SAT - Knowledge

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of high achievers that makes actual high-performing students struggle to stand out, especially if they are from low-income families. Schools that made the SAT optional therefore lost an objective measure of academic aptitude and readiness, and they will have to formulate a new methodology for admissions or to develop their own entrance exams. Given that the selectivity of a school a student applies to is correlated with the resources of his or her high school—measured in terms of the availability of rigorous courses, such as AP classes, and the socioeconomic statuses of the student body—, making the SAT optional might exacerbate social inequities. Furthermore, since the costs of attending institutions of higher learning in the United States are high, eliminating the SAT requirement could make said institutions more likely to admit under-performing students, who might have to be removed for their low academic standing and who might be saddled with debt after attending. Another criticism of making the SAT optional is that subjective measures of an applicant's suitability, such as application essays, could become more important, making it easier for the rich to gain admissions at the expense of the poor because their school counselors are more capable of writing good letters of recommendation and they can afford to hire external help to boost their applications.

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scoring in the 700–800 range, the male-to-female ratio was 1.6:1. In 2014, psychologist Stephen Ceci and his collaborators found boys did better than girls across the percentiles. For example, a girl scoring in the top 10% of her sex would only be in the top 20% among the boys. In 2010, psychologist Jonathan Wai and his colleagues showed, by analyzing data from three decades involving 1.6 million intellectually gifted seventh graders from the Duke University Talent Identification Program (TIP), that in the 1980s the gender gap in the mathematics section of the SAT among students scoring in the top 0.01% was 13.5:1 in favor of boys but dropped to 3.8:1 by the 1990s. The dramatic sex ratio from the 1980s replicates a different study using a sample from Johns Hopkins University. This ratio is similar to that observed for the ACT mathematics and science scores between the early 1990s and the late 2000s. It remained largely unaltered at the end of the 2000s. Sex differences in SAT mathematics scores began making themselves apparent at the level of 400 points and above. In the late 2000s, for every female who scored a perfect 800 on the SAT mathematics test, there were two males.

3025:(TIP) to select, study, and mentor students of exceptional ability, that is, those in the top one percent. Among SMPY participants, those within the top quartile, as indicated by the SAT composite score (mathematics and verbal), were markedly more likely to have a doctoral degree, to have at least one publication in STEM, to earn income in the 95th percentile, to have at least one literary publication, or to register at least one patent than those in the bottom quartile. Duke TIP participants generally picked career tracks in STEM should they be stronger in mathematics, as indicated by SAT mathematics scores, or the humanities if they possessed greater verbal ability, as indicated by SAT verbal scores. For comparison, the bottom SMPY quartile is five times more likely than the average American to have a patent. Meanwhile, as of 2016, the shares doctorates among SMPY participants was 44% and Duke TIP 37%, compared to two percent among the general U.S. population. Consequently, the notion that beyond a certain point, differences in cognitive ability as measured by standardized tests such as the SAT cease to matter is gainsaid by the evidence. 523:. Section scores are reported on a scale of 200 to 800, and each section score is a multiple of ten. A total score for the SAT is calculated by adding the two section scores, resulting in total scores that range from 400 to 1600. In addition to the two section scores, three "test" scores on a scale of 10 to 40 are reported, one for each of Reading, Writing and Language, and Math, with increment of 1 for Reading / Writing and Language, and 0.5 for Math. There are also two cross-test scores that each range from 10 to 40 points: Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. The essay, if taken, was scored separately from the two section scores. Two people score each essay by each awarding 1 to 4 points in each of three categories: Reading, Analysis, and Writing. These two scores from the different examiners are then combined to give a total score from 2 to 8 points per category. Though sometimes people quote their essay score out of 24, the College Board themselves do not combine the different categories to give one essay score, instead giving a score for each category. 2967:) and found that after correcting for education, the use of sophisticated vocabulary has declined between the mid-1970s and the mid-2010s across all levels of education, from below high school to graduate school. However, they cautioned against the use of SAT verbal scores to track the decline for while the College Board reported that SAT verbal scores had been decreasing, these scores were an imperfect measure of the vocabulary level of the nation as a whole because the test-taking demographic has changed and because more students took the SAT in the 2010s than in the 1970s, meaning there were more with limited ability who took it. However, as the frequency of reading for pleasure and the level of reading comprehension among American high-school students continue to decline, students who take the SAT might struggle to do well, even if reforms have been introduced to shorten the duration of the test and to reduce the number of questions associated with a given passage in the verbal portion of the test. 2900: 2193:

verbal section. Indeed, researchers have shown time and again that preparation courses tend to offer at best a modest boost to test scores. Like IQ scores, which are a strong correlate, SAT scores tend to be stable over time, meaning SAT preparation courses offer only a limited advantage. An early meta-analysis (from 1983) found similar results and noted "the size of the coaching effect estimated from the matched or randomized studies (10 points) seems too small to be practically important." Statisticians Ben Domingue and Derek C. Briggs examined data from the Education Longitudinal Survey of 2002 and found that the effects of coaching were only statistically significant for mathematics; moreover, coaching had a greater effect on certain students than others, especially those who have taken rigorous courses and those of high socioeconomic status. A 2012

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optional. While holistic admissions might seem like a plausible alternative, the process of applying can be rather stressful for students and parents, and many get upset once they learn that someone else got into the school that rejected them despite having lower SAT scores and GPAs. Holistic admissions notwithstanding, when merit-based scholarships are considered, standardized test scores might be the tiebreakers, as these are highly competitive. Scholarships and financial aid could help students and their parents significantly cut the cost of higher education, especially in times of economic hardship. Moreover, the most selective of schools might have no better options than using standardized test scores in order to quickly prune the number of applications worth considering, for holistic admissions consume valuable time and other resources.

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curving grades, but pointed out that the test was incapable of distinguishing students in the 86th percentile (650 points) or higher in mathematics. The Princeton Review also noted that this particular curve was unusual in that it offered no cushion against careless or last-minute mistakes for high-achieving students. The Review posted a similar blog post for the SAT of August 2019, when a similar incident happened and the College Board responded in the same manner, noting, "A student who misses two questions on an easier test should not get as good a score as a student who misses two questions on a hard test. Equating takes care of that issue." It also cautioned students against retaking the SAT immediately, for they might be disappointed again, and recommended that instead, they give themselves some "leeway" before trying again.

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include one's parents. On top of that, high-scoring students nowadays are much more likely to leave their hometowns in pursuit of higher education at prestigious institutions. Consequently, standardized tests, such as the SAT, are a more reliable measure of selectivity than admissions rates. Still, when Michael J. Petrilli and Pedro Enamorado analyzed the SAT composite scores (math and verbal) of incoming freshman classes of 1985 and 2016 of the top universities and liberal arts colleges in the United States, they found that the median scores of new students increased by 93 points for their sample, from 1216 to 1309. In particular, fourteen institutions saw an increase of at least 150 points, including the University of Notre-Dame (from 1290 to 1440, or 150 points) and Elon College (from 952 to 1192, or 240 points).

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corporations have spent princely sums on learning how to avoid hiring errors and have decided that standardized test scores are a valuable tool in deciding whether or not a person is fit for the job. In some cases, a company might need to hire someone to handle proprietary materials of its own making, such as computer software. But since the ability to work with such materials cannot be assessed via external certification, it makes sense for such a firm to rely on something that is a proxy of measuring general intelligence. In other cases, a firm may not care about academic background but needs to assess a prospective recruit's quantitative reasoning ability, and what makes standardized test scores necessary. Several companies, especially those considered to be the most prestigious in industries such as

3138:. Others dropped the requirement completely. Some schools extended their moratorium on standardized entrance exams in 2021. This did not stop highly ambitious students from taking them, however, as many parents and teenagers were skeptical of the "optional" status of university entrance exams and wanted to make their applications more likely to catch the attention of admission officers. This led to complaints of registration sites crashing in the summer of 2020. On the other hand, the number of students applying to the more competitive of schools that had made SAT and ACT scores optional increased dramatically because the students thought they stood a chance. Ivy League institutions saw double-digit increases in the number of applications, as high as 51% in the case of 2839:

In 2003, Freedle published data showing that black students have had a slight advantage on the verbal questions that are labeled as difficult on the SAT, whereas white and Asian students tended to have a slight advantage on questions labeled as easy. Freedle argued that these findings suggest that "easy" test items use vocabulary that is easier to understand for white middle class students than for minorities, who often use a different language in the home environment, whereas the difficult items use complex language learned only through lectures and textbooks, giving both student groups equal opportunities to acquiring it. The study was severely criticized by the ETS board, but the findings were replicated in a subsequent study by Santelices and Wilson in 2010.

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collegiate performance even after controlling for socioeconomic status (as measured by the combination of parental educational attainment and income) and high-school GPA. This means that SAT scores were not merely a proxy for measuring socioeconomic status, the researchers concluded. This finding has been replicated and shown to hold across racial or ethnic groups and for both sexes. Moreover, the Minnesota researchers found that the socioeconomic status distributions of the student bodies of the schools examined reflected those of their respective applicant pools. Because of what it measures, a person's SAT scores cannot be separated from their socioeconomic background. However, the correlation between SAT scores and parental income or socioeconomic status

2249:(UC) system argued that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of high school type or quality. In its 2020 report, the UC academic senate found that the SAT was better than high school GPA at predicting first year GPA, and just as good as high school GPA at predicting undergraduate GPA, first year retention, and graduation. This predictive validity was found to hold across demographic groups, with the report noting that standardized test scores were actually "better predictors of success for students who are Underrepresented Minority students (URMs), who are first-generation, or whose families are low-income." A series of College Board reports point to similar predictive validity across demographic groups. 2732:

solution or to come up with the specific insights necessary for solving those problems. In 2000, ETS psychometrician Ann M. Gallagher and her colleagues analyzed how students handled disclosed SAT mathematics questions in self-reports. They found that for both sexes, the most favored approach was to use formulas or algorithms learned in class. When that failed, however, males were more likely than females to identify the suitable methods of solution. Previous research suggested that males were more likely to explore unusual paths to solution whereas females tended to stick to what they had learned in class and that females were more likely to identify the appropriate approaches if such required nothing more than mastery of classroom materials.

2677:, economists Adam Blandin, Christopher Herrington, and Aaron Steelman concluded that family structure played an important role in determining educational outcomes in general and SAT scores in particular. Families with only one parent who has no degrees were designated 1L, with two parents but no degrees 2L, and two parents with at least one degree between them 2H. Children from 2H families held a significant advantage of those from 1L families, and this gap grew between 1990 and 2010. Because the median SAT composite scores (verbal and mathematics) for 2H families grew by 20 points while those of 1L families fell by one point, the gap between them increased by 21 points, or a fifth of one standard deviation. 818:, meaning that students have two modules per section (reading/writing and math), with the second module being adaptive to the demonstrated level based on the results from the first module. On the reading and writing sections, the questions will have shorter passages for each question. On the math sections, the word problems will be more concise. Students have a ten minute break after the first two English modules and before the two math modules. A timer is built into the testing software and will automatically begin once the student finishes the second English module. New tools such as a question flagger, a timer, and an integrated graphing calculator are included in the new test as well. 3240: 6993:

UGPA, a higher graduation UGPA, and higher likelihood of graduating within either four years (for transfers) or seven years (for freshmen). Further, the amount of variance in student outcomes explained by test scores has increased since 2007, while variance explained by high school grades has decreased, although altogether does not exceed 26%. Test scores are predictive for all demographic groups and disciplines, even after controlling for HSGPA. In fact, test scores are better predictors of success for students who are Underrepresented Minority students (URMs), who are first-generation, or whose families are low-income.

3306:, the use of the SAT increased rapidly: by 1951, about 80,000 SATs were taken, rising to about 1.5 million in 1971. During this time, changes made to the content of the SAT were relatively minor, and included the introduction of sentence completion questions and "quantitative comparison" math questions as well as changes in the timing of the test. In 1994, however, the SAT was substantially changed in an attempt to make the test more closely reflect the work done by students in school and the skills that they would need in college. Among other changes, antonym questions were removed from the verbal section, and 540:

five passages (up to two of which may be a pair of smaller passages) on the Reading Test and ten or eleven questions per passage or passage pair. SAT Reading passages draw from three main fields: history, social studies, and science. Each SAT Reading Test always includes: one passage from U.S. or world literature; one passage from either a U.S. founding document or a related text; one passage about economics, psychology, sociology, or another social science; and, two science passages. Answers to all of the questions are based only on the content stated in or implied by the passage or passage pair.

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number of SAT takers rose. In 2015, for example, 1.7 million students took the SAT, up from 1.6 million in 2013. But in 2019, a record-breaking 2.2 million students took the exam, compared to 2.1 million in 2018, another record-breaking year. The rise in the number of students taking the SAT was due in part to many school districts offering to administer the SAT during school days often at no further costs to the students. Some require students to take the SAT, regardless of whether or not they are going to college. However, in 2021, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the

3130:. Also on the list are institutions catering to niche students, such as religious colleges, arts and music conservatories, or nursing schools, and the majority of institutions in the Northeastern United States. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, around 1,600 institutions decided to waive the requirement of the SAT or the ACT for admissions because it was challenging both to administer and to take these tests, resulting in many cancellations. Some schools chose to make them optional on a temporary basis only, either for just one year, as in the case of 508:

the summer of 2021, the test taker was also optionally able to write an essay which, in that case, is the fifth test section. (The essay was dropped after June 2021, except in a few states and school districts.) The total time for the scored portion of the SAT is two hours and 14 minutes. Some test takers who are not taking the essay may also have a fifth section, which is used, at least in part, for the pretesting of questions that may appear on future administrations of the SAT. (These questions are not included in the computation of the SAT score.)

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the SAT I. After controlling for family income and parental education, the already low ability of the SAT to measure aptitude and college readiness fell sharply while the more substantial aptitude and college readiness measuring abilities of high school GPA and the SAT II each remained undiminished (and even slightly increased). The University of California system required both the SAT I and the SAT II from applicants to the UC system during the four academic years of the study. This analysis is heavily publicized but is contradicted by many studies.

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found that high scorers were more likely to be confident they were in the top 10%, with the top scorers reporting the highest levels of confidence. But there were some noticeable gaps between the sexes. Men tended to be much more confident in their mathematical aptitude than women. For example, among those who scored 700 on the mathematics section, 67% of men answered they believed they were in the top 10% whereas only 56% of women did the same. Women, on the other hand, were slightly more confident in their verbal reasoning ability than men.

2530:, a sport popular with the wealthy. However, for psychometricians, analogy questions are a useful tool to gauge the mental abilities of students, for, even if the meaning of two words are unclear, a student with sufficiently strong analytical thinking skills should still be able to identify their relationships. Analogy questions were removed in 2005. In their place are questions that provide more contextual information should the students be ignorant of the relevant definition of a word, making it easier for them to guess the correct answer. 2724: 560:

passages and suggest corrections or improvements for the contents underlined. Reading passages on this test range in content from topic arguments to nonfiction narratives in a variety of subjects. The skills being evaluated include: increasing the clarity of argument; improving word choice; improving analysis of topics in social studies and science; changing sentence or word structure to increase organizational quality and impact of writing; and, fixing or improving sentence structure, word usage, and punctuation.

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were still as capable of predicting freshman GPA among university or college students. A 2019 study with a sample size of around a quarter of a million students suggests that together, SAT scores and high-school GPA offer an excellent predictor of freshman collegiate GPA and second-year retention. In 2018, psychologists Oren R. Shewach, Kyle D. McNeal, Nathan R. Kuncel, and Paul R. Sackett showed that both high-school GPA and SAT scores predict enrollment in advanced collegiate courses, even after controlling for

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delivery of results, delivery of results to more than four institutions, result deliveries ordered more than nine days after the test, and testing administered outside the United States, as applicable, and fee waivers are offered to low-income students within the U.S. and its territories. Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600, combining test results from two 200-to-800-point sections: the Mathematics section and the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section. Although taking the SAT, or its competitor the

2816:, with comparable results for the SAT (2.4 million test takers). Similarly, on average, Hispanic and Amerindian students perform on the order of one standard deviation lower on the SAT than white and Asian students. Mathematics appears to be the more difficult part of the exam. In 1996, the black-white gap in the mathematics section was 0.91 standard deviations, but by 2020, it fell to 0.79. In 2013, Asian Americans as a group scored 0.38 standard deviations higher than whites in the mathematics section. 2430:

differentiating the top scorers from one another, not knowing whether or not the students' perfect or near-perfect scores truly reflected their scholastic aptitudes. He suggested that the College Board make the SAT more difficult, which would raise the measurement ceiling of the test, allowing the top schools to identify the best and brightest among the applicants. At that time, the College Board was already working on making the SAT tougher. The changes were announced in 2014 and implemented in 2016.

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Americans are less likely to develop in their socialization, rather than the skills they are more likely to develop. Furthermore, standardized entrance exams are often labeled as tests of general ability, rather than of certain aspects of ability. Thus, a situation is produced in which African-American ability is consistently underestimated within the education and workplace environments, contributing in turn to selection bias against them which exacerbates underachievement.

839:. The second percentile, called the "SAT User Percentile", uses actual scores from a comparison group of recent United States students that took the SAT. For example, for the school year 2019–2020, the SAT User Percentile was based on the test scores of students in the graduating classes of 2018 and 2019 who took the SAT (specifically, the 2016 revision) during high school. Students receive both types of percentiles for their total score as well as their section scores. 811:

occurred on March 9, 2024, in the U.S. The digital SAT takes about an hour less to do than the paper-based test (two hours vs. three). It is administered in an official test center, as before, but the students use their own testing devices (a portable computer or tablet). If a student cannot bring his or her own device, one can be requested from College Board. Before the test, College Board's "Bluebook" app must have been successfully installed on the testing device.

580: 51: 2996:, use scores from certain years as one of their admission tests. For instance, Intertel accepts scores (verbal and math combined) of at least 1300 on tests taken through January 1994; the Triple Nine Society accepts scores of 1450 or greater on SAT tests taken before April 1995, and scores of at least 1520 on tests taken between April 1995 and February 2005. Mensa accepts qualifying SAT scores earned on or before January 31, 1994. 636:(CAS) calculators, are permitted on the SAT Math – Calculator section only. However, with the change to the Digital SAT during 2023 and 2024, a graphing calculator may be used throughout the entire test and is accessible through the test application program. All four-function calculators are allowed as well; however, these devices are not recommended. Mobile phone and smartphone calculators, calculators with typewriter-like ( 2707:

upper and lower extremes of the performance distributions of the mathematics sections of standardized tests such as the SAT, resulting in the observed gender discrepancy. Paradoxically, this is at odds with the tendency of girls to have higher classroom scores than boys, proving that they do not lack scholastic aptitude. However, boys tend to do better on standardized test questions not directly related to the curriculum.

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and being a member of the 'American elite', namely Fortune 500 CEOs, billionaires, federal judges, and members of Congress. Wai concluded that the American elite was also the cognitive elite. Gregory Park, Lubinski, and Benbow gave statistical evidence that intellectually gifted adolescents, as identified by SAT scores, could be expected to accomplish great feats of creativity in the future, both in the arts and in STEM.

3340: 3727:"And a separate process that began in 1926 was complete by 1942: the much easier SAT—a test not aligned to any particular curriculum and thus better suited to a nation where high school students did not take a common curriculum—replaced the old college boards as the nations's college entrance exam. This broke the once tight link between academic coursework and college admission, a break that remains to this day." 3390: 2624: 166: 2850:

under-perform in college relative to their white peers with the same SAT scores; researchers have argued that this is likely because white students tend to benefit from social advantages outside of the educational environment (for example, high parental involvement in their education, inclusion in campus academic activities, positive bias from same-race teachers and peers) which result in better grades.

317:, another non-profit organization which until shortly before the 2016 redesign of the SAT developed the test and maintained a repository of items (test questions) as well. The test is intended to assess students' readiness for college. Originally designed not to be aligned with high school curricula, several adjustments were made for the version of the SAT introduced in 2016. College Board president 2615: 11110:...all the plaintiffs in these affirmative action cases over the years, going back 20 years to the Michigan cases, have used test scores as one set — one proof point in terms of that they were discriminated against that, students who were denied admission with a 1500 SAT and other students with a 1200. Well, when you don't have scores from everybody, it's a lot more difficult to make that case. 2339:

school's average. In contrast, individual high-school GPAs were a better predictor of collegiate success than average high-school GPAs. Furthermore, an admissions officer who failed to take average SAT scores into account would risk overestimating the future performance of a student from a low-scoring school and underestimating that of a student from a high-scoring school.

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writing, and analysis, each on a scale of 2–8) for the optional essay. Students may also receive, for an additional fee, various score verification services, including (for select test administrations) the Question and Answer Service, which provides the test questions, the student's answers, the correct answers, and the type and difficulty of each question.

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and universities in the United States that require a test as part of an application for admission will accept either the SAT or ACT, and as of Fall 2022, more than 1400 four-year colleges and universities did not require any standardized test scores at all for admission, though some of them were planning to apply this policy only temporarily due to the

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something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction." The new SAT debuted in March 1994, and was referred to as the Scholastic Assessment Test by major news organizations. However, in 1997, the College Board announced that the SAT could not properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test, and that the letters SAT

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lower educational quality. This view is supported by evidence that the black-white gap is higher in cities and neighborhoods that are more racially segregated. Other research cites poorer minority proficiency in key coursework relevant to the SAT (English and math), as well as peer pressure against students who try to focus on their schoolwork ("

2691: 3291:. At this time, the SAT was standardized so that a test score received by a student in one year could be directly compared to a score received by a student in another year. Test scores ranged from 200 to 800 on each of two test sections (verbal and math) and the same reference group of students was used to standardize the SAT until 1995. 2784: 2796: 2326:. A 2009 study found that SAT or ACT scores along with high-school GPAs are strong predictors of cumulative university GPAs. In particular, those with standardized test scores in the 50th percentile or better had a two-thirds chance of having a cumulative university GPA in the top half. A 2010 meta-analysis by researchers from the 2711:

longitudinal studies of seventh graders who scored exceptionally high on the SAT, found a similar result. Girls generally had better verbal reasoning skills and boys mathematical skills. This reflects other research on the cognitive ability of the general population rather than just the 95th percentile and up.

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The College Board has been accused of completely reusing old SAT papers previously given in the United States. The recycling of questions from previous exams has been exploited to allow for cheating on exams and impugned the validity of some students' test scores. Test preparation companies in Asia

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is a genuine problem. If standardized tests were taken out of the picture, school grades would become more important, thereby incentivizing grade inflation. In fact, grades in American high schools have been inflating by noticeable amounts due to pressure from parents, creating an apparent oversupply

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A growing body of research indicates that SAT scores can predict individual success decades into the future, for example in terms of income and occupational achievements. A longitudinal study published in 2005 by educational psychologists Jonathan Wai, David Lubinski, and Camilla Benbow suggests that

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at many colleges and universities, only 1.5 million students took the test. But as testing centers reopened, ambitious students chose to take the SAT or the ACT to make themselves stand out from the competition regardless of the admissions policies of their preferred schools. Among the class of 2023,

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Among the major racial or ethnic groups of the United States, gaps in SAT mathematics scores are the greatest at the tails, with Hispanic and Latino Americans being the most likely to score at the lowest range and Asian Americans the highest. In addition, there is some evidence suggesting that if the

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are highly correlated, almost 0.9. Between the 1980s and the 2010s, the U.S. population grew while universities and colleges did not expand their capacities as substantially. As a result, admissions rates fell considerably, meaning it has become more difficult to get admitted to a school whose alumni

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For decades many critics have accused designers of the verbal SAT of cultural bias as an explanation for the disparity in scores between poorer and wealthier test-takers, with the biggest critics coming from the University of California system. A famous example of this perceived bias in the SAT I was

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on the Raven's scores which may have suppressed the correlation. Beaujean and colleagues (2006) have reached similar conclusions to those reached by Frey and Detterman. Because the SAT is strongly correlated with general intelligence, it can be used as a proxy to measure intelligence, especially when

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After realizing the June 2018 test was easier than usual, the College Board made adjustments resulting in lower-than-expected scores, prompting complaints from the students, though some understood this was to ensure fairness. In its analysis of the incident, the Princeton Review supported the idea of

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The SAT rigorously assesses students' mental stamina, memory, speed, accuracy, and capacity for abstract and analytical reasoning. For American universities and colleges, standardized test scores are the most important factor in admissions, second only to high-school GPAs. By international standards,

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offered evidence that standardized admissions tests such as the SAT predicted not only freshman GPA but also overall collegiate GPA. A 2012 study from the same university using a multi-institutional data set revealed that even after controlling for socioeconomic status and high-school GPA, SAT scores

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But a month after the UC academic senate report, Saul Geiser disputed the UC academic senate's findings, saying "that the Senate claims are 'spurious', based on a fundamental error of omitting student demographics in the prediction model". Indicating when high school GPA is combined with demographics

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At UC, test scores are currently better predictors of first-year GPA than high school grade point average (HSGPA), and about as good at predicting first-year retention, UGPA, and graduation.³ For students within any given (HSGPA) band, higher standardized test scores correlate with a higher freshman

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Perelman, along with the National Council of Teachers of English, also criticized the 25-minute writing section of the test for damaging standards of writing teaching in the classroom. They say that writing teachers training their students for the SAT will not focus on revision, depth, accuracy, but

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deduced that the number of students taking the SAT increased at a rate faster than population and high-school graduation growth rates between 2000 and 2020. The increase was especially pronounced among Hispanics and Latinos. Even among whites, whose number of high-school graduates was shrinking, the

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One set of studies has reported differential item functioning, namely, that some test questions function differently based on the racial group of the test taker, reflecting differences in ability to understand certain test questions or to acquire the knowledge required to answer them between groups.

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Older versions of the SAT did ask students how confident they were in their mathematical aptitude and verbal reasoning ability, specifically, whether or not they believed they were in the top 10%. Devin G. Pope analyzed data of over four million test takers from the late 1990s to the early 2000s and

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Mathematical problems on the SAT can be broadly categorized into two groups: conventional and unconventional. Conventional problems can be handled routinely via familiar formulas or algorithms while unconventional ones require more creative thought in order to make unusual use of familiar methods of

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A 2020 paper by Laura H. Gunn and her colleagues examining data from 1389 institutions across the United States unveiled strong positive correlations between the average SAT percentiles of incoming students and the shares of graduates majoring in STEM and the social sciences. On the other hand, they

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between 2002 and 2005 (over 1.2 million), and the SAT Math and Verbal in 2014 (1.6 million). Wai identified one consistent pattern: those with the highest test scores tended to pick the physical sciences and engineering as their majors while those with the lowest were more likely to choose education

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Education economist Jesse M. Rothstein indicated in 2005 that high-school average SAT scores were better at predicting freshman university GPAs compared to individual SAT scores. In other words, a student's SAT scores were not as informative with regards to future academic success as his or her high

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The College Board announced a partnership with the non-profit organization Khan Academy to offer free test-preparation materials starting in the 2015–16 academic year to help level the playing field for students from low-income families. Students may also bypass costly preparation programs using the

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The SAT is offered seven times a year in the United States: in August, October, November, December, March, May, and June. For international students SAT is offered four times a year: in October, December, March and May (2020 exception: To cover worldwide May cancelation, an additional September exam

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The Reading Test of the SAT contains one section of 52 questions and a time limit of 65 minutes. All questions are multiple-choice and based on reading passages. Tables, graphs, and charts may accompany some passages, but no math is required to correctly answer the corresponding questions. There are

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In 2013, the American College Testing Board released a report stating that boys outperformed girls on the mathematics section of the test, a significant gap that has persisted for over 35 years. As of 2015, boys on average earned 32 points more than girls on the SAT mathematics section. Among those

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Research from the University of California system published in 2001 analyzing data of their undergraduates between Fall 1996 through Fall 1999, inclusive, found that the SAT II was the single best predictor of collegiate success in the sense of freshman GPA, followed by high-school GPA, and finally

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In 2010, physicists Stephen Hsu and James Schombert of the University of Oregon examined five years of student records at their school and discovered that the academic standing of students majoring in mathematics or physics (but not biology, English, sociology, or history) was strongly dependent on

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analogy question, which is no longer part of the exam. The object of the question was to find the pair of terms that had the relationship most similar to the relationship between "runner" and "marathon". The correct answer was "oarsman" and "regatta". The choice of the correct answer was thought to

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While the SAT is correlated with intelligence and as such estimates individual differences, it does not have anything to say about "effective cognitive performance" or what intelligent people do. Nor does it measure non-cognitive traits associated with academic success such as positive attitudes or

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The Writing and Language Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 44 multiple-choice questions and a time limit of 35 minutes. As with the Reading Test, all questions are based on reading passages which may be accompanied by tables, graphs, and charts. The test taker will be asked to read the

507:

The SAT has two main sections, namely Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW, normally known as the "English" portion of the test) and the Math section. These are both further broken down into four sections: Reading, Writing and Language, Math (no calculator), and Math (calculator allowed). Until

486:

SAT test-takers are given two hours and 14 minutes to complete the test (plus a 10-minute break between the Reading and Writing section and the Math section), and as of 2024 the test costs US$ 60.00, plus additional fees for late test registration, registration by phone, registration changes, rapid

3150:—accepted by over 900 colleges and universities as of 2021—submitted SAT or ACT scores in the 2020–21 academic year, down from 77% in 2019–20. Those who did submit their test scores tended to hail from high-income families, to have at least one university-educated parent, and to be white or Asian. 3013:

fields, to have a publication, to register a patent, or to secure university tenure. Wai further showed that an individual's academic ability, as measured by the average SAT or ACT scores of the institution attended, predicted individual differences in income, even among the richest people of all,

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and indeed, the performance of students in the United States on standardized tests, such as the SAT, suffered. Yet the gaps persisted. According to the College Board, in 2020, while 83% of Asian students met the benchmark of college readiness in reading and writing and 80% in mathematics, only 44%

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in verbal and quantitative reasoning skills. Greater male variability has been found in body weight, height, and cognitive abilities across cultures, leading to a larger number of males in the lowest and highest distributions of testing. Consequently, a higher number of males are found in both the

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In an article from 2012, educational psychologist Jonathan Wai argued that the SAT was too easy to be useful to the most competitive of colleges and universities, whose applicants typically had brilliant high-school GPAs and standardized test scores. Admissions officers therefore had the burden of

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Experimental psychologist Meredith Frey noted that while advances in education research and neuroscience can help incrementally improve the ability to predict scholastic achievement in the future, the SAT or other standardized tests likely will remain a valuable tool to build upon. In a 2014 op-ed

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has become a highly lucrative field. Many companies and organizations offer test preparation in the form of books, classes, online courses, and tutoring. The test preparation industry began almost simultaneously with the introduction of university entrance exams in the U.S. and flourished from the

1828:

In 2018, the College Board, in partnership with the ACT, introduced a new concordance table to better compare how a student would fare one test to another. This is now considered the official concordance to be used by college professionals and is replacing the one from 2016. The new concordance no

1824:

The College Board and ACT, Inc., conducted a joint study of students who took both the SAT and the ACT between September 2004 (for the ACT) or March 2005 (for the SAT) and June 2006. Tables were provided to concord scores for students taking the SAT after January 2005 and before March 2016. In May

810:

In January 2022, College Board announced that the SAT would change from paper-based to digital (computer-based). International (non-U.S.) testing centers began using the digital format on March 11, 2023. The December 2023 SAT was the last SAT test offered on paper. The switch to the digital format

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Historically, the SAT was more widely used by students living in coastal states and the ACT was more widely used by students in the Midwest and South; in recent years, however, an increasing number of students on the East and West coasts have been taking the ACT. Since 2007, all four-year colleges

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SAT be changed to "Scholastic Assessment Test" because a "test that integrates measures of achievement as well as developed ability can no longer be accurately described as a test of aptitude". In 1993, the College Board changed the name of the test to SAT I: Reasoning Test; at the same time, the

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of the SAT has been contested by the University of California academic senate. In April 2020, the academic senate, which consisted of faculty members, voted 51–0 to restore the requirement of standardized test scores, but the governing board overruled the academic senate and did not reinstate the

3028:

In the 2010 paper which showed that the sex gap in SAT mathematics scores had dropped dramatically between the early 1980s and the early 1990s but had persisted for the next two decades or so, Wai and his colleagues argued that "sex differences in abilities in the extreme right tail should not be

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There is no evidence that SAT scores systematically underestimate future performance of minority students. However, the predictive validity of the SAT has been shown to depend on the dominant ethnic and racial composition of the college. Some studies have also shown that African-American students

2826:

Some researchers believe that the difference in scores is closely related to the overall achievement gap in American society between students of different racial groups. This gap may be explainable in part by the fact that students of disadvantaged racial groups tend to go to schools that provide

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On the other hand, Wai and his colleagues found that both sexes in the top 5% appeared to be more or less at parity when it comes to the verbal section of the SAT, though girls have gained a slight but noticeable edge over boys starting in the mid-1980s. Psychologist David Lubinski, who conducted

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and Jennifer Greif Green observed that a typical analysis did not take into account that heterogeneity of the high schools attended by the students in terms of not just the socioeconomic statuses of the student bodies but also the standards of grading. Zwick and Greif Green proceeded to show that

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While there is a link between family background and taking an SAT preparation course, not all students benefit equally from such an investment. In fact, any average gains in SAT scores due to such courses are primarily due to improvements among East Asian Americans. When this group is broken down

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estimated a coaching effect of 23 and 32 points for the math and verbal tests, respectively. A 2016 meta-analysis estimated the effect size to be 0.09 and 0.16 for the verbal and math sections respectively, although there was a large degree of heterogeneity. Meanwhile, a 2011 study found that the

2192:

Nevertheless, the College Board maintains that the SAT is essentially uncoachable and research by the College Board and the National Association of College Admission Counseling suggests that tutoring courses result in an average increase of about 20 points on the math section and 10 points on the

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with the extent of calculator use: those using calculators on about one third to one half of the items averaged higher scores than those using calculators more or less frequently. However, the effect was "more likely to have been the result of able students using calculators differently than less

526:

There is no penalty or negative marking for guessing on the SAT: scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly. The optional essay was last featured in the June 2021 administration. College Board said it discontinued the essay section because "there are other ways for students to

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During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a movement to drop achievement scores. After some time, the countries, states, and provinces that reintroduced them agreed that academic standards had dropped, students had studied less, and had taken their education less seriously. Testing requirements were

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than those with lower scores, contradicting the brain-efficiency hypothesis. This trend, however, was not found among women, for whom the researchers could not find any cortical regions associated with mathematical reasoning. Both sexes scored the same on average in their sample and had the same

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There is evidence that the SAT is correlated with societal and educational outcomes, including finishing a four-year university program. A 2012 paper from psychologists at the University of Minnesota analyzing multi-institutional data sets suggested that the SAT maintained its ability to predict

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are both longer, tougher, and count for more towards the admissibility of a student to university. In many countries around the world, exams, including university entrance exams, are the sole deciding factor of admission; school grades are simply irrelevant. In China and India, doing well on the

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Students receive their online score reports approximately two to three weeks after test administration (longer for mailed, paper scores). Included in the report is the total score (the sum of the two section scores, with each section graded on a scale of 200–800) and three subscores (in reading,

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In early 2016, the SAT would change again in the interest of alignment with typical high school curricula. The changes included making the essay optional (and returning the maximum score to 1600), changing all multiple-choice questions from having five answer options to four, and the removal of

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that owns the SAT, was organized at the beginning of the 20th century to provide uniform entrance exams for its member colleges, whose matriculating students often came from boarding and private day schools found in the Northeastern United States. The exams were essay-based, graded by hand, and

834:

scores, each of which is defined by the College Board as the percentage of students in a comparison group with equal or lower test scores. One of the percentiles, called the "Nationally Representative Sample Percentile", uses as a comparison group all 11th and 12th graders in the United States,

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Students with verifiable disabilities, including physical and learning disabilities, are eligible to take the SAT with accommodations. The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to learning disabilities or physical handicaps is time + 50%; time + 100% is also offered.

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As of 2022, the SAT costs US$ 60.00, plus additional fees if testing outside the United States. The College Board makes fee waivers available for low-income students. Additional fees apply for late registration, standby testing, registration changes, scores by telephone, and extra score reports

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was changed to SAT II: Subject Tests. The Reasoning Test and Subject Tests were to be collectively known as the Scholastic Assessment Tests. According to the president of the College Board at the time, the name change was meant "to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures

3217:

plotted essay length versus essay score on the new SAT from released essays and found a high correlation between them. After studying over 50 graded essays, he found that longer essays consistently produced higher scores. In fact, he argues that by simply gauging the length of an essay without

3004:

Because it is strongly correlated with general intelligence, the SAT has often been used as a proxy to measure intelligence by researchers, especially since 2004. In particular, scientists studying mathematically gifted individuals have been using the mathematics section of the SAT to identify

2229:

is important as the quality of sleep during the days leading to the exam can improve performance. Moreover, it has been shown that later class times (8:30 am rather than 7:30am), which better suits the shifted circadian rhythm of teenagers, can raise SAT scores enough to change the tier of the

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admissions" because they think it is rather opaque, as schools try to access characteristics not easily discerned via a number, hence the growth in the number of test takers attempting to make themselves more competitive even if this parallels an increase in the number of schools declaring it

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Like other standardized tests such as the ACT or the GRE, the SAT is a traditional method for assessing the academic aptitude of students who have had vastly different educational experiences and as such is focused on the common materials that the students could reasonably be expected to have

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was introduced, and August was made available to international test-takers as well). The test is typically offered on the first Saturday of the month for the October, November, December, May, and June administrations. The test was taken by 1,913,742 high school graduates in the class of 2023.

459:

distribution among test-takers. To achieve this distribution, test designers include challenging multiple-choice questions with plausible but incorrect options, known as "distractors", exclude questions that a majority of students answer correctly, and impose tight time constraints during the

362:

technology. Starting in March 2023 for international test-takers and March 2024 for those within the U.S., the testing is administered using a computer program called Bluebook running on a laptop or tablet computer brought by the student or provided at the testing site. The test was also made

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concludes that as a group, African Americans have been harmed by the introduction of standardized entrance exams such as the SAT. This, according to him, is not because the tests themselves are flawed, but because of labeling bias and selection bias; the tests measure the skills that African

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professor of public policy and economics, countered Li's claim, mentioning that the UC academic senate "got a lot of things wrong about the SAT", overstates the value of the SAT, and "no basis for its conclusion that UC admissions 'compensate' for test score gaps between groups." However, by

3037:

Cognitive ability is correlated with job training outcomes and job performance. As such, some employers rely on SAT scores to assess the suitability of a prospective recruit, especially if the person has limited work experience. There is nothing new about this practice. Major companies and

2294:, students who declined to submit SAT scores when such scores were optional performed more poorly than their peers who did. These results were replicated by a study conducted by the non-profit organization Opportunity Insights analyzing data from Ivy League institutions (Brown University, 2371:

further noted that the SAT can only measure a snapshot of a person's performance at a particular moment in time. Educational psychologists Jonathan Wai, David Lubinski, and Camilla Benbow observed that one way to increase the predictive validity of the SAT is by assessing the student's

660:; all multiple-choice questions have four answer choices, one of which is correct. Thirteen of the questions on the math portion of the SAT (about 22% of all the math questions) are not multiple choice. They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four-column grid. 2869:

test contains more questions of both the easy and difficult varieties, which would increase the variability of the scores, the gaps would be even wider. Given the distribution for Asians, for example, many could score higher than 800 if the test allowed them to. (See figure below.)

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when these were accounted for, the correlation between family socioeconomic status and classroom grades and rank increased whereas that between socioeconomic status and SAT scores fell. They concluded that school grades and SAT scores were similarly associated with family income.

2539:

SAT mathematics scores. Students with SAT mathematics scores below 600 were highly unlikely to excel as a mathematics or physics major. Nevertheless, they found no such patterns between the SAT verbal, or combined SAT verbal and mathematics and the other aforementioned subjects.

3173:, a number of schools have signaled their intent to continue pursuing ethnic diversity. One way for them to adapt to the new legal reality is to drop the requirement of standardized testing, making it more difficult for potential plaintiffs (Asian Americans in the twin cases of 1804:

The mathematical scores for 1969–70 were broken out by gender rather than reported as a whole; the mean math score for boys was 415, for girls 378. The differences for the nationally sampled population for math (not shown in table) were similar to those for the verbal section.

12544: 3310:

were added to the math section along with the use of calculators. In 1995, after nearly forty years of declining scores, the SAT was recalibrated by the addition of approximately 100 points to each score to compensate for the decline in what constituted an average score.

663:

All questions on each section of the SAT are weighted equally. For each correct answer, one raw point is added. No points are deducted for incorrect answers. The final score is derived from the raw score; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations.

3069:, "We found that they don’t predict anything." Educational psychologist Jonathan Wai suggested this might be due to the inability of the SAT to differentiate the intellectual capacities of those at the extreme right end of the distribution of intelligence. Wai told 3347:

The SAT has been renamed several times since its introduction in 1926. It was originally known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test. In 1990, a commission set up by the College Board to review the proposed changes to the SAT program recommended that the meaning of the

3188:

On one hand, making the SAT and the ACT optional for admissions enables schools to attract a larger pool of applicants of a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. On the other hand, letters of recommendation are not a good indicator of collegiate performance, and

2485:(r=.82 in their sample, .857 when adjusted for non-linearity) in their sample taken from a 1979 national probability survey. Additionally, they investigated the correlation between SAT results, using the revised and recentered form of the test, and scores on the 2640:. It could be that high scorers have intelligent parents who work cognitively demanding jobs and as such earn higher salaries. In addition, the correlation is only significant between biological families, not adoptive ones, suggesting that this might be due to 5008: 6194: 648:

able students rather than calculator use per se." There is some evidence that the frequent use of a calculator in school outside of the testing situation has a positive effect on test performance compared to those who do not use calculators in school.

12532: 10978:...that's the dirty secret I learned the year I watched admissions offices review applications: Most don't know exactly what they're trying to assess when they ask for multiple essays and recommendations as well as an encyclopedic list of activities. 2493:(reasoning), this time using a non-random sample. They found that the correlation of SAT results with scores on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices was .483, they estimated that this correlation would have been about 0.72 were it not for the 2655:

According to the College Board, in 2019, 56% of the test takers had parents with a university degree, 27% parents with no more than a high-school diploma, and about 9% who did not graduate from high school. (8% did not respond to the question.)

6474: 4810: 3218:

reading it, the given score of an essay could likely be determined correctly over 90% of the time. He also discovered that several of these essays were full of factual errors; the College Board does not claim to grade for factual accuracy.

3362:. In 2004, the Roman numeral in SAT I: Reasoning Test was dropped, making SAT Reasoning Test the name of the SAT. The "Reasoning Test" portion of the name was eliminated following the exam's 2016 redesign; it is now simply called the SAT. 1825:

2016, the College Board released concordance tables to concord scores on the SAT used from March 2005 through January 2016 to the SAT used since March 2016, as well as tables to concord scores on the SAT used since March 2016 to the ACT.

2603:(26%), and other factors were taken into account, the advantage of private schools diminished by 78%. The researchers concluded that students attending private schools already had the attributes associated with high scores on their own. 10832: 2899: 2884:

and 21% of black students did those respective categories. Among whites, 79% met the benchmark for reading and writing and 59% did mathematics. For Hispanics and Latinos, the numbers were 53% and 30%, respectively. (See figure below.)

2265:, indicated that the UC Academic Senate did include student demographics by using a different and simpler model for the public to understand and that the discriminatory impacts of the SAT are compensated during the admissions process. 9618: 3096:

columnist Richard Rothstein argued that the U.S. math averages on the SAT and ACT continued their decade-long rise over national verbal averages on the tests while the averages of verbal portions on the same tests were floundering.

2714:

Although aspects of testing such as stereotype threat are a concern, research on the predictive validity of the SAT has demonstrated that it tends to be a more accurate predictor of female GPA in university as compared to male GPA.

3157:, which found many wealthy parents illegally intervening to raise their children's standardized test scores, the SAT and the ACT remain popular among American parents and college-bound seniors, who are skeptical of the process of " 347:, which were called SAT Achievement Tests until 1993 and then were called SAT II: Subject Tests until 2005; these were discontinued after June 2021. After June 2021, with some exceptions, the SAT no longer has an essay section. 3759:

He said he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students did in high school and, perhaps most important, rein in the intense coaching and tutoring on how to take the test that often gave affluent students an

1103:

The following chart summarizes the original percentiles used for the version of the SAT administered in March 2005 through January 2016. These percentiles used students in the graduating class of 2006 as the comparison group.

2217:), and there is some evidence that taking the PSAT at least once can help students do better on the SAT; moreover, like the case for the SAT, top scorers on the PSAT could earn scholarships. According to cognitive scientist 3146:. At the same time, interest in lower-status schools that did the same thing dropped precipitously; the college application process remains driven primarily by the preference for elite schools. 44% of students who used the 5480: 3322:

from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section, a new writing section with an essay was added. The changes introduced an additional section score, increasing the maximum SAT score to 2400.

2873: 10440:"Beyond the Threshold Hypothesis: Even Among the Gifted and Top Math/Science Graduate Students, Cognitive Abilities, Vocational Interests, and Lifestyle Preferences Matter for Career Choice, Performance, and Persistence" 3119:

test requirement anyway. Because of the size of the Californian population, this decision might have an impact on U.S. higher education at large; schools looking to admit Californian students could have a harder time.

2225:, making use of the booklet to write down intermediate steps to avoid overloading working memory, and writing a diary entry about one's anxieties on the day of the exam to enhance self-empathy and positive self-image. 2861: 5000: 10801: 3114:, the president of the University of California, urged the dropping of aptitude tests such as the SAT I but not achievement tests such as the SAT II as a college admissions requirement. Atkinson's critique of the 2843: 9172: 8218: 7482: 5945: 4263: 4221: 2664:

One of the proposed partial explanations for the gap between Asian- and European-American students in educational achievement, as measured for example by the SAT, is the general tendency of Asians to come from

6186: 2820: 8659: 4776: 2835:, a Nigerian-American professor of anthropology, concluded that instead of looking to their parents as role models, black youth chose other models like rappers and did not make an effort to be good students. 9442:

Lehre, Anne-Catherine; Lehre, Knut P.; Laake, Petter; Danbolt, Niels C. (2009). "Greater intrasex phenotype variability in males than in females is a fundamental aspect of the gender differences in humans".

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Korbin, L. (2006). SAT Program Handbook. A Comprehensive Guide to the SAT Program for School Counselors and Admissions Officers, 1, 33+. Retrieved January 24, 2006, from College Board Preparation Database.

3287:. By 1942, the College Board suspended the use of the essay exams, replacing them with the SAT, due in part to the success of Harvard's SAT program as well as because of the constraints from the onset of 5976: 2582:

While there seems to be evidence that private schools tend to produce students who do better on standardized tests such as the ACT or the SAT, Keven Duncan and Jonathan Sandy showed, using data from the

7904: 6774: 1813:

The version of the SAT administered before April 1995 had a very high ceiling. For example, in the 1985–1986 school year, only 9 students out of 1.7 million test takers obtained a score of 1600.

4890: 9683:

Roth, Philip L.; Bevier, Craig A.; Bobko, Philip; Switzer, Fred S.; Tyler, Peggy (June 2001). "Ethnic group differences in cognitive ability in employment and educational settings: a meta-analysis".

2262: 6466: 2888: 6247: 4802: 363:

adaptive, customizing the questions that are presented to the student based on how they perform on questions asked earlier in the test, and shortened from three hours to two hours and 14 minutes.

12540: 6572: 620:

A test score for the math test is reported on a scale of 10 to 40, with an increment of 0.5, and a section score (equal to the test score multiplied by 20) is reported on a scale of 200 to 800.

10824: 9126: 2559: 10293: 499:

was increasing steadily. And while this may have resulted in a long-term decline in scores, experts cautioned against using this to gauge the scholastic levels of the entire U.S. population.

11460: 11123: 11027: 9610: 7842: 1816:

In 2015 the average score for the Class of 2015 was 1490 out of a maximum 2400. That was down 7 points from the previous class's mark and was the lowest composite score of the past decade.

332:

Many students prepare for the SAT using books, classes, online courses, and tutoring, which are offered by a variety of companies and organizations. One of the best known such companies is

11004: 10206: 7985:

Gallagher, Ann M.; De Lisi, Richard; Holst, Patricia C.; McGillicuddy-De Lisi, Ann V.; Morely, Mary; Cahalan, Cara (2000). "Gender Differences in Advanced Mathematical Problem Solving".

3606: 10090: 6510: 11097: 9978: 595:

questions and 13 grid-in questions. The multiple choice questions have four possible answers; the grid-in questions are free response and require the test taker to provide an answer.

11058: 10175: 436:, provides a better indicator of success in college than high school grades alone, as measured by college freshman GPA. Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a 9797: 7873: 591:

portion of the SAT is divided into two sections: Math Test – No Calculator and Math Test – Calculator. In total, the SAT math test is 80 minutes long and includes 58 questions: 45

11562: 5473: 2198:

effects of one-on-one tutoring to be minimal among all ethnic groups. Public misunderstanding of how to prepare for the SAT continues to be exploited by the preparation industry.

8519: 3327:

penalty for wrong answers (rights-only scoring). The essay was completely removed from the SAT by mid-2021, in the interest of reducing demands on students in the context of the

475:) scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data—such as course work, grades, and class rank—in a national perspective. 12411: 7712: 643:

Research was conducted by the College Board to study the effect of calculator use on SAT I: Reasoning Test math scores. The study found that performance on the math section was

8201:

Theory - How Recurring Variation in Human Intelligence and the Complexity of Everyday Tasks Create Social Structure and the Democratic Dilemma". In Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.).

6682:"It Takes a Village (or an Ethnic Economy): The Varying Roles of Socioeconomic Status, Religion, and Social Capital in SAT Preparation for Chinese and Korean American Students" 11176: 10957: 10675: 5856: 4850: 3746: 2221:, 'choking', or substandard performance on important occasions, such as taking the SAT, can be prevented by doing plenty of practice questions and proctored exams to improve 11764: 5820: 3950: 2442:

The College Board claims that outside of the United States, the SAT is considered for university admissions in approximately 70 countries, as of the 2023-24 academic year.

6163: 495:, but this did not stop the students from attempting to achieve high scores as they and their parents are skeptical of what "optional" means in this context. In fact, the 10928: 10793: 10612: 8856: 11153: 6098: 5447: 3126:, an activist group opposing standardized entrance exams. Most, however, were small colleges, with the notable exceptions of the University of California system and the 2392:, psychologist John D. Mayer called the predictive powers of the SAT "an astonishing achievement" and cautioned against making it and other standardized tests optional. 5512: 3205:

system will only require SAT or ACT scores from applicants whose high-school GPA is below 2.8 while the University of California system will continue to be test-blind.

3009:

among the intellectually precocious (the top 1%), those with higher scores in the mathematics section of the SAT at the age of 12 were more likely to earn a PhD in the

12348: 11809: 10121: 8488: 8431: 6037: 5937: 3256:

tests as a means of selection convinced the College Board to form a commission to produce such a test for college admission purposes. The leader of the commission was

2965: 2454:

in solving problems encountered on the mathematics section of the SAT. Cognitive psychologists Brenda Hannon and Mary McNaughton-Cassill discovered that having a good

2376:, as the SAT at present does not contain any questions to that effect. Spatial reasoning skills are important for success in STEM. A 2006 study led by psychometrician 6008: 3267:

On June 23, 1926, the first SAT, then known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test, was administered to 8,040 students, 60% of whom were male, many of whom were applying to

2812:

of the results of 6,246,729 participants tested for cognitive ability or aptitude found a difference in average scores between black and white students of around 1.0

10897: 8651: 4972: 4768: 11870: 10581: 5299: 11653: 4117: 9204: 9036: 7774: 7647: 6219:

Montgomery, Paul; Lilly, Jane (2012). "Systematic Reviews of the Effects of Preparatory Courses on University Entrance Examinations in High School-Age Students".

12220: 7808: 5328: 3792: 2347:. Psychometricians Thomas R. Coyle and David R. Pillow showed in 2008 that the SAT predicts college GPA even after removing the general factor of intelligence ( 2286:

universities reached the conclusion that SAT scores are more reliable predictors of collegiate success than GPA. Furthermore, the scores allow them to identify

366:

While a considerable amount of research has been done on the SAT, many questions and misconceptions remain. Outside of college admissions, the SAT is also used

12362: 7896: 7089: 6766: 5967: 4375: 3073:, "Today the SAT is actually too easy, and that's why Google doesn't see a correlation. Every single person they get through the door is a super-high scorer." 2765:

among students who have taken the SAT. They found that among men, those with higher SAT mathematics scores exhibited higher rates of glucose metabolism in the

2380:

found that the ability of SAT scores and high-school GPAs to predict collegiate performance could further be enhanced by additional assessments of analytical,

6066: 4928: 4738: 3106:

reinstated in some places after research concluded that these high-stakes tests produced benefits that outweighed the costs. However, in a 2001 speech to the

606:

Several scores are provided to the test taker for the math test. A subscore (on a scale of 1 to 15) is reported for each of three categories of math content:

12436: 11967: 11622: 5389: 4882: 4469: 2770:

rates of cortical glucose metabolism overall. According to Haier and Benbow, this is evidence for the structural differences of the brain between the sexes.

8796: 7735: 5218: 4601: 491:, is required for freshman entry to many colleges and universities in the United States, during the late 2010s, many institutions made these entrance exams 12407: 12229: 10498: 4335: 3374:

On August 25, 2018, the SAT test given in the United States was discovered to be a recycled October 2017 international SAT test given in China. The leaked

2237:

for prospective students. Nevertheless, many students still chose to take the SAT and to enroll in preparation programs, which continued to be profitable.

10765: 10033:

Santelices, M.V.; Wilson, M. (2010). "Unfair treatment? The case of Freedle, the SAT, and the standardization approach to differential item functioning".

7670: 6976: 6255: 11131: 9155:

Ceci, Stephen J.; Ginther, Donna K.; Kahn, Shulamit; Williams, Wendy M. (2018). "Chapter 3: Culture, Sex, and Intelligence". In Sternberg, Robert (ed.).

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Zwick, Rebecca; Greif Green, Jennifer (Spring 2007). "New Perspectives on the Correlation of SAT Scores, High School Grades, and Socioeconomic Factors".

3239: 9334: 9067: 7150:"Prediction of 4-year college student performance using cognitive and noncognitive predictors and the impact on demographic status of admitted students" 5769: 3909: 407:

U.S. states in blue had more seniors in the class of 2022 who took the SAT than the ACT while those in red had more seniors taking the ACT than the SAT.

393:

U.S. states in blue had more seniors in the class of 2006 who took the SAT than the ACT while those in red had more seniors taking the ACT than the SAT.

11501: 6560: 3831: 9090: 7048: 3695: 9515: 9227: 7603: 5541: 5064: 3010: 429:. They state that the SAT assesses how well the test-takers analyze and solve problems—skills they learned in school that they will need in college. 9719:

Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Minorities: Average SAT scores for 12th-grade SAT-taking population, by race/ethnicity: 2006

8721: 7413: 5571: 2396:

by psychometricians David Lubinsky, Camilla Benbow, and their colleagues has shown that the SAT could even predict life outcomes beyond university.

13238: 11531: 11467: 11035: 6805: 5798: 5192: 4707: 3225:

On January 19, 2021, the College Board announced that the SAT would no longer offer the optional essay section after the June 2021 administration.

11926: 11893: 10866: 10059:

Fleming, Ol (2002). Who will succeed in college? When the SAT predicts Black students' performance. The Review of Higher Education, 25(3), 281–96.

7834: 7518: 5601: 5133: 3981: 12442: 11236: 11066: 10357: 10183: 5735: 5166: 11680: 11369: 10542: 9898:

Black American Students in An Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement (Sociocultural, Political, and Historical Studies in Education)

5244: 3489:

Depending on the author, there might be a negative sign. This comes from the fact that the higher the rank, the smaller the number of that rank.

12387: 12338: 10996: 10214: 7148:

Schmitt, Neal; Keeney, Jessica; Oswald, Frederick L.; Pleskac, Timothy J.; Billington, Abigail Q.; Sinha, Ruchi; Zorzie, Mark (November 2009).

3865: 3595: 3529: 11298: 10082: 9737: 6502: 5270: 5099: 4540: 12391: 9002: 3568: 2566:

found negative correlations between the former and the shares of graduates in psychology, theology, law enforcement, recreation and fitness.

784:

Candidates wishing to take the test may register online at the College Board's website or by mail at least three weeks before the test date.

425:. The College Board states that the SAT is intended to measure literacy, numeracy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in 11207: 11089: 10965: 9967: 7299: 6709: 2494: 11839: 10467: 9661: 8348:"The Cost of Good Intentions: Why the Supreme Court's Decision Upholding Affirmative Action Admission Programs Is Detrimental to the Cause" 7935: 7235: 3222:

will instead produce long, formulaic, and wordy pieces. "You're getting teachers to train students to be bad writers", concluded Perelman.

2880: 11275: 9874: 9789: 7865: 12213: 11592: 11554: 8321: 5896: 4648: 4509: 3122:

During the 2010s, over 1,230 American universities and colleges opted to stop requiring the SAT and the ACT for admissions, according to

616:"Passport to Advanced Math" (non-linear expressions, radicals, exponentials and other topics that form the basis of more advanced math). 12281: 11403: 10381:"Contrasting intellectual patterns predict creativity in the arts and sciences: tracking intellectually precocious youth over 25 years" 8511: 5628: 4011: 3457: 2478: 8892:"Socioeconomic status and school grades: Placing their association in broader context in a sample of biological and adoptive families" 7704: 7323:"Bunny Hill or Black Diamond: Differences in Advanced Course-Taking in College as a Function of Cognitive Ability and High School GPA" 4563:"Colleges and Universities That Do Not Use SAT/ACT Scores for Admitting Substantial Numbers of Students Into Bachelor Degree Programs" 12815: 12285: 10920: 10889: 10665: 8864: 6890: 6338: 4428: 3635: 3283:

used the SAT as a means to identify recipients, besides those from the traditional northeastern private schools, for scholarships to

11184: 4405: 3738: 3201:(MIT) decided to reinstate its SAT requirement in 2022. Many other universities across the U.S. followed suit in 2024. However, the 2233:

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of American colleges and universities decided to make standardized test scores

336:, which has offered SAT preparation courses since 1946. Starting with the 2015–16 school year, the College Board began working with 12952: 12343: 11756: 11438: 10144: 9393:

Halpern, Diane F.; Benbow, Camilla P.; Geary, David C.; Gur, Ruben C.; Hyde, Janet Shibley; Gernsbacher, Morton Ann (August 2007).

5867: 4842: 3018: 12501: 4291: 4060:"What We Know, Are Still Getting Wrong, and Have Yet to Learn about the Relationships among the SAT, Intelligence and Achievement" 13068: 12764: 12757: 12721: 12622: 10270: 5831: 3942: 3437: 3175: 3170: 279: 10011: 9769: 8827: 8756: 6155: 5857:"SAT Percentile Ranks for Males, Females, and Total Group:2006 College-Bound Seniors – Critical Reading + Mathematics + Writing" 30:

This article is about the college admission test in the United States. For the exams in England colloquially known as SATs, see

13212: 12917: 12526: 12421: 12417: 12206: 10604: 8367: 6743: 322: 11145: 10642: 8157: 6091: 5451: 3061:, have eschewed the use of SAT or other standardized test scores unless the potential employee is a recent graduate. Google's 290:

and had two components, Verbal and Mathematical, each of which was scored on a range from 200 to 800. Later it was called the

12893: 12173: 12154: 12135: 12080: 12061: 11802: 10714: 9905: 9584: 9166: 9028: 8543:"Associations between majors of graduating seniors and average SATs of incoming students within higher education in the U.S." 8257: 8212: 7958: 7476: 6873: 6841: 5505: 5350: 4257: 4215: 4174: 3198: 2584: 2319: 527:

demonstrate their mastery of essay writing," including the test's reading and writing portion. It also acknowledged that the

10294:"Creativity and Occupational Accomplishments Among Intellectually Precocious Youths: An Age 13 to Age 33 Longitudinal Study" 10113: 8480: 8423: 6033: 10731: 6001: 2637: 2177:

start. Test-preparation scams are a genuine problem for parents and students. In general, East Asian Americans, especially

12298: 11862: 8392: 7542:"Spatial Ability for STEM Domains: Aligning Over 50 Years of Cumulative Psychological Knowledge Solidifies Its Importance" 7541: 7097: 4962: 463:

There are substantial differences in funding, curricula, grading, and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to U.S.

12888: 12554: 10565: 8131: 5292: 4570: 2703: 2364: 1832:

As of 2018, the most appropriate corresponding SAT score point for the given ACT score is also shown in the table below.

326: 11645: 3318:

system, which said that the test was not closely enough aligned to high school curricula. Along with the elimination of

640:) keyboards, laptops and other portable computers, and calculators capable of accessing the Internet are not permitted. 313:, a private, not-for-profit organization in the United States. It is administered on behalf of the College Board by the 12450: 12396: 11786:

Horwitz, Sari (May 5, 1995). "Perfectly Happy With Her SAT; D.C. Junior Aces Scholastic Assessment Test With a 1,600".

10416: 9848: 9255: 8158:"Validation of the Frey and Detterman (2004) IQ prediction equations using the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales" 7639: 7262:

Sackett, Paul R.; Kuncel, Nathan R.; Beatty, Adam S.; Rigdon, Jana L.; Shen, Winny; Kiger, Thomas B. (August 2, 2012).

7177: 6944: 6138: 5654: 3166: 9750:

Abigail Thernstrom & Stephan Thernstrom. 2004. No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning. Simon and Schuster

7800: 6126:

Test Pilot: How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education

5821:"SAT Percentile Ranks for Males, Females, and Total Group:2006 College-Bound Seniors – Critical Reading + Mathematics" 4684: 4670: 2914:

By analyzing data from the National Center for Education Statistics, economists Ember Smith and Richard Reeves of the

2469:

Frey and Detterman (2004) investigated associations of SAT scores with intelligence test scores. Using an estimate of

543:

The Reading Test contributes (with the Writing and Language Test) to two subscores, each ranging from 1 to 15 points:

13176: 12822: 12728: 10794:"Adjusting to 'new realities' in admissions process, College Board eliminates SAT's optional essay and subject tests" 6658: 5324: 4803:"A record number of colleges drop SAT/ACT admissions requirement amid growing disenchantment with standardized tests" 3776: 266: 12989: 12269: 5684: 5411: 4367: 13120: 12521: 12446: 12376: 12371: 12333: 11957: 11614: 7120: 6532:

DerSimonian, Rebecca; Laird, Nan (April 1983). "Evaluating the Effect of Coaching on SAT Scores: A Meta-Analysis".

6059: 4920: 4730: 4461: 3260:, a psychologist at Princeton University, who originally saw the value of these types of tests through the lens of 2543: 343:

Historically, starting around 1937, the tests offered under the SAT banner also included optional subject-specific

10524: 8749:

UC and the SAT: Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California

6594:

Becker, Betsy Jane (June 30, 2016). "Coaching for the Scholastic Aptitude Test: Further Synthesis and Appraisal".

6440: 6389: 5385: 3142:, while their admission rates, already in the single digits, fell, e.g. from 4.9% in 2020 to just 3.4% in 2021 at 2450:

In a 2000 study, psychometrician Ann M. Gallagher and her colleagues found that only the top students made use of

13207: 13139: 13115: 13084: 12702: 12536: 12432: 12426: 12401: 12354: 9921:

Freedle, R.O. (2003). "Correcting the SAT's ethnic and social-class bias: A method for reestimating SAT Scores".

8784: 7743: 7465:

Ackerman, Philip L. (2018). "Chapter 1: Intelligence as Potentiality and Actuality". In Sternberg, Robert (ed.).

5214: 4593: 3087: 2486: 2406: 10490: 8453:

Hsu, Stephen; Shombert, James (November 2010). "Nonlinear Psychometric Thresholds for Physics and Mathematics".

4327: 2831:"). Cultural issues are also evident among black students in wealthier households, with high achieving parents. 12996: 12750: 10757: 7678: 6969: 835:

regardless of whether or not they took the SAT. This percentile is theoretical and is derived using methods of

599:

The Math Test – No Calculator section has 20 questions (15 multiple choice and 5 grid-in) and lasts 25 minutes.

31: 12092: 8276: 7033: 7012: 12709: 12491: 12243: 12198: 12107: 11493: 10244: 9326: 9059: 5762: 3973: 3107: 3029:

dismissed as no longer part of the explanation for the dearth of women in math-intensive fields of science."

3022: 2670: 2291: 815: 11244: 3823: 3687: 2355:

encountered throughout the course of study. As such the mathematics section contains no materials above the

2213:

The College Board also offers a test called the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (

602:

The Math Test – Calculator section has 38 questions (30 multiple choice and 8 grid-in) and lasts 55 minutes.

12471: 11995:"SAT predicts GPA better for high ability subjects: Implications for Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns" 3202: 3135: 2758: 2551: 2410: 321:

added that he wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students learn in high school with the new

10921:"Applications boom, admit rates plummet: Prestige college admissions get a little crazier in the pandemic" 9487: 7584:"The Rainbow Project: Enhancing the SAT through assessments of analytical, practical, and creative skills" 7583: 7402: 5537: 4883:"Colleges say SAT, ACT score is optional for application during COVID-19, but families don't believe them" 3665: 13233: 13202: 12909: 12808: 12796: 12615: 7005:

Kobrin, Jennifer L.; Patterson, Brian F.; Shaw, Emily J.; Mattern, Krista D.; Barbuti, Sandra M. (2008).

5563: 3661: 3303: 3248: 2498: 415: 314: 76: 11523: 8682: 7029:

Predicting Success in College: SAT® Studies of Classes Graduating since 1980. Research Report No. 2001-2

6797: 5794: 5432: 5371: 5188: 4699: 2872: 2542:

In 2015, educational psychologist Jonathan Wai of Duke University analyzed average test scores from the

13171: 12381: 12358: 11934: 11903: 10858: 10438:

Robertson, Kimberley Ferriman; Smeets, Stijn; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (December 14, 2010).

8040:"SAT Performance: Understanding the Contributions of Cognitive/Learning and Social/Personality Factors" 7510: 6827: 5593: 5126: 3371:

have been found to provide test questions to students within hours of a new SAT exam's administration.

2674: 2311: 318: 11357: 10337: 9642:"Sex differences and lateralization in temporal lobe glucose metabolism during mathematical reasoning" 8601:"Using Standardized Test Scores to Include General Cognitive Ability in Education Research and Policy" 7008:

Validity of the SAT® for Predicting First-Year College Grade Point Average. Research Report No. 2008-5

5731: 5158: 12366: 11958:"Taking the SAT is hard enough. Then students learned the test's answers may have been leaked online" 11688: 9611:"Women who are elite mathematicians are less likely than men to believe they're elite mathematicians" 7766: 6561:"Using Linear Regression and Propensity Score Matching to Estimate the Effect of Coaching on the SAT" 5240: 4246:

Lubinsky, David (2018). "Chapter 15: Individual Differences at the Top". In Sternberg, Robert (ed.).

3882: 2860: 1829:

longer features the old SAT (out of 2,400), just the new SAT (out of 1,600) and the ACT (out of 36).

437: 11461:"On Further Examination: Report of the Advisory Panel on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Score Decline" 9697: 7999: 4769:"Many colleges have gone test-optional – here's how that could change the way students are admitted" 4623: 4532: 3525: 2405:

however, the SAT is not that difficult. For example, South Korea's College Scholastic Ability Test (

128:

Test scored on scale of 200–800, (in 10-point increments), on each of two sections (total 400–1600).

13032: 12947: 12837: 12651: 11365: 11308: 9729: 9543: 5266: 5091: 3442: 3315: 3252:

required several days for the student to take them. By the early 1920s, the increasing interest in

2470: 2254: 2246: 644: 359: 17: 12037: 11709: 4003: 3552: 2842: 13063: 11393:"The Recentering of SAT® Scales and Its Effects on Score Distributions and Score Interpretations" 11124:"No wonder young Americans feel so important, when half of them finish high school as A students" 10529: 9488:"Sex differences in ability tilt in the right tail of cognitive abilities: A 35-year examination" 7264:"The Role of Socioeconomic Status in SAT-Grade Relationships and in College Admissions Decisions" 7263: 6681: 5037:"Declines in vocabulary among American adults within levels of educational attainment, 1974–2016" 4967: 3154: 2510: 2327: 697: 633: 11831: 11267: 10439: 9641: 7927: 7207: 5938:"No Mistake, These Five Kids Have All the Answers: They Scored Perfect 1600s on Their Sat Exams" 2290:

potentially qualified students from disadvantaged backgrounds than they otherwise would. At the

12608: 12579: 12506: 12248: 12147:

Standardized Minds: The High Price of America's Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It

10706: 9870: 9692: 9256:"Studying Intellectual Outliers: Are There Sex Differences, and Are the Smart Getting Smarter?" 8249: 7994: 7438:

Coyle, Thomas R.; Pillow, David R. (2008). "SAT and ACT predict college GPA after removing g".

3307: 2904: 2819: 2754: 2569:

Various researchers have established that average SAT or ACT scores and college ranking in the

1801:

The mean verbal score was 461 for students taking the SAT, 383 for the sample of all students.

750: 705: 11584: 10152: 8314: 7322: 5892: 4501: 2938: 2546:

in 1946 (10,000 students), the Selective Service College Qualification Test in 1952 (38,420),

13151: 12983: 12317: 6130: 6124: 4921:"Access to college admissions tests — and lucrative scholarships — imperiled by the pandemic" 3253: 3127: 3051: 3043: 2932: 2915: 2459: 2323: 836: 11392: 10698: 9551: 8241: 5624: 3881: 13108: 13095: 12574: 12275: 8955: 8553: 3423: 3131: 2307: 452: 433: 35: 11894:"As SAT was hit by security breaches, College Board went ahead with tests that had leaked" 11740:

Jordan, Mary (March 27, 1993). "SAT Changes Name, But It Won't Score 1,600 With Critics".

8156:

Beaujean, A.A.; Firmin, M.W.; Knoop, A.; Michonski, D.; Berry, T.B.; Lowrie, R.E. (2006).

6330: 5351:

https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/cb-calculator-policies-mathematics-science.pdf

4435: 3631: 370:

studying human intelligence in general and intellectual precociousness in particular, and

8: 13146: 13131: 12922: 12466: 11725:

Pitsch, Mark (November 7, 1990). "S.A.T. Revisions Will Be Included In Spring '94 Test".

9089:

Ceci, Stephen; Ginther, Donna K.; Kahn, Shulamit; Williams, Wendy M. (November 3, 2014).

6861: 4397: 3276: 3139: 3111: 2993: 2985: 2813: 2368: 2315: 2295: 456: 12978: 12973: 11432: 10046: 9934: 8959: 8785:"How Does Family Structure during Childhood Affect College Preparedness and Completion?" 8557: 8093:? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability" 6545: 4204:

Haier, Richard (2018). "Chapter 11: A View from the Brain". In Sternberg, Robert (ed.).

4152:"Some current findings on brain characteristics of the mathematically gifted adolescent" 610:"Heart of Algebra" (linear equations, systems of linear equations, and linear functions) 13197: 13102: 13089: 12927: 12511: 12293: 12019: 11994: 11924: 11891: 10953: 10670: 10459: 10408: 9840: 9706: 9419: 9394: 9278: 9203:

Wai, Jonathan; Cacchio, Megan; Putallaz, Martha; Makel, Matthew C. (July–August 2010).

9118: 8978: 8943: 8916: 8891: 8713: 8705: 8627: 8600: 8576: 8542: 8454: 8123: 8064: 8039: 8020: 7582:

Sternberg, Robert; et al. (The Rainbow Project Collaborators) (July–August 2006).

7564: 7380: 7342: 7291: 7227: 6936: 6701: 6650: 6631:"Who Benefits from SAT Prep?: An Examination of High School Context and Race/Ethnicity" 6611: 6432: 6428: 6381: 6306: 6281: 5056: 4640: 4299: 4086: 4059: 3719: 3284: 3234: 3147: 3143: 3039: 2853: 2762: 2641: 2490: 2332: 2303: 2299: 2194: 2186: 563:

The Writing and Language Test reports two subscores, each ranging from 1 to 15 points:

218: 12051: 10266: 8541:

Gunn, Laura H.; ter Horst, Enrique; Markossian, Talar; Molina, German (May 13, 2020).

2210:

more affordable official guide from the College Board and with solid studying habits.

613:"Problem Solving and Data Analysis" (statistics, modeling, and problem-solving skills) 12937: 12932: 12691: 12558: 12486: 12303: 12169: 12150: 12131: 12076: 12057: 12024: 11962: 11327:

Lemann, Nicholas (2004). "A History of Admissions Testing". In Zwick, Rebecca (ed.).

10710: 10699: 10573: 10534: 10400: 10396: 10003: 9901: 9507: 9468: 9460: 9424: 9410: 9282: 9162: 9110: 8983: 8921: 8819: 8747: 8632: 8581: 8359: 8253: 8242: 8208: 8115: 8111: 8069: 8012: 7472: 7376: 7283: 7169: 7053: 6869: 6837: 6705: 6654: 6615: 6311: 6232: 6134: 5419: 5358: 5060: 4253: 4211: 4166: 4091: 3873: 3784: 3721:

Trapped in Mediocrity: Why Our Schools Aren't World-Class and What We Can Do About It

3560: 3477: 3452: 3409: 3354: 3328: 2981: 2931:, W. Keith Campbell, and Ryne A. Sherman analyzed vocabulary test scores on the U.S. 2600: 2506: 2344: 2283: 2222: 2203: 2182: 746: 528: 512: 480: 344: 275: 13056: 12097:. Ph.D. dissertation in American History at the University of Oregon. Archived from 10463: 10412: 9844: 9761: 9122: 8717: 8127: 8024: 7568: 7346: 7295: 7231: 6940: 6735: 3017:

The SAT is sometimes given to students at age 12 or 13 by organizations such as the

12957: 12014: 12006: 10634: 10451: 10392: 10349: 10308: 10042: 9930: 9832: 9702: 9653: 9499: 9452: 9414: 9406: 9372: 9270: 9219: 9102: 8973: 8963: 8911: 8903: 8697: 8622: 8612: 8571: 8561: 8347: 8180: 8172: 8107: 8059: 8051: 8004: 7595: 7556: 7447: 7372: 7334: 7275: 7219: 7208:"Fact and Fiction in Cognitive Ability Testing for Admissions and Hiring Decisions" 7161: 6928: 6857: 6693: 6642: 6603: 6541: 6424: 6373: 6301: 6293: 6228: 5048: 4081: 4071: 3395: 2887: 2750: 2723: 2606: 2377: 2275: 2178: 2173: 444:

of high school grades and college freshman grades when the SAT is factored in. The

234: 178: 154: 10338:"Investigating America's elite: Cognitive ability, education, and sex differences" 10071:

Jencks, C. (1998). Racial bias in testing. The Black-White test score gap, 55, 84.

9836: 9730:"Average SAT scores for 12th-grade SAT-taking population, by race/ethnicity: 2006" 9573: 8566: 4151: 12857: 12645: 10353: 9503: 9300: 9223: 9205:"Sex differences in the right tail of cognitive abilities: A 30 year examination" 8907: 8617: 7599: 7451: 6282:"The Academic Success of East Asian American Youth: The Role of Shadow Education" 5412:

https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/co-acceptable-calculator-list-sat.pdf

5052: 4076: 3268: 3190: 2373: 2360: 2279: 2266: 657: 592: 351: 12476: 11925:

Renee Dudley; Steve Stecklow; Alexandra Harney; Irene Jay Liu (March 28, 2016).

11892:

Renee Dudley; Steve Stecklow; Alexandra Harney; Irene Jay Liu (March 28, 2016).

11028:"Poll: Americans say even the legal breaks for college admission rig the system" 10739: 9574:"Validity of the SAT for Predicting First-Year Grades: 2013 SAT Validity Sample" 9357: 8315:"Research Report No. 2003-3: A Historical Perspective on the Content of the SAT" 8313:

Lawrence, Ida; Rigol, Gretchen W.; Van Essen, Thomas; Jackson, Carol A. (2003).

5706: 3314:

In 2005, the SAT was changed again, in part due to criticism of the test by the

13001: 12852: 12041: 12010: 11329:

Rethinking the SAT: The Future of Standardized Testing in University Admissions

10312: 9820: 8948:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8424:"SAT Analogies and Comparisons: Why Were They Removed, and What Replaced Them?" 8400: 8244:

Rethinking the SAT: The Future of Standardized Testing in University Admissions

8176: 7321:

Shewach, Oren R.; McNeal, Kyle D.; Kuncel, Nathan R.; Sackett, Paul R. (2019).

6916: 5036: 3359: 3280: 3054:, have been reported to ask prospective job candidates about their SAT scores. 2783: 2690: 2666: 2547: 2527: 2455: 2169: 418: 130:

Essay scored on scale of 2–8, in 1-point increments, on each of three criteria.

12228: 11208:"Harvard again requiring standardized test scores for those seeking admission" 10859:"Interest Surges in Top Colleges, While Struggling Ones Scrape for Applicants" 9657: 8088: 6607: 6377: 4562: 387: 350:

In the past, the test was taken using paper forms that were filled in using a

13227: 13006: 12942: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12631: 11835: 11684: 10577: 10538: 10455: 9511: 9464: 9274: 9106: 8852: 8363: 7279: 7223: 6932: 6697: 6297: 5863: 5827: 5597: 5567: 4644: 4401: 4170: 3877: 3788: 3602: 3564: 3476:

In 2020, the SAT was also offered on an additional September date due to the

3272: 3047: 2809: 2795: 2766: 2648: 2558: 2533: 2423: 2226: 2202:

even further, Korean Americans are more likely to take SAT prep courses than

721: 656:

Most of the questions on the SAT, except for the grid-in math responses, are

583:

An example of an SAT "grid-in" math question and the correctly gridded answer

468: 422: 310: 198: 72: 11358:"frontline: secrets of the sat: where did the test come from?: the 1926 sat" 10380: 8968: 7410:

Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montreal

7149: 6891:"During test-optional college admissions, exam-prep companies still thrived" 6362:"Coaching for the Scholastic Aptitude Test: Further Synthesis and Appraisal" 5650: 5001:"SAT scores at lowest level in 10 years, fueling worries about high schools" 2245:

In 2009, education researchers Richard C. Atkinson and Saul Geiser from the

531:

had played a role in the change, accelerating 'a process already underway'.

432:

The College Board also claims that the SAT, in combination with high school

13048: 13042: 13037: 13027: 12516: 12028: 11710:

Commission on New Possibilities for the Admissions Testing Program (1990).

11428: 10890:"Harvard won't require SAT or ACT through 2026 as test-optional push grows" 10825:"Applications surge after big-name colleges halt SAT and ACT testing rules" 10404: 9472: 9428: 9114: 8987: 8925: 8683:"Explaining the Performance Gap between Public and Private School Students" 8636: 8585: 8119: 8073: 8016: 8008: 7287: 7173: 6831: 6315: 4843:"The SAT and the ACT Will Probably Survive the Pandemic—Thanks to Students" 4095: 3288: 3257: 3214: 2828: 2463: 2218: 337: 333: 8202: 6970:"Report of the UC Academic Council Standardized Testing Task Force (STTF)" 6646: 6630: 6248:"Make sure that SAT test-prep service for your high-schooler isn't a scam" 4418:"Most students take the SAT spring of junior year or fall of senior year." 2263:

National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing

13181: 12094:

The Scholastic Aptitude Test: Its Development and Introduction, 1900–1948

11090:"Colleges adapt admissions programs in wake of affirmative action ruling" 10083:"Race gaps in SAT scores highlight inequality and hinder upward mobility" 9376: 9156: 8783:

Blandin, Adam; Herrington, Christopher; Steelman, Aaron (February 2018).

8512:"Your College Major Can Be a Pretty Good Indication of How Smart You Are" 7984: 7466: 5676: 4247: 4205: 3181: 3062: 3021:(SMPY), Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth, and the Duke University 2928: 2727:

SAT mathematics questions can be answered intuitively or algorithmically.

2356: 2270: 717: 588: 520: 441: 401: 27:

Standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States

9358:"Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition" 8709: 8701: 7384: 7121:"Standardized Test Scores and Academic Performance at Ivy-Plus Colleges" 3864:

Hartocollis, Anemona; Taylor, Kate; Saul, Stephanie (January 20, 2021).

3824:"College Board Will No Longer Offer SAT Subject Tests or SAT with Essay" 3294: 2206:, taking full advantage of their Church communities and ethnic economy. 177:

No official prerequisite. Intended for high school students. Fluency in

13022: 12680: 12584: 12496: 12313: 12265: 12166:

Fair Game? The Use of Standardized Admissions Tests in Higher Education

10635:"McKinsey's online application FAQs | Careers | McKinsey & Company" 8887: 7338: 6436: 6412: 6385: 6361: 3688:"'Massive' breach exposes hundreds of questions for upcoming SAT exams" 3447: 3431: 3349: 2381: 2214: 1313: 831: 739: 713: 629: 488: 472: 464: 286:

have changed several times. For much of its history, it was called the

283: 10236: 9456: 9027:

Halpern, Diane F.; Benbow, Camilla P.; et al. (October 1, 2012).

8652:"Yes, It Really Is Harder to Get into Highly Selective Colleges Today" 7090:"The SAT is coming back at some colleges. It's stressing everyone out" 3866:"Retooling During Pandemic, the SAT Will Drop Essay and Subject Tests" 2789:

SAT Verbal average scores by race or ethnicity from 1986–87 to 2004–05

2623: 2502:

the time-consuming traditional methods of assessment are unavailable.

579: 197:

Most universities and colleges offering undergraduate programs in the

11303: 8481:"Your college major is a pretty good indication of how smart you are" 8055: 7560: 7165: 6467:"No one likes the SAT. It's still the fairest thing about admissions" 6187:"Can a free SAT prep class ever be as good as pricey in-person ones?" 3914: 3302:

After the war, due to several factors including the formation of the

3185:) to find concrete evidence for their allegations of discrimination. 2832: 2451: 10176:"More Students Are Taking Optional SAT and ACT, Hoping to Stand Out" 9871:"The Widening Racial Scoring Gap on the SAT College Admissions Test" 9486:

Wai, Jonathan; Hodges, Jaret; Makel, Matthew C. (March–April 2018).

4328:"Your SAT and ACT scores could make a difference in your job future" 2801:

SAT Math average scores by race or ethnicity from 1986–87 to 2004–05

2181:, are the most likely to take private SAT preparation courses while 13125: 7027: 7006: 6866:

Why We Forget and How to Remember Better: The Science Behind Memory

6767:"These four charts show how the SAT favors rich, educated families" 3261: 3123: 2989: 2614: 2363:

referred to this as testing for "historical" rather than "current"

1544: 743: 709: 355: 12038:"Examined Life: What Stanley H. Kaplan taught us about the S.A.T." 8820:"Psychologists debate the meaning of students' falling SAT scores" 8459: 7403:"SAT Scores, High Schools, and Collegiate Performance Predictions" 7049:"Report bolsters idea of dropping SAT, ACT tests for UC admission" 354:

and were scored (except for hand-written response sections) using

50: 12289: 12098: 11898: 10379:

Park, Gregory; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla (November 2007).

7925: 7767:"What standardized tests look like in 10 places around the world" 5293:"PSAT/NMSQT Understanding Scores 2015 – SAT Suite of Assessments" 3319: 2522: 2518: 2419: 796: 762: 754: 701: 516: 426: 12600: 7119:

Friedman, John; Sacerdote, Bruce; Tine, Michele (January 2024).

6156:"2009 Worldwide Exam Preparation & Tutoring Industry Report" 3657: 3501:

Known as the SAT Subject Tests since 2005, discontinued in 2021.

2607:

Association with educational and societal standings and outcomes

12589: 12481: 12191: 8599:

Wai, Jonathan; Brown, Matt I.; Chabris, Christopher F. (2018).

7705:"U.S. Tests Teens A Lot, But Worldwide, Exam Stakes Are Higher" 4502:"ACT Scores Improve; More on East Coast Taking the SAT's Rival" 3389: 3339: 3158: 3058: 2415: 693: 637: 209: 94:

Admission to undergraduate programs of universities or colleges

11927:"How Asian test-prep companies quickly penetrated the new SAT" 4671:"Send SAT Scores to Colleges - SAT Suite | College Board" 511:

Two section scores result from taking the SAT: Evidence-Based

467:, local control, and the prevalence of private, distance, and 258: 12108:"Why SAT Test Prep Doesn't Help Who You Might Think It Helps" 10997:"SATs, Once Hailed as Ivy League Equalizers, Fall From Favor" 10437: 8540: 8312: 5926:. College Entrance Examination Board. 1971. pp. 7, 9–10. 2445: 758: 11237:"Harvard and Caltech Will Require Test Scores for Admission" 10081:

Reeves, Richard V.; Halikias, Dimitrios (February 1, 2017).

8944:"Explaining Asian Americans' academic advantage over whites" 8155: 6214: 6212: 5474:"Should graphing calculators be allowed on important tests?" 4624:"How the SAT is Structured – SAT Suite | College Board" 11346:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 16–39. 9395:"The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics" 9254:

Wai, Jonathan; Putallaz, Martha; Makel, Matthew C. (2012).

6423:(2). National Council on Measurement in Education: 93–118. 5757: 5755: 5753: 5035:

Twenge, Jean; Campbell, W. Keith; Sherman, Ryne A. (2019).

4685:"SAT Score Rush Reporting – SAT Suite | College Board" 4116:

Hambrick, David C.; Chabris, Christopher (April 14, 2014).

3378:

file was on the internet before the August 25, 2018, exam.

2497:

in the sample. They also noted that there appeared to be a

2258: 249: 240: 169:

Over 1.9 million high school graduates in the class of 2023

12230:

Undergraduate admission tests to colleges and universities

11466:. College Entrance Examination Board. 1977. Archived from 10605:"Goldman Sachs, Bain, McKinsey: Job Candidates SAT Scores" 9101:(3). Association for Psychological Science (APS): 75–141. 8038:

Hannon, Brenda; McNaughton-Cassill, Mary (July 27, 2011).

7736:"The New SAT Doesn't Come Close to the World's Best Tests" 7371:(1). National Council on Measurement in Education: 23–45. 7333:(1). National Council on Measurement in Education: 25–35. 7320: 7206:

Kuncel, Nathan R.; Hezlett, Sarah A. (December 14, 2010).

7147: 7004: 3943:"In major overhaul, SAT exam will soon be taken digitally" 2534:

Association with college or university majors and rankings

11992: 10732:"Achievement Versus Aptitude Tests in College Admissions" 8782: 8650:

Petrilli, Michael J.; Enamorado, Pedro (March 24, 2020).

7866:"Easy SAT has students crying over 'shocking' low scores" 7261: 6736:"High-School Senior: I Took the SAT Again After 41 Years" 6465:

Wai, Jonathan; Brown, Matt; Chabris, Christopher (2019).

6372:(3). American Educational Research Association: 373–417. 6209: 5325:"SAT Study Guide for Students – SAT Suite of Assessments" 3375: 309:

The SAT is wholly owned, developed, and published by the

11993:

Coyle, T.; Snyder, A.; Pillow, D.; Kochunov, P. (2011).

11235:

Hartocollis, Anemona; Saul, Stephanie (April 11, 2024).

10292:

Wai, Jonathan; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla (2005).

9736:. The College Board, College Bound Seniors, 2006. 2006. 8271: 8269: 8037: 7540:

Wai, Jonathan; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla (2009).

5750: 2588: 2230:

colleges and universities student might be admitted to.

11026:

Page, Susan; Berry, Deborah Barfield (March 20, 2019).

9821:"Racial segregation and the black–white test score gap" 9202: 9154: 9088: 7835:"Sharpen those pencils: The SAT test is getting harder" 7274:(9). Association for Psychological Science: 1000–1007. 3243:

Historical average SAT scores of college-bound seniors.

2596: 11832:"What is the Difference Between the SAT and the PSAT?" 11803:"Insisting It's Nothing, Creator Says SAT, Not S.A.T." 9682: 9441: 8755:, University of California, Office of the President., 6917:"Reflections on a Century of College Admissions Tests" 2773: 2577: 1324: 1098: 842: 11757:"Revised and Renamed, S.A.T. Brings Same Old Anxiety" 11088:

Brangham, William; Dubnow, Shoshana (June 30, 2023).

10958:"The College-Admissions Process Is Completely Broken" 10705:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 10450:(6). Association for Psychological Science: 346–351. 9790:"SAT math scores mirror and maintain racial inequity" 9788:

Smith, Ember; Reeves, Richard V. (December 1, 2020).

9392: 8266: 7218:(6). Association for Psychological Science: 339–345. 7118: 6833:

Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams

6729: 6727: 6413:"Effects of Coaching on SAT I: Reasoning Test Scores" 5034: 3863: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3553:"Put Down Your No. 2 Pencils. But Not Your Face Mask" 2941: 2659: 2481:, they found SAT scores to be highly correlated with 805: 267: 246: 243: 237: 11059:"The False Promise of 'Holistic' College Admissions" 8387: 8385: 6153: 4767:

Farmer, Angela; Wai, Jonathan (September 21, 2020).

4500:

Honawar, Vaishali; Klein, Alyson (August 30, 2006).

3385: 448:

of the SAT are topics of research in psychometrics.

255: 10852: 10850: 9950:

ENCOUNTER: Education for Meaning and Social Justice

7088:Natanson, Hannah; Svrluga, Susan (March 18, 2024). 4569:. The National Center for Fair & Open Testing. 4145: 4143: 3974:"No More No. 2 Pencils: The SAT Goes Fully Digital" 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3115: 2879:2020 was the year in which education worldwide was 445: 252: 11268:"SAT Essay Test Rewards Length and Ignores Errors" 10378: 10307:(3). American Psychological Association: 484–492. 9356:Niederle, Muriel; Vesterlund, Lise (Spring 2010). 9355: 9026: 8885: 7980: 7978: 7555:(4). American Psychological Association: 817–835. 7396: 7394: 6868:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 274. 6724: 6411:Powers, Donald E.; Rock, Donald A. (Summer 1999). 5086: 5084: 5082: 3807: 3718: 2959: 2587:, that when student characteristics, such as age, 11453: 11146:"Exams are grim, but most alternatives are worse" 10787: 10785: 10783: 10291: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9091:"Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape" 8847: 8845: 8746:Geiser, Saul; Studley, Roger (October 29, 2001), 8681:Duncan, Keven C.; Sandy, Jonathan (Spring 2007). 8649: 8382: 7640:"Has the Pandemic Put an End to the SAT and ACT?" 7539: 6964: 6962: 6331:"SAT Prep – Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost?" 5121: 5119: 5117: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4697: 4594:"All four-year U.S. colleges now accept ACT test" 3903: 3901: 2970: 2702:Some researchers point to evidence in support of 2399: 2240: 13225: 12056:(Rev/Expd ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. 11714:. College Entrance Examination Board. p. 9. 10847: 10736:University of California Office of the President 10032: 9640:Haier, Richard; Benbow, Camilla Persson (1995). 9388: 9386: 9253: 8778: 8776: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 7959:"The SAT: Overview for International Counselors" 7504: 7502: 7500: 7362: 7257: 7255: 7253: 6531: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6280:Byun, Soo-yong; Park, Hyunjoon (July 29, 2011). 4994: 4992: 4990: 4963:"SAT Scores Fall as More Students Take the Test" 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4241: 4239: 4140: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3846: 3434:, a college entrance exam, competitor to the SAT 3057:Nevertheless, some other top employers, such as 1545:Percentiles for verbal and math scores (1969–70) 821: 340:to provide free online SAT preparation courses. 11234: 10751: 10749: 10267:"Qualifying Scores for the Triple Nine Society" 9435: 8890:; Iacono, William G. (November–December 2007). 8598: 7975: 7828: 7826: 7698: 7696: 7391: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7087: 6856: 6464: 6218: 5079: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4796: 4794: 4460:Atkinson, Richard; Geiser, Saul (May 4, 2015). 4115: 3520: 3518: 2509:noted that the SAT is effective at identifying 1318:on the 2400 scale and 99.93 on the 1600 scale. 12130:(Revised ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 11384: 11341: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11087: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10780: 10080: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9530: 9485: 9479: 9060:"Column: Why the STEM gender gap is overblown" 8842: 7794: 7792: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7358: 7356: 6959: 6914: 5813: 5651:"Digital SAT – SAT Suite | College Board" 5127:"The SAT and SAT Subject Tests Educator Guide" 5114: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4905: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4459: 3898: 3081: 2864:2018 SAT combined scores by race and ethnicity 797:Accommodation for candidates with disabilities 189:US$ 60.00 to US$ 108.00, depending on country. 12616: 12214: 11918: 11885: 11585:"New, Reading-Heavy SAT Has Students Worried" 10666:"Sums vs. Summarizing: SAT's Math-Verbal Gap" 10518: 10516: 9873:. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 9818: 9383: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9003:"Boys outperform girls on mathematic portion" 8937: 8935: 8773: 8745: 8299: 8086: 7956: 7497: 7250: 7205: 6733: 6558: 6489: 4987: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4865: 4728: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4236: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4102: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3929: 3596:"2023 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report" 3590: 3588: 3586: 2903:A U.S. Navy sailor taking the SAT aboard the 2253:in the prediction, the SAT is less reliable. 329:by the District of Columbia and many states. 12128:None of the Above: The Truth Behind the SATs 11637: 10746: 10331: 10329: 9544:"Men are both dumber and smarter than women" 9399:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9249: 9247: 9245: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9095:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 8474: 8472: 8470: 7823: 7693: 7327:Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 7192: 7025: 6275: 6273: 5445: 5267:"Score Structure – SAT Suite of Assessments" 4825: 4791: 4499: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 3770: 3768: 3725:. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 3515: 3497: 3495: 2694:Sex and race differences exist in SAT scores 2526:have presupposed students' familiarity with 2185:typically rely more one-on-one tutoring for 1819: 554: 11555:"A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork" 11350: 11335: 11331:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. pp. 5–14. 11315: 10983: 10444:Current Directions in Psychological Science 9787: 9776: 9639: 9263:Current Directions in Psychological Science 8696:(2). Palgrave Macmillan Journals: 177–191. 8680: 8452: 8196: 7789: 7618: 7437: 7353: 7212:Current Directions in Psychological Science 6641:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 1–23. 6629:Park, Julie J.; Ann H., Becks (Fall 2015). 6460: 6458: 6129:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 5918: 5916: 5914: 5023: 4753: 4729:Capuzzi Simon, Cecilia (November 1, 2015). 4149: 3739:"A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork" 3169:against race-based admissions as a form of 496: 12623: 12609: 12221: 12207: 10856: 10525:"Job Hunting? Dig Up Those Old SAT Scores" 10513: 10067: 10065: 9141: 8932: 8393:"College Board To Alter SAT I for 2005–06" 7926:The Staff of the Princeton Review (2019). 7509:Kaufman, Scott Barry (September 4, 2018). 7026:Burton, Nancy W.; Ramist, Leonard (2001). 6798:"Neuroscience and College Admission Tests" 6628: 6410: 6034:"Higher Education Concordance Information" 4943: 4350: 4278: 4192: 3996: 3583: 3458:Mathematics education in the United States 2669:. In their 2018 analysis of data from the 2479:Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery 2446:Association with general cognitive ability 217: 49: 12018: 11800: 11748: 11025: 10663: 10326: 9900:. New York: Routledge. pp. 16, 164. 9696: 9418: 9242: 9187: 8977: 8967: 8915: 8626: 8616: 8575: 8565: 8467: 8458: 8063: 7998: 7581: 7400: 6830:(2017). "Chapter 15: Sleep and Society". 6305: 6270: 5707:"FAQ - Digital SAT Suite | College Board" 4918: 4766: 4429:"01-249.RD.ResNoteRN-10 collegeboard.com" 4314: 4085: 4075: 4018: 3971: 3765: 3492: 3365: 2894: 12035: 11434:The College Board: Its First Fifty Years 11057:Bovy, Phoebe Maltz (December 17, 2013). 10918: 10887: 10857:Nierenberg, Amelia (February 20, 2021). 10822: 10791: 10729: 10602: 9762:"New Evidence of Racial Bias on the SAT" 9541: 8817: 8345: 7987:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 7464: 7046: 6836:. New York: Schribner. pp. 310–11. 6764: 6501:Hambrick, David Z. (December 16, 2011). 6500: 6455: 6279: 5911: 4998: 4961:Hobbs, Tawnell D. (September 24, 2019). 4880: 4635: 4633: 4591: 4530: 4292:"Want a job? Hand over your SAT results" 4245: 3940: 3550: 3338: 3293: 3019:Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth 2898: 2859: 2744: 2722: 2689: 2351:), with which it is highly correlated. 2274:analyzing their own institutional data, 578: 282:. Since its debut in 1926, its name and 13239:Standardized tests in the United States 12106:Kang, Jay Caspian (September 9, 2021). 12070: 12036:Gladwell, Malcolm (December 17, 2001). 11785: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11534:from the original on September 15, 2016 11437:. New York: Columbia University Press. 11265: 11205: 11175:Harden, Kathryn Paige (April 2, 2022). 10952: 10563: 10488: 10111: 10062: 10014:from the original on September 28, 2015 9920: 9759: 9057: 9000: 8941: 8795:(2). Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. 8421: 8197:Gottfredson, Linda (2018). "Chapter 9: 7894: 7521:from the original on September 30, 2020 7508: 6982:from the original on September 14, 2020 6795: 6559:Domigue, Ben; Briggs, Derek C. (2009). 6328: 6245: 6221:International Journal of Social Welfare 6092:"Guide to the 2018 ACT/SAT Concordance" 6060:"Guide to the 2018 ACT/SAT Concordance" 5797:. The College Board. January 11, 2016. 5734:. The College Board. January 11, 2016. 5388:. The College Board. January 13, 2016. 4841:Selingo, Jeffrey (September 16, 2020). 4840: 4779:from the original on September 23, 2020 4573:from the original on September 28, 2017 4543:from the original on September 27, 2017 4531:Slatalla, Michelle (November 4, 2007). 4004:"What is Digital SAT Adaptive Testing?" 3438:College admissions in the United States 2975: 2757:employed positron emission tomography ( 455:intended to yield scores that follow a 280:college admissions in the United States 14: 13226: 13213:National Merit Scholarship Corporation 11999:Personality and Individual Differences 11970:from the original on September 1, 2018 11842:from the original on November 12, 2020 11739: 11724: 11643: 11546: 11342:Crouse, James; Trusheim, Dale (1988). 11326: 11296: 11230: 11228: 11174: 11156:from the original on February 17, 2021 11007:from the original on February 18, 2021 10948: 10946: 10900:from the original on December 18, 2021 10869:from the original on February 20, 2021 10758:"Why Is the SAT Falling Out of Favor?" 10755: 10730:Atkinson, Richard C. (December 2001). 10696: 10664:Rothstein, Richard (August 28, 2002). 10645:from the original on November 13, 2021 10615:from the original on November 13, 2021 10584:from the original on November 13, 2021 10545:from the original on November 13, 2021 10173: 10142: 10093:from the original on February 16, 2021 9877:from the original on December 16, 2015 9621:from the original on February 16, 2021 9337:from the original on November 12, 2020 9294: 9292: 9129:from the original on February 28, 2022 9070:from the original on February 26, 2021 9029:"Sex, Math and Scientific Achievement" 8851: 8799:from the original on February 13, 2021 8434:from the original on February 16, 2021 8370:from the original on September 4, 2019 8346:Garfield, Leslie (September 1, 2006). 8320:. College Entrance Examination Board. 8248:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. pp. 8165:Personality and Individual Differences 7928:"Why You Shouldn't Want an "Easy" SAT" 7876:from the original on February 28, 2021 7863: 7832: 7811:from the original on February 18, 2021 7764: 7733: 7702: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7032:. College Entrance Examination Board. 6888: 6826: 6777:from the original on February 16, 2021 6765:Goldfarb, Zachary A. (March 5, 2014). 6661:from the original on September 9, 2021 6593: 6513:from the original on February 26, 2021 6477:from the original on November 17, 2020 6359: 6122: 6014:from the original on November 21, 2016 5544:from the original on November 24, 2009 5067:from the original on September 5, 2021 5011:from the original on September 5, 2015 4975:from the original on November 28, 2020 4919:Quilantan, Bianca (January 18, 2021). 4710:from the original on November 19, 2018 4651:from the original on September 6, 2015 4592:Marklein, Mary Beth (March 18, 2007). 4378:from the original on February 12, 2021 4165:(2). Shannon Research Press: 247–251. 3941:Thompson, Carolyn (January 25, 2022). 3910:"The Optional SAT Essay: What to Know" 3658:"Frequently Asked Questions About ETS" 3197:It was due to these concerns that the 2585:National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 2466:predicts high performance on the SAT. 1808: 86:Writing, critical reading, mathematics 12604: 12202: 12163: 12144: 12090: 12049: 11955: 11873:from the original on November 5, 2016 11754: 11681:"SAT FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions" 11656:from the original on October 21, 2020 11595:from the original on December 1, 2017 11552: 11491: 11441:from the original on October 18, 2017 11427: 11372:from the original on October 31, 2007 10994: 10835:from the original on February 9, 2021 10804:from the original on February 4, 2021 10792:Aspegren, Elinor (January 19, 2021). 10768:from the original on February 3, 2021 10419:from the original on January 16, 2021 10204: 10124:from the original on January 22, 2021 9947: 9863: 9800:from the original on January 27, 2021 9772:from the original on January 1, 2015. 9554:from the original on January 13, 2021 9298: 9230:from the original on February 4, 2021 8739: 8662:from the original on October 24, 2020 8522:from the original on February 6, 2021 8491:from the original on January 16, 2020 8422:Lindsay, Samantha (January 6, 2019). 8239: 7938:from the original on October 28, 2020 7777:from the original on October 19, 2022 7765:Salaky, Kristin (September 5, 2018). 7668: 7637: 7015:from the original on August 21, 2023. 6746:from the original on January 25, 2021 6686:American Educational Research Journal 6565:Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints 6503:"The SAT Is a Good Intelligence Test" 6443:from the original on October 28, 2021 6392:from the original on October 28, 2021 6197:from the original on January 25, 2021 6184: 5975:. College Board. September 30, 2009. 5139:from the original on October 18, 2017 4960: 4893:from the original on January 26, 2021 4881:Quintana, Chris (December 29, 2020). 4853:from the original on February 3, 2021 4698:O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (July 26, 2009). 4630: 4472:from the original on November 1, 2015 4365: 4289: 4203: 3953:from the original on January 25, 2022 3736: 3716: 3638:from the original on October 10, 2014 3612:from the original on October 11, 2023 3571:from the original on December 4, 2020 3551:Goldberg, Emma (September 27, 2020). 3199:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2638:should not be taken to mean causation 2487:Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices 2320:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 793:(beyond the four provided for free). 651: 13069:Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 12125: 12105: 11668: 11121: 11056: 10888:Anderson, Nick (December 17, 2021). 10564:Salmans, Sandra (November 7, 2004). 10522: 10491:"Daring to Discuss Women in Science" 10368:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 10004:"New Evidence of Racial Bias on SAT" 9895: 9851:from the original on January 3, 2019 9608: 9301:"Gender Gap in Math Scores Persists" 9175:from the original on August 21, 2023 9039:from the original on January 3, 2022 8942:Hsin, Amy; Xie, Yu (June 10, 2014). 8509: 8399:. September 20, 2002. Archived from 8221:from the original on August 21, 2023 8087:Frey, M.C.; Detterman, D.K. (2004). 7715:from the original on August 26, 2021 7650:from the original on August 26, 2021 7606:from the original on August 26, 2021 7485:from the original on August 21, 2023 7180:from the original on August 31, 2021 6915:Atkinson, R. C.; Geiser, S. (2009). 6808:from the original on August 27, 2021 6712:from the original on January 5, 2022 6679: 6185:Gross, Natalie (November 10, 2016). 5893:"The Fifth Norming of the Mega Test" 5622: 5518:from the original on August 25, 2017 5327:. The College Board. July 15, 2015. 5221:from the original on August 20, 2017 5195:from the original on August 16, 2017 4999:Anderson, Nick (September 3, 2015). 4931:from the original on August 31, 2021 4813:from the original on August 21, 2023 4741:from the original on August 12, 2019 4408:from the original on August 28, 2016 4338:from the original on August 26, 2021 4325: 4266:from the original on August 21, 2023 4224:from the original on August 21, 2023 4180:from the original on August 26, 2021 4128:from the original on August 31, 2021 4057: 4014:from the original on March 21, 2024. 3907: 3834:from the original on August 21, 2023 3774: 2924:1.9 million students took the test. 2592: 2555:and agriculture. (See figure below.) 2426:of the students and their families. 1330:Percentiles for total scores (1984) 848:Percentiles for total scores (2022) 12918:Comparative Government and Politics 11812:from the original on April 17, 2017 11278:from the original on March 16, 2015 11225: 10943: 10823:Anderson, Nick (January 29, 2021). 10501:from the original on April 12, 2017 10470:from the original on March 16, 2021 10360:from the original on April 28, 2019 10335: 10247:from the original on March 22, 2021 10112:Jaschik, Scott (October 19, 2020). 10047:10.17763/haer.80.1.j94675w001329270 9984:from the original on April 11, 2019 9935:10.17763/haer.73.1.8465k88616hn4757 9740:from the original on June 27, 2015. 9590:from the original on April 11, 2019 9289: 8478: 8137:from the original on August 5, 2019 7907:from the original on April 14, 2021 7897:"An 'Easy' SAT and Terrible Scores" 7845:from the original on April 18, 2021 7798: 7238:from the original on March 16, 2021 7068: 7047:Watanabe, Teresa (March 19, 2020). 7036:from the original on April 6, 2021. 6734:Shellenbarger, Sue (May 27, 2009). 6546:10.17763/haer.53.1.n06j5h5356217648 6040:from the original on March 19, 2017 5982:from the original on April 26, 2017 5801:from the original on April 24, 2019 5775:from the original on April 17, 2019 5738:from the original on April 24, 2019 5687:from the original on April 18, 2023 5657:from the original on April 14, 2023 5631:from the original on April 18, 2023 5486:from the original on April 22, 2016 5450:. The College Board. Archived from 5448:"Calculator Use and the SAT I Math" 5446:Scheuneman, Janice; Camara, Wayne. 5392:from the original on March 18, 2016 5331:from the original on April 23, 2016 5273:from the original on March 18, 2016 5269:. The College Board. May 14, 2015. 5247:from the original on March 18, 2016 5243:. The College Board. May 12, 2015. 5169:from the original on April 18, 2021 5102:from the original on March 18, 2016 4800: 4700:"The Other Side of 'Test Optional'" 4434:. The College Board. Archived from 4326:Treu, Zachary (February 26, 2014). 4058:Frey, Meredith C. (December 2019). 3777:"The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul" 2774:Association with race and ethnicity 2761:) scans to investigate the rate of 2578:Association with types of schooling 2393: 2172:in 1946 with a 64-hour course, SAT 1325:Percentiles for total scores (1984) 1099:Percentiles for total scores (2006) 843:Percentiles for total scores (2022) 367: 24: 11986: 11801:Applebome, Peter (April 2, 1997). 11390: 10995:Lorin, Janet (February 17, 2021). 10931:from the original on April 7, 2021 10603:Griswold, Alison (March 4, 2004). 10336:Wai, Jonathan (July–August 2013). 10273:from the original on March 6, 2018 10145:"Math and Reading SAT Scores Drop" 9707:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00094.x 9542:Schrager, Allison (July 9, 2015). 9518:from the original on March 3, 2021 9058:Cummins, Denise (April 17, 2015). 9001:Cummins, Denise (March 17, 2014). 8762:from the original on March 5, 2016 8479:Wai, Jonathan (February 3, 2015). 7365:Journal of Educational Measurement 7302:from the original on March 9, 2021 6947:from the original on June 23, 2020 6796:Steiner, Matty (August 22, 2014). 6429:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1999.tb00549.x 6417:Journal of Educational Measurement 6360:Becker, Betsy Jane (Autumn 1990). 6104:from the original on March 3, 2022 5948:from the original on June 23, 2022 5604:from the original on July 21, 2017 5574:from the original on July 23, 2017 5305:from the original on April 7, 2016 4462:"The Big Problem With the New SAT" 4290:Weber, Rebecca L. (May 18, 2004). 3984:from the original on March 8, 2024 3795:from the original on June 16, 2017 3698:from the original on July 19, 2017 3668:from the original on July 15, 2014 3532:from the original on March 6, 2024 3238: 3208: 3167:Supreme Court of the United States 2886: 2881:disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic 2871: 2841: 2818: 2718: 2680: 2660:Association with family structures 2557: 2550:in the early 1970s (400,000), the 2359:level, for instance. Psychologist 830:In addition, students receive two 806:Change from paper-based to digital 728:Evidence-Based Reading and Writing 25: 13250: 12630: 12183: 11767:from the original on July 8, 2017 11755:Honan, William (March 20, 1994). 11644:Murphy, James S. (May 12, 2016). 11625:from the original on May 15, 2014 11565:from the original on May 14, 2014 11494:"New SAT Writing Test Is Planned" 11409:from the original on May 31, 2014 11206:Leblanc, Steve (April 11, 2024). 11100:from the original on July 2, 2023 10678:from the original on May 10, 2013 10301:Journal of Educational Psychology 10174:Sarraf, Isabelle (July 1, 2022). 9896:Ogbu, John U. (January 3, 2003). 9734:Institute of Educational Sciences 9664:from the original on May 25, 2021 9609:Pope, Devin G. (August 8, 2017). 9299:Bates, Karl Leif (July 6, 2010). 8830:from the original on May 17, 2021 8727:from the original on July 6, 2021 8327:from the original on June 5, 2014 8287:from the original on May 18, 2021 7734:Ripley, Amanda (March 12, 2014). 7669:Mayer, John D. (March 10, 2014). 7549:Journal of Educational Psychology 7419:from the original on May 15, 2021 6680:Park, Julie J. (August 1, 2012). 6575:from the original on June 4, 2021 6341:from the original on July 7, 2011 6166:from the original on July 2, 2010 5944:. People (Meredith Corporation). 5899:from the original on May 16, 2019 4604:from the original on May 30, 2015 4512:from the original on May 30, 2015 3972:Goldstein, Dana (March 8, 2024). 3749:from the original on May 13, 2014 3165:Following the 2023 ruling by the 2999: 2992:, the Prometheus Society and the 2920: 2685: 2234: 628:All scientific and most graphing 623: 492: 371: 11956:Vives, Ruben (August 28, 2018). 11949: 11860: 11854: 11824: 11794: 11779: 11733: 11718: 11703: 11615:"Key shifts of the SAT redesign" 11607: 11577: 11516: 11504:from the original on May 5, 2014 11485: 11421: 11290: 11266:Winerip, Michael (May 4, 2005). 11259: 11199: 11168: 11138: 11115: 11081: 11050: 11019: 10919:Anderson, Nick (April 7, 2021). 10912: 10881: 10816: 10723: 10690: 10657: 10627: 10596: 10566:"Don't Throw That Score Out Yet" 10557: 10523:Korn, Melissa (March 25, 2014). 10482: 10431: 10397:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02007.x 10372: 10285: 10259: 10229: 10198: 10167: 10143:Finder, Alan (August 28, 2007). 10136: 10105: 10074: 10053: 10026: 9996: 9960: 9948:Crain, W (2004). "Biased test". 9941: 9914: 9889: 9819:Card, D.; Rothstein, Ol (2007). 9812: 9753: 9744: 9722: 9713: 9676: 9633: 9602: 9566: 9411:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x 9349: 9319: 9158:The Nature of Human Intelligence 9082: 9051: 9020: 8994: 8879: 8811: 8674: 8643: 8592: 8534: 8503: 8446: 8415: 8339: 8277:"Ditching dreaded SAT analogies" 8233: 8204:The Nature of Human Intelligence 8190: 8149: 8112:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x 8080: 8031: 7950: 7919: 7895:Jaschik, Scott (July 12, 2018). 7888: 7857: 7758: 7727: 7662: 7575: 7533: 7468:The Nature of Human Intelligence 7458: 7431: 7377:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2007.00025.x 7314: 7141: 7112: 7040: 7019: 6998: 6908: 6882: 6850: 6820: 6789: 6233:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00812.x 6072:from the original on May 9, 2019 5594:"SAT International Registration" 4366:Dewan, Shaila (March 29, 2014). 4249:The Nature of Human Intelligence 4207:The Nature of Human Intelligence 3483: 3416: 3402: 3388: 2794: 2782: 2735: 2622: 2613: 2544:Army General Classification Test 400: 386: 233: 165: 164: 64:Computer-based standardized test 9365:Journal of Economic Perspective 8818:Novotney, Amy (December 2012). 8510:Crew, Bec (February 16, 2015). 7833:Zoroya, Gregg (March 6, 2014). 7799:Wai, Jonathan (July 24, 2012). 7703:Turner, Cory (April 30, 2014). 7671:"We Need More Tests, Not Fewer" 6758: 6673: 6622: 6587: 6552: 6525: 6404: 6353: 6322: 6246:Carlton, Sue (March 31, 2021). 6239: 6178: 6147: 6116: 6084: 6052: 6036:. College Board. May 15, 2015. 6026: 5994: 5969:ACT and SAT® Concordance Tables 5960: 5930: 5885: 5849: 5787: 5724: 5699: 5669: 5643: 5625:"When Will the SAT Go Digital?" 5616: 5586: 5556: 5530: 5498: 5466: 5439: 5404: 5378: 5343: 5317: 5285: 5259: 5233: 5217:. College Board. May 12, 2015. 5215:"SAT Writing and Language Test" 5207: 5191:. College Board. May 12, 2015. 5181: 5151: 4722: 4691: 4677: 4663: 4616: 4585: 4555: 4524: 4493: 4484: 4453: 4421: 4390: 4159:International Education Journal 3965: 3334: 3100: 3032: 1316:of the perfect score was 99.98 534: 13078:World Languages & Cultures 11553:Lewin, Tamar (March 5, 2014). 11492:Lewin, Tamar (June 23, 2002). 11122:Wang, Amy X. (July 19, 2017). 10756:Hubler, Shawn (May 23, 2020). 10489:Tierney, John (June 7, 2012). 10207:"Have We Given Up on Reading?" 9161:. Cambridge University Press. 8207:. Cambridge University Press. 7993:(3). Academic Press: 165–190. 7638:Dance, Amber (July 15, 2021). 7471:. Cambridge University Press. 6889:Becker, Sam (April 17, 2024). 6596:Review of Educational Research 6366:Review of Educational Research 6097:. College Board and ACT, Inc. 4368:"How Businesses Use Your SATs" 4252:. Cambridge University Press. 4210:. Cambridge University Press. 3737:Lewin, Tamar (March 5, 2014). 3730: 3710: 3680: 3650: 3624: 3544: 3470: 3213:In 2005, MIT Writing Director 3116:predictive validity and powers 2971:Use in non-collegiate contexts 2437: 2400:Difficulty and relative weight 2241:Predictive validity and powers 2163: 2158: 574: 446:predictive validity and powers 414:The SAT is typically taken by 32:National Curriculum assessment 13: 1: 11297:Harris, Lynn (May 17, 2005). 11177:"The SAT Isn't What's Unfair" 10205:Paris, Ben (April 11, 2022). 9837:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.03.006 9646:Developmental Neuropsychology 8567:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03956 7864:Popken, Ben (July 13, 2018). 7154:Journal of Applied Psychology 5924:Your College Board ATP Report 5681:bluebook.app.collegeboard.org 3508: 3136:College of William & Mary 3108:American Council on Education 3076: 3023:Talent Identification Program 3005:subjects for their research. 2671:National Longitudinal Surveys 2422:, respectively, enhances the 2292:University of Texas at Austin 822:Scaled scores and percentiles 12953:U.S. Government and Politics 12903:History & Social Science 12729:English Language Proficiency 10354:10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.005 9760:Jaschik, S (June 21, 2010). 9504:10.1016/j.intell.2018.02.003 9224:10.1016/j.intell.2010.04.006 8908:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.006 8618:10.3390/jintelligence6030037 8044:Applied Cognitive Psychology 7801:"The SAT Needs to Be Harder" 7600:10.1016/j.intell.2006.01.002 7452:10.1016/j.intell.2008.05.001 6002:"ACT-SAT Concordance Tables" 5053:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101377 4150:O'Boyle, Michael W. (2005). 4077:10.3390/jintelligence7040026 3775:Balf, Todd (March 5, 2014). 3203:University of North Carolina 2667:stable two-parent households 2571:U.S. News & World Report 2495:restriction of ability range 2314:, and Yale University) plus 2195:systematic literature review 775: 770: 673:Average score 2023 (200–800) 570:Standard English Conventions 502: 374:in the recruitment process. 161:Annual number of test takers 7: 13208:Math–verbal achievement gap 13203:Educational Testing Service 12997:Computer Science Principles 12967:Math & Computer Science 12050:Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). 11524:"Understanding the New SAT" 11400:Research Report No. 2002-11 9825:Journal of Public Economics 9445:Developmental Psychobiology 3526:"How the SAT is Structured" 3381: 3304:Educational Testing Service 3249:not-for-profit organization 3088:Math–verbal achievement gap 3082:Math–verbal achievement gap 2552:Graduate Record Examination 377: 315:Educational Testing Service 104:; 98 years ago 77:Educational Testing Service 10: 13255: 12011:10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.009 11863:"Old SAT Exams Get Reused" 11646:"How Hard Is the New SAT?" 10313:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.484 10035:Harvard Educational Review 9923:Harvard Educational Review 8857:"The Trouble With Harvard" 8177:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.014 8089:"Scholastic Assessment or 6635:Review of Higher Education 6534:Harvard Educational Review 6154:Research and Markets ltd. 5763:"Understanding SAT Scores" 3360:did not stand for anything 3232: 3228: 3085: 2921:optional status of the SAT 2749:Cognitive neuroscientists 2675:Bureau of Labor Statistics 2384:, and practical thinking. 2312:University of Pennsylvania 2261:professor who directs the 292:Scholastic Assessment Test 29: 13190: 13177:College Level Examination 13164: 13077: 13015: 12966: 12902: 12881: 12845: 12836: 12689: 12668: 12661: 12638: 12567: 12459: 12326: 12257: 12236: 10114:"ACT and SAT Scores Drop" 9975:files.campus.edublogs.org 9658:10.1080/87565649509540629 7401:Rothstein, Jesse (2005). 6608:10.3102/00346543060003373 6378:10.3102/00346543060003373 5711:satsuite.collegeboard.org 5564:"SAT Dates And Deadlines" 5538:"College Board Test Tips" 5506:"About The SAT Math Test" 4731:"The Test-Optional Surge" 4296:Christian Science Monitor 3717:Baird, Katherine (2012). 3153:Despite the fallout from 2411:Matriculation Examination 2374:spatial reasoning ability 2365:crystallized intelligence 1820:SAT–ACT score comparisons 1311: 555:Writing and Language Test 438:statistically significant 434:grade point average (GPA) 204: 193: 185: 173: 160: 150: 142: 134: 124: 116: 98: 90: 82: 68: 60: 48: 13043:Physics 2: Algebra-Based 13038:Physics 1: Algebra-Based 12910:African American Studies 12091:Hubin, David R. (1988). 12071:Hoffman, Banesh (1962). 11344:The Case Against the SAT 10697:Phelps, Richard (2003). 10456:10.1177/0963721410391442 9968:"Editorial Biased Tests" 9827:(Submitted manuscript). 9275:10.1177/0963721412455052 9107:10.1177/1529100614541236 8690:Eastern Economic Journal 7280:10.1177/0956797612438732 7224:10.1177/0963721410389459 6933:10.3102/0013189x09351981 6698:10.3102/0002831211425609 6298:10.1177/0038040711417009 6123:Kaplan, Stanley (2001). 4118:"Yes, IQ Really Matters" 3463: 3443:List of admissions tests 3316:University of California 2960:{\displaystyle n=29,912} 2704:greater male variability 2513:college-bound students. 2247:University of California 360:optical mark recognition 288:Scholastic Aptitude Test 12164:Zwick, Rebecca (2002). 10530:The Wall Street Journal 10342:Journal of Intelligence 10211:Inside Higher Education 10180:The Wall Street Journal 10118:Inside Higher Education 8969:10.1073/pnas.1406402111 8605:Journal of Intelligence 8240:Zwick, Rebecca (2004). 7901:Inside Higher Education 6740:The Wall Street Journal 5386:"SAT Calculator Policy" 4968:The Wall Street Journal 4641:"SAT Registration Fees" 4064:Journal of Intelligence 3308:free response questions 3247:The College Board, the 3155:Operation Varsity Blues 2644:, not economic wealth. 2328:University of Minnesota 787: 634:Computer Algebra System 12868:Studio Art: 3-D Design 12863:Studio Art: 2-D Design 12580:European Baccalaureate 12075:. Orig. pub. Collier. 12073:The Tyranny of Testing 11311:on September 19, 2009. 8009:10.1006/jecp.1999.2532 7957:College Board (2023). 6921:Educational Researcher 6286:Sociology of Education 6160:researchandmarkets.com 6065:. CollegeBoard. 2018. 5795:"Verifying SAT Scores" 3366:Reuse of old SAT exams 3344: 3299: 3244: 2961: 2911: 2895:Test-taking population 2891: 2876: 2865: 2846: 2823: 2755:Camilla Persson Benbow 2728: 2695: 2562: 2471:general mental ability 1841:SAT Total Score Range 861:representative sample 584: 497:test-taking population 34:. For other uses, see 13033:Environmental Science 12145:Sacks, Peter (2001). 12053:The Mismeasure of Man 11906:on September 22, 2016 11152:. November 28, 2020. 10385:Psychological Science 10087:Brookings Institution 9794:Brookings Institution 9333:. December 22, 2012. 8855:(September 4, 2014). 8100:Psychological Science 7746:on September 18, 2020 7268:Psychological Science 6864:(2023). "20: Sleep". 6647:10.1353/rhe.2015.0038 5768:. The College Board. 5479:. Texas Instruments. 5298:. The College Board. 3634:. The College Board. 3355:SAT Achievement Tests 3342: 3297: 3242: 3134:, or three, like the 3128:University of Chicago 3044:management consulting 2962: 2933:General Social Survey 2916:Brookings Institution 2902: 2890: 2875: 2863: 2845: 2822: 2745:In glucose metabolism 2726: 2693: 2561: 2511:intellectually gifted 2460:knowledge integration 2324:University of Chicago 2302:, Dartmouth College, 1564:representative sample 1118:Score, 600–2400 scale 1113:Score 400–1600 scale, 853:Score, 400–1600 scale 837:statistical inference 582: 323:Common Core standards 296:SAT I: Reasoning Test 13064:Physics C: Mechanics 12575:IB Diploma Programme 12276:Alberta Diploma Exam 12126:Owen, David (1999). 12101:on October 11, 2016. 11591:. February 8, 2016. 10923:. Higher Education. 10892:. Higher Education. 10237:"Intertel - Join us" 9685:Personnel Psychology 9377:10.1257/jep.24.2.129 7644:Smithsonian Magazine 7128:Opportunity Insights 6862:Kensinger, Elizabeth 5732:"Getting SAT Scores" 5165:. December 3, 2014. 4404:. December 2, 2015. 3886:on December 28, 2021 3424:United States portal 3132:Princeton University 2976:By high-IQ societies 2939: 2462:, and low levels of 2308:Princeton University 1838:ACT Composite Score 481:coronavirus pandemic 453:norm-referenced test 36:SAT (disambiguation) 13165:Programs & apps 12990:Computer Science AB 12873:Studio Art: Drawing 12765:Mathematics Level 2 12758:Mathematics Level 1 12722:English Composition 11937:on October 18, 2016 11619:The Washington Post 11473:on October 18, 2014 11038:on December 5, 2020 10925:The Washington Post 10894:The Washington Post 10829:The Washington Post 10241:www.intertel-iq.org 9615:The Washington Post 9033:Scientific American 8960:2014PNAS..111.8416H 8702:10.1057/eej.2007.16 8558:2020Heliy...603956G 8283:. August 11, 2003. 7515:Scientific American 7094:The Washington Post 6771:The Washington Post 6471:The Washington Post 6335:About.com Education 6191:The Washington Post 5005:The Washington Post 4807:The Washington Post 4010:. August 14, 2023. 3908:Sorensen, Tiffany. 3140:Columbia University 3112:Richard C. Atkinson 2994:Triple Nine Society 2452:intuitive reasoning 2369:Scott Barry Kaufman 2316:Stanford University 2296:Columbia University 1809:Ceilings and trends 1562:Verbal, nationally 1550: 1331: 849: 567:Expression of Ideas 547:Command of Evidence 471:students. SAT (and 45: 13234:1901 introductions 13198:History of the SAT 13172:Advanced Placement 13152:Spanish Literature 12984:Computer Science A 12894:English Literature 12112:The New York Times 11806:The New York Times 11761:The New York Times 11589:The New York Times 11559:The New York Times 11498:The New York Times 11362:Secrets of the SAT 11299:"Testing, testing" 11272:The New York Times 11241:The New York Times 11187:on August 10, 2022 10956:(March 23, 2022). 10863:The New York Times 10762:The New York Times 10701:Kill the Messenger 10671:The New York Times 10570:The New York Times 10495:The New York Times 10149:The New York Times 10008:insidehighered.com 8403:on October 9, 2007 7681:on August 29, 2021 7675:The New York Times 7339:10.1111/emip.12212 6507:The New York Times 6451:– via JSTOR. 6400:– via JSTOR. 6258:on August 27, 2021 5623:Robinson, Ashley. 5189:"SAT Reading Test" 5047:(101377): 101377. 4801:Strauss, Valerie. 4735:The New York Times 4704:The New York Times 4537:The New York Times 4466:The New York Times 4441:on January 6, 2009 4398:"SAT Registration" 4372:The New York Times 4302:on August 26, 2021 4008:College Board Blog 3978:The New York Times 3870:The New York Times 3828:College Board Blog 3781:The New York Times 3743:The New York Times 3557:The New York Times 3345: 3300: 3285:Harvard University 3245: 3235:History of the SAT 3171:affirmative action 3148:Common Application 3144:Harvard University 3071:The New York Times 3067:The New York Times 3040:investment banking 2957: 2912: 2892: 2877: 2866: 2854:Christopher Jencks 2847: 2824: 2814:standard deviation 2763:glucose metabolism 2729: 2696: 2563: 2491:fluid intelligence 2390:The New York Times 2333:Advanced Placement 2304:Harvard University 2300:Cornell University 1549: 1329: 847: 814:The new test is a 652:Style of questions 585: 325:, which have been 302:, then simply the 300:SAT Reasoning Test 120:2 hours 14 minutes 43: 13221: 13220: 13160: 13159: 13109:German Literature 13096:French Literature 12832: 12831: 12598: 12597: 12175:978-0-415-92560-0 12156:978-0-7382-0433-8 12137:978-0-8476-9507-2 12082:978-0-486-43091-1 12063:978-0-393-31425-0 11963:Los Angeles Times 11712:Beyond Prediction 11691:on March 25, 2008 11621:. March 5, 2014. 11402:. College Board. 11247:on April 12, 2024 11134:on June 19, 2021. 10968:on March 23, 2022 10716:978-0-7658-0178-4 10217:on April 11, 2022 10155:on April 24, 2023 9907:978-0-8058-4516-7 9581:files.eric.ed.gov 9457:10.1002/dev.20358 9307:. Duke University 9168:978-1-107-17657-7 8954:(23): 8416–8421. 8259:978-0-415-94835-7 8214:978-1-107-17657-7 8186:on July 13, 2011. 7478:978-1-107-17657-7 7100:on April 23, 2024 7054:Los Angeles Times 7011:. College Board. 6875:978-0-197-60773-2 6843:978-1-5011-4432-5 5540:. College Board. 5511:. College Board. 5427:Missing or empty 5366:Missing or empty 5132:. College Board. 5092:"Score Structure" 4259:978-1-107-17657-7 4217:978-1-107-17657-7 3528:. College Board. 3478:COVID-19 pandemic 3453:SAT Subject Tests 3410:Psychology portal 3329:COVID-19 pandemic 2982:high IQ societies 2597:family background 2507:Linda Gottfredson 2458:, the ability of 2345:conscientiousness 2223:procedural memory 2204:Chinese Americans 2187:remedial learning 2183:African Americans 2156: 2155: 1799: 1798: 1542: 1541: 1322: 1321: 1120:(official, 2006) 1096: 1095: 768: 767: 529:COVID-19 pandemic 372:by some employers 345:SAT Subject Tests 276:standardized test 225: 224: 16:(Redirected from 13246: 13132:Latin Literature 12923:European History 12913:(in development) 12889:English Language 12843: 12842: 12666: 12665: 12625: 12618: 12611: 12602: 12601: 12553:United Kingdom: 12223: 12216: 12209: 12200: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12192:Official website 12179: 12160: 12141: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12102: 12086: 12067: 12046: 12032: 12022: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11933:. Archived from 11922: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11902:. Archived from 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11687:. Archived from 11677: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11581: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11530:. May 25, 2005. 11528:Inside Higher Ed 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11472: 11465: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11414: 11408: 11397: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11324: 11313: 11312: 11307:. Archived from 11294: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11243:. Archived from 11232: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11212:Associated Press 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11183:. Archived from 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11142: 11136: 11135: 11130:. Archived from 11119: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11105: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11069:on June 15, 2020 11065:. Archived from 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11034:. Archived from 11023: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10992: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10973: 10964:. Archived from 10954:Selingo, Jeffrey 10950: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10854: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10789: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10738:. Archived from 10727: 10721: 10720: 10704: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10639:www.mckinsey.com 10631: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10609:Business Insider 10600: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10520: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10333: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10298: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10213:. Archived from 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10182:. Archived from 10171: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10151:. Archived from 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10078: 10072: 10069: 10060: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9983: 9972: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9785: 9774: 9773: 9766:Inside Higher ED 9757: 9751: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9726: 9720: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9700: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9589: 9578: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9539: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9422: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9362: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9327:"Cleverer still" 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9296: 9287: 9286: 9260: 9251: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9209: 9200: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9152: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9007:Psychology Today 8998: 8992: 8991: 8981: 8971: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8919: 8886:Johnson, Wendy; 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8863:. Archived from 8861:The New Republic 8849: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8780: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8754: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8726: 8687: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8630: 8620: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8579: 8569: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8516:Science Magazine 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8476: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8389: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8319: 8310: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8247: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8179:. Archived from 8162: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8136: 8097: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8067: 8056:10.1002/acp.1725 8035: 8029: 8028: 8002: 7982: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7963: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7932:Princeton Review 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7830: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7796: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7742:. Archived from 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7700: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7677:. Archived from 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7635: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7561:10.1037/a0016127 7546: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7511:"IQ and Society" 7506: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7418: 7407: 7398: 7389: 7388: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7259: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7203: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7166:10.1037/a0016810 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7096:. Archived from 7085: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6981: 6975:. January 2020. 6974: 6966: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6498: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6254:. Archived from 6243: 6237: 6236: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5974: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5873:on June 14, 2007 5872: 5866:. Archived from 5861: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5837:on June 14, 2007 5836: 5830:. Archived from 5825: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5600:. May 15, 2015. 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5570:. May 15, 2015. 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5454:on April 3, 2016 5443: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5098:. May 14, 2015. 5088: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5032: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4996: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4958: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4916: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4878: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4838: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4773:The Conversation 4764: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4647:. May 15, 2015. 4637: 4628: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4363: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4323: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4298:. Archived from 4287: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4201: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4113: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4079: 4055: 4016: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3938: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3880:. Archived from 3861: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3820: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3632:"Fees And Costs" 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3600: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3502: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3396:Education portal 3393: 3392: 3275:(27%). In 1934, 2966: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2798: 2786: 2642:genetic heritage 2626: 2617: 2505:Psychometrician 2409:) and Finland's 2378:Robert Sternberg 2179:Korean Americans 1844:SAT Total Score 1835: 1834: 1551: 1548: 1332: 1328: 1115:(official, 2006) 1107: 1106: 850: 846: 753:-level reading, 736: 667: 666: 550:Words in Context 404: 390: 278:widely used for 271: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 221: 216: 213: 211: 168: 167: 138:7 times annually 112: 110: 105: 53: 46: 42: 21: 13254: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13186: 13156: 13073: 13011: 12962: 12928:Human Geography 12898: 12877: 12828: 12745:Classical Greek 12685: 12657: 12646:Gaston Caperton 12634: 12629: 12599: 12594: 12563: 12455: 12322: 12308:United States: 12253: 12232: 12227: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12176: 12157: 12138: 12116: 12114: 12083: 12064: 11989: 11987:Further reading 11984: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11954: 11950: 11940: 11938: 11923: 11919: 11909: 11907: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11874: 11867:Washington Post 11859: 11855: 11845: 11843: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11815: 11813: 11799: 11795: 11788:Washington Post 11784: 11780: 11770: 11768: 11753: 11749: 11742:Washington Post 11738: 11734: 11723: 11719: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11679: 11678: 11669: 11659: 11657: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11626: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11568: 11566: 11551: 11547: 11537: 11535: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11444: 11442: 11426: 11422: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11395: 11389: 11385: 11375: 11373: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11340: 11336: 11325: 11316: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11264: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11233: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11204: 11200: 11190: 11188: 11173: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11144: 11143: 11139: 11120: 11116: 11103: 11101: 11086: 11082: 11072: 11070: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11008: 10993: 10984: 10971: 10969: 10951: 10944: 10934: 10932: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10901: 10886: 10882: 10872: 10870: 10855: 10848: 10838: 10836: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10790: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10754: 10747: 10742:on May 4, 2006. 10728: 10724: 10717: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10662: 10658: 10648: 10646: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10618: 10616: 10601: 10597: 10587: 10585: 10562: 10558: 10548: 10546: 10521: 10514: 10504: 10502: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10361: 10334: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10276: 10274: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10250: 10248: 10235: 10234: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10186:on July 8, 2022 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10141: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10110: 10106: 10096: 10094: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9987: 9985: 9981: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9946: 9942: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9854: 9852: 9831:(11): 2158–84. 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9786: 9777: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9745: 9728: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9714: 9698:10.1.1.372.6092 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9638: 9634: 9624: 9622: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9567: 9557: 9555: 9540: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9484: 9480: 9440: 9436: 9391: 9384: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9297: 9290: 9258: 9252: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9207: 9201: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9169: 9153: 9142: 9132: 9130: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9056: 9052: 9042: 9040: 9025: 9021: 9011: 9009: 8999: 8995: 8940: 8933: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8867:on May 26, 2021 8850: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8816: 8812: 8802: 8800: 8781: 8774: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8648: 8644: 8597: 8593: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8477: 8468: 8451: 8447: 8437: 8435: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8391: 8390: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8352:Pace Law Review 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8281:Chicago Tribune 8275: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8215: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8095: 8085: 8081: 8036: 8032: 8000:10.1.1.536.2454 7983: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7908: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7831: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7797: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7701: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7636: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7580: 7576: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7507: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7479: 7463: 7459: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7405: 7399: 7392: 7361: 7354: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7260: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7204: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7146: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7086: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7045: 7041: 7024: 7020: 7003: 6999: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6828:Walker, Matthew 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6732: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6627: 6623: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6557: 6553: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6499: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6323: 6278: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6252:Tampa Bay Times 6244: 6240: 6217: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5444: 5440: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5241:"SAT Math Test" 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5090: 5089: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5033: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4959: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4917: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4879: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4839: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4427: 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Harvard 3103: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3035: 3002: 2978: 2973: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2910:(CV-63) in 2004 2897: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2776: 2747: 2738: 2721: 2719:In strategizing 2688: 2683: 2681:Sex differences 2662: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2580: 2536: 2477:, based on the 2448: 2440: 2402: 2367:. Psychologist 2361:Raymond Cattell 2267:Jesse Rothstein 2243: 2166: 2161: 1822: 1811: 1573: 1572:Math SAT User, 1568: 1567:Math SAT User, 1563: 1559:Verbal SAT User 1555: 1547: 1327: 1317: 1119: 1114: 1101: 860: 845: 824: 808: 799: 790: 778: 773: 734: 658:multiple choice 654: 626: 593:multiple choice 577: 557: 537: 505: 412: 411: 410: 409: 408: 405: 396: 395: 394: 391: 380: 352:number 2 pencil 269: 236: 232: 208: 129: 108: 106: 103: 56: 55:Logo since 2017 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13252: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13143:(discontinued) 13136: 13135:(discontinued) 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13112:(discontinued) 13105: 13100: 13099:(discontinued) 13092: 13087: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13060:(discontinued) 13053: 13052:(discontinued) 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12993:(discontinued) 12986: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12938:Microeconomics 12935: 12933:Macroeconomics 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12906: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12849: 12847: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12800: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12725: 12718: 12713: 12706: 12698: 12696: 12695:(discontinued) 12687: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12654:(2012–present) 12649: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12635: 12628: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12605: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12561: 12551: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12463: 12461: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12439: 12429: 12424: 12414: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12278: 12272: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12233: 12226: 12225: 12218: 12211: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12185: 12184:External links 12182: 12181: 12180: 12174: 12161: 12155: 12142: 12136: 12123: 12103: 12088: 12081: 12068: 12062: 12047: 12042:The New Yorker 12033: 11988: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11948: 11917: 11884: 11861:Pope, Justin. 11853: 11823: 11793: 11778: 11747: 11732: 11727:Education Week 11717: 11702: 11667: 11636: 11606: 11576: 11545: 11515: 11484: 11452: 11420: 11391:Dorans, Neil. 11383: 11349: 11334: 11314: 11289: 11258: 11224: 11198: 11167: 11137: 11114: 11080: 11049: 11018: 10982: 10942: 10911: 10880: 10846: 10815: 10779: 10745: 10722: 10715: 10689: 10656: 10626: 10595: 10556: 10512: 10481: 10430: 10391:(11): 948–52. 10371: 10348:(4): 203–211. 10325: 10284: 10258: 10228: 10197: 10166: 10135: 10104: 10073: 10061: 10052: 10025: 9995: 9959: 9940: 9913: 9906: 9888: 9862: 9811: 9775: 9752: 9743: 9721: 9712: 9691:(2): 297–330. 9675: 9652:(4): 405–414. 9632: 9601: 9565: 9529: 9478: 9451:(2): 198–206. 9434: 9382: 9348: 9318: 9288: 9269:(6): 382–390. 9241: 9218:(4): 412–423. 9186: 9167: 9140: 9081: 9050: 9019: 8993: 8931: 8902:(6): 526–541. 8878: 8853:Pinker, Steven 8841: 8810: 8789:Economic Brief 8772: 8738: 8673: 8656:Education Next 8642: 8591: 8533: 8502: 8466: 8445: 8414: 8381: 8338: 8298: 8265: 8258: 8232: 8213: 8189: 8148: 8079: 8050:(4): 528–535. 8030: 7974: 7949: 7918: 7887: 7856: 7822: 7805:Education Week 7803:. Commentary. 7788: 7757: 7726: 7692: 7661: 7617: 7594:(4): 321–350. 7574: 7532: 7496: 7477: 7457: 7446:(6): 719–729. 7430: 7390: 7352: 7313: 7249: 7191: 7160:(4): 1479–97. 7140: 7111: 7067: 7039: 7018: 6997: 6958: 6907: 6881: 6874: 6858:Budson, Andrew 6849: 6842: 6819: 6788: 6757: 6723: 6692:(4): 624–650. 6672: 6621: 6602:(3): 373–417. 6586: 6551: 6524: 6488: 6454: 6403: 6352: 6321: 6269: 6238: 6208: 6177: 6146: 6140:978-0743201681 6139: 6115: 6083: 6051: 6025: 5993: 5959: 5929: 5910: 5884: 5848: 5812: 5786: 5749: 5723: 5698: 5668: 5642: 5615: 5585: 5555: 5529: 5497: 5465: 5438: 5403: 5377: 5342: 5316: 5284: 5258: 5232: 5206: 5180: 5150: 5113: 5078: 5022: 4986: 4942: 4904: 4864: 4824: 4790: 4752: 4721: 4690: 4676: 4662: 4629: 4615: 4584: 4554: 4523: 4506:Education Week 4492: 4483: 4452: 4420: 4389: 4349: 4313: 4277: 4258: 4235: 4216: 4191: 4139: 4101: 4017: 3995: 3964: 3928: 3897: 3845: 3806: 3764: 3729: 3709: 3679: 3649: 3623: 3582: 3543: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3491: 3482: 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114: 113: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13251: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13014: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12958:World History 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12880: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12825: 12824: 12823:World History 12820: 12818: 12817: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12771:Modern Hebrew 12769: 12767: 12766: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12692:Subject Tests 12688: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12653: 12652:David Coleman 12650: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12632:College Board 12626: 12621: 12619: 12614: 12612: 12607: 12606: 12603: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568:International 12566: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12528: 12525: 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12043: 12039: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12005:(4): 470–74. 12004: 12000: 11996: 11991: 11990: 11969: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11952: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11921: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11888: 11877:September 11, 11872: 11868: 11864: 11857: 11841: 11837: 11836:College Board 11833: 11827: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11797: 11789: 11782: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11751: 11743: 11736: 11728: 11721: 11713: 11706: 11690: 11686: 11685:College Board 11682: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11655: 11651: 11648:. Education. 11647: 11640: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11549: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11469: 11462: 11456: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11429:Fuess, Claude 11424: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11345: 11338: 11330: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11229: 11213: 11209: 11202: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11171: 11155: 11151: 11150:The Economist 11147: 11141: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11118: 11111: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11084: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11053: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11022: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10979: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10947: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10915: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10851: 10834: 10830: 10827:. Education. 10826: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10750: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10718: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10702: 10693: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10660: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10599: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10560: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10519: 10517: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10330: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10272: 10268: 10262: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10185: 10181: 10178:. Education. 10177: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10139: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10068: 10066: 10056: 10048: 10044: 10041:(1): 106–34. 10040: 10036: 10029: 10018:September 10, 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9855:September 10, 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9747: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9725: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9636: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9605: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9569: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9387: 9378: 9374: 9371:(2): 129–44. 9370: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9336: 9332: 9331:The Economist 9328: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9293: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9023: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8936: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8777: 8766:September 30, 8758: 8751: 8750: 8742: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8552:(5): e03956. 8551: 8547: 8544: 8537: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8461: 8456: 8449: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8245: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8171:(2): 353–57. 8170: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8141:September 10, 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8106:(6): 373–78. 8105: 8101: 8094: 8092: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7979: 7960: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7922: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7827: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7793: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7740:Time Magazine 7737: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7707:. Education. 7706: 7699: 7697: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7395: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7001: 6994: 6978: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6951:September 10, 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6927:(9): 665–76. 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6459: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6329:Allen Grove. 6325: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6213: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6119: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6010: 6003: 5997: 5978: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5869: 5865: 5864:College Board 5858: 5852: 5833: 5829: 5828:College Board 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5598:College Board 5595: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5568:College Board 5565: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5421: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5373: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5015:September 17, 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4706:. p. 6. 4705: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4645:College Board 4642: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4577:September 26, 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533:"ACT vs. SAT" 4527: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4407: 4403: 4402:College Board 4399: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4240: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3723: 3722: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3608: 3604: 3603:College Board 3597: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3514: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3414: 3411: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273:Smith College 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3241: 3236: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3065:explained to 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048:Goldman Sachs 3045: 3041: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2968: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2810:meta-analysis 2797: 2785: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:Richard Haier 2742: 2736:In confidence 2733: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2649:Rebecca Zwick 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2424:social status 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2227:Sleep hygiene 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2168:Pioneered by 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1817: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1556:200–800 scale 1553: 1552: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 986: 985: 981: 978: 975: 974: 970: 967: 964: 963: 959: 956: 953: 952: 948: 945: 942: 941: 937: 934: 931: 930: 926: 923: 920: 919: 915: 912: 909: 908: 904: 901: 898: 897: 893: 890: 887: 886: 882: 879: 876: 875: 871: 868: 865: 864: 858: 855: 852: 851: 840: 838: 833: 828: 819: 817: 812: 803: 794: 785: 782: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 745: 741: 738: 735:65 + 35 = 100 733: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722:data analysis 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 682: 678: 675: 672: 669: 668: 665: 661: 659: 649: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 621: 615: 612: 609: 608: 607: 601: 598: 597: 596: 594: 590: 581: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 532: 530: 524: 522: 518: 514: 509: 500: 498: 494: 490: 484: 482: 476: 474: 470: 469:home schooled 466: 461: 460:examination. 458: 454: 451:The SAT is a 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 417: 403: 389: 375: 373: 369: 364: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 341: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 319:David Coleman 316: 312: 311:College Board 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272: 263: 230: 220: 215: 212:.collegeboard 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 174:Prerequisites 172: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 127: 123: 119: 115: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 83:Skills tested 81: 78: 74: 73:College Board 71: 69:Administrator 67: 63: 59: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13138: 13130: 13107: 13094: 13055: 13047: 12988: 12948:U.S. History 12912: 12858:Music Theory 12821: 12816:U.S. History 12814: 12807: 12802: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12727: 12720: 12715: 12708: 12701: 12690: 12675: 12327:Asia-Pacific 12309: 12244:South Africa 12165: 12146: 12127: 12115:. Retrieved 12111: 12099:the original 12093: 12087:(and others) 12072: 12052: 12040: 12002: 11998: 11974:September 1, 11972:. Retrieved 11961: 11951: 11939:. Retrieved 11935:the original 11930: 11920: 11908:. Retrieved 11904:the original 11897: 11887: 11875:. Retrieved 11866: 11856: 11844:. Retrieved 11826: 11816:February 18, 11814:. Retrieved 11805: 11796: 11787: 11781: 11771:February 18, 11769:. Retrieved 11760: 11750: 11741: 11735: 11726: 11720: 11711: 11705: 11693:. Retrieved 11689:the original 11660:February 22, 11658:. Retrieved 11650:The Atlantic 11649: 11639: 11627:. Retrieved 11618: 11609: 11597:. Retrieved 11588: 11579: 11567:. Retrieved 11558: 11548: 11536:. Retrieved 11527: 11518: 11506:. Retrieved 11497: 11487: 11475:. Retrieved 11468:the original 11455: 11443:. Retrieved 11433: 11423: 11411:. Retrieved 11399: 11386: 11374:. Retrieved 11361: 11352: 11343: 11337: 11328: 11309:the original 11302: 11292: 11282:February 18, 11280:. Retrieved 11271: 11261: 11249:. 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