1328:
978:
877:
1495:
41:
3954:
377:
1476:
1539:) for the minting of coins was largely imported from and through the Ottoman Empire (and Russia). Upon arrival in Iran, the bullion was usually brought to the provincial mints in the border area with the Ottoman Empire such as Tiflis, Erivan (Yerevan), or Tabriz in order to be melted into Iranian coins. Tiflis was thus a major stopping point for merchants who returned with silver. In the 17th century the Tiflis mint was one of the most active Safavid mints.
131:
1990:, also made a revised version of Vakhtang's own translation. Though Vakhtang, individually, was heavily involved in further developing Georgian-Iranian literary ties (in other words, by his own writings), he also founded an entire school dedicated to translators from Persian into Georgian. During this period, a number of folk stories (i.e.
1146:(Giorgi Saakadze) against Safavid rule. Some time later, while away from Samtskhe, he decided to accept Ottoman suzerainty. However, when he returned to Samtskhe in 1625 for negotiations in the western (Ottoman) part of Samtskhe, he was killed by his own uncle. Subsequently, the Ottomans incorporated the western part of Samtskhe as a
328:, generally from Kartli and Kakheti, rose to prominence in the Safavid state. These men held many of the highest positions in the civil and military administration, and many women entered the harem of the ruling class. By the late Safavid period, Georgians formed the mainstay of the Safavid army as well. The establishment of a large
1327:
1115:, of Kartli, and appointed another non-royal Safavid official as governor of Kakheti, in order to maintain a tight grip on this part of the province. He also moved many Qizilbash tribal folk to the Georgia province in order to strengthen central control. From the mid-1610s onwards, Kakheti was often under the direct governorship of
1446:, the two powers further divided the annexed territories between them, with the Ottomans again retaining Georgia. The rebellious Hosayn-Qoli Khan, who had sided with the Russians during their invasion in 1722â1723, in what turned out to be an ill-fated alliance, died in exile in Russia in 1737. When the Safavids were restored by
1899:
influence dominated eastern
Georgia (KartliâKakheti). According to Jean Chardin, who was in Georgia in 1672, the Georgians followed Iranian traditions. Chardin assumed that the process had been influenced by those nobles who had converted to Islam (in order to obtain positions as state officials), as
953:
I of Kartli) from captivity to enable him to join the fight against the
Ottomans. Though Simon achieved considerable success in Kartli, he was eventually captured by the Ottoman troops and died in captivity in Constantinople. In the period 1580â1581 the Safavid government sent a force accompanied by
872:
I, Georgians would contribute greatly to the character of
Safavid society and play a major role in its army and civil administration. This newly introduced ethnic element in the Safavid state would later be known in historiography as the "third force" alongside the two "founding elements" of the
867:
in 1551. A key outcome of these campaigns, apart from cementing
Safavid hold in central-eastern Georgia, was that they brought to Iran proper (hereafter, simply "Iran") large numbers of Georgian prisoners of war. Beyond this, the sons of notable Georgians were frequently brought up at the shah's
2041:
In the
Safavid period, large numbers of ethnic Georgian men entered Safavid government service, whereas many Georgian women entered the harems of the ruling elite and the royal court. Drinking alcohol, a prominent Georgian habits, influenced Iranian society, and more importantly, court culture,
1236:
which ended the 1623â1639 war, the
Caucasus was decisively partitioned between the Safavids and Ottomans roughly along the lines of the earlier Amasya treaty of 1555. Kartli and Kakheti were reconfirmed as Iranian domains, while everything to the west of it remained in Ottoman hands.
1561:
The coins minted at Tiflis were mostly used for the local citizens, rather than for the local
Safavid garrison. The coins always had to bear the Safavid rulers' name and follow the Safavid types, legends, and weight standards. In many other regards, however, the appointed
1584:
During the reign of
Suleiman I, the economic situation worsened. The amount of precious metal coming into the country decreased, and as a result the quality of the coins diminished. This deficiency in weight was also apparent in coins from the Tiflis mint; in 1688, the
1616:
The province of
Georgia hosted many Safavid soldiers, as it was considered a territory of the utmost importance. At the same time, it was a province that bordered the Ottoman Empire. A Safavid force was permanently stationed in Tiflis from 1551 onwards. According to
1697:(commander of the royal guard), among others. Despite these alterations in office names, the fundamental structure of the state machinery in Georgia remained largely intact. Furthermore, during Rostom's rule, positions characteristic of the Safavid state, such as
1389:. In 1719 the Iranian government decided to send Hosayn-Qoli Khan, who had occupied several other high positions since 1716, back to Georgia with the task of handling the Lezgin rebellion. Assisted by the ruler of neighboring Kakheti, as well as the governor (
1438:, Hosayn-Qoli Khan defied the royal orders and refused to send the requested relief force. In the meantime, Russia took full advantage of the situation. With the Safavids on the brink of collapse, they launched a campaign in 1722â1723 that resulted in the
904:. According to the terms of the treaty, eastern Georgia (including eastern Samtskhe) remained in Iranian hands while western Georgia (including western Samtskhe) ended up in Turkish hands. To speed up the process of integration into the empire, Tahmasp
1401:, was made at the instigation of the eunuch faction within the royal court, who had persuaded the shah that a successful end to the campaign would do the Safavid realm more harm than good. In their view, it would enable Vakhtang, the Safavid
1848:
was granted villages in exchange for his service to the
Iranian Shah. It is worth noting that these villages were not confined to Kartli but also extended to northern Iran, mirroring the similar rewards bestowed upon Georgian nobles.
2042:
during this period. It is especially evident in the taxes the province had to pay – they included many liters of wine. The royal harem, the private area of the royal court, was where Safavid rulers grew up; after Abbas
1965:
VI (Hosayn-Qoli Khan), was also important in this regard. When he was forced to stay in Iran, he learned to excel in Persian. He later used this skill to translate works into Georgian. He created a Georgian version of the Persian
960:
Morad Khan to Georgia together with a number of cannon founders and the materials needed for casting cannon. By 1582 the Ottomans were in control of the eastern, Safavid portion of Samtskhe. Unable to resist the Ottoman invasion,
848:. He did raid Georgia a number of times, notably in 1518, which reconfirmed its status as a vassal, and in 1522, which resulted in Tiflis being garrisoned by a large Safavid force, but it was only under his son and successor
1217:(3-gram gold coins); an alliance was thus founded with the Mingrelians. The marriage preparations alarmed the Imeretians. The groom's party was a 30,000-strong army marching to meet Levan's heavily armed entourage. George
941:, and received instructions from the central government located in the royal capital, instead of the local governor. Challenging the Safavid possession of eastern Caucasus, the Ottomans invaded the Georgian polities
2022:
In another, perhaps unorthodox, way Georgia also influenced the culture of Iran. According to a story, an ethnic Georgian named Shedan Chiladze was so renowned for being able to "hold" his liquor, that Safavid King
1070:
as ruler of (eastern) Samtskhe. By 1613â1614 Abbas had restored Safavid control over eastern Samtskhe. In 1614â1617, as a punishment for disobedience shown by his formerly loyal subjects Lohrasb and Tahmuras Khan,
1397:, Hosayn-Qoli made significant progress in putting a halt to the Lezgins. However, in the winter of 1721, at a crucial moment in the campaign, he was recalled. The order, which came after the fall of grand vizier
1191:. The marriage fit well with the political ambitions of the Safavid state and of Rostam himself. Not only would this alliance with the Dadiani, i.e. Mingrelia, give Rostam an ally against Tahmuras Khan (Teimuraz
1637:(1642â1666), some 50,000 Safavid troops were stationed in the province according to Chardin's figures. The French missionary and traveller PĂšre Sanson, who was in Safavid Iran during the latter part of King
1641:'s reign (1666â1694), wrote that a "large number" of troops were stationed in Georgia. Towards the end of Sultan Husayn's reign (1694â1722), the troops at the behest of the then-governor of Kartli,
996:, the importance of Georgia and the influence of ethnic Georgians in the Safavid state increased and they came to be known as the "third force". Already by 1595 an ethnic Georgian from Kartli,
1953:(Tahmuras Khan) is perhaps mostly remembered for creating issues for the central government, but he was fluent in Persian and fond of Persian poetry, which he "highly valued". In his words:
1199:, but it would also provide Rostam with a line of successors who would be as loyal to the Safavid crown as he was. Also important was the fact that it would enhance Safavid plans to conquer
1023:
In the early years of the 17th century, Abbas re-established Safavid influence in eastern Georgia. There was a resistance in Kakheti in 1605, when the rebels overthrew pro-Iranian patricide
918:(1569â1578) was put on the puppet throne in Tiflis. These events marked the start of almost 250 years of Iranian political dominance, with a few brief intermissions, over eastern Georgia.
1083:, the ravaging of the entire area, the massacre of many tens of thousands, and the deportation of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians to Iran. These deportees further augmented the
2034:) invited him to the court in order to hold a drinking competition. After beating everyone at court, the king himself challenged Chiladze, and reportedly died doing so. Though historian
914:, with the aim of establishing Persian as the official administrative language of Safavid Georgia. It was also during his reign that the first Georgian royal, a convert to Islam named
1961:
Teimuraz wrote several poems influenced by the contemporary Persian tradition, packed with "Persian imagery and allusions, loanwords, and phraseology". A later Georgian vali, Vakhtang
1887:(David XI) on the puppet throne of Kartli in 1562 did not just initiate a lengthy period of Iranian political dominance; in the same two and a half centuries that followed, until the
1669:, vali/king Rostom orchestrated changes in the nomenclature of various public offices, substituting Georgian titles with Persian equivalents. Examples include the transformation of
1172:), had given him the title of Rostam Khan, and had made him governor of Kartli, a post which he held for more than twenty years. Kakheti however, came under direct Safavid rule.
290:. The eastern Georgian kingdoms had been subjected in the early 16th century, their rulers did not commonly convert. Tiflis was garrisoned by an Iranian force as early as Ismail
344:), in the southwestern part of the empire. The province of Georgia was one of only four Safavid administrative territories where governors were consistently given the title of
1791:
representative in the Safavid Empire, of the 2,800 bales of silk that had been produced in 1636, the provinces of Georgia and KarabakhâGanja had yielded a total of 300 bales.
1883:. During the Safavid period, many Georgian rulers, princes, and nobles had spent time in Iran. Therefore, Iranian traditions also spread throughout Georgia. The placement of
1442:. The Ottomans, also taking advantage of the situation, overran the province of Georgia and other territories to the west of the area that the Russians had captured. By the
1862:
of Kartli was the third of the top-ranking officials not residing at court, and held a higher status than the second category of great amirs, those attached to the palace.
2038:
reports that the story may be "apocryphal", as alcoholism did kill Safi, but not in relation to a drinking contest, it does show that Georgian habits had spread to Iran.
263:(present-day Tbilisi) was its administrative center, the base of Safavid power in the province, and the seat of the rulers of Kartli. It also housed an important Safavid
1798:
of the Safavid court with some three hundred liters of wine, as part of the total amount of taxes it paid. The governors were responsible for the supervision of the
1608:
confirms this: according to his texts of 1701, people in large parts of Georgia preferred to be paid in materials such as bracelets, rings, necklaces, and so forth.
1593:
struck at the mint were 22.5% below the standard weight they were supposed to have. The royal treasury was aware of the issue, and subsequently stopped accepting
1012:, the traditional backbone of the Safavid army. At the same time, the Georgians at the Safavid court vied for influence among each other as well as against their
1255:), and therefore subjected to direct Safavid taxation. The amount of land directly taxed by the state reached its greatest extent in this year. Also during Abbas
1346:
due to his being obliged to stay at the court in Isfahan. To the west, in Kartli, the administration was given to two successive governors who both served as
1263:
in 1659. The rebels succeeded in expelling the nomads, but still had to accept the Safavid kings's suzerainty. In 1675 a wall was built around Tiflis by king
3708:
1787:'s (1588â1629) decisive subduing of Georgia, he ordered that the province should produce more silk in the future. According to Nicolaas Jacobus Overschie, a
1179:, however, and thus needed a wife and offspring. Being the loyal servant he was, after consulting the Safavid king, Rostam was allowed to marry a sister of
1794:
According to Jean Chardin, the wines produced in Georgia and Shiraz were of excellent quality. Every six months the province of Georgia supplied the royal
1633:
I's reign many troops were stationed in Georgia, of which some 5,000 were "battle-experienced and trained". In the mid-17th century, during the reign of
2006:("Bahram o Golandam"), originally written by Katebi Nishapuri. The many other Persian-Georgian literary efforts of this era include translations of the
2052:
who drank. Matthee therefore suggests that it is quite likely that the "fondness" for wine exhibited by Safavid rulers originated in this environment.
3953:
2130:
Simon I was earlier known for his fierce resistance against the Safavid domination, which resulted in his being imprisoned for several years at the
1527:
was located in the province of Georgia, in Tiflis. Close to the border with the Ottoman Empire, the Tiflis mint was important to the Safavids, for
1377:
In 1712â1719 Hosayn-Qoli Khan was forced to stay in Iran, and the Safavid king therefore gave the governorships of Kartli to others, amongst them
40:
1463:
of Kakheti, while appointing an Iranian as the governor of Kartli. In 1736 Nader deposed the Safavids and became king himself, establishing the
977:
302:
was the first Safavid-appointed ruler, whose placement on the throne of Kartli in 1562 marked the start of nearly two and a half centuries of
1076:
717:
3802:
3752:
Mousavi, Mohammad A. (2008). "The Autonomous State in Iran: Mobility and Prosperity in the Reign of Shah 'Abbas the Great (1587â1629)".
1259:
II's reign, an earlier plan was revived to populate the eastern part of the province, Kakheti, with Turkic nomads. This measure incited
3988:
3983:
3978:
942:
863:(1540â1541, 1546â1547, 1551, and 1553â1554) resulted in the re-occupation of Kartli, and a Safavid force was permanently stationed in
3973:
965:
of Samtskhe accepted the Iranian overlordship as well and moved to the Safavid court, where he lived until his death in 1614. By the
1875:
From the 16th century there was an increase of Iranian influence in Georgian culture. The genres in which it was most apparent were
1020:
I's policy towards the province can be seen as a continuing the previous efforts to fully integrate the area in the Safavid Empire.
1342:
In 1709, following his father's death, he was formally appointed as the new governor of Kakheti. However, until 1715, he served as
780:
1722:, officials in the town administration of Georgia, which are associated with the political influence of Iran during that period.
1554:
discount on silver for silk traders. Tavernier notes that this is partly due to the silver coins from Tiflis being a little less
1204:
733:
876:
1929:
in the 17th century, Padre Bernardi, it was to his "great regret" that literate Georgians preferred to read works such as the
1225:, and intercepted Dadiani on his way to the marriage, but he was defeated and taken prisoner by Levan at the Kaka Bridge near
969:
in 1590, the Safavids lost control over Georgia as they were forced to recognize the whole province as an Ottoman possession.
3457:
3419:
3382:
360:
765:
3903:
2048:
3828:
3621:
3586:
3564:
3542:
3520:
3476:
3438:
3335:
3312:
3293:
3263:
3242:
3223:
729:
597:
3833:
3498:
2061:
1888:
1439:
1161:, Safavid Georgia saw a period of relative peace and prosperity. In return for his loyalty, the then-incumbent king,
705:
561:
1494:
1150:. The Safavids retained control of the eastern part. The remaining century of Safavid rule in Georgia, after Abbas
3795:
1443:
1051:
of Kartli. However, when Lohrasb started to work against Safavid interests and refused to convert to Islam, Abbas
966:
1221:
III of Imereti blocked the border with Kartli, compelling Rostom's wedding party to take a circuitous route via
3848:
1123:
721:
621:
336:
of Georgia exercised more autonomy than other provinces of Safavid Iran; it could therefore be compared to the
3322:
Gelashvili, Nana (2012). "Iranian-Georgian relations during the Reign of Rostom (1633â58)". In Floor, Willem;
613:
294:
I's reign, but relations between the Georgians and Safavids at the time mostly bore features of traditional
207:. The territory of the province was principally made up of the two subordinate eastern Georgian kingdoms of
3409:
1211:, roughly half a ton of silver, to the ruler of Mingrelia, and provided him with an annual salary of 1,000
859:
Tahmasp I undertook active steps to integrate Georgia into the Safavid domains. His four campaigns against
790:
725:
609:
461:
368:
3998:
1996:) that were extremely popular in Iran, were translated into Georgian on his orders. One of these was the
1605:
1305:, and known for his loyal service to his Safavid overlords, was made governor of Kakheti in 1703â1709 by
775:
593:
577:
517:
393:
3725:
3688:
332:
proper dates back to the era of Safavid suzerainty in Georgia. As the province was a border entity, the
3993:
3788:
1600:
In the years 1682â1685 the only Safavid mints that were recorded as active were the ones at Tiflis and
1203:. It would create a perfect circumstance if a campaign was needed against the Ottomans, with whom they
1008:
century, Georgians, forming an increasingly influential military faction, became a major threat to the
881:
760:
601:
485:
457:
430:
2046:
I's reign, all Safavid rulers grew up there surrounded by mostly Georgian women. There were also many
3305:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
2080:
Eastern Samtskhe was part of Safavid Iran from 1551 to 1582, as well as for several years after 1613.
1546:, traders who went to Gilan to negotiate over silk, went to the mint at Tiflis, for the mint master (
1424:
1407:, to form an alliance with Russia with an eye to conquering Iran. Shortly after, the Lezgins overran
1184:
698:
685:
669:
573:
473:
3678:
Maeda, Hirotake (2021). "Against all odds: the Safavids and the Georgians". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).
856:
1524â1576) that a genuine province with Safavid-appointed rulers and governors began to take shape.
3533:(2021). "The Evolution of the Safavid Policy towards Eastern Georgia". In Melville, Charles (ed.).
1986:. Later, back in Georgia, he ordered the entire story to be translated once more, while his tutor,
1731:
1398:
1358:. Due to this, in the years 1703â1714, the administration there was led by two successive regents (
1024:
868:
court as part of their tributary relationship with the Safavids. Beginning with the rule of Tahmasp
785:
673:
585:
465:
453:
1903:
In the Safavid period, "a great number of books" were translated from Persian into Georgian. The
1828:, and Qazvin regions. This data, as reported by Georgian sources, also indicates that the Kartli
1543:
1412:
665:
545:
529:
397:
245:
221:
183:
908:
I imposed numerous Iranian political and social institutions such as bilingual GeorgianâPersian
270:
Safavid rule was mainly exercised through the approval or appointment of Georgian royals of the
3661:(2003). "On the Ethno-Social Background of Four GholÄm Families from Georgia in Safavid Iran".
1987:
1542:
The Tiflis mint also lay on a route widely used by silk traders. According to French traveller
1457:
1386:
1317:
889:
880:
Safavid courtiers leading Georgian captives. A mid-16th century Persian textile panel from the
581:
513:
256:
3349:
1475:
376:
3486:
1950:
1880:
1772:
1642:
1367:
1196:
1127:
1032:
661:
3393:
1666:
1638:
1264:
1092:
1040:
634:
521:
84:
1004:, had become one of the most powerful figures in the Safavid state. By the end of the 16th
8:
3933:
3603:
Akopyan, Alexander V. (2021). "Coinage and the monetary system". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).
3345:
3253:
1876:
1780:
1355:
1351:
1331:
1294:
1260:
1135:
1067:
915:
860:
589:
549:
449:
386:
1604:. According to a 1687 report, money played close to no role in Georgia. French botanist
1570:
reportedly was allowed to benefit from the profit accrued by the mints in the province.
3769:
3574:
1884:
1634:
1618:
1480:
1241:
1200:
1104:
1096:
962:
833:
770:
737:
709:
657:
653:
645:
565:
537:
525:
341:
299:
271:
232:
3366:
1566:
were granted a great deal of autonomy in terms of minting practises. For example, the
3923:
3908:
3898:
3843:
3838:
3823:
3740:
3617:
3582:
3560:
3538:
3516:
3494:
3472:
3453:
3434:
3415:
3378:
3331:
3308:
3289:
3269:
3259:
3238:
3219:
2875:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2090:
1854:
1784:
1622:
1514:
1084:
993:
946:
934:
926:
845:
829:
649:
557:
541:
445:
337:
329:
208:
204:
157:
88:
76:
3913:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3761:
3666:
3530:
3214:
Babaie, Sussan; Babayan, Kathryn; Baghdiantz-McCabe, Ina; Farhad, Massumeh (2004).
2148:
1464:
1435:
1419:
and massacred much of its population. In 1722 Emamqoli Khan died and was buried in
1180:
1158:
981:
755:
498:
481:
409:
405:
236:
212:
174:
80:
3640:
Floor, Willem (2021). "The Safavid court and government". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).
2820:
2450:
2328:
1980:). During his detention in Iran, Vakhtang also translated into Georgian Kashefi's
3938:
3893:
3689:"THE EARLIEST DATE FOR THE KINGDOM OF K'AKHETI SILVER ISSUES OF THE 16TH CENTURY"
3508:
3370:
3353:
2144:
1896:
1816:
1654:
1524:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1378:
1363:
1233:
1143:
997:
930:
897:
808:
713:
617:
605:
477:
307:
264:
2143:
Amongst the deportees there were also Muslims from Georgia, and sections of the
840:
as early as the 1510s. However, distracted by the task of establishing power in
3873:
3863:
3658:
2024:
1998:
1900:
well as those who encouraged their female relatives to become ladies at court.
1892:
1833:
1788:
1776:
1518:
1188:
1162:
901:
681:
641:
569:
553:
3967:
3853:
3765:
3744:
3323:
2131:
2011:
1740:
1709:(scribe), were introduced, serving as supervisory roles for the royal court.
1693:
1306:
1213:
124:
3780:
3614:
The Dastur Al-moluk: A Safavid State Manual, by Mohammad Rafi' al-Din Ansari
1154:
I's death in 1629, was marked by unprecedented Iranian influence. Under the
3812:
3670:
3552:
3431:
The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900
3405:
3281:
2166:
2035:
1982:
1825:
1795:
1675:
1626:
1536:
1532:
1289:
1126:
from the province, along with 40,000 Armenians, to the newly built city of
956:
937:. These provincial viziers, also known as royal viziers, held the title of
837:
441:
286:
200:
55:
3709:"K'ak'i (KÄkhed, KÄkhetÄbÄd): One More Georgian Coin-Minting Urban Center"
2919:
2917:
2114:
1921:
1799:
1222:
1207:
over Imereti. King Safi paid for the wedding gifts, and sent some 50,000
1142:
I as nominal ruler of Samtskhe, moved to Kartli to join the rebellion of
1013:
505:
3773:
2851:
3649:
Floor, Willem (2021). "Trade in Safavid Iran". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).
2093:'s reign (1588â1629), governors of Georgia were usually referred to as
1968:
1957:
The sweetness of Persian speech urged me to compose the music of verse.
1915:
1447:
275:
153:
2914:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1925:. According to a letter sent to the Pope by a Catholic missionary who
1824:
s annual salary was linked to the profits generated from the Poshkuh,
1759:("regent"), who could take care of all matters in case it was needed.
1456:
ruler of Iran, he restored Iranian dominance in the Caucasus and made
3377:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 481â486.
2934:
2932:
2118:
1976:("The story of Amirnasar", Amirnasar being the mythical Iranian king
1935:
1909:
1650:
1578:
1420:
1268:
1237:
SamtskheâMeskheti, including its eastern part, was irrevocably lost.
1130:. In these years, he moved a total of about 15,000 families from the
1116:
1079:
in his Georgian territories. These campaigns resulted in the sack of
1056:
1009:
1001:
945:
in 1578. As a result, the Safavids released the Georgian rebel ruler
849:
509:
325:
314:
295:
3213:
2961:
2959:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2833:
2456:
2334:
3235:
The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century
2183:
1977:
1555:
1452:
1416:
1226:
1131:
1039:
I) as the new king of Kakheti. At the same time, he also confirmed
818:
533:
3273:
2944:
2929:
2796:
2592:
2590:
2588:
1621:
reports, some 4,000 Safavid cavalry were stationed in Georgia and
3411:
The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600â1730
2956:
2902:
2887:
2839:
1926:
1841:
1718:
1528:
1302:
1176:
1108:
437:
413:
401:
260:
195:
149:
98:
280:
3943:
3918:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2585:
2486:
2099:
1992:
1837:
1601:
1147:
1080:
1060:
922:
910:
864:
469:
417:
324:), the province was of great strategic importance. Many ethnic
161:
65:
3535:
Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires, the Idea of Iran Vol. 10
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
929:
province, with authority over the Georgia province as well as
306:
political control of eastern Georgia. During the same period,
3631:
Floor, Willem (2021). "The economy". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).
3469:
The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars
2651:
2649:
2428:
2426:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2007:
1712:
Historical records from the 1570s also document the roles of
3616:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 1â355.
3138:
3019:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
1138:. In 1624â25 Manuchar III Jaqeli, appointed earlier by Abbas
3928:
3128:
3126:
3124:
2384:
2382:
2352:
2318:
2316:
2244:
1768:
841:
813:
303:
3493:(2 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
3255:
Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend
2808:
2749:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2423:
2256:
1509:), with minting dates varying from 1717â1718 to 1719â1720.
3450:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
3375:
EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica, Volume X/5: Geography IVâGermany VI
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2626:
2551:
2549:
1324:
I), being stationed at Isfahan during the entire period.
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3121:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3082:
2983:
2379:
2313:
1805:
3467:
Matthee, Rudi; Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2013).
3169:
2863:
2713:
2686:
2661:
2498:
2340:
3414:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
2971:
2761:
2725:
2546:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2301:
3433:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3307:. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. pp. 1â324.
3181:
3094:
3079:
3067:
3057:
3055:
2561:
2369:
2367:
2234:
2232:
2207:
2205:
1771:
production, its silk was said, together with that of
1350:
due to being stationed in other parts of the empire:
250:
226:
188:
3040:
3007:
2995:
2737:
2701:
2614:
2438:
2394:
1502:
minted in Tiflis during the reign of Sultan Husayn (
888:
In 1551 the Safavids gained the eastern part of the
3466:
3394:"Georgia ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations"
2965:
2950:
2938:
2923:
2908:
2896:
2857:
2845:
2802:
2573:
2474:
2406:
2196:
2002:, a collection of several novellas, as well as the
1665:According to the Georgian geographer and historian
1573:
In the 1660s and 1670s, the office of mint master (
3581:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
3052:
2784:
2602:
2462:
2364:
2229:
2217:
2202:
1913:, was further developed and improved, as well as
1767:Although the province contributed to the overall
3965:
3471:. London; New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â320.
873:Safavid state, the Persians and the Turkomans.
1739:, and a legion of specialized qurchis for his "
3686:
3612:Floor, Willem; Faghfoory, Mohammad H. (2007).
3611:
3216:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran
3810:
3796:
1947:and were less interested in religious texts.
718:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
3288:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.
3485:
3367:"Georgia iv. Literary contacts with Persia"
3344:
3175:
2755:
2596:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2492:
2432:
2358:
1832:received compensation from the revenues of
1762:
1611:
1423:. Sultan Husayn then appointed his brother
3803:
3789:
3733:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society
3696:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society
3321:
2655:
1755:, etc.). They also had the institution of
1577:) of Tiflis was held by a series of local
1434:When the capital of Isfahan was put under
39:
3726:"KÄkhetÄbÄd, a new Georgian-Safavid mint"
3559:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3529:
3364:
3163:
3132:
3034:
1490:1642â1666) minted in Tiflis, dated 1665/6
1271:formed the mainstay of the Safavid army.
3507:
3391:
3232:
2869:
2719:
2695:
2680:
2504:
2346:
2307:
2295:
2250:
2170:), in cases when the governor was young.
1493:
1474:
1326:
976:
875:
3751:
3723:
3706:
3687:Paghava, Irakli; Bennett, Kirk (2015).
3602:
3447:
3428:
3404:
3198:
3115:
3103:
3088:
3073:
2814:
2778:
2731:
2567:
2555:
1775:, to be of lesser quality than that of
1122:Around 1620 Abbas relocated some 8,000
3966:
3551:
3452:. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â371.
2444:
2164:sometimes also functioned as a tutor (
1865:
1251:), Kartli was turned into crown land (
1031:I acceded to their demands to approve
3784:
3677:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3513:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
3398:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4
3328:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age
3302:
3280:
3061:
3046:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2743:
2707:
2620:
2417:
2400:
2388:
2322:
2238:
2223:
2211:
2097:. Sometimes they were also styled as
1625:in the 1570s. According to traveller
1440:annexation of the coastal territories
1099:as governor of Kakheti. In 1619 Abbas
988:of Kartli, eastern Georgia, 1633â1658
606:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia
310:influence dominated eastern Georgia.
3573:
3358:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica, Online Edition
3251:
2790:
2608:
2579:
2480:
2468:
2373:
1431:II) as the new governor of Kakheti.
828:1501â1524) made the two kingdoms of
16:Province of Safavid Iran (1518â1736)
1870:
240:
216:
203:located in the area of present-day
178:
13:
3596:
3360:. EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica Foundation.
2017:
1523:One of the most important Safavid
1240:In 1654, during the reign of King
730:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
14:
4010:
3989:18th century in Georgia (country)
3984:17th century in Georgia (country)
3979:16th century in Georgia (country)
3665:(32). Peeters Publishers: 1â278.
3579:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2966:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2951:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2939:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2924:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2909:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2897:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2858:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2846:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2803:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2197:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
2062:List of rulers of Safavid Georgia
1844:. Following Iranian customs, the
1660:
1450:(later known as Nader Shah), the
1279:In 1701 one of the artillerymen (
1267:(1666â1694). By the 1690s ethnic
1016:counterparts. By and large, Abbas
844:, he did not tighten his hold on
706:Georgia within the Russian Empire
562:Unification of the Georgian realm
45:Northwestern part of Safavid Iran
3974:Provinces of the Safavid dynasty
3952:
3491:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
1597:that had been minted in Tiflis.
1107:, a loyalist born and raised in
992:At the beginning of the rule of
900:was signed with the neighboring
375:
129:
3286:Safavid Government Institutions
2154:
2137:
2124:
2113:The "third force" included the
2107:
2029:
1504:
1485:
1352:Shah-Navaz Khan II, Gorgin Khan
1311:
1274:
1246:
1167:
972:
823:
802:
319:
3365:Gvakharia, Aleksandre (2001).
3218:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â256.
2083:
2074:
1907:, the Georgian version of the
921:In 1559, the first provincial
722:Democratic Republic of Georgia
622:Collapse of the Georgian realm
598:Kingdom of Georgia (1256â1329)
1:
3237:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
2177:
1735:at his disposal, including a
1705:(chief financial clerk), and
614:Turkoman invasions of Georgia
255:) and, briefly, parts of the
3429:Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005).
1175:Rostam Khan was a childless
726:Red Army invasion of Georgia
610:Timurid invasions of Georgia
7:
2055:
1606:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
1531:(i.e. silver bars, Spanish
1095:as governor of Kartli, and
594:Mongol invasions of Georgia
518:Umayyad invasion of Georgia
251:
227:
189:
10:
4015:
3515:. London: Reaktion Books.
3258:. London, UK: I.B.Tauris.
3207:
1919:, the Georgian version of
1729:of Georgia had a corps of
1649:VI), numbered some 10,000
1629:, towards the end of Abbas
1512:
1415:the provincial capital of
1283:) in Tiflis was appointed
1085:Georgian community in Iran
1055:I had him incarcerated in
882:Metropolitan Museum of Art
602:Kingdom of Western Georgia
486:Christianization of Iberia
458:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
351:
330:Georgian community in Iran
3950:
3819:
3537:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1187:(western Georgia), named
1103:I appointed Bagrat's son
892:. In 1555, during Tahmasp
686:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
670:Principality of Mingrelia
574:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
474:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
145:
104:
94:
72:
61:
50:
38:
33:
23:
3766:10.1163/157338408X326172
3724:Paghava, Irakli (2019).
3707:Paghava, Irakli (2016).
3392:Hitchins, Keith (2001).
3350:"Gorgijanidze, Parsadan"
2067:
1763:Silk and wine production
1673:(master of servants) to
1612:Stationed military force
1444:Treaty of Constantinople
1399:Fath-Ali Khan Daghestani
1301:II), born and raised in
1087:. In the meantime, Abbas
1077:major punitive campaigns
1066:In 1607 Abbas appointed
967:Treaty of Constantinople
943:in a victorious campaign
890:principality of Samtskhe
674:Principality of Abkhazia
454:Georgia in the Roman era
257:Principality of Samtskhe
3849:Erivan (Chokhur-e Sa'd)
3557:Iran Under the Safavids
3233:Barendse, R.J. (2002).
1806:Salary and rank of the
1544:Jean Baptiste Tavernier
1470:
1387:Shah-Navaz, Bakar Mirza
1205:were at war at the time
666:Principality of Svaneti
578:ByzantineâGeorgian wars
546:Kingdom of the Iberians
394:ShulaveriâShomu culture
274:, at times converts to
3671:10.2143/SI.32.2.563203
3487:Mikaberidze, Alexander
3448:Matthee, Rudi (2012).
3330:. London: I.B.Tauris.
3303:Floor, Willem (2008).
1988:Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani
1959:
1691:(master of slaves) to
1510:
1491:
1339:
1059:and later executed in
1000:, originally surnamed
989:
885:
582:Great Turkish Invasion
514:Principality of Iberia
3754:Iran and the Caucasus
2860:, pp. 5, 15, 53.
1955:
1951:Teimuraz I of Kakheti
1895:in the 19th century,
1701:(adviser, minister),
1497:
1478:
1330:
1316:) due to his father,
1197:George III of Imereti
980:
879:
662:Principality of Guria
300:David XI (Davud Khan)
73:Common languages
3346:Giunashvili, Jemshid
3252:Blow, David (2009).
2599:, pp. 194, 379.
2495:, pp. 291, 536.
2253:, pp. 164, 166.
1667:Vakhushti Bagrationi
1293:of Tiflis fortress.
925:was assigned to the
635:Early modern history
586:GeorgianâSeljuk wars
522:Arab rule in Georgia
466:IberianâArmenian War
3575:Suny, Ronald Grigor
3406:Matthee, Rudolph P.
3400:. pp. 464â470.
3166:, pp. 481â486.
3037:, pp. 387â388.
2992:, pp. 135â136.
2926:, pp. 130â131.
2817:, pp. 226â227.
2391:, pp. 108â109.
2325:, pp. 295â296.
2298:, pp. 464â470.
1866:Cultural influences
1814:As outlined in the
1802:of their province.
1671:msakhurtâukhutsâesi
1097:Bektash Beg Torkman
1075:I launched several
1068:Manuchar III Jaqeli
861:Luarsab I of Kartli
590:Georgian Golden Age
550:Kingdom of Abkhazia
450:Pharnavazid dynasty
398:KuraâAraxes culture
387:Prehistoric Georgia
190:VelÄyat-e GorjestÄn
171:province of Georgia
28:VelÄyat-e GorjestÄn
3999:Kingdom of Kakheti
2882:Babaie et al. 2004
2834:Babaie et al. 2004
2457:Babaie et al. 2004
2335:Babaie et al. 2004
2010:and books on Shia
1855:Tadhkirat al-Moluk
1511:
1492:
1411:, whereafter they
1340:
1287:("regent") of the
1261:a general uprising
1185:ruler of Mingrelia
990:
963:Manuchar II Jaqeli
886:
738:Russo-Georgian War
734:Georgia since 1991
710:1832 Georgian plot
658:Kingdom of Imereti
654:Kingdom of Kakheti
646:Samtskhe-Saatabago
566:Kingdom of Georgia
538:Bagrationi dynasty
526:Emirate of Tbilisi
462:Campaign of Pompey
369:History of Georgia
342:Khuzestan Province
338:Arabestan Province
317:'s reign onwards (
272:Bagrationi dynasty
3994:Kingdom of Kartli
3961:
3960:
3680:The Safavid World
3651:The Safavid World
3642:The Safavid World
3633:The Safavid World
3605:The Safavid World
3531:Sanikidze, George
3459:978-1-84511-745-0
3421:978-0-521-64131-9
3384:978-0-933273-53-5
3118:, pp. 43â44.
2980:, pp. 82â83.
2884:, pp. 68â69.
2199:, pp. 17â18.
2004:Baramgulandamiani
1852:According to the
1683:(housekeeper) to
1515:Abbasi (currency)
1413:sacked and looted
1354:(George XI); and
800:
799:
650:Kingdom of Kartli
558:Duchy of Kldekari
542:Kingdom of Hereti
534:Duchy of Klarjeti
446:Kingdom of Iberia
402:Legend of Kartlos
249:
225:
187:
167:
166:
141:
140:
137:
136:
4006:
3956:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3748:
3730:
3720:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3674:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3608:
3592:
3570:
3548:
3526:
3509:Rayfield, Donald
3504:
3482:
3463:
3444:
3425:
3401:
3388:
3371:Yarshater, Ehsan
3361:
3354:Yarshater, Ehsan
3341:
3318:
3299:
3277:
3248:
3229:
3202:
3196:
3179:
3176:Giunashvili 2016
3173:
3167:
3161:
3136:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2759:
2756:Mikaberidze 2015
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2597:Mikaberidze 2015
2594:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2541:Mikaberidze 2015
2538:
2532:
2529:Mikaberidze 2015
2526:
2520:
2517:Mikaberidze 2015
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2493:Mikaberidze 2015
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2433:Mikaberidze 2015
2430:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2359:Mikaberidze 2015
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2045:
2033:
2032: 1629â1642
2031:
1983:Kalīleh o Demneh
1964:
1897:Iranian cultural
1879:, painting, and
1871:Georgian culture
1753:qurchi-e tarkesh
1689:monatâukhutsâesi
1653:and 3,000â4,000
1648:
1643:Hosayn-Qoli Khan
1632:
1553:
1508:
1507: 1694â1722
1506:
1489:
1487:
1465:Afsharid dynasty
1430:
1425:Mahmad Qoli Khan
1373:
1368:Hosayn-Qoli Khan
1348:vali in absentia
1344:vali in absentia
1337:
1323:
1315:
1314: 1694â1722
1313:
1300:
1258:
1250:
1249: 1642â1666
1248:
1232:In 1639, by the
1220:
1194:
1181:Levan II Dadiani
1171:
1170: 1629â1642
1169:
1153:
1141:
1102:
1090:
1074:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1025:Constantine Khan
1019:
1007:
952:
907:
895:
871:
855:
827:
825:
776:Military history
750:History by topic
482:Chosroid dynasty
410:Colchian culture
406:Trialeti culture
379:
356:
355:
323:
322: 1524â1576
321:
308:Iranian cultural
293:
254:
244:
242:
230:
220:
218:
192:
182:
180:
133:
132:
121:
120:
106:
105:
43:
21:
20:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3948:
3815:
3809:
3728:
3691:
3659:Maeda, Hirotake
3624:
3599:
3597:Further reading
3589:
3567:
3545:
3523:
3501:
3479:
3460:
3441:
3422:
3385:
3338:
3315:
3296:
3266:
3245:
3226:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2662:
2656:Gelashvili 2012
2654:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2361:, p. xxxi.
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2058:
2043:
2028:
2020:
2018:Iranian culture
1962:
1873:
1868:
1817:Dastur al-Moluk
1812:
1765:
1687:(steward), and
1663:
1646:
1630:
1614:
1551:
1521:
1503:
1484:
1479:Silver coin of
1473:
1428:
1371:
1356:Kaykhosrow Khan
1335:
1321:
1310:
1298:
1277:
1256:
1245:
1234:Treaty of Zuhab
1218:
1192:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1100:
1088:
1072:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1017:
1005:
998:Allahverdi Khan
975:
950:
905:
898:Peace of Amasya
896:I's reign, the
893:
869:
853:
822:
805:
796:
795:
751:
743:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:Gurian Republic
712:
708:
701:
691:
690:
684:
680:
678:Safavid Georgia
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
627:
626:
620:
618:Duchy of Aragvi
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
554:Theme of Iberia
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
491:
490:
484:
480:
478:Sasanian Iberia
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
431:Ancient history
423:
422:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
354:
318:
291:
160:
156:
152:
130:
46:
29:
26:
25:Safavid Georgia
17:
12:
11:
5:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3749:
3721:
3704:
3684:
3675:
3663:Studia Iranica
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3623:978-1568591957
3622:
3609:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:978-0253209153
3587:
3571:
3566:978-0521042512
3565:
3549:
3544:978-0755633807
3543:
3527:
3522:978-1780230702
3521:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3478:978-0857721723
3477:
3464:
3458:
3445:
3440:978-0691118550
3439:
3426:
3420:
3402:
3389:
3383:
3362:
3342:
3337:978-1780769905
3336:
3324:Herzig, Edmund
3319:
3314:978-1933823232
3313:
3300:
3295:978-1568591353
3294:
3278:
3265:978-1845119898
3264:
3249:
3244:978-0765633644
3243:
3230:
3225:978-0857716866
3224:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3180:
3168:
3164:Gvakharia 2001
3137:
3135:, p. 389.
3133:Sanikidze 2021
3120:
3108:
3093:
3078:
3066:
3051:
3049:, p. 149.
3039:
3035:Sanikidze 2021
3018:
3016:, p. 212.
3006:
3004:, p. 207.
2994:
2982:
2970:
2955:
2953:, p. 119.
2943:
2941:, p. 131.
2928:
2913:
2901:
2886:
2874:
2872:, p. 221.
2862:
2850:
2838:
2819:
2807:
2805:, p. 142.
2795:
2783:
2781:, p. 225.
2760:
2758:, p. 249.
2748:
2746:, p. 198.
2736:
2734:, p. 114.
2724:
2722:, p. 211.
2712:
2710:, p. 309.
2700:
2698:, p. 209.
2685:
2683:, p. 199.
2660:
2658:, p. 494.
2625:
2623:, p. 140.
2613:
2601:
2584:
2582:, p. 105.
2572:
2560:
2558:, p. 145.
2545:
2543:, p. 600.
2533:
2531:, p. 164.
2521:
2519:, p. 536.
2509:
2507:, p. 191.
2497:
2485:
2483:, p. 174.
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2435:, p. 379.
2422:
2405:
2403:, p. 233.
2393:
2378:
2363:
2351:
2349:, p. 173.
2339:
2327:
2312:
2310:, p. 166.
2300:
2255:
2243:
2228:
2216:
2201:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2153:
2136:
2123:
2106:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2019:
2016:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1811:
1804:
1773:KarabakhâGanja
1764:
1761:
1749:qurchi-e kafsh
1745:qurchi-e zereh
1681:ezosmodzghvari
1662:
1661:Public offices
1659:
1613:
1610:
1519:Georgian abazi
1472:
1469:
1448:Nader Qoli Beg
1364:Shah-Qoli Khan
1338:II of Kakheti)
1318:Nazar-Ali Khan
1276:
1273:
1111:, as khan, or
974:
971:
947:Shahnavaz Khan
902:Ottoman Empire
804:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
702:
699:Modern history
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
682:Childir Eyalet
642:Duchy of Ksani
638:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
570:Duchy of Racha
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
434:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
365:
364:
353:
350:
259:. The city of
199:(province) of
165:
164:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
127:
118:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
31:
30:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4011:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3955:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:Provinces of
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:Savory, Roger
3550:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3500:9781442241466
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:Floor, Willem
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3201:, p. 43.
3200:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3106:, p. 44.
3105:
3100:
3098:
3091:, p. 41.
3090:
3085:
3083:
3076:, p. 37.
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2968:, p. 44.
2967:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2911:, p. 14.
2910:
2905:
2899:, p. 17.
2898:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2870:Barendse 2002
2866:
2859:
2854:
2848:, p. 53.
2847:
2842:
2836:, p. 68.
2835:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2793:, p. 54.
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2720:Rayfield 2012
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2696:Barendse 2002
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:Rayfield 2012
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2611:, p. 52.
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2570:, p. 44.
2569:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2505:Rayfield 2012
2501:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2471:, p. 50.
2470:
2465:
2459:, p. 17.
2458:
2453:
2447:, p. 81.
2446:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2420:, p. 85.
2419:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2376:, p. 48.
2375:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2347:Rayfield 2012
2343:
2337:, p. 28.
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2308:Rayfield 2012
2304:
2297:
2296:Hitchins 2001
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:Rayfield 2012
2247:
2241:, p. 86.
2240:
2235:
2233:
2226:, p. 83.
2225:
2220:
2214:, p. 85.
2213:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2132:Alamut Castle
2127:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2012:jurisprudence
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:Bakhtiarnameh
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:Amirnasariani
1971:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:, the Kartli
1819:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:accoutrements
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:qollar-aghasi
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:rijksdaalders
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1501:
1496:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:siege in 1722
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Ali-Qoli Khan
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1332:Emamqoli Khan
1329:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1307:Sultan Husayn
1304:
1296:
1295:Emamqoli Khan
1292:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1159:Khosrow Mirza
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1033:Tahmuras Khan
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
979:
970:
968:
964:
959:
958:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
912:
903:
899:
891:
883:
878:
874:
866:
862:
857:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
820:
816:
815:
810:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
747:
746:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
703:
700:
695:
694:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
639:
636:
631:
630:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:
500:
495:
494:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
435:
432:
427:
426:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
382:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
366:
362:
358:
357:
349:
347:
343:
340:(present-day
339:
335:
331:
327:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
247:
238:
234:
229:
223:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
191:
185:
179:ÙÙۧÛŰȘ گ۱ۏ۳ŰȘۧÙ
176:
172:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
146:Today part of
144:
128:
126:
125:Afsharid Iran
123:
122:
119:
117:
116:
113:
110:
108:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
32:
22:
19:
3858:
3813:Safavid Iran
3760:(1): 17â33.
3757:
3753:
3736:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3699:
3695:
3682:. Routledge.
3679:
3662:
3653:. Routledge.
3650:
3644:. Routledge.
3641:
3635:. Routledge.
3632:
3613:
3607:. Routledge.
3604:
3578:
3556:
3534:
3512:
3490:
3468:
3449:
3430:
3410:
3397:
3374:
3357:
3327:
3304:
3285:
3254:
3234:
3215:
3199:Matthee 2005
3171:
3116:Matthee 2005
3111:
3104:Matthee 2005
3089:Matthee 1999
3074:Matthee 1999
3069:
3064:, p. 7.
3042:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2946:
2904:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2815:Matthee 2012
2810:
2798:
2786:
2779:Matthee 2012
2751:
2739:
2732:Matthee 2012
2727:
2715:
2703:
2616:
2604:
2575:
2568:Matthee 1999
2563:
2556:Matthee 2012
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2396:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2303:
2246:
2219:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2139:
2126:
2109:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2047:
2040:
2036:Rudi Matthee
2021:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:Baramguriani
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1881:architecture
1874:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1796:wine cellars
1793:
1783:. Following
1766:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:qurchi-bashi
1736:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:qurchi-bashi
1674:
1670:
1664:
1627:Jean Chardin
1615:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1575:zarrab-bashi
1574:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1548:zarrab-bashi
1547:
1541:
1522:
1499:
1460:
1451:
1433:
1427:(Constantine
1402:
1390:
1382:
1381:(Jesse) and
1376:
1366:(Levan) and
1359:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1290:tupchi-bashi
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:18th century
1252:
1239:
1231:
1212:
1208:
1174:
1155:
1121:
1112:
1105:Semayun Khan
1091:I appointed
1065:
1048:
1022:
991:
985:
973:17th century
957:tupchi-bashi
955:
939:vazir-e koll
938:
920:
909:
887:
858:
812:
806:
803:16th century
677:
530:Duchy of Tao
442:Aryan Kartli
345:
333:
312:
285:
279:
269:
201:Safavid Iran
194:
170:
168:
112:Succeeded by
111:
56:Safavid Iran
54:Province of
34:1510s â 1736
18:
3713:Pro Georgia
2445:Savory 2007
2151:population.
2115:Circassians
1922:Vis o Ramin
1800:viticulture
1550:) gave a 2%
1458:Teimuraz II
1223:Akhaltsikhe
1093:Bagrat Khan
982:Rostam Khan
506:Iberian War
499:Middle Ages
85:Azerbaijani
3968:Categories
3934:Mazandaran
3904:Kuhgiluyeh
3829:Azarbaijan
3719:: 117â140.
3274:2009464064
3062:Floor 2001
3047:Floor 2001
3014:Floor 2001
3002:Floor 2001
2990:Floor 2001
2978:Floor 2001
2744:Floor 2001
2708:Floor 2008
2621:Floor 2008
2418:Floor 2001
2401:Floor 2001
2389:Floor 2001
2323:Floor 2008
2239:Floor 2001
2224:Floor 2001
2212:Floor 2008
2178:References
1969:Qabusnameh
1941:Bezhaniani
1931:Rostomiani
1927:flourished
1916:Visramiani
1905:Rostomiani
1885:Davud Khan
1877:literature
1781:Mazandaran
1639:Suleiman I
1513:See also:
1320:(Heraclius
1265:Suleiman I
1136:Mazandaran
1014:Circassian
984:(Rostom),
933:including
927:Azerbaijan
916:Davud Khan
807:The first
791:Chronology
276:Shia Islam
154:Azerbaijan
95:Government
3909:Kurdistan
3899:Khuzestan
3844:Diyarbakr
3839:Daghestan
3824:Astarabad
3745:1818-1252
3739:: 23â25.
2791:Suny 1994
2609:Suny 1994
2580:Blow 2009
2481:Blow 2009
2469:Suny 1994
2374:Suny 1994
2119:Armenians
2102:(salatin)
1972:known as
1936:Shahnameh
1910:Shahnameh
1810:of Kartli
1651:Georgians
1645:(Vakhtang
1579:Armenians
1391:beglarbeg
1383:janeshins
1370:(Vakhtang
1362:) namely
1360:janeshins
1269:Georgians
1144:Murav-Beg
1128:Farahabad
1117:Qizilbash
1057:Astarabad
1035:(Teimuraz
1027:and Abbas
1010:Qizilbash
1002:Undiladze
850:Tahmasp I
756:Etymology
510:Lazic War
326:Georgians
315:Tahmasp I
296:vassalage
246:romanized
222:romanized
184:romanized
68:(Tbilisi)
3914:Lorestan
3889:Karabakh
3884:Kandahar
3774:25597352
3702:: 25â26.
3577:(1994).
3555:(2007).
3511:(2012).
3489:(2015).
3408:(1999).
3348:(2016).
3326:(eds.).
3284:(2001).
2149:Karabakh
2056:See also
1978:Kaykavus
1893:Russians
1743:" (i.e.
1703:mostowfi
1655:Iranians
1635:Abbas II
1619:Venetian
1595:mahmudis
1591:mahmudis
1535:, Dutch
1481:Abbas II
1453:de facto
1417:Shamakhi
1385:such as
1242:Abbas II
1227:Baghdati
1148:pashalik
1132:Caucasus
1043:(Luarsab
819:Ismail I
761:Monarchs
361:a series
359:Part of
193:) was a
89:Armenian
77:Georgian
3939:Shirvan
3924:Mashhad
3879:Isfahan
3869:Hamadan
3859:Georgia
3834:Baghdad
3373:(ed.).
3356:(ed.).
3208:Sources
2145:Shirvan
2091:Abbas I
2089:Before
2049:gholams
1993:dastans
1891:of the
1842:Lahijan
1785:Abbas I
1732:qurchis
1719:darugha
1587:abbasis
1529:bullion
1500:abbasis
1498:Silver
1488:
1409:Shirvan
1395:Shirvan
1303:Isfahan
1281:tupchis
1253:khasseh
1209:marchil
1201:Imereti
1195:I) and
1177:widower
1119:lords.
1109:Isfahan
1047:II) as
1041:Lohrasb
994:Abbas I
931:Shirvan
911:farmĂąns
846:Georgia
838:vassals
834:Kakheti
826:
809:Safavid
786:Battles
771:Tbilisi
438:Colchis
414:Diauehi
352:History
304:Iranian
248::
237:Persian
233:Kakheti
224::
213:Persian
205:Georgia
196:velayat
186::
175:Persian
158:Georgia
150:Armenia
99:Velayat
81:Persian
62:Capital
3944:Sistan
3919:Makran
3894:Kerman
3772:
3743:
3620:
3585:
3563:
3541:
3519:
3497:
3475:
3456:
3437:
3418:
3381:
3334:
3311:
3292:
3272:
3262:
3241:
3222:
2100:soltan
2044:
2008:Qur'an
1963:
1943:, and
1889:coming
1858:, the
1840:, and
1838:Khuyin
1707:monshi
1647:
1631:
1602:Tabriz
1552:
1429:
1372:
1336:
1334:(David
1322:
1299:
1297:(David
1257:
1219:
1214:tomans
1193:
1189:Mariam
1152:
1140:
1101:
1089:
1081:Tiflis
1073:
1061:Shiraz
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1018:
1006:
951:
949:(Simon
935:Shakki
923:vizier
906:
894:
870:
865:Tiflis
854:
830:Kartli
811:king (
766:States
470:Lazica
418:Mushki
363:on the
292:
261:Tiflis
252:Kakhet
231:) and
228:Kartil
217:کۧ۱ŰȘÛÙ
209:Kartli
162:Russia
66:Tiflis
51:Status
3874:Herat
3864:Gilan
3770:JSTOR
3729:(PDF)
3692:(PDF)
3369:. In
3352:. In
2167:laleh
2162:vakil
2095:hakem
2068:Notes
1834:Gilan
1826:Tarom
1822:vali'
1789:Dutch
1777:Gilan
1757:vakil
1714:malek
1699:vazir
1685:nazer
1623:Ganja
1564:valis
1533:reals
1525:mints
1393:) of
1374:VI).
1285:vakil
1071:Abbas
334:valis
313:From
287:khans
281:valis
278:, as
3929:Marv
3854:Fars
3741:ISSN
3618:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3539:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3495:ISBN
3473:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3416:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3270:LCCN
3260:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3220:ISBN
2160:The
2147:and
2117:and
2025:Safi
1860:vali
1846:vali
1830:vali
1808:vali
1779:and
1769:silk
1727:vali
1725:The
1716:and
1589:and
1568:vali
1556:fine
1517:and
1471:Mint
1461:vali
1404:vali
1163:Safi
1156:vali
1124:Jews
1113:vali
1049:vali
986:vali
954:the
842:Iran
836:his
832:and
814:shah
781:Wars
346:vali
265:mint
241:کۧ۟ŰȘ
169:The
3762:doi
3737:235
3700:225
3667:doi
1939:),
1421:Qom
1134:to
852:(r.
284:or
3970::
3768:.
3758:12
3756:.
3735:.
3731:.
3717:26
3715:.
3711:.
3698:.
3694:.
3396:.
3268:.
3183:^
3140:^
3123:^
3096:^
3081:^
3054:^
3021:^
2958:^
2931:^
2916:^
2889:^
2822:^
2763:^
2688:^
2663:^
2628:^
2587:^
2548:^
2425:^
2408:^
2381:^
2366:^
2315:^
2258:^
2231:^
2204:^
2185:^
2030:r.
2014:.
1836:,
1751:,
1747:,
1679:,
1657:.
1581:.
1558:.
1505:r.
1486:r.
1467:.
1312:r.
1247:r.
1229:.
1183:,
1168:r.
1063:.
824:r.
817:)
348:.
320:r.
298:.
267:.
243:,
239::
219:,
215::
181:,
177::
87:,
83:,
79:,
3804:e
3797:t
3790:v
3776:.
3764::
3747:.
3673:.
3669::
3626:.
3591:.
3569:.
3547:.
3525:.
3503:.
3481:.
3462:.
3443:.
3424:.
3387:.
3340:.
3317:.
3298:.
3276:.
3247:.
3228:.
3178:.
2134:.
2121:.
2104:.
2027:(
1933:(
1483:(
1309:(
1244:(
1165:(
884:.
821:(
235:(
211:(
173:(
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