75:
50:
31:
399:
Sacramento blackfish usually live no more than five years. Most blackfish quickly grow during their first and second years, maturing at two to three years of age. The blackfishes' breeding season occurs from the spring through early summer, where males will fertilize female eggs in shallow waters.
390:
to filter food from water. The blackfish opens and closes its mouth rapidly to pump large volumes of water, the food bits are caught in a patch of mucus on the roof of the mouth, where it is secreted by the palatal organ, and the food bits are swallowed with the mucus. The size of a blackfish
443:
The IUCN labels the
Sacramento blackfish as being of "least concern"—though less abundant than previously in California's Central Valley, the blackfish is believed to be at low risk of endangerment. Blackfish are known for their adaptations to environmental extremes, especially adapting to
623:
Philip C. Johnson & Gary L. Vinyard (1987) Filter-Feeding
Behavior and Particle Retention Efficiency of Sacramento Blackfish, Transactions of the American FisheriesSociety, 116:4, 634-640, DOI: 10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<634:FBAPRE>2.0.CO;2
391:
influences its eating behavior; larger blackfish, with consequently larger oral cavities and easier means of filter feeding, are not seen pursuing individual prey like shorter blackfish.
423:, making the blackfish the sole member of the genus and a generally unvaried species. Despite its unique characteristics, the blackfish has been recorded reproducing hybrids with the
347:
are distinctly long, straight, and knife-shaped, not seen in similar species in
California; the grinding surface of the blackfish, used to process its food, is relatively narrow.
327:
Blackfish are named for their glossy black color. Younger individuals are more silvery, but darken as they age. The scales are unusually small, numbering 90–114 along the
943:
455:
Sacramento blackfish are of some commercial significance, and are sold live at many Asian fish markets in
California. They are also seen as a potential
415:
the scientific name for the
Sacramento blackfish, refers to the fish's straight teeth (Orthodon) and its distinctly small scales (microlepidotus). The
771:
933:
833:
913:
350:
Adults commonly reach a length of 35 centimetres (14 in), but they have been recorded at up to 55 centimetres (22 in) in length.
928:
745:
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859:
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386:, and the like. While younger blackfish pick at food items individually, adults primarily use their oral cavity and
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838:
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331:. The forehead has a straight-line profile, the eyes are small, and the terminal mouth slants upwards. The
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302:. They also thrive in reservoirs, and have been spread to a number of California reservoirs via the
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635:"Respiratory adaptations of sacramento blackfish, Orthodon microlepidotus (ayres), for hypoxia"
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Blackfish are primarily denizens of the warm and cloudy waters found on the floor of the
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634:
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579:"Orthodon (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of California"
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fluctuating water temperatures. A study by Joseph J. Cech Jr., a professor at the
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difficult and die after two seasons, but some can reproduce up to four times.
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Cech, Joseph J; Mitchell, Stephen J; Massingill, Michael J (1979-01-01).
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343:, while the anal fin has 8–9 rays, and the pelvic fins 10 rays. The
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Due to physical stresses from reproduction, many blackfish find
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96:
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639:
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370:, planktonic algae, and floating detritus, including
540:(University of California Press, 2002), pp. 144–146
944:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
577:Casteel, Richard W.; Hutchison, J. Howard (1973).
448:, found that the blackfish was able to thrive in
254:, the blackfish is the sole member of its genus.
905:
576:
554:"Orthodon microlepidotus, Sacramento blackfish"
504:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202340A18235375.en
474:
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310:(1964) where they have further colonized the
478:
257:
469:
48:
29:
502:
322:
431:, members of the blackfish's subfamily
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673:
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934:Freshwater fish of the United States
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353:
914:IUCN Red List least concern species
490:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
290:, the small creeks that feed into
14:
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929:Fish of the Western United States
543:
518:
294:. A population is present in the
73:
446:University of California, Davis
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617:
570:
317:
1:
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651:10.1016/0300-9629(79)90612-1
7:
924:Endemic fauna of California
538:Inland Fishes of California
407:
358:Unlike most North American
10:
985:
959:Salinas River (California)
435:also found in California.
306:, and into Nevada via the
278:. They are also common in
681:
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218:
211:
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70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
413:Orthodon microlepidotus,
298:, believed to have been
258:Distribution and habitat
221:Leuciscus microlepidotus
683:Orthodon microlepidotus
483:Orthodon microlepidotus
362:, Sacramento blackfish
335:starts just behind the
239:Orthodon microlepidotus
196:Orthodon microlepidotus
969:Fish described in 1854
497:: e.T202340A18235375.
323:Anatomy and morphology
266:, such as sloughs and
178:O. microlepidotus
939:Monotypic fish genera
24:Sacramento blackfish
479:NatureServe (2013).
450:hypoxic environments
234:Sacramento blackfish
304:California Aqueduct
40:Conservation status
308:Lahontan Reservoir
276:San Joaquin Rivers
242:) is a species of
964:San Joaquin River
901:
900:
873:Open Tree of Life
675:Taxon identifiers
354:Behavior and diet
292:San Francisco Bay
270:connected to the
230:
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63:
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954:Sacramento River
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345:pharyngeal teeth
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847:Observation.org
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244:freshwater fish
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16:Species of fish
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949:Humboldt River
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645:(3): 411–415.
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589:(2): 358–361.
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534:Peter B. Moyle
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312:Humboldt River
264:Central Valley
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117:Actinopterygii
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187:Binomial name
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127:Cypriniformes
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55:Least Concern
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561:. Retrieved
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508:. Retrieved
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329:lateral line
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284:Pajaro River
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220:
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177:
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157:
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18:
919:Leuciscinae
821:NatureServe
759:iNaturalist
510:21 December
457:aquaculture
433:Leuciscinae
421:monotypical
380:cladocerans
368:zooplankton
364:filter feed
337:pelvic fins
318:Description
268:oxbow lakes
246:in central
224:Ayres, 1854
147:Leuciscinae
143:Subfamily:
908:Categories
563:2020-11-12
463:References
395:Life cycle
333:dorsal fin
314:drainage.
300:introduced
280:Clear Lake
272:Sacramento
248:California
137:Cyprinidae
659:0300-9629
603:0045-8511
459:species.
419:genus is
360:cyprinids
172:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
826:2.101317
777:10153266
733:FishBase
698:Q2485362
692:Wikidata
429:Tui chub
417:Orthodon
408:Taxonomy
402:spawning
376:copepods
372:rotifers
252:cyprinid
213:Synonyms
158:Orthodon
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
751:5205970
611:1442985
384:diatoms
206:, 1854)
153:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
891:281934
878:319966
865:281934
852:796090
803:202340
790:163589
764:107997
712:148942
657:
609:
601:
583:Copeia
439:Status
166:, 1856
164:Girard
886:WoRMS
839:71767
810:NAS:
772:IRMNG
725:758YG
607:JSTOR
425:hitch
388:gills
204:Ayres
860:OBIS
834:NCBI
798:IUCN
785:ITIS
746:GBIF
738:2920
707:BOLD
655:ISSN
599:ISSN
587:1973
512:2023
495:2013
427:and
341:rays
274:and
250:. A
232:The
813:616
720:CoL
647:doi
591:doi
499:doi
366:on
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545:^
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661:.
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613:.
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236:(
202:(
62:)
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