:, p. 134.
2809:
2797:
2795:, p. 131.
2785:
2783:, p. 123.
2773:
2761:
2749:
2734:
2732:, p. 108.
2722:
2713:, p. 100.
2703:
2684:
2665:
2663:, p. 230.
2653:
2641:
2632:, p. 468.
2622:
2613:, p. 451.
2603:
2596:
2566:
2564:, p. 125.
2554:
2552:, p. 124.
2542:
2533:, p. 441.
2523:
2521:, p. 106.
2511:
2504:
2476:
2469:
2447:
2440:
2412:
2405:
2383:
2376:
2351:
2344:
2326:
2319:
2297:
2288:, p. 439.
2278:
2276:, p. 116.
2266:
2259:
2253:. p. 26.
2234:
2225:, p. 435.
2215:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2162:, p. 158.
2152:
2128:
2087:
2076:. Archontology
2065:
2051:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1933:Order of Lenin
1920:
1917:
1891:
1888:
1831:Sergey Baburin
1798:
1795:
1763:Main article:
1760:
1757:
1733:Moscow Kremlin
1693:
1690:
1637:
1634:
1614:Leonid Abalkin
1573:Yuri Maslyukov
1541:consumer goods
1522:Alexei Kosygin
1514:Jerry F. Hough
1509:
1506:
1479:Following the
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1441:
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1437:
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1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Kosygin reform
1249:
1247:Five-Year Plan
1244:
1242:Consumer goods
1239:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:People's Court
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:Deputy Premier
1079:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Official names
1007:
1004:
1003:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:
970:
960:
959:
951:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
930:
929:
926:Supreme Soviet
921:
920:
919:
918:
910:
909:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
866:
863:
862:
854:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
831:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
801:
800:
798:Vice President
795:
785:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
767:
766:
758:
757:
748:
745:
733:Yegor Ligachev
677:Uralmash Plant
661:
658:
627:Soviet economy
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
531:
530:
519:
513:
512:
506:
502:
501:
495:
491:
490:
484:(aged 94)
478:
474:
473:
472:, Soviet Union
452:
450:
446:
445:
441:
440:
437:
436:
426:
425:
406:
405:
395:
394:
387:Member of the
384:
383:
373:
372:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
342:
336:
335:
325:
324:
313:
312:
305:
299:
298:
293:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
271:Yuri Maslyukov
268:
263:
258:
253:
242:
241:
240:
238:
234:
233:
227:Andrei Gromyko
224:
220:
219:
209:
208:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
168:
167:
160:
159:
149:
148:
144:Member of the
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
121:
120:
110:
109:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
83:
82:
79:Николай Рыжков
74:
73:
70:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5537:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5346:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Tatul Krpeyan
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5075:Vadim Bakatin
5073:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4979:Boris Yeltsin
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4920:
4919:Boris Yeltsin
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Heydar Aliyev
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Heydar Aliyev
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Yuri Andropov
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:Yuri Solovyev
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:Boris Yeltsin
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Heydar Aliyev
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3626:
3625:armenpress.am
3622:
3616:
3600:
3592:
3576:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3520:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3230:, p. 52.
3229:
3224:
3218:, p. 48.
3217:
3212:
3206:, p. 51.
3205:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3156:, p. 93.
3155:
3150:
3144:, p. 74.
3143:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:, p. 94.
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2771:, p. 73.
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2694:, p. 99.
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:, p. 98.
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2651:, p. 94.
2650:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:Gaidar, Yegor
2238:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2213:, p. 19.
2212:
2207:
2205:
2198:, p. 93.
2197:
2192:
2186:, p. 90.
2185:
2180:
2174:, p. 92.
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2140:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:in 1971, the
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:U.S. Treasury
1897:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:Narodovlastie
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1679:Boris Yeltsin
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Anders Åslund
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1407:Soviet Empire
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1282:War communism
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1178:Khrushchevism
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:Supreme Court
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
988:
987:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
928:
927:
923:
922:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
894:
893:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
864:
861:
860:
856:
855:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
829:
824:
823:
816:
813:
811:
810:State Council
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
774:
773:
769:
768:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
752:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
703:Yuri Andropov
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
652:representing
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Ukrainian SSR
612:
611:Shcherbynivka
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:Boris Yeltsin
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
561:
557:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
520:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
496:
494:Resting place
492:
488:
479:
475:
471:
470:Ukrainian SSR
467:
466:Shcherbynivka
451:
447:
442:
438:
432:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
401:
396:
393:
390:
385:
379:
374:
371:
368:
364:
359:
355:
349:
346:
343:
337:
331:
326:
323:
319:
314:
309:
306:
300:
297:
294:
288:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Heydar Aliyev
254:
252:
251:Ivan Arkhipov
249:
248:
245:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
215:
210:
207:
202:
198:
192:
189:
186:
180:
174:
169:
166:
161:
155:
150:
147:
142:
138:
132:
128:
122:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
89:
84:
75:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5260:
5086:
5047:Aman Tuleyev
5039:
5020:
5013:Boris Gromov
5008:
4990:
4832:
4773:Arvīds Pelše
4731:Full members
4648:Dmitry Yazov
4542:
4501:Full members
4252:
4240:
4122:
4039:
4013:
3985:
3980:Hough, Jerry
3956:
3952:Hough, Jerry
3929:
3904:
3879:
3856:
3846:Bibliography
3832:. Retrieved
3828:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3778:(in Russian)
3775:
3747:. Retrieved
3742:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3712:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3687:the original
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3550:
3526:. Retrieved
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:the original
3471:
3460:
3446:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3390:(in Russian)
3385:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3334:
3310:. Retrieved
3305:
3296:
3273:
3264:
3241:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3171:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3114:
3108:
3085:
3061:. Retrieved
3057:the original
3049:Staff writer
3043:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2933:
2927:
2915:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2725:
2706:
2687:
2673:Service 2009
2668:
2656:
2644:
2630:Service 2009
2625:
2611:Service 2009
2606:
2577:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2531:Service 2009
2526:
2514:
2486:
2479:
2456:
2450:
2422:
2415:
2392:
2386:
2363:
2335:
2329:
2306:
2300:
2286:Service 2009
2281:
2269:
2246:
2237:
2223:Service 2009
2218:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2131:
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2003:(Kyrgyzstan)
1965:
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1808:
1787:Boris Gromov
1776:
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1729:Ivan Silayev
1695:
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1636:Price reform
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1357:Gulag system
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352:Succeeded by
345:Boris Gostev
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5370:2024 deaths
5365:1929 births
5321: [
5309: [
5228: [
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5196: [
5170: [
5083:Independent
5069:Independent
5055:Independent
4987:Independent
4725:(1981–1986)
4495:(1986–1990)
4414:(1989–1990)
4408:(1988–1990)
4402:(1985–1989)
4400:Murakhovsky
4396:(1985–1988)
4390:(1983–1985)
4384:(1982–1987)
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4366:(1965–1973)
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4288:(1941–1946)
4286:Voznesensky
4282:(1934–1935)
4257:(Aug. 1991)
4243:(1985–1991)
4237:(1980–1985)
4231:(1964–1980)
4225:(1958–1964)
4219:(1955–1958)
4213:(1953–1955)
4207:(1941–1953)
4201:(1930–1941)
4195:(1924–1930)
4189:(1923–1924)
3884:M.E. Sharpe
3739:"Структура"
3528:20 February
3502:20 February
3422:29 February
3394:29 February
3365:28 February
3343:28 February
2938:M.E. Sharpe
2757:Åslund 1992
2745:Åslund 1992
2730:Åslund 1992
2649:Åslund 1992
2586:. pp.
2519:Åslund 1992
2274:Bialer 1986
2160:Bialer 1986
2058:28 February
2009:, 2nd class
1875:during the
1809:During the
1749:Lev Voronin
1591:perestroika
1587:perestroika
1581:perestroika
1352:Great Purge
1318:Phraseology
1237:Agriculture
1192:Perestroika
1067:Premiership
897:Legislature
875:Secretariat
747:Premiership
668:in 1959. A
529:(1956–1991)
524:(1996–2003)
511:(2003–2024)
509:Independent
392:Secretariat
340:Preceded by
291:Preceded by
276:Lev Voronin
183:Preceded by
125:Preceded by
51:family name
5359:Categories
4961:Candidates
4681:Boris Pugo
4528:Lev Zaykov
4427:Doguzhiyev
4310:Kaganovich
4254:Doguzhiyev
4223:Khrushchev
3861:I.B.Tauris
3630:20 October
3306:www.pnp.ru
3179:. p.
2877:Hough 1997
2865:Hough 1997
2853:Hough 1997
2841:Hough 1997
2829:Hough 1997
2817:Hough 1997
2805:Hough 1997
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2781:Hough 1997
2562:Hough 1997
2550:Hough 1997
2494:. p.
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2211:Hough 1997
2196:Hough 1997
2184:Hough 1997
2172:Hough 1997
1829:headed by
1753:Presidency
1512:Historian
1402:Red Terror
1392:Propaganda
1342:Censorship
1333:Repression
1047:Ministries
1037:Government
991:Governance
777:Leadership
699:faction".
674:Sverdlovsk
670:technocrat
644:alongside
634:State Duma
459:1929-09-28
146:State Duma
43:patronymic
4406:Maslyukov
4364:Polyansky
4322:Pervukhin
4280:Kuybyshev
3036:Hahn 2002
3021:Hahn 2002
3009:Hahn 2002
2997:Hahn 2002
2985:Hahn 2002
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2769:Hahn 2002
2661:Hahn 2002
1890:Sanctions
1632:opposed.
1308:Education
1277:Transport
1173:Stalinism
1103:Judiciary
946:Presidium
870:Politburo
788:President
737:Politburo
714:. During
568:Ukrainian
431:In office
400:In office
378:In office
370:Politburo
330:In office
223:President
214:In office
173:In office
154:In office
115:In office
47:Ivanovich
5147:Vazgen I
5088:campaign
5041:campaign
5022:campaign
4992:campaign
4421:Velichko
4376:Arkhipov
4370:Tikhonov
4298:Bulganin
4235:Tikhonov
4217:Bulganin
4211:Malenkov
4180:Premiers
4079:Archived
4065:Archived
4038:(1992).
4012:(2003).
3954:(1997).
3855:(1986).
3693:29 March
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3387:Izvestia
3272:(2004).
3084:(2000).
2245:(1999).
2145:28 March
2121:28 March
1779:election
1673:and the
1648:and the
1597:and the
1558:ideology
1520:treated
1323:Religion
1199:Glasnost
1168:Leninism
1144:Ideology
1057:Cabinets
839:Congress
728:de facto
576:chairman
542:Children
500:, Moscow
489:, Russia
4963:in the
4412:Voronin
4394:Talyzin
4388:Gromyko
4358:Mazurov
4352:Ustinov
4346:Kosygin
4328:Saburov
4316:Mikoyan
4292:Molotov
4261:Silayev
4241:Ryzhkov
4229:Kosygin
4199:Molotov
3834:3 March
3808:1 March
3782:1 March
3749:1 March
3723:1 March
3551:Reuters
3312:1 March
3063:7 April
2080:1 April
1781:of the
1553:roubles
1495:in the
1292:Culture
1227:Economy
1218:Society
968:Speaker
880:Orgburo
849:History
783:Leaders
710:in the
636:of the
598:of the
578:of the
560:Russian
421:of the
320:of the
103:Senator
55:Ryzhkov
18:Ryzhkov
4972:Winner
4382:Aliyev
4340:Kozlov
4334:Kuzmin
4247:Pavlov
4205:Stalin
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1997:(1970)
1991:(2005)
1985:(1997)
1973:(2019)
1951:. The
1898:, the
1849:, the
1501:Spitak
1313:Family
770:
545:Marina
534:Spouse
487:Moscow
237:Deputy
41:, the
5325:]
5313:]
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5204:]
5178:]
4304:Beria
4193:Rykov
4187:Lenin
3522:(PDF)
2590:–70.
2027:Notes
204:10th
105:from
4048:ISBN
4022:ISBN
3996:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3938:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3888:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3836:2024
3810:2024
3784:2024
3751:2024
3725:2024
3695:2011
3659:2011
3632:2018
3607:2011
3583:2011
3559:2014
3530:2016
3504:2016
3424:2024
3396:2024
3367:2024
3345:2024
3314:2024
3282:ISBN
3250:ISBN
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3094:ISBN
3065:2011
2942:ISBN
2907:help
2717:help
2698:help
2679:help
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2617:help
2592:ISBN
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2292:help
2255:ISBN
2229:help
2147:2011
2123:2011
2082:2013
2060:2024
2047:ISBN
1906:, a
1026:1977
1021:1936
1016:1924
793:list
477:Died
449:Born
419:28th
415:27th
411:26th
389:25th
367:27th
363:26th
3181:118
2496:109
2432:210
1815:NTV
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1595:KGB
1109:Law
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