589:
581:
345:
787:
38:
661:
562:
335:
550:
678:
116:
479:
27:
881:
851:
403:
430:
471:
694:
the crown of the top hat, and was balanced by the spring force. Once the valve opened a little, steam could pass the lower seat and began to act on the larger brim. This greater area overwhelmed the spring force and the valve flew completely open with a "pop". Escaping steam on this larger diameter also held the valve open until pressure had dropped
607:, described a new form of safety valve intended to improve reliability and especially to be tamper-resistant. A pair of plug valves were used, held down by a common spring-loaded lever between them with a single central spring. This lever was characteristically extended rearwards, often reaching into the cab on early locomotives.
922:
which is ejected in a controlled explosion if the first valve gets blocked. On newer generation pressure cookers, if the steam vent gets blocked, a safety spring will eject excess pressure and if that fails, the gasket will expand and release excess pressure downwards between the lid and the pan.
713:
noisy blowing off, especially at platforms or under the large roof of a major station. This was mostly at the behest of stationmasters, but also because firemen realised that any blowing off through a pop valve wasted boiler pressure. In one case, this was estimated at 20 psi (140 kPa) lost
614:
Various forms of
Ramsbottom valve were produced. Some were separate fittings to the boiler, through separate penetrations. Others were contained in a U-shaped housing fastened to a single opening in the boiler shell. As boiler diameter increased, some forms were even set inside the boiler shell, with
525:
The risk of firemen tying down the safety valve remained. This was encouraged by them being fitted with easily adjustable wing nuts, the practice of adjusting the boiler's working pressure via the safety valve being an accepted behaviour well into the 1850s. It was later common with Salter valves for
930:
which locks the lid when internal pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, to prevent accidents from a sudden release of very hot steam, food and liquid, which would happen if the lid were to be removed when the pan is still slightly pressurised inside (however, the lid will be very hard or impossible
610:
Rather than discouraging the use of the spring lever by the fireman, Ramsbottom's valve encouraged this. Rocking the lever freed up the valves alternately and checked that neither was sticking in its seat. Even if the fireman held the lever down and increased the force on the rear valve, there was a
390:
in the river, without first releasing the safety valve from its working load. By 1806, Trevithick was fitting pairs of safety valves, one external valve for the driver's adjustment and one sealed inside the boiler with a fixed weight. This was unadjustable and released at a higher pressure, intended
95:
Vacuum safety valves (or combined pressure/vacuum safety valves) are used to prevent a tank from collapsing while it is being emptied, or when cold rinse water is used after hot CIP (clean-in-place) or SIP (sterilization-in-place) procedures. When sizing a vacuum safety valve, the calculation method
777:
There are safety valves known as PSV's and can be connected to pressure gauges (usually with a 1/2" BSP fitting). These allow a resistance of pressure to be applied to limit the pressure forced on the gauge tube, resulting in prevention of over pressurisation. the matter that has been injected into
761:
High-lift safety valves are direct-loaded spring types, although the spring does not bear directly on the valve, but on a guide-rod valve stem. The valve is beneath the base of the stem, the spring rests on a flange some height above this. The increased space between the valve itself and the spring
693:
The quick-opening "pop" valve was a solution to this. Their construction was simple: the existing circular plug valve was changed to an inverted "top hat" shape, with an enlarged upper diameter. They fitted into a stepped seat of two matching diameters. When closed, the steam pressure acted only on
413:
Although the lever safety valve was convenient, it was too sensitive to the motion of a steam locomotive. Early steam locomotives therefore used a simpler arrangement of weights stacked directly upon the valve. This required a smaller valve area, so as to keep the weight manageable, which sometimes
191:
Flow protection is characterized by safety valves that are considerably larger than those mounted for thermal protection. They are generally sized for use in situations where significant quantities of gas or high volumes of liquid must be quickly discharged in order to protect the integrity of the
157:
Only by removing and disassembling the entire valve assembly could its operating pressure be adjusted, making impromptu "tying down" of the valve by locomotive crews in search of more power impossible. The pivoting arm was commonly extended into a handle shape and fed back into the locomotive cab,
673:
All of the preceding safety valve designs opened gradually and had a tendency to leak a "feather" of steam as they approached "blowing-off", even though this was below the pressure. When they opened they also did so partially at first and did not vent steam quickly until the boiler was well over
618:
A drawback to the
Ramsbottom type was its complexity. Poor maintenance or mis-assembly of the linkage between the spring and the valves could lead to a valve that no longer opened correctly under pressure. The valves could be held against their seats and fail to open or, even worse, to allow the
187:
For liquid-packed vessels, thermal relief valves are generally characterized by the relatively small size of the valve necessary to provide protection from excess pressure caused by thermal expansion. In this case a small valve is adequate because most liquids are nearly incompressible, and so a
153:
invented a tamper-proof spring safety valve that became universal on railways. The
Ramsbottom valve consisted of two plug-type valves connected to each other by a spring-laden pivoting arm, with one valve element on either side of the pivot. Any adjustment made to one of valves in an attempt to
154:
increase its operating pressure would cause the other valve to be lifted off its seat, regardless of how the adjustment was attempted. The pivot point on the arm was not symmetrically located between the valves, so any tightening of the spring would cause one of the valves to lift.
749:
placed more demands on safety valves. Valves of greater capacity were required, to vent safely the high steam-generating capacity of these large boilers. As the force on their valves increased, the issue of the spring's increasing stiffness as its load increased (like the
896:
should fail. Such a valve is sometimes referred to as a "T&P valve" (Temperature and
Pressure valve). There are still occasional, spectacular failures of older water heaters that lack this equipment. Houses can be leveled by the force of the blast.
765:
The
Cockburn Improved High Lift design has similar features to the Ross pop type. The exhaust steam is partially trapped on its way out and acts on the base of the spring seat, increasing the lift force on the valve and holding the valve further open.
316:
Today, the food, drinks, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals industries call for hygienic safety valves, fully drainable and
Cleanable-In-Place. Most are made of stainless steel; the hygienic norms are mainly 3A in the USA and
534:
Paired valves were often adjusted to slightly different pressures too, a small valve as a control measure and the lockable valve made larger and permanently set to a higher pressure, as a safeguard. Some designs, such as one by
312:
and other organizations like ISO (ISO 4126) must be complied with. These codes include design standards for relief valves and schedules for periodic inspection and testing after valves have been removed by the company engineer.
461:
These direct-acting spring valves could be adjusted by tightening the nuts retaining the spring. To avoid tampering, they were often shrouded in tall brass casings which also vented the steam away from the locomotive crew.
1447:
1601:
619:
valve to open but insufficiently to vent steam at an adequate rate and so not being an obvious and noticeable fault. Mis-assembly of just this nature led to a fatal boiler explosion in 1909 at
Cardiff on the
717:
Pop valves derived from Adams's patent design of 1873, with an extended lip. R. L. Ross's valves were patented in 1902 and 1904. They were more popular in
America at first, but widespread from the 1920s on.
286:(VPSV): an automatic system that relieves static pressure on a gas. Used when the pressure difference between the vessel pressure and the ambient pressure is small, negative and near to atmospheric pressure.
773:
action, where steam through a narrow control passage is allowed through if it passes a small control valve. This steam is then not exhausted, but is passed to a piston that is used to open the main valve.
371:" lever a smaller weight was required, also the pressure could easily be regulated by sliding the same weight back and forth along the lever arm. Papin retained the same design for his 1707 steam pump.
722:
304:
In most countries, industries are legally required to protect pressure vessels and other equipment by using relief valves. Also, in most countries, equipment design codes such as those provided by the
805:
There is a wide range of safety valves having many different applications and performance criteria in different areas. In addition, national standards are set for many kinds of safety valves.
762:
seat allows the valve to lift higher, further clear of the seat. This gives a steam flow through the valve equivalent to a valve one and a half or twice as large (depending on detail design).
1623:
139:, the safety valve tended to go off when the engine hit a bump in the track. A valve less sensitive to sudden accelerations used a spring to contain the steam pressure, but these (based on a
1618:
1606:
506:
to make a powerful but compact spring in one piece. Once again by using the lever mechanism, such a spring balance could be applied to the considerable force of a boiler safety valve.
1612:
729:
Although polished brass safety valve coverings had been an early feature of steam locomotives, the only railway to maintain this tradition after pop valves were introduced was the
444:
Weighted valves were sensitive to bouncing from the rough riding of early locomotives. One solution was to use a lightweight spring rather than a weight. This was the invention of
146:) could still be screwed down to increase the pressure beyond design limits. This dangerous practice was sometimes used to marginally increase the performance of a steam engine.
911:
Pressure cookers are cooking pots with a pressure-proof lid. Cooking at pressure allows the temperature to rise above the normal boiling point of water (100 degrees
Celsius at
4012:
418:. An even greater hazard was the ease with which such a valve could be tied down, so as to increase the pressure and thus power of the engine, at further risk of explosion.
374:
Early safety valves were regarded as one of the engineman's controls and required continuous attention, according to the load on the engine. In a famous early explosion at
1326:
The very lowest pressure exhibited "when the screw was out of the water" (as the opponents of the principle term it) was 34 lb, ranging up to 60 lb., on Salter's balance.
292:(LVPSV): an automatic system that relieves static pressure on a gas. Used when the pressure difference is small, negative or positive and near to atmospheric pressure.
248:(PSV). PRVs and PSVs are not the same thing, despite what many people think; the difference is that PSVs have a manual lever to open the valve in case of emergency.
549:
918:
Pressure cookers usually have two safety valves to prevent explosions. On older designs, one is a nozzle upon which a weight sits. The other is a sealed rubber
791:
561:
2005:
421:
Although deadweight safety valves had a short lifetime on steam locomotives, they remained in use on stationary boilers for as long as steam power remained.
255:(RV): an automatic system that is actuated by the static pressure in a liquid-filled vessel. It specifically opens proportionally with increasing pressure.
543:
in 1859, had the valve spring with pressure scale behind the dome, facing the cab, and the locked valve ahead of the dome, out of reach of interference.
754:) became more critical. The need to reduced valve feathering became even more important with high-pressure boilers, as this represented both a loss of
367:, an early pressure cooker rather than an engine. A weight acting through a lever held down a circular plug valve in the steam vessel. By using a "
615:
the springs housed in a recess inside and only the valves and balance lever protruding outside. These had obvious drawbacks for easy maintenance.
526:
them to be fitted in pairs, one adjustable and often calibrated for use as a gauge, the other sealed inside a locked cover to prevent tampering.
270:(POSRV): an automatic system that relieves on remote command from a pilot, to which the static pressure (from equipment to protect) is connected.
2720:
258:
Safety valve (SV): an automatic system that relieves the static pressure on a gas. It usually opens completely, accompanied by a popping sound.
276:(LPSV): an automatic system that relieves static pressure on a gas. Used when the difference between the vessel pressure and the ambient
96:
is not defined in any norm, particularly in the hot CIP / cold water scenario, but some manufacturers have developed sizing simulations.
1721:
859:
1998:
193:
828:
818:
305:
120:
2880:
454:
of 1828. Owing to the limited metallurgy of the period, Hackworth's first spring valves used an accordion-like stack of multiple
318:
2753:
665:
588:
2890:
778:
the gauge, if over pressurised, will be diverted through a pipe in the safety valve, and shall be driven away from the gauge.
1276:
536:
2148:
3972:
2786:
2559:
1991:
509:
The spring balance valve also acted as a pressure gauge. This was useful as previous pressure gauges were unwieldy mercury
1292:
1262:
2455:
4140:
2967:
188:
relatively small amount of fluid discharged through the relief valve will produce a substantial reduction in pressure.
3292:
2450:
1650:
1167:
1142:
1113:
1060:
645:
2598:
4125:
4022:
2914:
2826:
1041:
604:
1099:
77:
are a specialized type of pressure safety valve. A leak tight, lower cost, single emergency use option would be a
705:
These valves coincided with a change in firing behaviour. Instead of letting steam reach a feather at the valve,
136:
2780:
1555:
EN ISO 4126-1 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1: Safety valves (ISO 4126-1:2004)
503:
2885:
2529:
1891:
1208:
394:
When used on locomotives, these valves would rattle and leak, releasing near-continuous puffs of waste steam.
2774:
2173:
296:
RV, SV and SRV are spring-operated (even spring-loaded). LPSV and VPSV are spring-operated or weight-loaded.
20:
2761:
158:
allowing crews to 'rock' both valves off their seats to confirm that they were set and operating correctly.
3583:
2549:
838:
580:
309:
2899:
3746:
3548:
2617:
2589:
2473:
2085:
2028:
971:
349:
74:
2488:
3528:
3373:
3358:
2367:
1834:
1779:
1105:
649:
600:
402:
150:
865:
EN 764-7 (former CEN standard, harmonized with
European Union directives, replaced with EN ISO 4126-1)
344:
4150:
4135:
3633:
2919:
2908:
2766:
2465:
2078:
1761:
786:
567:
493:
470:
450:
140:
644:(percentage extension) of the spring, thus maintaining a more constant force. They were used by the
3363:
3002:
2693:
2625:
1804:
1442:
540:
3568:
3563:
3272:
3214:
3194:
2929:
2924:
2845:
2714:
2569:
2514:
2236:
2192:
1814:
1268:
927:
769:
To optimise the flow through a given diameter of valve, the full-bore design is used. This has a
2732:
2493:
841:) Recommended Practice 520 and API Standard 526, API Standard 2000 (low pressure - Storage tank)
4130:
4089:
4032:
3761:
3731:
3062:
2960:
2934:
2832:
2706:
2673:
2554:
2256:
2205:
2143:
1881:
986:
706:
217:
4074:
4027:
3783:
3726:
3711:
3183:
2799:
2524:
2445:
2418:
2215:
2133:
2043:
1957:
1860:
1855:
1643:
1083:
1018:
These figures are based on two measurements, a drop from 225 psi to 205 psi for an
730:
241:
85:
2859:
37:
3773:
3342:
3250:
3152:
2544:
2483:
2344:
2210:
2158:
2095:
2048:
1751:
1726:
1493:
981:
686:
277:
1052:
334:
131:
and utilized a weight to retain the steam pressure (this design is still commonly used on
8:
4104:
3962:
3603:
3199:
2853:
2387:
2261:
2178:
2168:
1824:
755:
746:
733:, with their distinctive tapered brass safety valve bonnets and copper-capped chimneys.
4058:
3957:
3879:
3716:
3681:
3578:
3558:
3453:
3428:
3229:
3122:
2992:
2349:
1784:
1736:
1200:
1007:
660:
641:
379:
721:
502:
for weighing, was first made in Britain by around 1770. This used the newly developed
4094:
4017:
3706:
3553:
3538:
3458:
3438:
3403:
3256:
3219:
3117:
2953:
2650:
2498:
2437:
2392:
2372:
2359:
2339:
2321:
2266:
2220:
2090:
2033:
1829:
1789:
1771:
1756:
1741:
1698:
1272:
1204:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1109:
1056:
742:
555:
Paired spring-balance safety valves of a ČSD Class 252.0, with hand adjustment wheels
445:
383:
368:
714:
corresponding to the burning of 16 lb (7.3 kg) or more of shovelled coal.
4099:
3864:
3673:
3623:
3448:
3368:
3327:
3287:
3047:
3012:
2726:
2687:
2413:
2331:
2301:
2153:
1952:
1865:
1713:
1683:
1636:
1095:
1022:
in 1952 and a smaller drop of 10 psi estimated in 1953 as 16 lbs of coal.
906:
415:
264:(SRV): an automatic system that relieves by static pressure on both gas and liquid.
89:
192:
vessel or pipeline. This protection can alternatively be achieved by installing a
4145:
3927:
3803:
3793:
3493:
3443:
3433:
3413:
3393:
3317:
3209:
3132:
3107:
2632:
2574:
2382:
2377:
2291:
2246:
1819:
1809:
1693:
946:
620:
593:
162:
132:
66:
3967:
3937:
3932:
3884:
3818:
3648:
3643:
3468:
3463:
3307:
3245:
3189:
3137:
3072:
3017:
2818:
2667:
2639:
2316:
2138:
2128:
2038:
1967:
1921:
1731:
1678:
1072:
951:
770:
499:
364:
213:
166:
143:
128:
1565:
1445:, "Safety valves, feeding apparatus for steam-boilers", published 1856
677:
173:
should be limited to compressible fluid applications (gas, vapour, or steam).
4119:
4084:
4048:
3917:
3854:
3523:
3423:
3332:
3224:
3204:
3032:
3027:
2606:
2579:
2478:
2397:
2233:
1942:
1839:
1799:
1746:
1589:
Elaine Porterfield, Paul Shukovsky, and Lewis Kamb (Saturday, July 28, 2001).
1019:
889:
514:
221:
209:
135:); however, these were easily tampered with or accidentally released. On the
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
892:, where they prevent disaster in certain configurations in the event that a
115:
3977:
3894:
3834:
3813:
3808:
3721:
3696:
3638:
3618:
3593:
3533:
3518:
3488:
3473:
3408:
3388:
3337:
3282:
3147:
3127:
3057:
2807:
2311:
2296:
2251:
2105:
2100:
2014:
1947:
1886:
1794:
1703:
1688:
1321:
976:
966:
956:
414:
proved inadequate to vent the pressure of an unattended boiler, leading to
252:
205:
78:
58:
31:
478:
3922:
3899:
3874:
3859:
3751:
3628:
3613:
3598:
3543:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3483:
3478:
3398:
3383:
3157:
3097:
2659:
2230:
2200:
2073:
1972:
1926:
1906:
1485:
1241:
961:
496:
455:
360:
3982:
3869:
3849:
3736:
3701:
3663:
3658:
3503:
3378:
3142:
3102:
2738:
2681:
2306:
2241:
2225:
2163:
2120:
2110:
1916:
1911:
1673:
941:
893:
699:
84:
Safety valves were first developed for use on steam boilers during the
4013:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
1519:
1517:
1515:
1073:
List of countries accepting the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
3987:
3844:
3839:
3778:
3312:
3277:
3240:
3112:
3077:
3042:
3037:
3007:
2534:
2519:
912:
637:
510:
386:
exploded when the boy trained to operate the engine left it to catch
375:
54:
26:
4053:
3741:
3087:
3067:
3022:
2997:
2976:
2423:
1962:
1901:
1512:
1285:
623:, even though the boiler was almost new, at only eight months old.
353:
224:, food, drinks, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries, the term
104:
1506:
1484:
1397:
880:
850:
3992:
3889:
3798:
3686:
3588:
3418:
3322:
3302:
3178:
919:
429:
1983:
1042:
Safety valve sized regarding hot CIP -> Cold water conditions
176:
The two general types of protection encountered in industry are
4079:
3788:
3756:
3262:
3235:
3092:
3082:
2539:
2276:
1659:
1472:
1460:
1429:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1308:
1128:
70:
62:
736:
3691:
3653:
3297:
3267:
2058:
1194:
1084:
API 520-1, Sizing and Selection of Pressure-Relieving Devices
831:) Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
570:, showing paired spring-balance safety valves behind the dome
50:
871:
PED 97/23/CE (Pressure Equipment Directive - European Union)
3768:
3573:
3162:
3052:
2945:
915:), which speeds up the cooking and makes it more thorough.
824:
814:
1628:
1624:
PSV sizing calculator - fire case for liquid filled vessel
1602:
Schematical overview working principle Safety Relief Valve
299:
127:
The earliest and simplest safety valve was used on a 1679
73:, when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits.
834:
758:
and also a scouring of the valve seats, leading to wear.
387:
161:
Safety valves also evolved to protect equipment such as
1619:
PSV sizing calculator - fire case for gas filled vessel
1536:
1534:
1532:
611:
corresponding reduction of force on the forward valve.
61:(PRV), which automatically releases a substance from a
1540:
1523:
1609:
PSV sizing calculator for liquid blocked outlet case.
1490:
The British Steam Railway Locomotive, Vol. I, to 1925
88:. Early boilers operating without them were prone to
1529:
1260:
406:
1613:PSV sizing calculator for blocked gas outlet case.
397:
324:
1235:
1223:
1182:
1094:
685:, a self-published magazine by the American army
486:
4117:
1615:PSV sizing calculator for blocked gas discharge.
926:Newer generation pressure cookers have a safety
797:lifts her boiler safety valve after hauling the
16:Device for releasing excess pressure in a system
1425:
1423:
1421:
1403:
1314:
529:
465:
821:) Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section I
698:that at which it originally opened, providing
2961:
1999:
1644:
1507:Ahrons & British Steam Railway Locomotive
1398:Ahrons & British Steam Railway Locomotive
1157:
1571:. Certificazioni Tecniche Ambiente Industria
1418:
1261:Semmens, P. W. B.; Goldfinch, A. J. (2000).
931:to open when the pot is still pressurised).
338:
1478:
1122:
862:(harmonized with European Union directives)
854:European standard steam boiler safety valve
737:Marine and Cockburn high-lift safety valves
575:
57:. An example of safety valve is a pressure
2968:
2954:
2006:
1992:
1651:
1637:
1473:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1461:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1430:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1386:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1374:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1362:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1350:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1338:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1309:Hewison & Locomotive Boiler Explosions
1055:, Hellemans, M. (2009), Elsevier Science,
329:
1160:The Early Development of the Steam Engine
655:
603:, later locomotive superintendent of the
438:
194:high integrity pressure protection system
879:
849:
829:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
819:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
785:
720:
676:
659:
587:
579:
477:
469:
428:
401:
343:
333:
114:
36:
25:
4023:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
2881:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1607:Pressure relief valve sizing calculator
884:Pressure safety valve on a water heater
424:
359:The first safety valve was invented by
300:Legal and code requirements in industry
4118:
110:
2949:
1987:
1632:
3973:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
290:Low and vacuum pressure safety valve
900:
13:
2733:National Museum of Scotland engine
520:
268:Pilot-operated safety relief valve
199:
14:
4162:
3293:Push-to-pull compression fittings
2013:
1595:
1524:Milton & Marine Steam Boilers
1322:"Trial of HMS Rattler and Alecto"
1264:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
845:
751:
636:s were introduced around 1866. A
2915:List of steam technology patents
1298:. National Railway Museum. 1830.
1053:The Safety Relief Valve Handbook
875:
808:
584:U-shaped Ramsbottom safety valve
560:
548:
1583:
1558:
1549:
1500:
1466:
1454:
1435:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1302:
1293:"Hackworth spring safety valve"
1229:
1217:
1012:
1000:
626:
398:Direct-acting deadweight valves
325:Development of the safety valve
137:Stockton and Darlington Railway
2900:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2886:History of steam road vehicles
1892:Internally rifled boiler tubes
1197:A Treatise on the Steam Engine
1188:
1176:
1151:
1129:Hewison, Christian H. (1983).
1088:
1077:
1066:
1046:
1035:
888:Safety valves are required on
741:Developments in high-pressure
123:of a proportional-safety valve
1:
2827:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1029:
592:Ramsbottom valves on a model
466:Salter spring balance valves
228:is associated with the terms
21:Safety valve (disambiguation)
4033:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
3584:Reduced pressure zone device
2975:
2550:Return connecting rod engine
1410:"An improved safety valve".
1236:Hills & Power from Steam
1224:Hills & Power from Steam
1183:Hills & Power from Steam
1131:Locomotive Boiler Explosions
839:American Petroleum Institute
530:Paired spring balance valves
487:Salter spring balance valves
284:Vacuum pressure safety valve
75:Pilot-operated relief valves
7:
4028:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
3747:Instant hot water dispenser
3549:Piping and plumbing fitting
2474:Condensing steam locomotive
1658:
1545:. Newnes. pp. 216–219.
972:Pilot-operated relief valve
934:
437:(1830), with a brass-cased
350:district heating substation
92:unless carefully operated.
10:
4167:
3374:Backflow prevention device
3359:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
2781:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
1106:Cambridge University Press
904:
689:stationed in France in WWI
391:as a guarantee of safety.
348:Lever arm safety valve in
18:
4141:Industrial safety devices
4067:
4041:
4001:
3946:
3908:
3827:
3672:
3634:Thermostatic mixing valve
3351:
3171:
2983:
2873:
2844:
2817:
2798:
2787:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2752:
2705:
2658:
2649:
2616:
2597:
2588:
2507:
2464:
2456:Single- and double-acting
2436:
2406:
2358:
2330:
2284:
2275:
2191:
2119:
2066:
2057:
2021:
1935:
1874:
1848:
1770:
1712:
1666:
1296:(Image of museum exhibit)
274:Low pressure safety valve
3364:Automatic bleeding valve
3003:Compatibility (chemical)
2626:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1566:"PED 97/23/CE Directive"
1158:Hulse, David K. (1999).
993:
781:
640:arrangement reduced the
576:Ramsbottom safety valves
541:Eastern Counties Railway
517:had yet to be invented.
485:(1840) with two sets of
4126:Steam boiler components
3569:Pressure-balanced valve
3564:Pressure vacuum breaker
3273:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
3215:Drain-waste-vent system
3195:Chemical drain cleaners
2930:Timeline of steam power
2925:Stationary steam engine
2808:Woolf's compound engine
2715:Soho Manufactory engine
2570:Steeple compound engine
2237:straight line mechanism
1269:Oxford University Press
709:(stokers) now tried to
407:Deadweight safety valve
352:before the renovation.
330:Deadweight lever valves
4090:Template:Public health
3762:water recycling shower
3732:Hot water storage tank
3063:Onsite sewage facility
2935:Water-returning engine
2909:Lean's Engine Reporter
2682:Chacewater Mine engine
2555:Six-column beam engine
1541:Milton, J. H. (1953).
1412:Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
1195:Farey, J. A. (1971) .
987:Shaft furnace breather
885:
855:
802:
726:
725:GWR safety valve cover
690:
670:
596:
585:
489:
475:
441:
410:
356:
341:
339:Lever arm safety valve
240:. The generic term is
218:natural gas processing
214:chemical manufacturing
124:
42:
34:
4075:Fire sprinkler system
3784:Tankless water heater
3727:Garbage disposal unit
3712:Electric water boiler
3184:British Standard Pipe
2775:London Steam Carriage
1861:Electric water boiler
1856:Electric steam boiler
883:
868:AD Merkblatt (German)
853:
799:Welsh Marches Pullman
789:
731:Great Western Railway
724:
680:
664:Ross pop valve, from
663:
591:
583:
481:
474:Salter spring balance
473:
432:
405:
347:
337:
246:pressure safety valve
242:Pressure relief valve
234:pressure safety valve
230:pressure relief valve
118:
86:Industrial Revolution
40:
29:
3774:Storage water heater
3343:Water heat recycling
3251:National Pipe Thread
3153:Water supply network
2721:Bradley Works engine
2545:Reciprocating engine
2368:Babcock & Wilcox
2211:Centrifugal governor
1780:Babcock & Wilcox
1543:Marine Steam Boilers
982:Safety shutoff valve
687:Transportation Corps
425:Direct spring valves
278:atmospheric pressure
19:For other uses, see
4105:Template:Wastewater
3963:Hydrostatic testing
3604:Rooftop water tower
3200:Compression fitting
2262:Sun and planet gear
1226:, pp. 144, 146
1201:David & Charles
794:Duchess of Hamilton
756:distilled feedwater
439:direct spring valve
262:Safety relief valve
165:(fired or not) and
111:Function and design
41:DN250-safety valves
4059:Waterborne disease
3958:Hydronic balancing
3717:Evaporative cooler
3682:Accessible bathtub
3579:Radiator (heating)
3559:Pressure regulator
3454:Double check valve
3429:Concentric reducer
3230:Garden Hose Thread
3123:Thermal insulation
2993:Air gap (plumbing)
2762:Richard Trevithick
2360:Water-tube boilers
2174:Gresley conjugated
1936:Boiler peripherals
1772:Water-tube boilers
1526:, pp. 222–223
1475:, pp. 115–118
1463:, pp. 100–101
1271:. pp. 63–67.
886:
856:
803:
743:water-tube boilers
727:
691:
671:
597:
586:
490:
476:
442:
411:
384:stationary engines
357:
342:
206:petroleum refining
178:thermal protection
125:
43:
35:
4113:
4112:
4095:Template:Sewerage
4042:Health and safety
4018:NSF International
3828:Specialized tools
3707:Drinking fountain
3674:Plumbing fixtures
3554:Plug (sanitation)
3539:Nipple (plumbing)
3459:Eccentric reducer
3439:Coupling (piping)
3404:Chemigation valve
3257:Nominal Pipe Size
3220:Ductile iron pipe
3118:Thermal expansion
2943:
2942:
2869:
2868:
2748:
2747:
2432:
2431:
2332:Fire-tube boilers
2187:
2186:
1981:
1980:
1875:Boiler components
1714:Fire-tube boilers
1278:978-0-19-860782-3
1135:David and Charles
1096:Hills, Richard L.
790:Steam locomotive
446:Timothy Hackworth
382:'s high-pressure
30:An oxygen safety
4158:
4151:Safety equipment
4136:Locomotive parts
4100:Template:Toilets
3865:Flare-nut wrench
3624:Submersible pump
3449:Dielectric union
3369:Automatic faucet
3328:Thread seal tape
3288:Plastic pipework
3048:Hydrostatic loop
3013:Drain (plumbing)
2970:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2893:fardier à vapeur
2727:Whitbread Engine
2688:Smethwick Engine
2656:
2655:
2595:
2594:
2414:Feedwater heater
2282:
2281:
2064:
2063:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1953:Feedwater heater
1866:Electrode boiler
1849:Electric boilers
1653:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:, pp. 19–20
1427:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1388:, pp. 50–51
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1364:, pp. 40–41
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1199:. Vol. II.
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1101:Power from Steam
1092:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1004:
907:Pressure cooking
901:Pressure cookers
635:
634:
564:
552:
378:in 1803, one of
222:power generation
163:pressure vessels
133:pressure cookers
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4063:
4037:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3928:Pressure sensor
3910:
3904:
3880:Plumber's snake
3823:
3804:Water dispenser
3794:Washing machine
3668:
3494:Flushing trough
3444:Diaphragm valve
3434:Condensate pump
3414:Circulator pump
3394:Butterfly valve
3347:
3318:Solvent welding
3210:Crimp (joining)
3167:
3133:Trap (plumbing)
3108:Surface tension
2985:
2979:
2974:
2944:
2939:
2865:
2840:
2813:
2794:
2744:
2701:
2645:
2633:Fairbottom Bobs
2618:Newcomen engine
2612:
2584:
2530:Expansion valve
2503:
2489:Watt's separate
2460:
2428:
2402:
2354:
2326:
2271:
2247:Parallel motion
2183:
2134:Stephenson link
2115:
2053:
2022:Operating cycle
2017:
2012:
1982:
1977:
1931:
1870:
1844:
1766:
1708:
1662:
1657:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1259:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1008:Young's modulus
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
947:Butterfly valve
937:
909:
903:
878:
848:
811:
784:
739:
658:
632:
631:
629:
621:Rhymney Railway
601:John Ramsbottom
594:traction engine
578:
571:
568:Midland Spinner
565:
556:
553:
532:
523:
521:Lockable valves
468:
427:
400:
332:
327:
302:
202:
200:Technical terms
182:flow protection
167:heat exchangers
151:John Ramsbottom
113:
67:pressure vessel
53:that acts as a
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4004:organizations
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Leak detection
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3938:Water metering
3935:
3933:Water detector
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Plumber wrench
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3819:Water softener
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Vacuum ejector
3646:
3644:Vacuum breaker
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3469:Faucet aerator
3466:
3464:Expansion tank
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Sewage pumping
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3246:Leak detection
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Cast iron pipe
3187:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Venturi effect
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Sanitary sewer
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Drinking water
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2668:Kinneil Engine
2664:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2640:Elsecar Engine
2637:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Steeple engine
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:Feedwater pump
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2285:Simple boilers
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2267:Watt's linkage
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Connecting rod
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:Snifting valve
1965:
1960:
1958:Feedwater pump
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1922:Thermic siphon
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1667:Simple boilers
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1596:External links
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1557:
1548:
1528:
1511:
1499:
1496:. p. 176.
1477:
1465:
1453:
1434:
1417:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1324:. April 1845.
1313:
1301:
1284:
1277:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1203:. p. 19.
1187:
1175:
1168:
1150:
1143:
1137:. p. 12.
1121:
1114:
1108:. p. 33.
1087:
1076:
1065:
1045:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1011:
998:
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Control valves
949:
944:
938:
936:
933:
905:Main article:
902:
899:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
847:
846:European Union
844:
843:
842:
832:
822:
810:
807:
783:
780:
738:
735:
657:
654:
628:
625:
577:
574:
573:
572:
566:
559:
557:
554:
547:
531:
528:
522:
519:
500:spring balance
467:
464:
426:
423:
399:
396:
365:steam digester
331:
328:
326:
323:
301:
298:
294:
293:
287:
281:
271:
265:
259:
256:
201:
198:
144:spring balance
129:steam digester
112:
109:
105:metaphorically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4163:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Safety valves
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Template:HVAC
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Plumbing code
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:and standards
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Control valve
3916:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Drain cleaner
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Hose coupling
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Closet flange
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Threaded pipe
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Flare fitting
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Copper tubing
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Grade (slope)
3031:
3029:
3028:Friction loss
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:Puffing Devil
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:High-pressure
2751:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2707:Rotative beam
2704:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2607:Savery Engine
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2580:Working fluid
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Rotative beam
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:hypocycloidal
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:Steam engines
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Air preheater
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Franco-Crosti
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1509:, p. 364
1508:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1400:, p. 118
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1238:, p. 129
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1185:, p. 102
1184:
1179:
1171:
1169:1-85761-107-1
1165:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1144:0-7153-8305-1
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1115:0-521-45834-X
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1061:9780080961187
1058:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1021:
1020:LNER Class V2
1015:
1009:
1003:
999:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
932:
929:
924:
921:
916:
914:
908:
898:
895:
891:
890:water heaters
882:
876:Water heaters
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
852:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
813:
812:
809:United States
806:
800:
796:
795:
788:
779:
775:
772:
767:
763:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
734:
732:
723:
719:
715:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
688:
684:
683:The Pop Valve
679:
675:
669:
668:
662:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
624:
622:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
595:
590:
582:
569:
563:
558:
551:
546:
545:
544:
542:
538:
527:
518:
516:
515:Bourdon gauge
512:
507:
505:
504:spring steels
501:
498:
495:
488:
484:
480:
472:
463:
459:
457:
453:
452:
447:
440:
436:
431:
422:
419:
417:
408:
404:
395:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
355:
351:
346:
340:
336:
322:
320:
314:
311:
307:
297:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:petrochemical
207:
197:
195:
189:
185:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
152:
147:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
121:cross-section
117:
108:
106:
103:is also used
102:
97:
93:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
28:
22:
3978:Pipe marking
3951:and services
3947:Professions,
3895:Strap wrench
3835:Basin wrench
3814:Water heater
3809:Water filter
3722:Flush toilet
3697:Dehumidifier
3639:Trench drain
3619:Street elbow
3609:Safety valve
3608:
3594:Relief valve
3534:Needle valve
3519:Grinder pump
3489:Flow limiter
3474:Float switch
3409:Chopper pump
3389:Booster pump
3338:Tube bending
3283:Pipe support
3148:Water hammer
3128:Thermosiphon
3058:Neutral axis
2920:Modern steam
2907:
2892:
2854:Porter-Allen
2833:
2767:
2694:
2674:
2631:
2565:Safety valve
2564:
2494:"Pickle-pot"
2388:Thimble tube
1948:Boiler water
1897:Safety valve
1896:
1887:Fusible plug
1825:Thimble tube
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1542:
1502:
1489:
1486:Ahrons, E.L.
1480:
1468:
1456:
1437:
1411:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1376:, p. 43
1369:
1357:
1352:, p. 37
1345:
1340:, p. 33
1333:
1325:
1316:
1311:, p. 18
1304:
1287:
1263:
1231:
1219:
1196:
1190:
1178:
1159:
1153:
1130:
1124:
1100:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1048:
1037:
1014:
1002:
977:Relief valve
967:Needle valve
957:Flow limiter
925:
917:
910:
887:
804:
798:
793:
776:
768:
764:
760:
752:Naylor valve
740:
728:
716:
710:
704:
695:
692:
682:
672:
666:
656:"Pop" valves
633:Naylor valve
630:
627:Naylor valve
617:
613:
609:
598:
533:
524:
508:
491:
482:
460:
456:leaf springs
451:Royal George
449:
443:
434:
420:
412:
393:
373:
358:
315:
303:
295:
289:
283:
273:
267:
261:
253:Relief valve
245:
238:relief valve
237:
233:
229:
226:safety valve
225:
203:
190:
186:
181:
177:
175:
171:safety valve
170:
160:
156:
148:
126:
101:safety valve
100:
98:
94:
83:
79:rupture disk
59:relief valve
47:safety valve
46:
44:
32:relief valve
3923:Flow sensor
3911:and control
3909:Measurement
3900:Tap and die
3875:Pipe wrench
3860:Driving cap
3752:Laundry tub
3629:Tap (valve)
3614:Sewage pump
3599:Riser clamp
3544:Pinch valve
3514:Grease trap
3509:Globe valve
3499:Flushometer
3484:Floor drain
3479:Float valve
3399:Check valve
3384:Bleed screw
3158:Water table
3098:Storm sewer
2984:Fundamental
2651:Watt engine
2451:Oscillating
2407:Boiler feed
2252:Plate chain
2231:Tusi couple
2144:Walschaerts
2029:Atmospheric
1973:Superheater
1927:Water gauge
1785:Corner tube
1414:(37). 1856.
962:Globe valve
792:No. 46229,
497:coil spring
433:Locomotive
361:Denis Papin
321:in Europe.
169:. The term
69:, or other
4120:Categories
3983:Pipefitter
3870:Pipecutter
3850:Core drill
3737:Humidifier
3702:Dishwasher
3664:Zone valve
3659:Water tank
3504:Gate valve
3379:Ball valve
3352:Components
3172:Technology
3143:Wastewater
3103:Stormwater
2860:Ljungström
2846:High-speed
2739:Lap Engine
2695:Resolution
2599:Precursors
2484:Kirchweger
2446:Locomotive
2393:Three-drum
2373:Field-tube
2340:Locomotive
2322:Lancashire
2242:Link chain
2226:Crankshaft
2193:Mechanisms
2121:Valve gear
1917:Steam drum
1912:Steam dome
1830:Three-drum
1790:Field-tube
1757:Transverse
1742:Locomotive
1699:Lancashire
1210:0715350048
1030:References
942:Ball valve
894:thermostat
747:marine use
700:hysteresis
674:pressure.
511:manometers
416:explosions
380:Trevithick
236:(PSV) and
4002:Industry
3988:Pipelayer
3845:Borescope
3840:Blowtorch
3779:Sump pump
3313:Soldering
3278:Pipe dope
3241:Hydronics
3113:Tap water
3078:Sewer gas
3043:Heat trap
3038:Greywater
3008:Corrosion
2891:Cugnot's
2834:Salamanca
2535:Hydrolock
2520:Crosshead
2466:Condenser
2302:Egg-ended
1684:Egg-ended
1494:Ian Allan
928:interlock
913:sea level
681:Cover of
638:bellcrank
599:In 1855,
376:Greenwich
369:steelyard
280:is small.
244:(PRV) or
196:(HIPPS).
149:In 1856,
99:The term
90:explosion
55:fail-safe
4068:See also
4054:Scalding
3742:Icemaker
3529:Manifold
3088:Sewerage
3068:Pressure
3023:Fuel gas
2998:Backflow
2986:concepts
2977:Plumbing
2874:See also
2800:Compound
2675:Old Bess
2515:Blowback
2438:Cylinder
2424:Injector
2383:Stirling
2378:Sentinel
2292:Haystack
2206:Cataract
2179:Southern
2169:Caprotti
2044:Compound
1963:Injector
1902:Smokebox
1835:Vertical
1820:Stirling
1810:Sentinel
1805:Monotube
1762:Vertical
1694:Haystack
1575:21 March
1488:(1966).
1098:(1989).
935:See also
860:ISO 4126
801:charter.
539:for the
537:Sinclair
513:and the
363:for his
354:Budapest
3993:Plumber
3949:trades,
3890:Plunger
3799:Washlet
3687:Bathtub
3589:Reducer
3419:Cistern
3323:Swaging
3303:Sealant
3179:Brazing
2590:History
2499:Surface
2317:Cornish
2277:Boilers
2159:Corliss
2096:Corliss
2079:D slide
2049:Uniflow
2039:Cornish
1882:Firebox
1732:Haycock
1722:Cochran
1679:Cornish
1660:Boilers
1443:GB 1299
1162:. TEE.
920:grommet
707:firemen
667:Tornado
646:L&Y
483:Phoenix
448:on his
232:(PRV),
204:In the
4146:Valves
4080:Piping
3789:Urinal
3757:Shower
3263:O-ring
3236:Gasket
3093:Siphon
3083:Sewage
2902:(1784)
2896:(1769)
2862:(1908)
2856:(1862)
2837:(1812)
2829:(1805)
2819:Murray
2810:(1803)
2789:(1804)
2783:(1803)
2777:(1803)
2771:(1801)
2741:(1788)
2735:(1786)
2729:(1785)
2723:(1783)
2717:(1782)
2698:(1781)
2690:(1779)
2684:(1778)
2678:(1777)
2670:(1768)
2642:(1795)
2636:(1760)
2628:(1725)
2609:(1698)
2575:Stroke
2540:Piston
2525:Cutoff
2398:Yarrow
2350:Launch
2345:Scotch
2106:Sleeve
2101:Poppet
2086:Piston
2067:Valves
2059:Valves
1840:Yarrow
1815:Spiral
1800:LaMont
1752:Scotch
1747:Pistol
1737:Launch
1449:
1275:
1207:
1166:
1141:
1112:
1063:, p. 6
1059:
642:strain
494:Salter
435:Planet
409:(1909)
141:Salter
71:system
63:boiler
3692:Bidet
3654:Valve
3298:Putty
3268:Oakum
3259:(NPS)
3253:(NPT)
3232:(GHT)
3186:(BSP)
2508:Other
2312:Flued
2297:Wagon
2221:Crank
2164:Lentz
2154:Baker
2149:Allan
2074:Slide
1795:Flash
1704:Wagon
1689:Flued
1569:(PDF)
994:Notes
782:Types
771:servo
711:avoid
696:below
319:EHEDG
51:valve
49:is a
3769:Sink
3574:Pump
3163:Well
3053:Leak
2660:Beam
2201:Beam
2111:Bash
2091:Drop
2034:Watt
1907:Stay
1577:2015
1273:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1006:See
825:ASME
815:ASME
745:for
648:and
605:LNWR
492:The
388:eels
306:ASME
180:and
2479:Jet
2307:Box
2139:Joy
2129:Gab
1674:Box
835:API
650:NER
310:API
4122::
1531:^
1514:^
1492:.
1420:^
1267:.
1243:^
1133:.
1104:.
702:.
652:.
458:.
308:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
208:,
184:.
119:A
107:.
81:.
65:,
45:A
2969:e
2962:t
2955:v
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
1652:e
1645:t
1638:v
1579:.
1281:.
1213:.
1172:.
1147:.
1118:.
837:(
827:(
817:(
23:.
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