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positively correlated with capture success. These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.
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534:. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of 35 m/s (125 km/h), but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between 10–15 m/s (35–55 km/h). During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of 7 m/s (25 km/h) and did not surpass 10 m/s (35 km/h). Generally, sailfish do not grow to more than 3 m (10 ft) in length and rarely weigh over 90 kilograms (200 pounds).
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The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in
551:
The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and only raised when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish. This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to
560:
but only up to a particular group size. A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed proto-cooperation because it does not require any spatial coordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more
555:
Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in
564:
The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was
592:
When freshly hatched, sailfish are hunted by other fishes that mainly survive on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult sailfish are not eaten by anything other than larger predatory fish like open ocean shark species and
129:
522:
Considered by many scientists the fastest fish in the ocean, sailfish grow quickly, reaching 1.2–1.5 m (4–5 ft) in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller
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the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.
577:
The sailfish is an epipelagic and oceanic species and shows a strong tendency to approach continental coasts, islands and reefs tropical and temperate waters of the
Pacific and Indian oceans.
259:
772:
Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Canales
Ramirez, C.; Cardenas, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr., N.; Di Natale, A.; Die, D.; et al. (2011).
995:
548:
Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.
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Sailfish have been documented attacking humans in self-defense; a 100-pound (45-kilogram) sailfish stabbed a woman in the groin when her party tried to catch it.
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Some sources indicate that sailfish are capable of changing colours as a method of confusing prey, displaying emotion, and/or communicating with other sailfish.
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909:
709:
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Svendsen MBS, Domenici P, Marras S, Krause J, Boswell KM, Rodriguez-Pinto I, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Viblanc PE, Finger JS & Steffensen JF (2016)
867:
1090:
Herbert-Read JE, Romanczuk P, Krause S, Strömbom D, Couillaud P, Domenici P, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM & Krause J (2016)
1114:
Kurvers RHJM, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Herbert-Read JE, Zalansky P, Domenici P, Marras S, Steffensen JF, Wilson ADM, Couillaud P & Krause J (2017)
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472:
There is a dispute based on the taxonomy of the sailfish, and either one or two species have been recognized. No differences have been found in
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Domenici P, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Marras S, Herbert-Read JE, Steffensen JF, Krause S, Viblanc PE, Couillaud P & Krause J (2014)
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number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their
888:"Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time: A myth revisited"
1740:
619:
1611:
910:"The Sailfish Optimizer: A novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving constrained engineering optimization problems"
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682:
584:, the disappearance of coral reefs in a sailfish's habitat may be followed by the disappearance of the species from that area.
384:
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866:
Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J & Domenic P 2015)
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868:"Not so fast: swimming behavior of sailfish during predator–prey interactions using high-speed video and accelerometry"
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Sailfish in some areas are reliant on coral reefs as areas for feeding and breeding. As witnessed in the
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440:, which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated
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1092:"Group hunting sailfish alternate their attacks on their grouping prey to facilitate hunting success"
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between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species,
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fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.
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US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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464:'s oceans, and hold the record for the highest speed of any marine animal.
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1025:"Woman on fishing boat off Florida coast stabbed by 100-pound fish"
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Shadravan, Soudeh; Naji, Hamid Reza; Bardsiri, Vahid
Khatibi.
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Collette, B.; Acero, A.; Amorim, A.F.; et al. (2022). "
396:, Florida, USA, in the 1940s, with a sailfish he had caught
1202:
1116:"The evolution of lateralisation in group hunting sailfish"
816:
Florida Museum of
Natural History. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
594:
825:
Collette, B.B., McDowell, J.R. and Graves, J.E. (2006).
1052:"How sailfish use their bill to capture schooling prey"
1003:
The Online Guide to the
Animals of Trinidad and Tobago
838:
444:(bill) consistent with that of other marlins and the
168:(Note that the IUCN recognises one sailfish species)
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1084:
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1023:Hannah Sarisohn and Carlos Suarez (24 July 2022).
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708:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
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797:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170338A6754507.en
448:, which together constitute what are known as
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696:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en
648:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
1041:
880:
862:
860:
827:Phylogeny of Recent billfishes (Xiphioidei).
1173:Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish
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762:Australian Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
488:, found in warmer oceans around the world.
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996:"Istiophorus albicans (Atlantic Sailfish)"
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1176:pp. 162–163, John Wiley & Sons.
1096:Proceedings of the Royal Society London B
1056:Proceedings of the Royal Society London B
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841:"What is the fastest fish in the ocean?"
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683:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1679:a3482403-1c21-4b36-9e78-f93049b51b7a
1489:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
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492:continues to recognize two species:
872:Integrative and Comparative Biology
783:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1751:Extant Paleogene first appearances
971:. 11 November 2010. Archived from
759:Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus.
652:Bulletins of American Paleontology
14:
1762:
1188:
1154:John, Smithson (1 January 2009).
944:Florida Museum of Natural History
456:circles. Sailfish live in colder
1741:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
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561:complex forms of group hunting.
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829:Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3): 455-468.
1131:Krause J and Ruxton GD (2002)
994:Mohammed, Nicholas J. (2015).
938:Gardieff, Susie (9 May 2017).
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1072:Sailfish Hunting Sardines
940:"Istiophorus platypterus"
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176:Scientific classification
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21:Sailfish (disambiguation)
1352:Indo-Pacific blue marlin
1156:"Sailfish disappearance"
729:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1495:The Old Man and the Sea
1413:Mediterranean spearfish
776:Istiophorus platypterus
756:McGrouther, M. (2013).
678:Istiophorus platypterus
486:Istiophorus platypterus
421:, which belong to the
318:Istiophorus platypterus
698:(inactive 2024-09-12).
690:: e.T170338A46649664.
397:
381:
137:Indo-Pacific sailfish
1700:Paleobiology Database
1301:Indo-Pacific sailfish
845:oceanservice.noaa.gov
790:: e.T170338A6754507.
743:. April 2013 version.
507:Indo-Pacific sailfish
387:
378:Indo-Pacific sailfish
375:
1408:Roundscale spearfish
1347:Atlantic blue marlin
1170:Schultz, Ken (2003)
303:Istiophorus albicans
19:For other uses, see
1403:Shortbill spearfish
1195:National Geographic
969:National Geographic
144:Conservation status
1418:Longbill spearfish
731:"Species in genus
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123:Atlantic sailfish
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1687:Open Tree of Life
1513:Taxon identifiers
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544:Hunting behaviour
497:Atlantic sailfish
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1625:iNaturalist
1578:Istiophorus
1565:Istiophorus
1551:Istiophorus
1545:Wikispecies
1521:Istiophorus
1394:(4 species)
1390:Tetrapturus
1366:(2 species)
1338:(2 species)
1315:(1 species)
1287:(2 species)
1246:(1 species)
1102:: 20161671.
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1008:23 December
979:23 December
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923:23 December
733:Istiophorus
658:: 560. 2002
528:forage fish
518:Description
501:I. albicans
418:Istiophorus
410:marine fish
254:Istiophorus
1735:Categories
1484:Scombridae
1466:(magazine)
1034:2022-07-24
965:"Sailfish"
877:: 718-727.
850:2019-11-09
662:2008-01-08
635:References
434:dorsal fin
352:Nothistium
159:Vulnerable
108:to present
37:59–0
1311:Istiompax
1255:Xiphiidae
1242:Swordfish
813:Sailfish.
588:Predators
482:meristics
446:swordfish
360:Zanclurus
309:Latreille
199:Kingdom:
193:Eukaryota
106:Paleogene
1530:Wikidata
1479:(fossil)
1283:Sailfish
1234:Billfish
740:FishBase
601:Timeline
490:FishBase
450:billfish
402:sailfish
394:Key West
335:Synonyms
294:Species
260:Lacépède
239:Family:
213:Chordata
209:Phylum:
203:Animalia
189:Domain:
164:IUCN 3.1
31:Sailfish
1617:2397970
1536:Q127497
1362:Kajikia
1334:Makaira
1076:Youtube
573:Habitat
525:pelagic
468:Species
458:pelagic
442:rostrum
430:marlins
412:in the
406:species
388:Author
326:, 1792)
324:G. Shaw
311:, 1804)
287:, 1792)
285:G. Shaw
249:Genus:
229:Order:
219:Class:
162: (
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1274:Marlin
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262:, 1801
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532:squid
474:mtDNA
462:Earth
414:genus
1664:NCBI
1638:ITIS
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1591:3703
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