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such comrades one should be able to manage under, I may say, any circumstances." Strindberg's briefer diary entries indicate that on
October 5 the party landed on the island. Strindberg then wrote "Snowstorm reconnaissance" on October 6 and what appeared to be the single word "Moving" on October 7. Later scientific analysis revealed the contents of the final pages of Andrée's diary, with its last entry on October 8 reading: "It feels fine to be able to sleep here on fast land as a contrast with the drifting ice out upon the ocean where we constantly heard the cracking, grinding, and din. We shall have to gather driftwood and bones of whales and will have to do some moving around when the weather permits." It is inferred from the end of Strindberg's diary on October 7 and Andreé's on October 8 that the three men died shortly afterwards.
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shortly thereafter in the tent, wearing no mittens and shoes. Andree, having buried
Strindberg and finding himself trapped alone on the island, unable to leave by himself, then possibly decided to commit suicide via morphine. This theory on Andree's cause of death is supported by the fact that his remains were found in a semi-upright position against a rock, a situation unlikely to have been caused by polar bears, rifle by his side. In addition, nearly emptied morphine bottles were found on the site, as well as Andree's diary neatly wrapped with a sweater, hay and balloon cloth, indicating that he perhaps wanted it to be preserved as a last measure in case someone would later find it.
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550:(1967), have speculated that he had by this time become the prisoner of his own successful fundraising campaign. The sponsors and the media followed every delay and reported on every setback, and were clamoring for results. Andrée, Strindberg, and Ekholm had been seen off by cheering crowds in Stockholm and Gothenburg, and now all the expectations were coming to nothing with the long wait for southerly winds at Danes Island. Especially pointed was the contrast between Nansen's simultaneous return, covered in polar glory from his daring yet well-planned three year Arctic
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reports of possible findings. An extensive archive of
American newspaper reports from the first few years, 1896–1899, titled "The Mystery of Andree", shows a much richer media interest in the expedition after it disappeared than before. A great variety of fates are suggested for it, inspired by finds, or reported finds, of remnants of what might be a balloon basket or great amounts of balloon silk, or by stories of men falling from the sky, or visions by psychics, all of which would typically locate the stranded balloon far from Danes Island and Svalbard.
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608:, holder of press rights to the expedition. The large support team cut away the last ropes holding the balloon and it rose slowly. Moving out low over the water, it was pulled so far down by the friction of the several-hundred-meter-long drag ropes against the ground as to dip the basket into the water. The friction also twisted the ropes around, detaching them from their screw holds. These holds were a new safety feature that Andrée had reluctantly been persuaded to add, whereby ropes that got caught on the ground could be more easily dropped.
645:, were intended to be dropped from the balloon into the water or onto the ice, to be carried to civilization by the currents. Only two buoy messages have ever been found. One was dispatched by Andrée on 11 July, a few hours after takeoff, and reads: "Our journey goes well so far. We sail at an altitude of about 250 m (820 ft), at first N 10° east, but later N 45° east Weather delightful. Spirits high." The second was dropped an hour later and gave the height as 600 metres (2,000 ft).
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pigeons, but only one was ever retrieved, by a
Norwegian steamer where the pigeon had alighted and been promptly shot. Its message is dated 13 July and gives the travel direction at that point as East by 10° South. The message reads: "The Andree Polar Expedition to the 'Aftonbladet', Stockholm. 13 July, 12.30 p.m., 82 deg. north latitude, 15 deg. 5 min. east longitude. Good journey eastwards, 10 deg. south. All goes well on board. This is the third message sent by pigeon. Andree."
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888:, found the remains of the Andrée expedition on 5 August 1930. Kvitøya was usually inaccessible to the sealing or whaling ships of the time, as it is typically surrounded by a wide belt of thick polar ice and often hidden by thick ice fogs. However, summer in 1930 had been particularly warm, and the surrounding sea was practically free of ice. As Kvitøya was known to be a prime hunting ground for walrus and the fogs over the island on that day were comparatively thin, some of the crew of
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after all, become necessary. There was, therefore, less ballast and large amounts of heavy-type provisions, 767 kilograms (1,691 lb) altogether, including 200 litres (44 imp gal; 53 US gal) of water and some crates of champagne, port, beer, etc., donated by sponsors and manufacturers. There was also lemon juice, though not as much of this precaution against scurvy as other polar explorers usually thought necessary. Much of the food was in the form of cans of
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scheduled for summer 1897, unless a stronger, better-sealed balloon was bought. Andrée resisted Ekholm's criticisms to the point of deception. On the boat back from
Svalbard, Ekholm learned from the chief engineer of the hydrogen plant the explanation of some anomalies he had noticed in his measurements: Andrée had from time to time secretly ordered extra topping-up of the hydrogen in the balloon. Andrée's motives for such self-destructive behavior are not known.
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792:"Paradise!" wrote Andrée. "Large even ice floes with pools of sweet drinking water and here and there a tender-fleshed young polar bear!" They made fair headway at first, but the wind turned and they were again being pushed backward, away from Sjuøyane. The wind varied between southwest and northwest over the coming weeks; they tried in vain to overcome this by turning more and more westward, but it was becoming clear that Sjuøyane was out of their reach.
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particularly well adapted for a region where the ground, consisting of ice, was "low in friction and free of vegetation". He said that the minimal precipitation in the area posed no threat of weighing down the balloon. If some rain or snow did fall on the balloon, Andrée argued, "precipitation at above-zero temperatures will melt, and precipitation at below-zero temperatures will blow off, for the balloon will be traveling more slowly than the wind."
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after a long discussion, to aim instead for Sjuøyane in the southwest instead, hoping to reach the depot there after a six- to seven-week march, with the help of the current. The terrain in that direction was mostly extremely difficult, sometimes necessitating a crawl on all fours, but there was occasional relief in the form of open water—the little boat was apparently a functional and safe conveyance—and smooth, flat ice floes.
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737:. They wore the oilskins but the explorers reported always seeming to be damp or wet from the half-frozen pools of water on the ice and the typically foggy, humid Arctic summer air, and preoccupied with drying their clothes, mainly by wearing them. It would have meant certain death to lose the provisions lashed to one of the cumbersome sleds into one of the many channels that had to be laboriously crossed.
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This was not practical, as it broke the sleds and wore out the men. After one week, they sorted out and left behind a big pile of food and non-essential equipment, bringing the loads down to 130 kilograms (290 lb) per sled. It became more necessary than ever to hunt for food. They shot and ate seals, walruses, and especially polar bears throughout the march.
386:, "and it is supposed, both by the Parisian experts and by the Swedish scientists who have been assisting M. Andree, that the question of a sustained flight, in this case, will be very satisfactorily answered by the character of the balloon, by its careful guidance and, providing it gets into a Polar current of air, by the elements themselves."
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clues in the diet, for telltale complaints of symptoms, and for suggestive details at the death site. They agree on many particulars. For instance, the explorers are known to have eaten mainly scanty amounts of canned and dry goods from the balloon stores, plus huge portions of half-cooked meat of polar bears and occasionally seals.
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valuable equipment and stores outside the tent, and even down by the water's edge, as if they were too exhausted, indifferent, or ill to carry it further. Strindberg, the youngest, died first. He was "buried" (wedged into a cliff aperture) by the others. However, the interpretation of these observations is contested.
511:, until the expedition had to pack up, let the hydrogen out of the balloon, and go home. It is now known that northerly winds are to be expected at Danes Island; but in the late-19th century, information on Arctic airflow and precipitation existed only as contested academic hypotheses. Even Ekholm, an Arctic
1082:—was generally and reverentially used in speaking of him, and expressed high esteem for the late 19th-century ideal of the engineer as a representative of social improvement through technological progress. The three explorers were fêted when they departed and mourned by the nation when they disappeared.
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in
Stockholm, Strindberg's former workplace. In his article, "Recovering the visual history of the Andrée expedition" (2004), Tyrone Martinsson has lamented the traditional focus by previous researchers on the written records—the diaries—as primary sources of information; he renewed his claim for the
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Appreciation of
Strindberg's role seems to be growing, both for the fortitude with which the untrained and unprepared student kept photographing, in what must have been a more or less permanent state of near-collapse from exhaustion and exposure, and for the artistic quality of the result. Out of the
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Sundman portrays Andrée as the victim of the demands of the
Swedish media and establishment, and as ultimately motivated by fear rather than courage. Sundman's interpretation of the personalities involved, the blind spots of the Swedish national culture, and the role of the press are reflected in the
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For the next 33 years, the fate of the expedition was shrouded in mystery, and its disappearance became part of the cultural lore in Sweden and to a certain extent elsewhere. It was actively sought for a couple of years and remained the subject of myth and rumor, with frequent international newspaper
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However, the floe began to break up directly under the hut on 2 October, from the stresses of pressing against Kvitøya, and they were forced to bring their stores on to the island itself, which took a couple of days. Despite these difficulties, Andrée recorded in his diary, "Morale remains good. With
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Before starting the march, the three men spent a week in a tent at the crash site, packing up and making decisions about what and how much to bring and where to go. The far-off North Pole was discounted as an option; the choice lay between two depots of food and ammunition laid down for their safety,
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Lundström and others note that all three messages fail to mention the accident at takeoff, or the increasingly desperate situation, which Andrée described fully in his main diary. The balloon was out of equilibrium, sailing much too high and thereby losing hydrogen faster than even Ekholm had feared,
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Returning to Danes Island in the summer of 1897, the expedition found that the balloon hangar built the year before had weathered the winter storms well. The winds were more favorable, too. Andrée had strengthened his leadership position by replacing the older and critical Ekholm, an authority in his
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from the north of Sweden, an athlete who was fond of long mountain hikes. He was enrolled specifically to take over Ekholm's meteorological observations. Despite lacking Ekholm's theoretical and scientific knowledge, he handled this task efficiently. His meteorological journal has enabled researchers
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This notion is rejected by modern balloonists; the
Swedish Ballooning Association maintains that Andrée's belief that he had deviated from the wind was mistaken, being misled by inexpertise and a surfeit of enthusiasm in an environment of variable winds and poor visibility. Use of drag ropes—prone to
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The Andrée diaries being the diaries and records of S. A. Andrée, Nils
Strindberg and Knut Fraenkel written during their balloon expedition to the North Pole in 1897 and discovered on White Island in 1930, together with a complete record of the expedition and discovery; with 103 illustr. and 6 maps,
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killed the expedition members. After examining the men's clothes, finding what was most likely rips from polar bears in Strindberg's preserved underpants (which he wore while being buried and which were subsequently salvaged in 1930), she concluded that at least Strindberg was killed by polar bears.
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from eating polar bear liver; however, the diary shows Andrée to have been aware of this danger. Vitamin A poisoning from eating seal liver is another theory, mentioned by Bea Uusma, who however rejects it based on the fact that the men killed a large seal on September 19 and never noted any related
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By the time they crashed, they had thrown some of the provisions overboard. The three men took most of the rest with them on leaving the crash site, along with other necessities such as guns, tent, ammunition, and cooking utensils, making a load on each sled of more than 200 kilograms (440 lb).
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had been stocked with safety equipment such as guns, snowshoes, sleds, skis, a tent, a small boat (in the form of a bundle of bent sticks, to be assembled and covered with balloon silk), most of it stored not in the basket but in the storage space arranged above the balloon ring. These items had not
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Special technical solutions had to be designed for the accommodations for three adults to be confined in a small balloon basket for up to 30 days. The sleeping berths for the crew were fitted at the floor of the basket, along with some of the stores and provisions. The highly flammable hydrogen
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When they were found, the explorers were celebrated for the heroism of their doomed two-month struggle to reach populated areas and were seen as having selflessly perished for the ideals of science and progress. The procession carrying their mortal remains from the ships into Stockholm on 5 October
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had lived largely on polar bear meat in exactly the same area for 15 months without any ill effects. Author and physician Bea Uusma notes that the rate of death of trichinosis is only 0.2 percent and that the main symptom – fever – is never noted in any of the men's diaries, also commenting that no
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The balloon had carried a lot of food, of a kind adapted more for a balloon voyage than for travels on foot. Andrée had reasoned that they might as well throw excess food overboard as sand if losing weight was necessary; and if it was not, the food would serve if wintering in the Arctic desert did,
761:. Inferring wrongly from their faulty maps that the distances to each were about equal, they decided to try for the bigger depot at Cape Flora, which was further away. Strindberg took more pictures during this week than he would at any later point, including 12 frames that make up a 360-degree
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traveled for two days and three-and-a-half hours altogether, during which time, according to Andrée, none of the three men got any sleep. The final landing appears to have been gentle. Neither the men nor the homing pigeons in their wicker cages were hurt, and none of the equipment was damaged, not
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had supplied the pigeons, bred in northern Norway with the optimistic hope that they would manage to return there, and their message cylinders contained pre-printed instructions in Norwegian asking the finder to pass the messages on to the paper's address in Stockholm. Andrée released at least four
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Most of the ropes unscrewed at once and 530 kilograms (1,170 lb) of rope were lost, while the three explorers could simultaneously be seen to dump 210 kilograms (460 lb) of sand overboard to get the basket clear of the water. 740 kilograms (1,630 lb) of essential weight was thus lost
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Modern writers all agree that Andrée's North Pole scheme was unrealistic. He relied on the winds blowing more or less in the direction he wanted to go, on being able to fine-tune his direction with the drag ropes, on the balloon being sealed tight enough to stay airborne for 30 days, and on no
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This was a team with many useful scientific and technical skills, but lacking any particular physical prowess or training for survival under extreme conditions. All three men were indoor types, and only one, Strindberg, was young. Andrée expected a sedentary voyage in a balloon basket, and strength
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in 1930 without further examination upon being returned to Sweden. The question of what, exactly, caused their deaths has attracted both interest and controversy among scholars. Several medical practitioners and amateur historians have read the extensive diaries with a detective's eye, looking for
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On 12 September, the explorers resigned themselves to wintering on the ice and camped on a large floe, letting the ice take them where it would, "which", writes Kjellström, "it had really been doing all along". Drifting rapidly due south towards Kvitøya, they hurriedly built a winter "home" on the
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The balloon was losing 68 kilograms (150 lb) of lift force per day. Taking into account its heavy load, Ekholm estimated that it would be able to stay airborne for 17 days at most, not 30. When it was time to go home, he warned Andrée that he would not take part in the next attempt,
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In Uusma's award-winning book about the expedition, partly based on her own new research (including analysis of a rarely seen autopsy report from 1930), she puts forth the theory that Strindberg was attacked and killed by a polar bear, which possibly also injured Frænkel, who appears to have died
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The explorers frequently suffered from foot pains and diarrhea, and were always tired, cold, and wet. After September 10, Andree's diary entries, formerly made daily, grew more sporadic, and his penmanship deteriorated. When the three men moved on to Kvitøya from the ice, they left much of their
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On the other hand, Ekholm was skeptical of the balloon's ability to retain hydrogen, from his own measurements. His buoyancy checks in the summer of 1896, during the process of producing the hydrogen and pumping it into the balloon, convinced him that the balloon leaked too much to ever reach the
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Starting out for Franz Josef Land to the south-east on 22 July, the three soon found that their struggle across the ice, which had ridges two stories high, was hardly bringing the goal any nearer: the drift of the ice was in the opposite direction, moving them backward. On 4 August they decided,
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Andrée and Frænkel also kept meticulous records of their experiences and geographical positions, Andrée in his "main diary", Frænkel in his meteorological journal. Strindberg's own stenographic diary was more personal in content, and included his general reflections on the expedition, as well as
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craft to travel at the same speed as the wind, a situation that makes steering by sails impossible. The friction of the ropes was intended to slow the balloon to the point where the sails would have an effect (beyond that of making the balloon rotate on its axis). Andrée reported, and presumably
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Faith in the experts and in science was common in the popular press, but with international attention came also for the first time informed criticism. Andrée being Sweden's first balloonist, no one had the requisite knowledge to second-guess him about buoyancy or drag-ropes; but both France and
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would enable observations round the clock, halving the voyage time required, and do away with all need for anchoring at night, which might otherwise be a dangerous business. Neither would the balloon's buoyancy be adversely affected by the cold of the night. The drag-rope steering technique was
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had. After photographing the area, they searched for and found Frænkel's body, and additional artifacts, including a tin box containing Strindberg's photographic film, his logbook, and maps. The crews of both ships turned over their finds to a scientific commission of the Swedish and Norwegian
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of the Arctic, who were portrayed by newspapers as uncomprehending savages who had killed the three men or showed a deadly indifference to their plight. These speculations were refuted in 1930, upon the discovery of the expedition's final resting place on Kvitøya by the crews of two ships, the
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From the moment the three were grounded on 14 July, Strindberg's highly specialized cartographic camera, which had been brought to map the region from the air, became instead a means of recording daily life in the icescape and the constant danger and drudgery of the trek. Strindberg took about
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Kjellström argues that Tryde never takes the nature of the explorers' daily life into account, and especially the crowning blow of the ice breaking up under their promisingly mobile home, forcing them to move onto a glacier island. "Posterity has expressed surprise that they died on Kvitøya,
560:, and Andrée's failure even to launch his own much-hyped conveyance. Sundman theorizes that Andrée could not face letting the press report that he did not know the prevailing wind direction, and had also miscalculated in ordering the balloon, and needed a new one to rectify his error.
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flights, Andrée tested and tried out the drag-rope steering technique which he had developed and wanted to use on his projected North Pole expedition. Drag ropes, which hang from the balloon basket and drag part of their length on the ground, are designed to counteract the tendency of
116:(White Island) in Svalbard and died there. For 33 years the fate of the expedition remained one of the unsolved riddles of the Arctic. The chance discovery in 1930 of the expedition's last camp created a media sensation in Sweden, where the dead men had been mourned and idolized.
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Andrée ignored many early signs of the dangers associated with his balloon plan. Being able to steer the balloon to some extent was essential for a safe journey, but there was much evidence that the drag-rope steering technique he had invented was ineffective. Worse, the polar balloon
492:, a brilliant student who was doing original research in physics and chemistry. The main scientific purpose of the expedition was to map the area by means of aerial photography, and Strindberg was both a devoted amateur photographer and a skilled constructor of advanced cameras.
449:—designed by a friend of Andrée's—that could be dangled eight metres (26 ft) below the crew and then lit from the basket, at a safe distance. An angled mirror attached to the specially designed stove allowed the crew to determine whether it was successfully lit or not.
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In search of water two of the sealers, Olav Salen and Karl Tusvick, discovered Andrée's boat near a small stream, frozen under a mound of snow and full of equipment, including a boathook engraved with the words "Andrée's Polar Expedition, 1896". Presented with this hook,
316:-filled for over a year without appreciable loss of buoyancy. As for the hydrogen, filling the balloon at the launch site could easily be done with the help of mobile hydrogen manufacturing units; for the steering he referred to his own drag-rope experiments with
283:. The Swedish political and scientific elite were eager to see Sweden take that lead among the Scandinavian countries which seemed her due, and Andrée, a persuasive speaker and fundraiser, found it easy to gain support for his ideas. At a lecture in 1895 for the
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The audience was convinced by Andrée's arguments, so disconnected from the realities of the Arctic summer storms, fogs, high humidity, and the ever-present threat of ice formation on aircraft. The Royal Swedish Academy approved Andrée's expense calculation of
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s captain, Peder Eliassen, assigned the crew to search the site together with the expedition members. Among other finds, they uncovered a journal and two skeletons, identified as Andrée's and Strindberg's remains by monograms found on their clothing.
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Pole, let alone go on to Russia or Canada. The worst leakage came from the approximately eight million tiny stitching holes along the seams, which no amount of glued-on strips of silk or applications of special secret-formula varnish seemed to seal.
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after only two days. The explorers were unhurt but faced a grueling trek back south across the drifting icescape. Inadequately clothed, equipped, and prepared, and shocked by the difficulty of the terrain, they did not make it to safety. As the
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floe against the increasing cold, with walls made of water-reinforced snow to Strindberg's design. Observing the rapidity of their drift, Andrée recorded his hopes that they might get far enough south to feed themselves entirely from the sea.
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On 11 July, in a steady wind from the south-west, the top of the plank hangar was dismantled, the three explorers climbed into the already heavy basket, and Andrée dictated one last-minute telegram to King Oscar and another to the newspaper
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1930, writes Swedish historian Sverker Sörlin, "must be one of the most solemn and grandiose manifestations of national mourning that has ever occurred in Sweden. One of the rare comparable events is the national mourning that followed the
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Andrée's proposed expedition also elicited considerable international interest, and the European and American newspaper-reading public was curious about a project that seemed as modern and scientific as the books of the contemporary author
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The remains of the three explorers are brought straight from the ship through the center of Stockholm on 5 October 1930, beginning "one of the most solemn and grandiose manifestations of national mourning that has ever occurred in
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had kerosene still in the tank when found, and that the primus stove was most likely not located inside the tent. Stefansson argues that they were using a malfunctioning stove, something he had experienced in his own expeditions.
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in all, corresponding in today's money to just under US$ 1 million, of which the single largest sum, 36,000 kronor, was for the balloon. With this endorsement, there was a rush to support Andrée's project, headed by
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had turned from a supposedly steerable craft into an ordinary hydrogen balloon with a few ropes hanging from it, at the mercy of the wind; its crew had no means to direct it to any particular goal and had too little
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been put together with great care, and little attention was paid to existing designs used by societies living in polar regions. In this, Andrée contrasted not only with later but also with many earlier explorers.
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200 photos with his seven-kilogram (15 lb) camera over the course of the three months they spent on the pack ice, one of the most famous being his picture of Andrée and Frænkel contemplating the fallen
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for stability. Lightened, the balloon rose to 700 metres (2,300 ft), an unplanned for height, where the lower air pressure made the hydrogen escape all the faster through the eight million stitching holes.
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left the island to continue its scheduled hunting and observations, with the intent of coming back later to see if the ice had melted further and uncovered more artifacts. Further discoveries were made by M/K
993:, which Tryde cites as the main symptomatic evidence, hardly needs an explanation beyond the general poor diet and physical misery, but some more specific symptoms of trichinosis are missing. Also,
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2417:, an extensive archive of American daily newspaper articles 1896–1899, from reports of the preparation and the launch to guesswork and rumours about the explorers' fate. Accessed on 5 March 2006.
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then repeatedly threatening to crash on the ice. It was weighed down by being rain-soaked ("dripping wet", writes Andrée in the diary), and the men were throwing all the sand and some of the
100:) was delivered directly to Svalbard from its manufacturer in Paris without being tested. When measurements showed it to be leaking more than expected, Andrée failed to acknowledge the risk.
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2749:, New York, Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1976, is a fictional account of a polar expedition that bears a striking resemblance to and was presumably inspired by, S. A. Andrée's expedition.
369:. The press fanned the interest with a wide range of predictions, from certain death for the explorers to a safe and comfortable "guidance" of the balloon (upgraded by the reporter to an "
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snapping, falling off, or becoming entangled with each other or the ground, in addition to being ineffective—is not considered by any modern expert to be a useful steering technique.
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Free flight lasted for 10 hours and 29 minutes and was followed by another 41 hours of bumpy riding with frequent ground contact before the inevitable final crash.
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After the 1896 launch was called off, enthusiasm declined for joining the expedition for the second attempt in 1897. From the candidates Andrée picked the 27-year-old engineer,
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Andrée's motives and mindset have been the subject of extensive fictional and historical discussion, particularly inspired by his apparent foolhardiness. An early example is
2325:(in Swedish). Stockholm : Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Science (Centrum för vetenskapshistoria, Kungl. Vetenskapsakad.), cop. 1999: 44–55.
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In 1897, Andrée's daring or foolhardy undertaking nourished Swedish patriotic pride and Swedish dreams of taking the scientific lead in the Arctic. The title of Engineer—
955:, used only for a few days before the ice broke up under it. Shown from top to bottom are a bedroom with their triple sleeping bag, a room with a table, and a storeroom.
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2490:. Stockholm : Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Science (Centrum för vetenskapshistoria, Kungl. Vetenskapsakad.), cop. 1999: 100–11.
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That the series of frames is designed as a panorama was only noticed in the 2004 study by Tyrone Martinsson, who has created an animated web version of it, see
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governments in Tromsø on 2 and 16 September, respectively. The bodies of the three explorers were transported to Stockholm, arriving on 5 October.
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mishaps, all objections failed to dampen Andrée's optimism. Eagerly followed by national and international media, he began negotiations with the well-known
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to either Russia or Canada, which was to pass, with luck, straight over the North Pole on the way. The scheme was received with patriotic enthusiasm in
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Andrée's rigid sleds proved impractical for the difficult terrain, with channels separating the ice floes, high ridges, and partially iced-over
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had long ballooning traditions and several of their more experienced balloonists expressed skepticism about Andrée's methods and inventions.
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Andrée gave a glowingly optimistic account of the ease with which these requirements could be met. Larger balloons had been constructed in
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In the attempt of 1896, the wind battered Andrée's optimism by blowing steadily from the north, straight at the balloon hangar at
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After Andrée, Strindberg, and Frænkel lifted off from Svalbard in July 1897, the balloon lost hydrogen quickly and crashed on the
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were found in parts of a polar bear carcass at the site. Lundström and Sundman both favor this explanation. Critics note that
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believed, that with drag-rope steering he had succeeded in deviating about ten degrees either way from the wind direction.
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4714:
2486:
Sörlin, Sverker (1999). Wråkberg, Urban (ed.). "The burial of an era: the home-coming of Andrée as a national event".
484:, an experienced Arctic meteorological researcher and formerly his boss during an 1882–1883 geophysical expedition to
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s crew made instead for Kvitøya, landing on the island on 5 September in fine weather and finding even less ice than
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The best-known and most widely credited suggestion is that made by Ernst Tryde, a medical practitioner, in his book
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and drag his basket perilously along the surface of the water or slam it into one of the many rocky islets in the
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It must have enough lifting power to carry three people and all their scientific equipment, advanced cameras for
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240 exposed frames that were found on Kvitøya in waterlogged containers, 93 were saved by John Hertzberg at the
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2938:
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Kjellström, Rolf (1999). Wråkberg, Urban (ed.). "Andrée-expeditionen och dess undergång – tolkning nu och då".
1039:
surrounded by food," writes Kjellström. "The surprise is rather that they found the strength to live so long."
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several messages to his fiancée Anna Charlier. All three manuscripts were eventually retrieved from the ice on
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and traveling a combined distance of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). In the prevailing westerly winds, the
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215:. His longest trip was due east from Gothenburg, across the breadth of Sweden and out over the Baltic to
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to reconstruct the movements of the three men during their last few months with considerable precision.
51:. The exposed film for this photograph and others from the failed 1897 expedition was recovered in 1930.
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1118:. Historian Edward Guimont has proposed that the 1930 discovery of the expedition's remains influenced
480:
For his 1896 attempt to launch the balloon, Andrée had many eager volunteers to choose from. He picked
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2014:
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The account of Andrée's and Ekholms computations and hypotheses in this section relies on Kjellström,
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as the Arctic winter closed in, with dehydration and general exhaustion, apathy, and disappointment.
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Ingen fruktan, intet hopp: ett collage kring S.A. Andrée, hans följeslagare och hans polarexpedition
2407:
2391:
2242:(accessed on 16 April 2014). The London edition of the English translation, by Edward Adams-Ray, is
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Kjellström, p. 54. Mark Personne, a poison specialist who suggested botulism as the cause in his "
1765:. Polar Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements, University of Kansas Center for Research. Archived from
1334:
Lundström, pp. 28–29 mentions, in particular, Gross in Germany, and the Renard brothers in France.
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63:
36:
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Wilkinson, Alec (2012). "The Ice Balloon. S. A. Andree and the Heroic Age of Arctic Exploration".
832:
Lundström points out that some of the international and national reports took on the features of
335:
Andrée assured the audience that Arctic summer weather was uniquely suitable for ballooning. The
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2376:"Recovering the visual history of the Andrée expedition: A case study in photographic research"
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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 2 February 2007
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in Paris, the world capital of ballooning, and ordered a varnished three-layer silk balloon,
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and cultures, but as challenges to be conquered by technological ingenuity and manly daring.
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Several modern writers, following Sundman's Andrée portrait in the semi-documentary novel,
295:, provisions for four months, and ballast, altogether about 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb)
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from the cans in which their food was stored is an alternative suggestion, as is scurvy,
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1992:
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The hydrogen gas must be manufactured, and the balloon filled, at the Arctic launch site
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meant that cooking could not be done in the basket itself. The solution was a modified
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regions appealed powerfully to the imagination of the age, not as lands with their own
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took this rare opportunity to land on what they called the "inaccessible island".
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winter closed in on them in October, the group ended up exhausted on the deserted
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2145:
Guimont, Edward (August 2020). "An Arctic Mystery: The Lovecraftian North Pole".
1926:
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642:
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418:
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195:, and subsequently made nine journeys with it, starting from either Stockholm or
71:
48:
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A novel in Greek about the echo of that expedition today, in Western societies.
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2212:
876:, studying the glaciers and seas of the Svalbard archipelago from the Norwegian
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67:
40:
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1695:
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The account in this section is based on the expedition's diaries and photos in
1024:
983:, which they had contracted from eating undercooked polar bear meat. Larvae of
568:
321:
857:
733:. The men's clothes included no furs but were woolen coats and trousers, plus
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6758:
6731:
6398:
5834:
5776:
5771:
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5706:
5682:
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5002:
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2387:
2154:
1115:
744:
Frænkel (left) and Strindberg with the first polar bear shot by the explorers
638:
403:
350:
345:
185:
1095:
More recently, Andrée's heroic motives have been questioned, beginning with
389:
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5865:
5859:
5471:
5435:
5301:
5128:
5078:
5017:
4871:
4559:
4510:
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4145:
4125:
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3531:
3459:
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3257:
3251:
3148:
3136:
3009:
2987:
2911:
2864:
1019:
877:
833:
696:
664:
504:
446:
378:
354:
336:
86:, a northern nation that had fallen behind in the race for the North Pole.
2568:""300 Kelvin degrees in the afternoon". ("300 βαθμοί Κέλβιν το απόγευμα")"
522:
The three explorers' festive send-off from Stockholm in the spring of 1896
263:
International interest: French artist's impression of the projected launch
223:, he remained convinced that he was traveling over land and seeing lakes.
5902:
5802:
5750:
5568:
5355:
5143:
4518:
4450:
4212:
4071:
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3934:
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3070:
2800:
William Hillman Collection on S. A. Andrée's ill fated balloon expedition
2340:"Vår position är ej synnerligen god-": Andréexpeditionen i svart och vitt
1263:
1088:
1032:
980:
604:
556:
518:
512:
485:
366:
358:
2162:
816:
750:
312:, he claimed, and more airtight, too. Some French balloons had remained
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5363:
5264:
4673:
4622:
4582:
3904:
3630:
3558:
3500:
2893:
2861:
2535:
1111:
754:
612:
in the first few minutes. Before it was well clear of the launch site,
590:
204:
196:
181:
59:
6407:
885:
716:
700:
271:
were still unrealized in the late 19th century, while neighboring and
113:
5223:
4060:
3612:
3395:
2632:
1043:
960:
952:
730:
655:
203:
flights had a strong tendency to carry him uncontrollably out to the
169:
157:
44:
2805:
2644:
2404:
This paper is based on Martinsson's doctoral dissertation from 2003.
2367:
916:
862:
683:
even the delicate optical instruments and Strindberg's two cameras.
625:
534:
5155:
2551:
2515:
2495:
2478:
2441:
2357:
2330:
2230:
1028:
990:
770:
762:
691:
633:
The balloon had two means of communication with the outside world:
585:
508:
414:
327:
313:
104:
79:
2624:
1010:
illness; also the rate of death from vitamin A poisoning is low.
1002:
medicines against fever appear to have been consumed by the trio.
776:
220:
5782:
5162:
3427:
3403:
3391:
2235:
2220:
1014:
is a theory that has found a few adherents, such as the explorer
734:
618:
370:
298:
It must retain the gas well enough to stay aloft for 30 days
216:
161:
6312:
3949:
695:
The path followed by the 1897 expedition: north by balloon from
259:
32:
4028:
3353:
1967:"Ny teori om Andrée-expeditionen: Isbjörn dödade polarforskare"
1929:" in 2000, provides an overview of other theories (in Swedish).
795:
425:
in diameter, from his workshop. The balloon, originally called
211:. On one occasion, Andrée was blown clear across the Baltic to
109:
5956:
2247:(1931); while the New York edition of the same translation is
152:
The second half of the 19th century has often been called the
6524:
3414:
2249:
Andrée's Story: The Complete Record of His Polar Flight, 1897
947:
920:
740:
219:. Even though Andrée saw a lighthouse and heard breakers off
74:. Andrée, the first Swedish balloonist, proposed a voyage by
6749:
2191:(in Swedish). Gränna, Sweden: Grenna Museum. Archived from
634:
142:
62:, resulting in the deaths of all three expedition members,
2785:"Andrée and the Aeronauts' Voyage to the Top of the World"
2286:"Andrée and the aeronauts' voyage to the top of the world"
1715:
1713:
1225:
1190:
2777:"Ice Balloon: Doomed Arctic expedition to the North Pole"
1812:
1810:
1153:
Safe Return Doubtful: The Heroic Age of Polar Exploration
6873:
Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships
4619:
2207:
1710:
1228:"The Theory of the Disastrous Andrée Arctic Expedition"
1193:"The Theory of the Disastrous Andrée Arctic Expedition"
226:
176:, Andrée proposed a plan for letting the wind propel a
2773:
drawing of ill-fated Andree balloon flight top page 26
2637:
The expedition: the forgotten story of a polar tragedy
2606:
S.A. Andree and Aeronautics: An annotated bibliography
2599:
S.A. Andree: The Beginning of Polar Aviation 1895–1897
1807:
820:
Children at a 1930 exhibition of the Kvitøya finds at
500:
ice or snow sticking to the balloon to weigh it down.
2488:
The centennial of S.A. Andrée's North Pole expedition
2323:
The centennial of S.A. Andrée's North Pole expedition
773:, sausages, other meats, cheese, and condensed milk.
353:, who personally contributed 30,000 kronor, and
324:
from the wind direction could be routinely achieved.
18:
S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897
2222:
Med Örnen mot polen: Andrées polarexpedition år 1897
1406:
1404:
1092:
disaster in the Baltic Sea in September 1994."
2423:"Andrée-expeditionens män dog troligen av botulism"
1490:
1488:
2436:(12). Stockholm: Sveriges läkarförbund: 1427–32.
1920:Andrée-expeditionens män dog troligen av botulism
1401:
1050:in Stockholm, rejected the theory that larvae of
836:. They reflected a prevailing disrespect for the
58:of 1897 was a failed Swedish effort to reach the
27:Failed attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon
6859:
1485:
1099:'s bestselling semi-documentary novel of 1967,
951:Strindberg's plan for their winter home on the
780:Strindberg on snowshoes with heavily laden sled
629:The explorers minutes before takeoff on 11 July
496:and survival skills were far down on his list.
191:In 1893, Andrée purchased his own balloon, the
47:, photographed by the third expedition member,
2589:(in Greek). Alexandria-publ.gr. Archived from
1186:
1184:
580:
6298:
5942:
2821:
1077:
799:Crossing a channel with the balloon-silk boat
432:
91:
2528:, London: Secker and Warburg. The 1982 film
1760:
1528:plus some of Sven Lundström's commentary in
1137:historical significance of the photographs.
979: ) in 1952: that the men succumbed to
426:
254:
156:. The inhospitable and dangerous Arctic and
6833:Aviators killed in early aviation accidents
2734:, high-quality photos from the expedition.
2304:(in Swedish). Grenna Museum. Archived from
1763:"The End of The Voyage – The Bratvaag Find"
1226:Claes Johnson; Johan Jannson (4 May 2009).
1191:Claes Johnson; Johan Jannson (4 May 2009).
1181:
1110:(1982), based on his novel and directed by
598:field, with the more enthusiastic Frænkel.
123:'s fictionalized bestseller novel of 1967,
6888:Aviation accidents and incidents in Norway
6305:
6291:
5958:Aviation accidents and incidents in Norway
5949:
5935:
2828:
2814:
2463:
2373:
2320:
2254:
2115:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 209,213,228.
1789:"Further Discovery—The Isbjørn Expedition"
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
927:. Unsuccessful in this, the reporters and
593:print at the end of the nineteenth century
461:The new crew of 1897, from left to right:
357:, the dynamite magnate and founder of the
6830:For single-person aviation accidents see:
2337:
1685:
6883:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1897
5886:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2700:
2420:
2271:(in Swedish). Swedish Balloon Federation
1825:See Kjellström, pp. 50–51, and Personne.
1530:"Vår position är ej synnerligen god ..."
1232:Claes Johnson on Mathematics and Science
1197:Claes Johnson on Mathematics and Science
1066:
946:
856:
815:
794:
775:
739:
690:
654:
641:. The buoys, steel cylinders encased in
624:
584:
533:
517:
456:
388:
326:
258:
225:
141:
31:
6192:Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347
5461:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2782:
2611:
2502:
2380:Research Issues in Art Design and Media
2283:
2144:
1637:
14:
6860:
2768:"Why Go To The Arctic", January 1931,
2714:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
2608:. Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences.
2601:. Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences.
2485:
923:chartered by news reporters to waylay
320:, stating that a deviation of 27
304:It must be at least somewhat steerable
168:, an engineer at the patent office in
6286:
5930:
4605:
2847:
2835:
2809:
2631:
2544:De döda på Vitön: sanningen om Andrée
2541:
2110:
2085:
2060:
2035:
1988:"Isbjörnar dödade Andrées expedition"
1938:
1893:
1859:
1834:
686:
575:
1761:Holvoet, Jennifer, ed. (2002–2003).
1018:. The chief objection is that their
6435:Brooklands Flanders Monoplane crash
6017:British European Airways Flight 530
5247:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3444:Norse colonization of North America
2510:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.
2342:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Carlsson.
589:The station at Spitsbergen, from a
567:, to replace Ekholm. Frænkel was a
452:
172:, shared these enthusiasms. A keen
154:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
24:
5980:Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition
4776:United States Exploring Expedition
2619:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier.
2559:
2546:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier.
2225:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonnier.
2090:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 228.
2065:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 258.
1943:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 216.
1898:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 243.
1864:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 248.
1839:. Sweden: Norstedts. p. 246.
942:
137:
56:Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition
25:
6934:
6417:Paris to Madrid air race accident
6262:CHC Helikopter Service Flight 241
5850:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5218:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2655:
959:The bodies of the three men were
663:sailing north, photographed from
285:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
6363:Santos-Dumont nº6 crash (Monaco)
6315:Aviation accidents and incidents
5744:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5137:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2783:Bellows, Andrew (24 June 2013).
2699:
2687:
2677:
2467:Unsolved mysteries of the Arctic
2362:Lundström is the curator of the
2257:Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic
2189:"Andréexpeditionen Polar Centre"
1175:. Svenska Ballong Federationen.
1005:Other suggestions have included
6534:Zeppelin LZ 38 shed bombardment
5966:Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen
2464:Stefánsson, Vilhjálmur (1939).
2255:Stefansson, Vihljalmur (1939).
2169:
2138:
2129:
2104:
2079:
2054:
2029:
1999:
1978:
1957:
1932:
1912:
1887:
1878:
1853:
1828:
1819:
1781:
1754:
1734:
1722:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1594:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1518:
1509:
1497:
1473:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1392:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1328:
1307:
1042:In 2010, writer and researcher
675:overboard to keep it airborne.
6444:Bristol Coanda Monoplane crash
6087:Holtaheia Vickers Viking crash
1791:. Ku-prism.org. Archived from
1304:, Albany, NY, 16 January 1896.
1285:
1276:
1245:
1219:
1210:
1166:
1157:
1146:
811:
13:
1:
6216:Helikopter Service Flight 451
6114:Helikopter Service Flight 165
5123:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5058:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4606:
2570:. New Reviews. Archived from
1134:Royal Institute of Technology
861:A recovered tea-towel in the
393:Andrée's balloon was made at
132:
6381:Patrie airship disappearance
6333:De Rozier's balloon incident
6200:Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801
5480:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5296:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
5102:French Antarctic Expeditions
5032:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4918:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3036:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2802:at Dartmouth College Library
2604:Sollinger, Guenther (2005).
2597:Sollinger, Guenther (2005),
2565:Pavlopoulos, George (2007).
2007:"Expeditionen, Augustpriset"
1140:
275:Norway was a world power in
7:
6822:Verona Caproni Ca. 48 crash
6243:Atlantic Airways Flight 670
4565:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4244:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3109:Andrée's balloon expedition
2374:Martinsson, Tyrone (2004).
2364:Andreexpedition Polarcenter
1587:. The panorama can be seen
1125:At the Mountains of Madness
852:
581:Launch, flight, and landing
230:Andrée's hydrogen balloon,
10:
6939:
6868:19th century in the Arctic
6813:Wingfoot Air Express crash
6390:Lebaudy République airship
3766:Franklin's lost expedition
3466:Christian IV's expeditions
2848:
2542:Tryde, Ernst Adam (1952).
2472:G.G. Harrap & co. ltd.
2251:, Blue Ribbon Books, 1932.
2181:
1609:Andrée's diary, 6 August,
1114:. It was nominated for an
409:However, just as with the
6843:
6453:Handley Page Type F crash
6354:Arctic Balloon Expedition
6323:
6253:
6226:
6167:
6141:Braathens SAFE Flight 139
6124:
6106:Braathens SAFE Flight 239
6097:
6078:
6068:Braathens SAFE Flight 253
6051:
6008:
5971:
5964:
5583:
5314:
4901:
4641:
4618:
4614:
4601:
4120:Great Northern Expedition
4014:
3796:Rae–Richardson expedition
3545:
3390:
2996:British Arctic Expedition
2888:
2860:
2856:
2843:
2587:"Alexandria Publications"
2508:Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd
1062:
1012:Carbon monoxide poisoning
279:through such pioneers as
255:Promotion and fundraising
6918:1897 disasters in Norway
6849:► the 1920s
6705:Zeppelin LZ 95 shot down
6669:Zeppelin LZ 61 shot down
6660:Zeppelin LZ 78 shot down
6615:Zeppelin LZ 55 shot down
6525:Zeppelin LZ 37 shot down
6498:Zeppelin LZ 23 shot down
5404:British Antarctic Survey
5398:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4643:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2338:Lundström, Sven (1997).
1884:Stefansson, pp. 304-321.
1719:Stefansson, pp. 272–275.
1269:17 November 2011 at the
1264:Statistiska centralbyrån
1101:The Flight of the Eagle.
699:, then south on foot to
423:20.5 metres (67 ft)
267:The Arctic ambitions of
43:with the balloon on the
6898:Expeditions from Sweden
6462:Zodiac balloon accident
5880:Pole of inaccessibility
5543:Antarctic Treaty System
3884:2nd Grinnell expedition
2538:is based on this novel.
2526:The Flight of the Eagle
2421:Personne, Mark (2000).
2408:"The Mystery of Andree"
1816:Lundström, pp. 114–115.
1742:"The Mystery of Andree"
1258:13 January 2012 at the
753:in Svalbard and one at
547:The Flight of the Eagle
273:politically subordinate
126:The Flight of the Eagle
6426:Martin-Handasyde No. 3
2662:Listen to this article
2520:Translated in 1970 by
2413:4 October 2020 at the
2284:Bellows, Alan (2013).
2259:. New York: MacMillan.
2209:Andrée, Salomon August
1747:4 October 2020 at the
1600:Lundström, p. 111–113.
1437:Lundström, pp. 73–114.
1321:30 August 2003 at the
1078:
1073:
956:
866:
825:
800:
781:
745:
703:
667:
630:
594:
541:
523:
477:
433:
427:
398:
332:
264:
234:
149:
92:
52:
6489:Johannisthal disaster
6471:Cody Floatplane crash
6408:Erbslöh airship crash
6270:Alta helicopter crash
6208:Hemus Air Flight 7081
6033:Bukken Bruse disaster
5550:Transglobe Expedition
5449:Operation Deep Freeze
4858:Challenger expedition
3724:Coppermine expedition
3245:Drifting ice stations
2787:. DamnInteresting.com
2288:. Damninteresting.com
2175:Lundström, pp. 89–91.
2040:. Sweden: Norstedts.
1925:26 March 2009 at the
1565:Lundström, pp. 93–96.
1458:Lundström, pp. 75–76.
1419:Lundström, pp. 69–73.
1291:See for instance the
1282:Lundström, pp. 21–27.
1216:Lundström, pp. 19–44.
1163:Lundström, pp. 12–16.
1070:
1016:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
950:
860:
822:Liljevalchs konsthall
819:
798:
779:
743:
694:
658:
628:
588:
537:
521:
460:
392:
331:Merchandising in 1896
330:
262:
229:
209:Stockholm archipelago
166:Salomon August Andrée
147:Salomon August Andrée
145:
35:
6804:Airship N.S.11 crash
6741:Zeppelin LZ 89 crash
6732:Zeppelin LZ 85 crash
6597:Zeppelin LZ 59 crash
6570:Zeppelin LZ 54 crash
6516:Zeppelin LZ 29 crash
6372:Pax airship disaster
2723:More spoken articles
1996:, 28 September 2010.
1300:3 March 2016 at the
1052:Trichinella spiralis
1048:Karolinska Institute
986:Trichinella spiralis
431:, was to be renamed
417:and balloon builder
397:'s workshop in Paris
6923:Aircraft flown once
6903:History of Svalbard
6678:Zeppelin LZ 53 fire
6543:Zeppelin LZ 43 fire
6399:Zeppelin LZ 5 crash
6235:Kato Air Flight 605
5720:South magnetic pole
4386:Brusilov expedition
3495:Danish colonization
2933:North magnetic pole
2531:Flight of the Eagle
2111:Uusma, Bea (2014).
2086:Uusma, Bea (2014).
2061:Uusma, Bea (2014).
2036:Uusma, Bea (2014).
1975:, 28 September 2010
1939:Uusma, Bea (2014).
1894:Uusma, Bea (2014).
1860:Uusma, Bea (2014).
1835:Uusma, Bea (2014).
1729:Med Örnen mot polen
1674:Med Örnen mot polen
1662:Med Örnen mot polen
1632:Med Örnen mot polen
1611:Med Örnen mot polen
1554:Med Örnen mot polen
1542:Med Örnen mot polen
1526:Med Örnen mot polen
1504:Med Örnen mot polen
1480:Med Örnen mot polen
1468:Med Örnen mot polen
1447:Med Örnen mot polen
1356:Med Örnen mot polen
1344:Med Örnen mot polen
1107:Flight of the Eagle
1007:vitamin A poisoning
977:The Dead on Kvitøya
765:of the crash site.
237:During a couple of
6878:Arctic expeditions
6846:
6786:Maxstoke air crash
6480:Helgoland disaster
6184:Widerøe Flight 744
6176:Widerøe Flight 839
6157:Widerøe Flight 710
6149:Finnair Flight 915
6133:Widerøe Flight 933
6041:Hurum air disaster
6025:Kvitbjørn disaster
5411:Operation Windmill
5392:Operation Highjump
4367:Rusanov expedition
4272:A. E. Nordenskiöld
4016:North East Passage
3820:McClure expedition
2732:"Orłem" do bieguna
2302:"Andrée biography"
2245:plans and diagrams
2195:on 9 February 2009
1622:Lundström, p. 102.
1410:Kjellström, p. 45.
1325:, 21 January 1896.
1315:Providence Journal
1122:in the writing of
1074:
997:and his companion
957:
867:
838:indigenous peoples
826:
801:
782:
746:
704:
687:On foot on the ice
668:
631:
595:
576:Expedition of 1897
542:
524:
513:climate researcher
482:Nils Gustaf Ekholm
478:
463:Vilhelm Swedenborg
399:
333:
293:aerial photography
277:Arctic exploration
265:
235:
150:
53:
6855:
6854:
6280:
6279:
6060:Bjørnøya Accident
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5378:Operation Tabarin
5240:Far Eastern Party
5086:Nimrod Expedition
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4156:M. Pronchishcheva
4078:Siberian Cossacks
3547:Northwest Passage
2880:Research stations
2837:Polar exploration
2779:, bbc.co.uk video
2770:Popular Mechanics
2730:Andrzej M. Kobos
2692:
2682:
2613:Sundman, Per Olof
2504:Sundman, Per Olof
2394:on 3 October 2011
2236:A digital version
2122:978-91-1-306165-8
2097:978-91-1-306165-8
2072:978-91-1-306165-8
2047:978-91-1-306165-8
2017:on 4 January 2022
1950:978-91-1-306165-8
1905:978-91-1-306165-8
1871:978-91-1-306165-8
1846:978-91-1-306165-8
1769:on 21 August 2020
1691:"The Ice Balloon"
1689:(12 April 2010).
1574:Lundström, p. 98.
1515:Lundström, p. 90.
1494:Lundström, p. 81.
1428:Lundström, p. 39.
1398:Lundström, p. 59.
1376:Lundström, p. 32.
1367:Lundström, p. 36.
1253:price level chart
1104:film adaptation,
16:(Redirected from
6930:
6847:
6819:
6810:
6801:
6792:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6693:
6684:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6612:
6603:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6345:balloon incident
6339:
6330:
6318:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6273:
6265:
6246:
6238:
6237:(September 2004)
6219:
6218:(September 1997)
6211:
6210:(September 1996)
6203:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6117:
6109:
6090:
6071:
6063:
6044:
6036:
6028:
6020:
6001:
5993:
5983:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5928:
5927:
5425:Ronne Expedition
4910:
4904:
4768:Dumont d'Urville
4616:
4615:
4603:
4602:
4151:V. Pronchishchev
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2747:MacDonald Harris
2737:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2648:
2639:. Head of Zeus.
2628:
2594:
2593:on 4 March 2012.
2583:
2581:
2579:
2555:
2519:
2499:
2482:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2451:on 26 March 2009
2450:
2444:. Archived from
2427:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:. Archived from
2361:
2334:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2265:"Andrées färder"
2260:
2240:Project Runeberg
2238:is available at
2234:
2217:Strindberg, Nils
2204:
2202:
2200:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2147:Lovecraft Annual
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2013:. Archived from
2003:
1997:
1993:Göteborgs-Posten
1986:
1982:
1976:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
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1776:
1774:
1758:
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1738:
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1720:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
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1635:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1173:"Andrées färder"
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1097:Per Olof Sundman
1081:
999:Hjalmar Johansen
973:De döda på Vitön
933:
902:
759:Franz Josef Land
453:First expedition
436:
430:
424:
244:lighter-than-air
178:hydrogen balloon
121:Per Olof Sundman
95:
76:hydrogen balloon
21:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6817:
6808:
6799:
6790:
6781:
6777:Zeppelin LZ 100
6772:
6768:Zeppelin LZ 112
6763:
6759:Zeppelin LZ 104
6754:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6723:Zeppelin LZ 102
6718:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6592:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6439:
6430:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6281:
6276:
6268:
6260:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6222:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6194:(November 1994)
6190:
6182:
6174:
6163:
6155:
6151:(December 1987)
6147:
6139:
6131:
6120:
6112:
6108:(December 1972)
6104:
6093:
6085:
6074:
6070:(November 1956)
6066:
6058:
6047:
6043:(November 1949)
6039:
6031:
6023:
6015:
6004:
5998:Havørn Accident
5996:
5986:
5978:
5967:
5960:
5955:
5925:
5912:
5587:
5579:
5455:McMurdo Station
5324:Modern research
5322:
5310:
5045:O. Nordenskjöld
4908:
4902:
4897:
4813:Ross expedition
4637:
4610:
4589:
4018:
4010:
3551:Northern Canada
3549:
3541:
3394:
3386:
2892:
2884:
2852:
2839:
2834:
2790:
2788:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2665:(2 parts,
2664:
2661:
2658:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2574:on 2 April 2012
2566:
2562:
2560:Further reading
2454:
2452:
2448:
2425:
2415:Wayback Machine
2397:
2395:
2350:
2311:
2309:
2308:on 1 March 2007
2300:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2272:
2269:www.ballong.org
2263:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2149:(14): 148–151.
2143:
2139:
2135:Sörlin, p. 100.
2134:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1937:
1933:
1927:Wayback Machine
1917:
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1759:
1755:
1749:Wayback Machine
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1687:Wilkinson, Alec
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1585:Martinsson 2004
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1323:Wayback Machine
1312:
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1302:Wayback Machine
1290:
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1271:Wayback Machine
1260:Wayback Machine
1250:
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1234:
1224:
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1215:
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1201:
1199:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1120:H. P. Lovecraft
1079:Ingenjör Andrée
1065:
995:Fridtjof Nansen
945:
943:Causes of death
931:
900:
855:
814:
689:
583:
578:
490:Nils Strindberg
467:Nils Strindberg
455:
422:
419:Henri Lachambre
395:Henri Lachambre
281:Fridtjof Nansen
257:
140:
138:Andrée's scheme
135:
72:Nils Strindberg
49:Nils Strindberg
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6936:
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6806:
6797:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6761:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6716:
6714:Zeppelin LZ 66
6707:
6698:
6696:Zeppelin LZ 64
6689:
6687:Zeppelin LZ 86
6680:
6671:
6662:
6653:
6651:Zeppelin LZ 72
6644:
6642:Zeppelin LZ 74
6635:
6633:Zeppelin LZ 76
6626:
6624:Zeppelin LZ 31
6617:
6608:
6606:Zeppelin LZ 32
6599:
6590:
6588:Zeppelin LZ 48
6581:
6579:Zeppelin LZ 47
6572:
6563:
6561:Zeppelin LZ 39
6554:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6507:Zeppelin LZ 24
6500:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6437:
6428:
6419:
6410:
6401:
6392:
6383:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6335:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6245:(October 2006)
6239:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6186:(October 1993)
6180:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6153:
6145:
6137:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6110:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6064:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6037:
6035:(October 1948)
6029:
6021:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5872:Vostok Station
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5823:Cherry-Garrard
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5663:Southern Cross
5659:
5658:
5657:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5593:
5591:
5585:Farthest South
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5546:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5457:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5407:
5400:
5395:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5282:Ross Sea party
5278:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5082:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4976:Southern Cross
4969:Southern Cross
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4913:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4834:
4828:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4715:Bellingshausen
4705:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4612:
4611:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4574:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4022:
4020:Russian Arctic
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3457:
3455:Snæbjörn galti
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3357:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:Farthest North
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2780:
2774:
2765:
2742:The Balloonist
2738:
2716:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2674:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:External links
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2629:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2539:
2500:
2483:
2461:
2432:(in Swedish).
2430:Läkartidningen
2418:
2405:
2371:
2348:
2335:
2318:
2298:
2281:
2261:
2252:
2205:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2046:
2028:
1998:
1977:
1956:
1949:
1931:
1911:
1904:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1845:
1827:
1818:
1806:
1795:on 15 May 2020
1780:
1753:
1733:
1731:, pp. 458–461.
1721:
1709:
1696:The New Yorker
1678:
1666:
1654:
1636:
1624:
1615:
1602:
1593:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1556:, pp. 465–485.
1546:
1534:
1517:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1400:
1391:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1327:
1306:
1294:Albany Express
1284:
1275:
1244:
1218:
1209:
1180:
1165:
1156:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1064:
1061:
1025:Lead poisoning
944:
941:
869:The Norwegian
854:
851:
813:
810:
688:
685:
639:homing pigeons
582:
579:
577:
574:
569:civil engineer
454:
451:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
256:
253:
139:
136:
134:
131:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6935:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6850:
6842:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6816:
6814:
6807:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6795:Tarrant Tabor
6789:
6787:
6780:
6778:
6771:
6769:
6762:
6760:
6753:
6751:
6744:
6742:
6735:
6733:
6726:
6724:
6717:
6715:
6708:
6706:
6699:
6697:
6690:
6688:
6681:
6679:
6672:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6654:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6636:
6634:
6627:
6625:
6618:
6616:
6609:
6607:
6600:
6598:
6591:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6573:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6553:
6546:
6544:
6537:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6492:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6456:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6411:
6409:
6402:
6400:
6393:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6336:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6272:(August 2019)
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6202:(August 1996)
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6089:(August 1961)
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6027:(August 1947)
6026:
6022:
6019:(August 1946)
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5003:Discovery Hut
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
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4533:A. Sibiryakov
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4505:Glavsevmorput
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3808:
3807:J. Richardson
3805:
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3569:M. Corte-Real
3567:
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3564:G. Corte-Real
3562:
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3487:C. Richardson
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3296:Georgiy Sedov
3292:
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3183:Riiser-Larsen
3181:
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2763:
2762:0-380-01739-3
2759:
2756:
2755:0-374-10874-9
2752:
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2596:
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2569:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2522:Mary Sandbach
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
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2349:91-7203-264-2
2345:
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2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2287:
2282:
2270:
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2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2213:Frænkel, Knut
2210:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1842:
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1822:
1813:
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1794:
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1784:
1768:
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1373:
1364:
1357:
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1331:
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1317:
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1310:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:Academy Award
1113:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
962:
954:
949:
940:
937:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
864:
859:
850:
848:
844:
839:
835:
834:urban legends
830:
823:
818:
809:
805:
797:
793:
790:
786:
778:
774:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
738:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
718:
712:
710:
702:
698:
693:
684:
681:
676:
674:
666:
662:
657:
653:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
627:
623:
620:
615:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
587:
573:
570:
566:
561:
559:
558:
553:
549:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
450:
448:
442:
440:
435:
429:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
396:
391:
387:
385:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:King Oscar II
347:
344:130,800
341:
338:
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
300:
297:
294:
290:
289:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
252:
248:
245:
240:
233:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
186:Bering Strait
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
144:
130:
128:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
106:
101:
99:
94:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6829:
6818:Aug 2, 1919
6809:Jul 21, 1919
6800:Jul 15, 1919
6791:May 26, 1919
6782:Aug 19, 1918
6773:Aug 11, 1918
6764:Aug 06, 1918
6755:Apr 07, 1918
6746:Dec 14, 1917
6737:Oct 20, 1917
6728:Oct 20, 1917
6719:Oct 08, 1917
6710:Aug 21, 1917
6701:Jun 17, 1917
6692:May 14, 1917
6683:Mar 17, 1917
6674:Dec 28, 1916
6665:Nov 28, 1916
6656:Nov 27, 1916
6647:Oct 02, 1916
6638:Sep 24, 1916
6629:Sep 24, 1916
6620:Sep 16, 1916
6611:May 05, 1916
6602:May 04, 1916
6593:May 03, 1916
6584:Apr 01, 1916
6575:Feb 21, 1916
6566:Feb 01, 1916
6557:Dec 17, 1915
6552:Alsace crash
6539:Aug 10, 1915
6530:Jun 07, 1915
6521:Jun 07, 1915
6512:Mar 21, 1915
6503:Feb 17, 1915
6494:Aug 23, 1914
6485:Oct 17, 1913
6476:Sep 9, 1913
6467:Aug 7, 1913
6458:Apr 17, 1913
6449:Dec 15, 1912
6440:Sep 10, 1912
6431:May 13, 1912
6422:Feb 17, 1912
6413:May 21, 1911
6404:Jul 13, 1910
6395:Apr 24, 1910
6386:Sep 25, 1909
6377:Nov 30, 1907
6368:May 12, 1902
6359:Feb 14, 1902
6353:
6350:Jul 13, 1897
6342:
6338:Apr 15, 1875
6329:Jun 15, 1785
6264:(April 2016)
6178:(April 1990)
6135:(March 1982)
6062:(March 1954)
5988:
5979:
5878:
5866:Pole of Cold
5864:
5790:
5781:
5749:
5742:
5718:
5689:
5675:
5669:Borchgrevink
5661:
5648:
5633:
5613:
5598:
5567:
5548:
5541:
5525:
5511:
5502:
5485:
5478:
5459:
5447:
5423:
5409:
5402:
5390:
5376:
5362:
5348:
5341:
5302:
5294:
5280:
5273:
5271:
5253:
5245:
5238:
5225:
5216:
5178:
5170:
5161:
5154:
5142:
5135:
5121:
5109:Pourquoi-Pas
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5079:Orcadas Base
5077:
5069:
5056:
5050:C. A. Larsen
5038:
5030:
5016:
5009:
4996:
4988:
4982:Borchgrevink
4975:
4967:
4924:
4916:
4891:C. A. Larsen
4884:
4865:
4856:
4838:
4820:
4811:
4798:
4783:
4774:
4761:
4722:
4708:
4701:
4682:
4667:
4577:
4570:
4553:
4546:
4532:
4517:
4503:
4490:
4465:
4451:
4449:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4391:
4384:
4365:
4331:
4329:
4315:
4313:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4263:
4261:
4242:
4118:
4076:
4059:
4027:
3991:
3989:
3969:
3968:
3948:
3947:
3933:
3920:
3905:
3891:
3882:
3869:
3840:
3828:Investigator
3827:
3818:
3794:
3781:
3773:
3764:
3751:
3722:
3699:
3684:
3669:
3639:
3624:
3594:
3513:
3493:
3464:
3460:Erik the Red
3442:
3420:
3413:
3370:submersibles
3367:
3361:Arktika 2007
3359:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3326:
3317:
3314:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3250:
3243:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3160:
3158:
3129:
3126:
3115:S. A. Andrée
3108:
3107:
3094:
3069:
3061:
3058:
3034:
3016:
3003:
2994:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2931:
2789:. Retrieved
2769:
2741:
2636:
2616:
2605:
2598:
2591:the original
2576:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2543:
2529:
2525:
2507:
2487:
2466:
2453:. Retrieved
2446:the original
2433:
2429:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2379:
2339:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2290:. Retrieved
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2221:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2171:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2113:Expeditionen
2112:
2106:
2088:Expeditionen
2087:
2081:
2063:Expeditionen
2062:
2056:
2038:Expeditionen
2037:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:the original
2011:Augustpriset
2010:
2001:
1991:
1985:(in Swedish)
1980:
1970:
1964:(in Swedish)
1959:
1941:Expeditionen
1940:
1934:
1914:
1896:Expeditionen
1895:
1889:
1880:
1862:Expeditionen
1861:
1855:
1837:Expeditionen
1836:
1830:
1821:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1756:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1700:. Retrieved
1694:
1681:
1673:
1669:
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1657:
1631:
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1330:
1314:
1309:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1177:(in Swedish)
1168:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1130:
1123:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1020:primus stove
1004:
984:
976:
972:
970:
966:
958:
935:
928:
924:
919:, a sealing
912:
907:
906:
897:
894:
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881:
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868:
865:polar museum
846:
842:
831:
827:
806:
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791:
787:
783:
767:
747:
728:
722:
721:
713:
708:
705:
697:Danes Island
679:
677:
669:
665:Danes Island
660:
648:
647:
632:
613:
610:
603:
600:
596:
565:Knut Frænkel
562:
555:
554:on the ship
545:
543:
539:Knut Frænkel
529:
525:
505:Danes Island
502:
498:
494:
479:
475:S. A. Andrée
471:Knut Frænkel
447:primus stove
443:
438:
428:Le Pôle Nord
410:
408:
400:
381:
379:Rhode Island
363:
355:Alfred Nobel
342:
337:midnight sun
334:
317:
307:
266:
249:
238:
236:
231:
200:
192:
190:
151:
125:
118:
102:
97:
88:
68:Knut Frænkel
64:S. A. Andrée
55:
54:
41:Knut Frænkel
37:S. A. Andrée
29:
6548:Oct 2, 1915
6317:before 1920
6143:(June 1985)
6116:(June 1978)
6000:(June 1936)
5982:(July 1897)
5972:Before 1940
5569:Lake Vostok
5519:Tryoshnikov
5441:Schlossbach
5332:Christensen
5274:James Caird
5195:E. R. Evans
4961:Dobrowolski
4931:de Gerlache
4633:Expeditions
4519:Aviaarktika
4473:Samoylovich
4344:Kolomeitsev
4238:Middendorff
4198:Gedenshtrom
3618:I. Fyodorov
3380:Chilingarov
3268:E. Fyodorov
2875:Expeditions
2791:9 September
2736:(in Polish)
2398:27 February
2292:9 September
1237:15 February
1033:hypothermia
981:trichinosis
824:, Stockholm
812:Speculation
649:Aftonbladet
605:Aftonbladet
486:Spitsbergen
367:Jules Verne
359:Nobel Prize
180:across the
6913:North Pole
6893:Ballooning
6862:Categories
6750:C.26 crash
6159:(May 1988)
5992:(May 1928)
5792:Terra Nova
5697:Shackleton
5640:J. C. Ross
5599:Resolution
5589:South Pole
5364:New Swabia
5288:Mackintosh
5260:Shackleton
5179:Terra Nova
5172:Terra Nova
4906:Heroic Age
4866:Challenger
4826:J. C. Ross
4736:Bransfield
4668:Resolution
4583:icebreaker
4547:Chelyuskin
4288:expedition
4266:Expedition
4208:Matyushkin
4166:Kh. Laptev
4161:Chelyuskin
4055:Heemskerck
4045:Chancellor
4040:Willoughby
4035:Koch boats
3978:Stefansson
3912:McClintock
3876:Inglefield
3718:J. C. Ross
3625:Resolution
3477:Cunningham
3375:Sagalevich
3064:expedition
3023:Stephenson
2983:C. F. Hall
2970:expedition
2944:J. C. Ross
2907:Heemskerck
2894:North Pole
2719:Audio help
2710:2007-02-02
2633:Uusma, Bea
2536:Jan Troell
2470:. London:
2199:5 February
1676:, pp. 464.
1112:Jan Troell
874:expedition
755:Cape Flora
731:melt ponds
591:photochrom
552:expedition
375:Providence
205:Baltic Sea
197:Gothenburg
182:Arctic Sea
174:balloonist
133:Background
60:North Pole
5891:Tolstikov
5677:Discovery
5647:HMS
5632:HMS
5614:Adventure
5612:HMS
5597:HMS
5533:Tolstikov
5254:Endurance
5039:Antarctic
5024:Drygalski
4997:Discovery
4990:Discovery
4951:Arctowski
4864:HMS
4837:HMS
4831:Abernethy
4819:HMS
4797:USS
4784:Vincennes
4782:USS
4762:Astrolabe
4702:San Telmo
4683:Adventure
4681:HMS
4666:HMS
4661:Kerguelen
4623:Continent
4608:Antarctic
4485:Urvantsev
4443:Vilkitsky
4296:Jeannette
4294:USS
4286:Jeannette
4250:Weyprecht
4228:Pakhtusov
4178:Chichagov
4171:D. Laptev
4114:Permyakov
4089:Stadukhin
4084:Perfilyev
4061:Mangazeya
3999:H. Larsen
3964:Rasmussen
3919:HMS
3890:USS
3839:HMS
3826:HMS
3790:Collinson
3780:HMS
3772:HMS
3750:HMS
3698:HMS
3683:HMS
3668:HMS
3653:Mackenzie
3640:Discovery
3638:HMS
3623:HMS
3595:Discovery
3574:Frobisher
3537:Rasmussen
3450:Gunnbjörn
3396:Greenland
3325:USS
3316:USS
3188:Ellsworth
3130:Roosevelt
3060:Nansen's
3017:Discovery
3015:HMS
3002:HMS
2949:Abernethy
2917:Marmaduke
2388:1474-2365
2370:, Sweden.
2155:1935-6102
2021:4 January
1664:, p. 456.
1634:, p. 444.
1613:, p. 409.
1506:, p. 113.
1482:, p. 107.
1273:, Sweden.
1251:See this
1202:23 August
1141:Footnotes
1046:, of the
1044:Bea Uusma
719:in 1930.
170:Stockholm
162:ecologies
158:Antarctic
5903:A. Fuchs
5860:V. Fuchs
5840:McKinley
5803:E. Evans
5762:Bjaaland
5757:Amundsen
5707:Marshall
5620:Furneaux
5472:V. Fuchs
5436:E. Ronne
5431:F. Ronne
5370:Ritscher
5224:SY
5212:Filchner
5156:Framheim
5150:Amundsen
4956:Racoviță
4941:Amundsen
4936:Lecointe
4805:Ringgold
4799:Porpoise
4689:Furneaux
4525:Shevelev
4480:Begichev
4459:Amundsen
4421:Nagórski
4399:Brusilov
4393:Sv. Anna
4307:Melville
4277:Palander
4233:Tsivolko
4193:Sannikov
4188:Billings
4131:Chirikov
4050:Barentsz
3992:St. Roch
3983:Bartlett
3957:Amundsen
3941:Sverdrup
3841:Resolute
3730:Franklin
3658:Kotzebue
3525:Sverdrup
3508:Scoresby
3482:Lindenov
3333:Plaisted
3318:Nautilus
3263:Shirshov
3237:Belyakov
3232:Baydukov
3206:Nautilus
3168:Amundsen
3128:SS
3087:Sverdrup
3082:Johansen
3052:Brainard
3047:Lockwood
2902:Barentsz
2721: ·
2645:17213401
2635:(2014).
2615:(1968).
2506:(1967).
2455:13 March
2411:Archived
2219:(1930).
2163:26939814
1923:Archived
1799:19 March
1745:Archived
1652:Bellows.
1470:, p. 92.
1449:, p. 84.
1358:, p. 58.
1346:, p. 49.
1319:Archived
1298:Archived
1267:Archived
1256:Archived
1029:botulism
991:diarrhea
961:cremated
953:ice floe
936:Bratvaag
925:Bratvaag
908:Bratvaag
898:Bratvaag
890:Bratvaag
882:Bratvaag
872:Bratvaag
853:Recovery
845:and the
843:Bratvaag
771:pemmican
763:panorama
751:Sjuøyane
735:oilskins
509:Svalbard
415:aeronaut
314:hydrogen
105:pack ice
80:Svalbard
45:pack ice
6908:Kvitøya
6820:
6811:
6802:
6793:
6784:
6775:
6766:
6757:
6748:
6739:
6730:
6721:
6712:
6703:
6694:
6685:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6649:
6640:
6631:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6433:
6424:
6415:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6340:
6331:
5908:Messner
5855:Hillary
5835:Balchen
5783:Polheim
5777:Wisting
5655:Crozier
5627:Weddell
5605:J. Cook
5575:Kapitsa
5556:Fiennes
5498:Klenova
5467:Hillary
5417:Ketchum
5343:BANZARE
5318:·
5163:Polheim
5129:Shirase
5115:Charcot
4925:Belgica
4844:Crozier
4756:Morrell
4751:Weddell
4729:Lazarev
4674:J. Cook
4628:History
4578:Arktika
4554:Krassin
4539:Voronin
4511:Schmidt
4497:Ushakov
4436:Vaygach
4404:Albanov
4373:Rusanov
4354:Kolchak
4349:Matisen
4323:Makarov
4302:De Long
4203:Wrangel
4183:Lyakhov
4136:Malygin
4094:Dezhnev
3921:Pandora
3892:Advance
3859:Kennedy
3854:Belcher
3847:Kellett
3834:McClure
3758:Beechey
3752:Blossom
3745:Simpson
3713:Crozier
3706:Hoppner
3663:J. Ross
3631:J. Cook
3579:Gilbert
3472:J. Hall
3438:Ingólfr
3428:Naddodd
3422:Vikings
3409:Brendan
3404:Pytheas
3392:Iceland
3346:Arktika
3338:Herbert
3303:Badygin
3273:Krenkel
3258:Papanin
3227:Chkalov
3213:Wilkins
3178:Wisting
3122:F. Cook
3028:Markham
2988:Bessels
2977:Polaris
2968:Polaris
2939:J. Ross
2922:Carolus
2870:History
2708: (
2670:minutes
2552:1449025
2516:8216860
2496:3072412
2479:1787910
2442:8257938
2358:7622239
2331:3072403
2312:5 March
2275:16 July
2231:1313686
2182:Sources
1773:18 June
1089:Estonia
1072:Sweden"
929:Isbjørn
913:Isbjørn
886:Ålesund
880:vessel
878:sealing
847:Isbjørn
749:one at
717:Kvitøya
701:Kvitøya
673:payload
619:ballast
404:Germany
383:Journal
371:airship
322:degrees
217:Gotland
213:Finland
184:to the
114:Kvitøya
6826:
6343:Zénith
5989:Italia
5818:Bowers
5813:Wilson
5772:Hassel
5767:Helmer
5736:Mackay
5726:Mawson
5691:Nimrod
5649:Terror
5634:Erebus
5561:Burton
5356:Rymill
5232:Mawson
5226:Aurora
5205:Lashly
5190:Wilson
5093:Nimrod
5070:Scotia
4877:Murray
4852:Cooper
4839:Terror
4821:Erebus
4790:Wilkes
4741:Palmer
4709:Vostok
4656:Bouvet
4580:-class
4560:Gakkel
4428:Taymyr
4409:Konrad
4378:Kuchin
4316:Yermak
4223:Lavrov
4141:Ovtsyn
4126:Bering
4104:Ivanov
4067:Hudson
4029:Pomors
4006:Cowper
3971:Karluk
3870:Isabel
3864:Bellot
3814:Austin
3782:Terror
3774:Erebus
3670:Griper
3646:Clerke
3606:Baffin
3589:Hudson
3520:Nansen
3433:Garðar
3354:Barneo
3221:ANT-25
3197:Italia
3173:Nobile
3142:Henson
3101:Amedeo
3077:Nansen
3042:Greely
2912:Hudson
2850:Arctic
2760:
2753:
2643:
2641:SELIBR
2625:884831
2623:
2621:SELIBR
2578:13 May
2550:
2548:SELIBR
2514:
2512:SELIBR
2494:
2492:SELIBR
2477:
2475:SELIBR
2440:
2438:SELIBR
2386:
2368:Gränna
2356:
2354:SELIBR
2346:
2329:
2327:SELIBR
2229:
2227:SELIBR
2161:
2153:
2119:
2094:
2069:
2044:
1947:
1902:
1868:
1843:
1387:passim
1063:Legacy
917:Tromsø
863:Tromsø
488:, and
346:kronor
310:France
269:Sweden
110:Arctic
84:Sweden
70:, and
6254:2010s
6227:2000s
6168:1990s
6125:1980s
6098:1970s
6079:1960s
6052:1950s
6009:1940s
5898:Crary
5845:Dufek
5808:Oates
5798:Scott
5731:David
5712:Adams
5683:Barne
5504:Mirny
5493:Somov
5303:Quest
5200:Crean
5185:Scott
5064:Bruce
5018:Gauss
5011:Gauss
4885:Jason
4872:Nares
4746:Davis
4723:Mirny
4696:Smith
4651:Roché
4571:Lenin
4491:Sadko
4416:Wiese
4361:Sedov
4332:Zarya
4255:Payer
4218:Litke
4213:Anjou
4146:Minin
4109:Vagin
4099:Popov
4072:Poole
3927:Young
3740:Dease
3685:Hecla
3676:Parry
3601:Bylot
3584:Davis
3559:Cabot
3532:Peary
3514:Jason
3501:Egede
3415:Papar
3327:Skate
3308:Wiese
3288:NP-37
3281:NP-36
3161:Norge
3149:Sedov
3137:Peary
3095:Jason
3010:Nares
3004:Alert
2959:Hayes
2927:Parry
2865:Ocean
2449:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
2382:(6).
2159:JSTOR
1702:9 May
1262:from
932:'
921:sloop
901:'
723:Eagle
709:Eagle
680:Eagle
661:Eagle
635:buoys
614:Eagle
439:Eagle
434:Örnen
221:Öland
98:Eagle
93:Örnen
78:from
5830:Byrd
5751:Fram
5702:Wild
5384:Marr
5350:BGLE
5337:Byrd
5265:Wild
5144:Fram
4946:Cook
4467:AARI
4452:Maud
4339:Toll
4264:Vega
3950:Gjøa
3935:Fram
3898:Kane
3735:Back
3700:Fury
3691:Lyon
3613:Munk
3252:NP-1
3154:Byrd
3071:Fram
3062:Fram
2954:Kane
2793:2013
2758:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2580:2008
2457:2006
2400:2006
2384:ISSN
2344:ISBN
2314:2006
2294:2013
2277:2011
2201:2009
2151:ISSN
2117:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2023:2022
1945:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1801:2010
1775:2019
1740:See
1704:2021
1589:here
1239:2015
1204:2014
659:The
643:cork
637:and
557:Fram
411:Svea
318:Svea
239:Svea
232:Svea
201:Svea
193:Svea
39:and
5527:3rd
5513:2nd
5487:1st
5320:IGY
5316:IPY
3906:Fox
3802:Rae
3368:Mir
3344:NS
2745:by
2534:by
2524:as
2366:in
1972:SVT
915:of
884:of
757:in
441:).
6864::
4432:/
2668:38
2434:97
2428:.
2378:.
2352:.
2267:.
2215:;
2211:;
2157:.
2009:.
1990:,
1969:,
1809:^
1712:^
1693:.
1639:^
1487:^
1403:^
1230:.
1195:.
1183:^
1128:.
849:.
711:.
507:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
377:,
361:.
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4903:"
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4833:)
4824:(
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2795:.
2764:.
2725:)
2717:(
2712:)
2672:)
2647:.
2627:.
2582:.
2554:.
2518:.
2498:.
2481:.
2459:.
2402:.
2360:.
2333:.
2316:.
2296:.
2279:.
2233:.
2203:.
2165:.
2125:.
2100:.
2075:.
2050:.
2025:.
1953:.
1908:.
1874:.
1849:.
1803:.
1777:.
1751:.
1706:.
1591:.
1532:.
1389:.
1241:.
1206:.
975:(
437:(
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20:)
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