122:
811:
1518:
1300:
1499:
1412:
1233:
1280:
1875:
1150:
1480:
1950:
1196:. The sail was suspended from the upper spar ("yard"), while the lower spar functioned like a boom. When set fore-and-aft, the spars extend forward of the mast by about a third of their lengths. When running before the wind, they are set perpendicular to the hull, similar to a square rig. The sail can be rotated around the mast (lessening the need for steering with the rudders) and tilted to move the center of pull forward or aft. The sail can even be tilted completely horizontally, becoming wing-like, to lift the bow above incoming waves. The sail is
1761:
1616:
1860:
506:
527:
1905:
1098:
474:
1935:
1776:
1133:
1116:
1080:
422:
575:
1598:
1257:
1835:
1643:
490:
1446:
438:
559:
543:
1710:
1662:
1791:
458:
1890:
810:
1820:
133:
requiring only light forces on the helm to keep the sailing craft on course. The fore-and-aft center of effort on a sail plan is usually slightly behind the center of resistance of the hull, so that the sailing craft will tend to turn into the wind if the helm is unattended. The height of the sail plan's center of effort above the surface is limited by the sailing craft's ability to avoid capsize, which is a function of its hull shape, ballast, or hull spacing (in the case of
1743:
1695:
1920:
1965:
680:
590:
1181:(also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point. They are generally mounted on one or two (rarely three or more) bipod or tripod masts, usually made from thick
1725:
31:
1574:, instead two main sails were usually carried by the ship, one for night and bad weather, and another for daytime and fair weather. The yard was usually very long in comparison to the actual length of the boat, and they are sometimes made of two pieces of timber joined together by a strengthening piece. The
132:
Each rig may be described with a sail plan—a drawing of a vessel, viewed from the side, depicting its sails, the spars that carry them and some of the rigging that supports the rig. By extension, "sail plan" describes the arrangement of sails on a vessel. A well-designed sail plan should be balanced,
254:
propelling a vessel forward: they have a front and a back. Fore-and-aft sails can have either of their surfaces facing the wind when in use. Hence either vertical edge of a square sail may be the front (when sailing to windward) but fore-and-aft sails always have the same vertical edge at the front.
100:
In the
English language, ships were usually described, until the end of the eighteenth century, in terms of their type of hull design. Using the type of rig as the main type identifier for a vessel became common only in the nineteenth century. This is illustrated by the terminology for ships in the
1065:
to beam reach to change direction, with the wind over the side, a low-force procedure. The bottom corner of the crab claw sail is moved to the other end, which becomes the bow as the boat sets off back the way it came. The mast usually hinges, adjusting the rake or angle of the mast. The crab claw
742:
On many ships, sails above the top (a platform just above the lowest sail on the fore, main and mizzens masts) were mounted on separate mast segments—"topmasts" or "topgallant masts"—held in wooden sockets called "trestletrees". These masts and their stays could be rigged or struck as the weather
108:
was a well-known example). Many of these full-rigged ships (square rigged on all of three masts) had the hull type "bark" – another common classification was "cat". In the second half of the eighteenth century, the square sails on the mizzen were often eliminated. The resulting rig
1034:
to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more
242:
uses square sails as the major sails on a vessel. It is common for square rigged vessels to include some fore and aft sails, such as staysails. A mast may be referred to as a square rigged mast where square sails predominate – this would differentiate from other masts on the same
253:
which, when at rest, are at right angles ("square") to the centre-line of the vessel. This differentiates them from fore-and-aft sails, which are aligned along the centre-line when at rest. Operationally, this means that square sails always present the same surface of the sail to the wind when
309:
is a headsail that is set in front of any other headsails, or in modern usage, may be the only headsail. It may be hanked to a stay, used in roller reefing or set flying (as in the more traditional cutter rigs). In a large vessel with many headsails, you may, for example, find a flying jib,
1189:. The lower part of two of the bamboo poles of the mast assembly have holes that are fitted unto the ends of a cross-wise length of timber on the deck, functioning like a hinge. The forward part of the mast assembly had a forelock. By unlocking it, the mast can be lowered across the ship.
687:
A three-masted vessel has, from front to back, a foremast, mainmast and mizzenmast. A two-masted vessel has a mainmast, the other being a foremast or mizzen. Ships with more than three masts may simply number them or use another scheme, as with the five-masted
151:
features sails that run fore and aft (along the length of the sailing craft), controlled by lines called "sheets", that changes sides, as the bow passes through the wind from one side of the craft to the other. Fore-and-aft rig variants include:
790:) are named (from inner to outer most) fore topmast staysail (or foretop stay), inner jib, outer jib and flying jib. Many of the jibs' stays meet the foremast just above the fore topgallant. A fore royal staysail may also be set.
1553:
Unlike
European ships, South Asian and Middle Eastern vessels are not named based on the type of rigging, but are named based on hull shapes. All of them are rigged similarly, and thus most of these vessels are classified as
1022:
in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called
2022:
Since the early nineteenth century, the topsails and topgallants are often split into a lower and an upper sail to allow them to be more easily handled. This makes the mast appear to have more "sails" than it officially
1368:) origin of the rig. Junk rigs were adopted by the Chinese by around the 12th century. Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails. It also further diffused into other
1677:
1035:
power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a
1387:, supported only on the step at the keelson and the partners); however, standing rigging of some kind is not uncommon. It is typical to run the halyards (lines used to raise and lower the sail) and
1232:
1398:
Junk sails are typically carried on a mast which rakes (slants) forward a few degrees from vertical. This causes the sail to swing outwards, absent wind pushing it, which makes the use of a
1030:
The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of
121:
1411:
1874:
2439:
Examining pre-colonial
Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques
2013:
Note: not all sailing craft are boats; land yachts have wheels and ice yachts have runners. For the sake of clarity, this article will generally address only waterborne craft.
1615:
1299:
1859:
1061:. In shunting vessels, both ends are alike, and the boat is sailed in either direction, but it has a fixed leeward side and a windward side. The boat is shunted from
1949:
1760:
1964:
188:
features a four-sided mainsail with the aft upper corner supported by a diagonal spar, called a sprit, whose lower end meets the mast near the foot of the sail.
1904:
1517:
1445:
1395:
on a junk-rigged boat. This means that typical sailhandling can be performed from the relative safety of the cockpit, or even while the crew is below deck.
212:) features a three-sided sail with spars on both the foot and the head. It's either mastless, supported by a "prop", or mounted on removable or fixed masts.
1934:
1149:
767:
the highest attachment point of the stay holding up that staysail. Thus, the mizzen topgallant staysail can be found dangling from the stay leading from
2905:
505:
1889:
1775:
1014:
There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names. Crab claw sails are rigged
1834:
1279:
1256:
421:
1578:
was threaded into two holes on the yard to prevent it slipping along the length. The mast was slotted into a mast step fitted over the deck. .
1070:
rig, which can be built with simple tools and low-tech materials, but it is extremely fast. On a beam reach, it may be the fastest simple rig.
1597:
1919:
526:
350:
A Bermuda-rig mainsail is a triangular sail with the luff attached to the mast with the foot or lower edge generally attached to a boom.
2412:
1057:
Micronesian, Island
Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used the canted mast configuration to uniquely develop
752:("stuns'l") out on the ends of the yardarms. These were called as a regular sail, with the addition of "studding". For example, the
2163:
1498:
783:
mast (the slope of the top edge of all staysail lines runs from a higher point nearer the stern to a lower point towards the bow).
489:
473:
612:
Ships that sailed from Europe and the
Americas could be categorized in a variety of ways, by number of masts and by sailing rig.
2898:
2805:
1709:
2756:
2349:
2254:
2227:
2200:
2173:
326:
is a full sail of light material for use when sailing downwind in light airs. When in use, the jib or genoa would be lowered.
65:, or a combination of both. Within the fore-and-aft category there is a variety of triangular and quadrilateral sail shapes.
1790:
1043:
which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail".
109:
acquired the name of the hull type: initially as "bark" and soon as "barque". This explains the Royal Navy's description of
4208:
1642:
574:
437:
2190:
196:
features a three-sided sail set on a long yard, mounted at an angle on the mast and running in a fore-and-aft direction.
2853:
2746:
2729:
2654:
Early Global
Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume II: Exchange of Ideas, Religions, and Technologies
2325:
2244:
695:
On a square-sailed vessel, the sails of each mast are named by the mast and position on the mast. For instance, on the
558:
2576:
Early global interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean world. Volume 2: Exchange of ideas, religions, and technologies
1661:
1360:, which shows a ship with a keel and a sternpost and identifies it as Southeast Asian. Historians Paul Johnstone and
5035:
2891:
2843:
2780:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics
2708:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics
2691:
2636:
2608:
2583:
2558:
2406:
2374:
2146:
2101:
1819:
2217:
1027:") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered.
457:
2791:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David
Northrup. "Song Dynasty."
1989:
1984:
1097:
296:
on a sailing boat. It is usually a fore-and-aft sail, but on older sailing ships would include a square-sail on a
1079:
232:) features a four-sided sail with spars on both the foot and the head. It's mounted on removable or fixed masts.
1742:
1192:
Despite the similarity of its appearance to western square rigs, the tanja is a fore-and-aft rig similar to a
4088:
2136:
1694:
1219:(often several in later periods), and the tanja sails themselves were slowly replaced with western rigs like
542:
1132:
1115:
4104:
2652:
Burningham, Nick (2019). "Chapter 6: Shipping of the Indian Ocean World". In
Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).
17:
1479:
779:
sail (i.e., from the mizzen topgallant yard) to at least one and usually two sails down from that on the
1177:
The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast in the crab claw sail led to the much later invention of the
1046:
Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In
101:
large fleet of colliers that traded to London from the coal ports of the Northeast of England (of which
375:
is an asymmetric quadrilateral sail suspended on a spar and hoisted up the mast as a fore-and-aft sail.
2060:
the distinctive shape, number, and arrangement of sails and masts of a ship or to fit out with rigging
1050:, this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab
4499:
3435:
2117:
1054:(hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.
4201:
4139:
3798:
1676:
970:, beginning with the crab claw sail at around 1500 BCE. They are used throughout the range of the
405:
57:. Examples include a schooner rig, cutter rig, junk rig, etc. A rig may be broadly categorized as
4838:
4828:
4449:
2073:
975:
4582:
2574:
Burningham, Nick (2019). "Shipping of the Indian Ocean World". In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).
2288:
4368:
3402:
971:
589:
397:
3997:
2601:
Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750
1883:: one square-rigged mast (fore) and two or more fore-and-aft rigged (main, mizzen, etc.) masts
1379:
In its most traditional form the junk rig is carried on an unstayed mast (i.e. a mast without
5040:
3607:
3501:
1018:
and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from V-shaped perpendicular
4408:
2684:
Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas
2391:
1724:
5045:
5000:
4833:
4567:
4154:
963:
799:
2751:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. pp. 20–21.
8:
5050:
4988:
4710:
4602:
4194:
4175:
4109:
3747:
3577:
2857:
817:
4885:
4587:
3835:
3788:
3232:
3177:
2861:
2522:
2476:
1067:
1058:
1062:
4995:
4508:
4012:
3783:
3706:
2839:
2752:
2725:
2687:
2632:
2604:
2579:
2554:
2402:
2370:
2321:
2250:
2223:
2196:
2169:
2142:
2097:
1868:: two or more square-rigged masts and headsails with fore-and-aft rigged aftmost mast
1840:
4294:
2999:
2883:
1973:: headsails, two square-rigged masts, and a third smaller 'snow-mast' with a trysail
4958:
4921:
4823:
4783:
4766:
4761:
4743:
4474:
4274:
3803:
3752:
3676:
3661:
3073:
2974:
2943:
2938:
2514:
1955:
1384:
1380:
983:
955:
951:
906:
882:
735:
668:
278:
147:
58:
671:. Luggers could have one or two masts and schooners could have two or more masts.
4933:
4916:
4880:
4805:
4695:
4661:
4646:
4544:
4524:
4479:
4083:
4063:
4058:
3946:
3876:
3516:
3360:
3302:
3277:
3202:
2867:
2219:
Yacht Design Explained: A Sailor's Guide to the Principles and Practice of Design
2044:
1523:
1388:
1285:
1262:
716:
689:
274:
73:
may be used to help shape a given kind of sail. Each rig may be described with a
759:
Between the main mast and mizzen as well as between main mast and foremast, the
4973:
4863:
4720:
4705:
4680:
4672:
4616:
4597:
4494:
4398:
4373:
4221:
4129:
4027:
4007:
3856:
3455:
3377:
3320:
3088:
3078:
2969:
2795:. By Richard W. Bulliet. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 279–80. Print.
1752:
1504:
1361:
1212:
1158:
1141:
1124:
1031:
1003:
931:
894:
821:
411:). The sail's prime function is to reduce rolling rather than to provide drive.
347:
A square-rig mainsail is a square sail attached at the bottom of the main mast.
293:
250:
200:
177:
66:
46:
2518:
344:("mains'l") is a sail attached to the main mast. The principal types include:
92:, typically have uncomplicated rigs with a single sail on a mast with a boom.
5029:
4848:
4639:
4514:
4444:
4325:
4032:
4017:
3956:
3936:
3825:
3646:
3636:
3582:
3068:
1769:: two or more fore-and-aft rigged masts, first mast no taller than the second
1621:
1238:
1051:
748:
704:
620:
565:
480:
102:
2871:
2863:
Last days of mast & sail : An Essay in Nautical Comparative Anatomy
4963:
4911:
4906:
4890:
4858:
4572:
4484:
4383:
4352:
4299:
4243:
4186:
4124:
4002:
3961:
3911:
3815:
3757:
3717:
3562:
3542:
3289:
3262:
3035:
3009:
2313:
1489:
1485:
1451:
1392:
1342:
1305:
1015:
723:
89:
1898:: two masts, main mast course sail lateen rigged, all others square rigged
1633:
4552:
4403:
4259:
4144:
4119:
4037:
3931:
3886:
3881:
3830:
3762:
3722:
3666:
3450:
3440:
3425:
3382:
3372:
3355:
3340:
3227:
3207:
3103:
3048:
2964:
2933:
1970:
1880:
1810:
1607:
1567:
1563:
1455:
1353:
1332:
1107:
1103:
1089:
1019:
873:
846:
660:
648:
533:
448:
428:
156:
81:
70:
2526:
2502:
2480:
2464:
1508:
364:
mainsail is a quadrilateral sail whose aft head is supported by a sprit.
5005:
4813:
4778:
4700:
4626:
4519:
4309:
4284:
4269:
4264:
4022:
3971:
3840:
3767:
3737:
3587:
3526:
3521:
3465:
3430:
3392:
3267:
3217:
3058:
3024:
3019:
2984:
2948:
1943:: one square-rigged main with headsails and two lateen rigged aft masts
1925:
1910:
1686:
1682:
1433:
1289:
1247:
1215:. In the colonial era, these were replaced by triangular western-style
1178:
1172:
1138:
991:
979:
943:
890:
825:
636:
512:
401:
238:
216:
192:
62:
3891:
679:
4968:
4875:
4818:
4756:
4715:
4651:
4592:
4557:
4534:
4504:
4418:
4413:
4330:
4078:
4073:
3906:
3820:
3810:
3742:
3602:
3330:
3187:
3152:
3118:
1784:: single mast with a gaff-rigged mainsail and topsail on the mainmast
1629:
1399:
1369:
1365:
1308:
1121:
1085:
1047:
987:
967:
947:
864:
842:
834:
595:
580:
361:
322:
317:
is a large jib that increases area by extending rearward of the mast.
183:
134:
74:
1558:
in European terminology. Dhows are believed to have originated from
1203:
In addition to the tanja sails, ships with the tanja rigs also have
1039:
from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian
746:
In light breezes, the working square sails would be supplemented by
4953:
4948:
4843:
4793:
4788:
4771:
4690:
4634:
4577:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4423:
4378:
4335:
4289:
4279:
3951:
3941:
3727:
3712:
3697:
3692:
3641:
3557:
3475:
3460:
3410:
3310:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3093:
3004:
2989:
2979:
1994:
1958:: two schooner-rigged masts with one or more square-rigged topsails
1895:
1766:
1700:
1625:
1437:
1357:
1338:
1322:
1220:
1208:
1204:
959:
914:
902:
787:
760:
696:
644:
628:
496:
444:
371:
357:
mainsail is a quadrilateral sail whose head is supported by a gaff.
354:
340:
331:
297:
269:
172:
165:
3127:
2318:
Hand, Reef and Steer: Traditional Sailing Skills for Classic Boats
1913:: one square-rigged foremast and one fore-and-aft rigged main mast
176:
features a four-sided mainsail with the upper edge made fast to a
4978:
4938:
4870:
4853:
4751:
4734:
4685:
4656:
4562:
4529:
4489:
4428:
4225:
3966:
3916:
3896:
3793:
3702:
3671:
3651:
3597:
3592:
3567:
3552:
3506:
3496:
3420:
3350:
3237:
3192:
3182:
3162:
3147:
3132:
3063:
2919:
2915:
1940:
1734:
1667:
1603:
1575:
1571:
1543:
1470:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1036:
918:
729:
710:
664:
616:
464:
263:
Each form of rig requires its own type of sails. Among them are:
85:
54:
35:
2246:
The Gaff Rig Handbook: History, Design, Techniques, Developments
4983:
4943:
4393:
4304:
4159:
4134:
3992:
3926:
3921:
3732:
3656:
3547:
3511:
3470:
3415:
3365:
3345:
3335:
3197:
3167:
3137:
3043:
3014:
2994:
2277:(1958 reprint ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd.
1865:
1730:
1652:
1266:
1242:
1182:
1155:
935:
855:
656:
549:
380:
273:(pronounced stays'l) is a fore-and-aft sail whose leading edge
244:
2138:
Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise
5010:
4926:
4114:
4068:
4042:
3901:
3620:
3572:
3480:
3445:
3387:
3315:
3272:
3212:
3142:
3098:
3083:
2772:
1781:
1715:
1559:
1418:
1373:
1328:
1185:. The masts have curved heads with grooves for attaching the
1024:
939:
640:
624:
386:
126:
2700:
2165:
Desirable and Undesirable Characteristics of Offshore Yachts
4217:
4149:
3976:
3325:
3222:
3172:
3157:
3108:
3053:
1825:
1796:
1748:
1648:
1555:
1539:
1040:
1009:
652:
632:
515:
has a vertical spar that extends vertically above the mast.
289:
50:
30:
335:
is a sail that is a cross between a genoa and a spinnaker.
4388:
2629:
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
1533:
1271:
1216:
599:
305:
2351:
Seamanship: Including Names of Principal Parts of a Ship
1928:: one square-rigged foremast and hybrid rigged main mast
396:
is a mizzen sail on motor vessels such as old-fashioned
80:
Modern examples of single-person sailing craft, such as
77:—formally, a drawing of a vessel, viewed from the side.
2275:
Masting and Rigging, the Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier
1843:: three or more (all) square-rigged masts and headsails
2392:"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs"
2162:
Committee, Cruising Club of America Technical (1987).
1853:
With some masts having exclusively fore-and-aft sails
793:
763:
between the masts are named from the sail immediately
431:
is loose-footed, but may be attached to a spar, below.
2913:
2838:. Gloucester, Maine: Phil Bolger & Friends, Inc.
2094:
Merchant Sailing Ships 1775-1815: Sovereignty of Sail
786:
The jibs (the staysails between the foremast and the
2141:. Dover Maritime. Courier Corporation. p. 576.
930:
Austronesian rigs include what are generally called
820:
generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of
743:
conditions required, or for maintenance and repair.
683:
Hierarchy of possible sails on a square rigged mast
385:is a small triangular or quadrilateral sail at the
243:vessel being fore-and-aft rigged, for example in a
962:. These rigs were independently developed by the
2833:
2631:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 286.
2268:
2266:
1270:with tanja sails on removable tripod masts and a
5027:
2087:
2085:
607:
310:outer-jib, inner-jib and then the fore-staysail.
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2401:. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress.
27:Arrangement of a ship's masts, sails, and ropes
2713:
2263:
1799:: two masts with mizzen mast aft of the tiller
1718:: two masts with mizzen mast before the tiller
1161:with the upper spar merged with the fixed mast
4202:
2899:
2656:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–201.
2306:
2215:
2082:
4216:
2738:
2487:
2383:
1400:preventer (a line to keep the sail extended)
2686:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
2603:. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
2553:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 258–259.
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2222:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 153.
2168:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 161.
1606:: single mast and sail, usually gunter- or
1250:on a combination of single and tripod masts
1211:, sometimes also canted as depicted in the
4209:
4195:
2906:
2892:
2852:
2651:
2573:
2567:
2354:. Griffin & Company. pp. 106–256.
615:Single-masted sailing vessels include the
249:Square sails are generally suspended from
2719:
2598:
2592:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2358:
2272:
2161:
2091:
1066:configuration used on these vessels is a
2782:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2710:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2622:
2620:
2578:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–202.
2500:
2462:
2445:
2389:
2312:
2216:Killing, Steve; Hunter, Douglas (1998).
678:
120:
29:
2744:
2724:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2436:
2430:
2242:
2134:
1828:: two square-rigged masts and headsails
1562:. They have loose-footed quadrilateral
1337:The oldest undisputed depiction of the
946:rigs. They were used for double-canoe (
934:(also misleadingly called the "oceanic
536:sail has one edge attached to the mast.
499:sail has a spar above and a boom below.
14:
5028:
2806:"History and Construction of the Dhow"
2666:
2548:
2533:
2397:. In Di Piazza A, Pearthree E (eds.).
2128:
1534:South Asian and Middle Eastern vessels
1364:suggest an Austronesian (specifically
1311:with tanja sails on single fixed masts
674:
4190:
2887:
2626:
2617:
2503:"The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs"
2364:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2188:
1586:Presented alphabetically by section:
1391:(lines used to trim the sail) to the
1200:by rolling it around the lower spar.
2681:
2675:
2195:. ProStar Publications. p. 74.
2071:
958:boat configurations, in addition to
483:has an elongated asymmetrical shape.
2745:L. Pham, Charlotte Minh-HĂ (2012).
2671:(Thesis). Texas A&M University.
2645:
794:Austronesian and East Asian vessels
655:. Three-masted vessels include the
24:
2827:
2465:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
2369:. Texas A&M University Press.
2367:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
2334:
2075:A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing
2037:
1670:: one to three lateen rigged masts
25:
5062:
2879:
2418:from the original on 26 July 2020
2320:(second ed.). Adlard Coles.
2096:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1566:(sometimes also fully triangular
1372:shipbuilding traditions, notably
627:. Two-masted vessels include the
2836:103 Sailing Rigs "Straight Talk"
2669:The Borobudur Vessels in Context
1990:Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)
1985:Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)
1963:
1948:
1933:
1918:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1858:
1833:
1818:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1741:
1723:
1708:
1693:
1675:
1660:
1641:
1614:
1596:
1516:
1497:
1478:
1444:
1410:
1298:
1278:
1255:
1231:
1148:
1131:
1114:
1096:
1078:
809:
588:
573:
557:
541:
525:
504:
488:
472:
456:
436:
420:
258:
4234:including limited use, outdated
2798:
2785:
2667:Inglis, Douglas Andrew (2014).
2660:
2501:Horridge, Adrian (April 1986).
2281:
2236:
2135:Folkard, Henry Coleman (2012).
2016:
1703:: one or more junk-rigged masts
1589:
1293:with tanja sails on bipod masts
140:
95:
2507:The Journal of Pacific History
2209:
2182:
2155:
2110:
2065:
2007:
1848:
583:are attached at their corners.
467:has a tall asymmetrical shape.
222:canted square/rectangular sail
13:
1:
2748:Asian Shipbuilding Technology
2348:Nares, George Strong (1897).
2030:
1463:
1426:
1346:
608:European and American vessels
4105:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
2243:Leather, John (2001-01-11).
1651:: single unstayed mast with
997:
7:
2866:. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
2441:(PhD). Flinders University.
2273:Underhill, Harold (1946) .
2192:Royce's Sailing Illustrated
2092:MacGregor, David R (1985).
1978:
1350: 12th to 13th century
954:(on the windward side), or
10:
5067:
2834:Bolger, Philip C. (1998).
2722:The Seacraft of Prehistory
2549:Pelras, Christian (1997).
2289:"Definition of 'headsail'"
2189:Royce, Patrick M. (1997).
2122:Collins English Dictionary
2049:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1581:
1570:). The sails could not be
1537:
1326:
1320:
1170:
1007:
1001:
797:
568:has spars along two sides.
4899:
4804:
4742:
4733:
4670:
4624:
4615:
4543:
4500:Spritsail (square-rigged)
4437:
4361:
4348:
4318:
4252:
4239:
4232:
4168:
4097:
4051:
3985:
3869:
3849:
3776:
3685:
3629:
3535:
3489:
3401:
3301:
3286:
3117:
3033:
2957:
2926:
2793:The Earth and Its Peoples
2682:Jett, Stephen C. (2017).
2519:10.1080/00223348608572530
2399:Canoes of the Grand Ocean
1804:
1207:set with a quadrilateral
164:) features a three-sided
116:
5036:Sailing rigs and rigging
3799:Iron-hulled sailing ship
2778:Needham, Joseph (1971).
2720:Johnstone, Paul (1980).
2706:Needham, Joseph (1971).
2599:Chaudhuri, K.N. (1985).
2469:Journal of World History
2437:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016).
2365:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
2000:
1166:
447:has multiple transverse
292:forward of the foremost
135:catamarans and trimarans
3608:Square-rigged caravel (
2627:Paine, Lincoln (2013).
2463:Campbell, I.C. (1995).
1548:
1316:
976:Maritime Southeast Asia
699:(from bottom to top):
113:as a "cat-built bark".
4399:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
4369:Asymmetrical spinnaker
2854:Moore, Sir Alan Hilary
2078:. H. Cox. p. 559.
1469:), note the partially
972:Austronesian Expansion
754:main top studding sail
684:
416:Quadrilateral examples
129:
45:is its arrangement of
38:
4470:Mainsail (square rig)
4140:Pinnace (ship's boat)
3502:Chinese treasure ship
682:
552:sail is loose-footed.
124:
34:Rigging of a sailing
33:
4155:Thames sailing barge
3986:Recreational vessels
2249:. WoodenBoat Books.
2072:Kemp, Dixon (1882).
964:Austronesian peoples
891:Rectangular boom lug
800:Austronesian vessels
4176:Nautical operations
4110:Floating restaurant
3998:Ljungström sailboat
3578:Full-rigged pinnace
2390:Horridge A (2008).
1751:: single mast with
1624:: single mast with
1467: 18th century
675:Square-rigged masts
521:Triangular examples
41:A sailing vessel's
3293:and other vessels
3287:Naval and merchant
1074:Crab claw examples
938:" or the "oceanic
915:Trapezial boom lug
824:. G, H, and I are
685:
130:
90:land-sailing craft
39:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
4729:
4728:
4611:
4610:
4344:
4343:
4184:
4183:
4013:Sailing hydrofoil
3865:
3864:
3784:Blackwall frigate
3707:Baltimore Clipper
2758:978-92-9223-413-3
2256:978-0-937822-67-8
2229:978-0-393-04646-5
2202:978-0-911284-07-2
2175:978-0-393-03311-3
1841:Fully rigged ship
160:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
5058:
4762:Running backstay
4740:
4739:
4622:
4621:
4359:
4358:
4250:
4249:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4187:
3753:Ship of the line
3677:Ship of the line
3299:
3298:
3295:(by origin date)
3074:Full-rigged ship
2975:Fore-and-aft rig
2944:Age of Discovery
2939:Maritime history
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2875:
2858:Nance, R. Morton
2849:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2802:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2460:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1967:
1956:Topsail schooner
1952:
1937:
1922:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1862:
1837:
1822:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1745:
1727:
1712:
1697:
1679:
1664:
1645:
1618:
1600:
1520:
1501:
1482:
1468:
1465:
1448:
1431:
1428:
1417:Southeast Asian
1414:
1351:
1348:
1302:
1282:
1259:
1235:
1152:
1135:
1118:
1100:
1082:
984:Island Melanesia
956:double-outrigger
952:single-outrigger
907:Gulf of Thailand
883:Marshall Islands
813:
669:full-rigged ship
592:
577:
561:
545:
529:
508:
492:
476:
460:
440:
424:
148:Fore-and-aft rig
21:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5015:
4895:
4800:
4725:
4666:
4662:Pelican striker
4647:Dolphin striker
4607:
4539:
4433:
4350:
4340:
4314:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4215:
4185:
4180:
4164:
4093:
4047:
3981:
3870:Fishing vessels
3861:
3845:
3772:
3681:
3625:
3531:
3485:
3397:
3361:Tessarakonteres
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3203:Outrigger canoe
3113:
3029:
2953:
2922:
2912:
2882:
2846:
2830:
2828:Further reading
2825:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2547:
2534:
2499:
2488:
2461:
2446:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2335:
2328:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1636:above the gaff.
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1551:
1546:
1538:Main articles:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1512:
1502:
1493:
1483:
1474:
1466:
1449:
1440:
1429:
1415:
1349:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1283:
1274:
1260:
1251:
1236:
1213:Borobudur ships
1175:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1136:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1012:
1006:
1000:
928:
927:
926:
923:
922:
910:
903:Square boom lug
898:
886:
877:
872:Oceanic sprit (
868:
863:Oceanic sprit (
859:
854:Oceanic sprit (
850:
838:
829:
822:crab claw sails
814:
802:
796:
775:(third) mast's
677:
610:
603:
593:
584:
578:
569:
562:
553:
546:
537:
530:
516:
509:
500:
493:
484:
477:
468:
461:
452:
441:
432:
425:
277:is hanked to a
261:
248:
226:balance lugsail
220:(also known as
204:(also known as
143:
125:Sail plan of a
119:
98:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5064:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4976:
4974:Roller furling
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:Spinnaker pole
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4629:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4598:Spreader patch
4595:
4590:
4585:
4583:Reefing points
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:Norfolk wherry
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Trailer sailer
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Pocket cruiser
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3857:Montagu whaler
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3403:Post-classical
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Borobudur ship
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Jackass-barque
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Ljungström rig
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2880:External links
2878:
2877:
2876:
2850:
2844:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2757:
2737:
2731:978-0674795952
2730:
2712:
2699:
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2674:
2659:
2644:
2637:
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2591:
2584:
2566:
2559:
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2486:
2444:
2429:
2407:
2382:
2375:
2357:
2333:
2327:978-1472925220
2326:
2305:
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2255:
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2228:
2208:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2127:
2109:
2102:
2081:
2064:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1977:
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1975:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1813:on every mast
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1753:crab claw sail
1747:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1628:mainsail, two
1620:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1550:
1547:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1423:D'Eerste Boeck
1416:
1409:
1407:
1362:Joseph Needham
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1227:Tanja examples
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1159:crab claw sail
1154:
1147:
1145:
1142:crab claw sail
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:crab claw sail
1120:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1004:Crab claw sail
1002:Main article:
999:
996:
925:
924:
895:Maluku Islands
833:Double sprit (
815:
808:
805:
804:
803:
795:
792:
749:studding sails
740:
739:
732:
726:
720:
713:
707:
676:
673:
609:
606:
605:
604:
594:
587:
585:
579:
572:
570:
563:
556:
554:
547:
540:
538:
534:bermuda rigged
531:
524:
522:
518:
517:
510:
503:
501:
494:
487:
485:
478:
471:
469:
462:
455:
453:
442:
435:
433:
426:
419:
417:
413:
412:
394:steadying sail
390:
376:
367:
366:
365:
358:
351:
348:
336:
327:
318:
311:
301:
282:
260:
257:
256:
255:
235:
234:
233:
230:boomed lugsail
213:
210:Oceanic lateen
201:Crab claw sail
197:
189:
181:
180:called a gaff.
169:
142:
139:
118:
115:
97:
94:
59:"fore-and-aft"
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5063:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
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4982:
4980:
4977:
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4970:
4967:
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4960:
4957:
4955:
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4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
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4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4640:sprit topmast
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
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4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:Special terms
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Sailing yacht
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:East Indiaman
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Bermuda sloop
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3290:sailing ships
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:0-9666995-0-5
2841:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2693:9780817319397
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2638:9780307962256
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2610:9780521285421
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2585:9783319978017
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2560:9780631172314
2556:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2414:
2410:
2408:9781407302898
2404:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2376:9780890961070
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Cunliffe, Tom
2309:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2148:9780486311340
2144:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2103:0-85177-323-0
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:Schooner brig
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:: two-masted
1732:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1685:: sloop with
1684:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:Junk examples
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:unnecessary.
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
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1076:
1073:
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1038:
1033:
1028:
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1021:
1017:
1011:
1005:
995:
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985:
981:
977:
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965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
920:
916:
913:
908:
904:
901:
896:
892:
889:
884:
881:Crane sprit (
880:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
841:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
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791:
789:
784:
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778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:
744:
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
719:("t'gallant")
718:
714:
712:
708:
706:
702:
701:
700:
698:
693:
691:
681:
672:
670:
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638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
601:
597:
591:
586:
582:
576:
571:
567:
566:crabclaw sail
560:
555:
551:
544:
539:
535:
528:
523:
520:
519:
514:
507:
502:
498:
491:
486:
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459:
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450:
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434:
430:
423:
418:
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410:
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408:Prince Albert
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
382:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
362:spritsail-rig
359:
356:
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328:
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308:
307:
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299:
295:
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287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
265:
264:
259:Types of sail
252:
246:
241:
240:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
214:
211:
207:
206:Oceanic sprit
203:
202:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:Spritsail rig
182:
179:
175:
174:
170:
167:
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159:
158:
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150:
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138:
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107:
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87:
83:
78:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
5041:Shipbuilding
4964:Parrel beads
4912:Belaying pin
4907:Baggywrinkle
4891:Topping lift
4353:sailing rigs
4275:Fore-and-aft
4244:jury rigging
4125:Norfolk punt
4003:Mast aft rig
3912:Herring buss
3836:West Country
3758:Sloop-of-war
3613:
3609:
3543:Crommesteven
3036:sailing rigs
3010:Mast aft rig
2958:Sailing rigs
2918:vessels and
2862:
2835:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2747:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2628:
2600:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2550:
2513:(2): 83–99.
2510:
2506:
2472:
2468:
2438:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2398:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2350:
2317:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2274:
2245:
2238:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2184:
2164:
2157:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2093:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2053:. Retrieved
2048:
2039:
2018:
2009:
1852:
1811:square sails
1808:
1634:gaff topsail
1590:Fore-and-aft
1585:
1568:lateen sails
1564:settee sails
1552:
1526:
1507:
1488:
1459:
1452:Qing Dynasty
1432:) with both
1422:
1397:
1393:companionway
1378:
1343:Bayon temple
1341:is from the
1336:
1288:
1265:
1241:
1202:
1191:
1176:
1056:
1045:
1029:
1020:square sails
1016:fore-and-aft
1013:
929:
911:
899:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
843:Common sprit
839:
830:
818:Austronesian
816:Traditional
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
758:
753:
747:
745:
741:
694:
686:
614:
611:
407:
393:
379:
370:
339:
330:
321:
314:
304:
285:
268:
262:
237:
229:
225:
221:
215:
209:
205:
199:
191:
184:
171:
161:
155:
146:
141:Types of rig
131:
110:
104:
99:
96:Introduction
79:
42:
40:
18:Sailing rigs
5046:Age of Sail
4362:Three-sided
4120:Mersey flat
4098:Other types
3887:Barca-longa
3789:Down Easter
3426:Bomb vessel
3378:K'un-lun po
3356:Quadriremes
3341:Penteconter
3228:Quadrimaran
3049:Barquentine
2965:Bermuda rig
2934:Age of Sail
2810:Nabatea.net
2764:15 February
2475:(1): 1–23.
2118:"Sail plan"
1881:Barquentine
1849:Combination
1626:gaff-rigged
1608:gaff-rigged
1430: 1599
1354:Angkor Thom
1333:Junk (ship)
1306:Micronesian
1248:tanja sails
1246:with three
1108:square sail
1104:New Zealand
1090:square sail
966:during the
874:Philippines
847:Philippines
826:tanja sails
661:barquentine
497:gaff rigged
481:settee sail
429:square sail
162:Marconi rig
157:Bermuda rig
82:windsurfers
5051:Tall ships
5030:Categories
5006:Turnbuckle
4934:Clevis pin
4900:Components
4834:Cunningham
4814:Boomkicker
4779:Stay mouse
4701:Crosstrees
4545:Components
4525:Topgallant
4520:Tanja sail
4438:Four-sided
4295:Ljungström
4084:Treenailed
4064:Lashed lug
4059:Inflatable
4038:Windsurfer
4023:Sportsboat
3972:Well smack
3841:Windjammer
3768:Trincadour
3738:Padewakang
3588:Man-of-war
3527:Trabaccolo
3466:Malangbang
3268:Vaka katea
3218:Pentamaran
3059:Brigantine
3020:Square rig
3015:Pinisi rig
2995:Lateen rig
2985:Gunter rig
2949:Navigation
2422:22 October
2055:2023-04-15
2031:References
1926:Brigantine
1687:gunter rig
1370:East Asian
1366:Indonesian
1327:See also:
1290:padewakang
1179:tanja sail
1173:Tanja sail
1139:New Guinea
1122:Polynesian
1086:Melanesian
1068:low-stress
1063:beam reach
1032:outriggers
1008:See also:
992:Madagascar
980:Micronesia
798:See also:
777:topgallant
717:topgallant
637:brigantine
581:Spinnakers
513:gunter rig
402:navy ships
389:of a boat.
239:Square rig
217:Tanja sail
193:Lateen rig
5001:Traveller
4989:gooseneck
4969:Ring bolt
4876:Preventer
4839:Clewlines
4829:Buntlines
4819:Boom vang
4757:Lazy jack
4652:Jackstaff
4603:Tell-tale
4593:Sailcloth
4558:Bolt rope
4535:Watersail
4505:Spritsail
4475:Moonraker
4460:Junk sail
4450:Fisherman
4419:Spinnaker
4414:Screecher
4374:Crab claw
4331:Turbosail
4326:Rotorsail
4079:Tall ship
3907:Gableboat
3821:Leti leti
3811:Janggolan
3743:Post ship
3614:de armada
3603:Speronara
3331:Fire ship
3263:Va'a-tele
3188:Kora kora
3153:Catamaran
3119:Multihull
3025:Tanja rig
2970:Crab claw
2927:Overviews
2914:Types of
2872:26571876M
2551:The Bugis
1630:headsails
1438:junk rigs
1309:catamaran
1221:gaff rigs
1205:bowsprits
1106:V-shaped
1088:V-shaped
1048:Polynesia
998:Crab claw
988:Polynesia
968:Neolithic
960:monohulls
948:catamaran
932:crab claw
865:Marquesas
835:Sri Lanka
761:staysails
736:moonraker
596:Staysails
445:junk sail
406:HMS
404:(such as
323:spinnaker
275:(or luff)
111:Endeavour
105:Endeavour
103:HMS
75:sail plan
4954:Footrope
4949:Fairlead
4844:Downhaul
4794:forestay
4789:backstay
4772:ratlines
4744:Standing
4711:Spreader
4635:Bowsprit
4578:Jackline
4515:Studding
4509:Optimist
4480:Ringtail
4465:Lug sail
4455:Foresail
4424:Staysail
4409:Ringtail
4379:Gennaker
4336:Wingsail
4300:Mast-aft
4033:Wharrams
3952:Sixareen
3947:Nordland
3942:Patorani
3728:Gundalow
3713:Gallivat
3698:Chialoup
3693:Bilander
3642:Corvette
3558:Galleass
3517:Lancaran
3476:Tongkang
3461:Longship
3411:Balinger
3311:Balangay
3258:Ungalawa
3253:Trimaran
3248:Tongiaki
3243:Tipairua
3094:Schooner
2990:Junk rig
2980:Gaff rig
2860:(1925).
2527:25168892
2481:20078617
2413:Archived
2316:(2016).
1995:Kite rig
1979:See also
1896:Bilander
1767:Schooner
1632:, and a
1524:Japanese
1509:balaciĂłn
1454:Chinese
1358:Cambodia
1339:junk rig
1323:Junk rig
1286:Makassar
1263:Makassar
1209:headsail
1187:halyards
1156:Hawaiian
1059:shunting
788:bowsprit
697:mainmast
690:Preussen
645:schooner
629:bilander
598:include
398:drifters
372:lug sail
355:gaff-rig
341:mainsail
332:gennaker
298:bowsprit
286:headsail
270:staysail
173:Gaff rig
166:mainsail
86:iceboats
63:"square"
4996:Trapeze
4979:Shackle
4939:Deadeye
4871:Outhaul
4854:Halyard
4806:Running
4752:Bobstay
4735:Rigging
4686:Boomkin
4657:Jibboom
4568:Emblems
4563:Cringle
4530:Topsail
4495:Spanker
4490:Skysail
4429:Trysail
4265:B&R
4260:Bermuda
4253:Textile
4226:rigging
4169:Related
3967:Tartane
3917:Jangada
3897:Felucca
3892:Falkuša
3850:20th c.
3804:Warship
3794:Golekan
3777:19th c.
3703:Clipper
3686:18th c.
3672:Polacca
3652:Frigate
3630:17th c.
3598:Patache
3593:Manchua
3568:Flyboat
3553:Galleon
3536:16th c.
3507:Caravel
3497:Carrack
3490:15th c.
3456:Kondura
3421:Birlinn
3351:Trireme
3303:Ancient
3238:Tepukei
3193:Lakatoi
3183:Karakoa
3163:Guilalo
3148:Camakau
3133:Amatasi
3121:vessels
3089:Mistico
3064:Catboat
3005:Lug rig
2916:sailing
2293:Collins
2124:. 2023.
1941:Polacre
1735:lug rig
1668:Felucca
1604:Catboat
1582:Gallery
1576:halyard
1544:Felucca
1527:kai-sen
1505:Tagalog
1381:shrouds
1194:lugsail
1052:pincers
1037:halyard
974:, from
942:") and
919:Vietnam
730:skysail
711:topsail
665:polacre
617:catboat
465:lugsail
449:battens
288:is any
71:battens
55:rigging
36:frigate
4984:Swivel
4959:Gasket
4944:Earing
4864:throat
4824:Braces
4767:Shroud
4553:Batten
4445:Course
4404:Raffee
4394:Lateen
4349:Sails
4310:Square
4305:Pinisi
4285:Gunter
4160:Wherry
4135:Pausik
3993:Dinghy
3937:Mayang
3932:Masula
3927:Lugger
3922:Jukung
3826:Palari
3748:74-gun
3733:Lanong
3657:Galeas
3583:Lorcha
3548:Galiot
3512:Ghurab
3471:Shitik
3416:Benawa
3366:Dromon
3346:Bireme
3336:Galley
3198:Lanong
3168:Jukung
3138:Baurua
3069:Cutter
3044:Barque
2870:
2842:
2815:21 May
2755:
2728:
2690:
2635:
2607:
2582:
2557:
2525:
2479:
2405:
2373:
2324:
2298:12 May
2253:
2226:
2199:
2172:
2145:
2100:
2051:. 2023
1866:Barque
1805:Square
1731:Lugger
1683:Gunter
1653:lateen
1622:Cutter
1572:reefed
1471:reefed
1419:djongs
1389:sheets
1267:benawa
1243:lanong
1239:Iranun
1198:reefed
1183:bamboo
1025:sprits
990:, and
936:lateen
856:Tahiti
773:mizzen
705:course
657:barque
651:, and
621:cutter
550:lateen
381:mizzen
245:barque
117:Design
88:, and
5011:Winch
4927:bitts
4922:Cleat
4917:Block
4881:Sheet
4784:Stays
4716:Sprit
4696:Truck
4617:Spars
4588:Roach
4573:Draft
4485:Royal
4384:Genoa
4319:Other
4240:Rigs
4222:spars
4218:Sails
4115:Fusta
4069:Razee
4043:Yacht
3962:Smack
3957:Sgoth
3902:Fifie
3877:Bagan
3831:Tamar
3816:Lambo
3718:Garay
3621:Xebec
3610:round
3573:Fluyt
3563:Ghali
3481:Zabra
3446:Knarr
3388:Mtepe
3316:Boita
3273:Vinta
3233:Takia
3213:Paraw
3178:Kalia
3143:Bigiw
3128:ʻalia
3099:Sloop
3084:Ketch
2523:JSTOR
2477:JSTOR
2416:(PDF)
2395:(PDF)
2045:"Rig"
2001:Notes
1809:With
1782:Sloop
1716:Ketch
1560:India
1556:dhows
1490:pinas
1486:Malay
1473:sails
1460:chuán
1434:tanja
1385:stays
1374:Japan
1352:) of
1329:Djong
1167:Tanja
1041:proas
978:, to
944:tanja
940:sprit
769:above
765:below
734:main
728:main
724:royal
722:main
715:main
709:main
703:main
641:ketch
625:sloop
387:stern
315:genoa
251:yards
228:, or
127:sloop
67:Spars
51:sails
47:masts
4886:Tack
4859:peak
4721:Yard
4691:Gaff
4681:Boom
4673:mast
4290:Junk
4280:Gaff
4224:and
4150:Scow
4145:Pram
4089:ULDB
4074:Sewn
3977:Yoal
3882:Bago
3763:Toop
3723:Grab
3667:Pink
3662:Koff
3451:Koch
3441:Jong
3436:Hulk
3383:Lepa
3373:Junk
3326:Dhow
3223:Proa
3208:Pahi
3173:Kaep
3158:Drua
3109:Yawl
3104:Snow
3054:Brig
2920:rigs
2840:ISBN
2817:2024
2766:2023
2753:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2424:2019
2403:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2300:2019
2251:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2023:has.
1971:Snow
1826:Brig
1797:Yawl
1749:Proa
1701:Junk
1655:sail
1649:Dhow
1549:Dhow
1542:and
1540:Dhow
1456:junk
1436:and
1331:and
1317:Junk
1217:jibs
1010:Proa
781:main
771:the
667:and
653:yawl
649:snow
633:brig
623:and
600:jibs
400:and
383:sail
294:mast
290:sail
279:stay
178:spar
53:and
4849:Guy
4671:On
4627:bow
4625:On
4389:Jib
4270:Cat
3612:or
3522:Hoy
3431:Cog
3393:Uru
3034:By
2515:doi
1462:) (
1383:or
1376:.
1272:jib
994:.
950:),
306:jib
208:or
137:).
69:or
43:rig
5032::
4220:,
3278:Wa
2868:OL
2856:;
2808:.
2619:^
2535:^
2521:.
2511:21
2509:.
2505:.
2489:^
2471:.
2467:.
2447:^
2411:.
2336:^
2291:.
2265:^
2120:.
2084:^
2058:.
2047:.
1464:c.
1427:c.
1425:,
1356:,
1347:c.
1223:.
986:,
982:,
909:)
897:)
885:)
876:)
867:)
858:)
849:)
756:.
738:.
692:.
663:,
659:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
635:,
631:,
619:,
564:A
548:A
532:A
511:A
495:A
479:A
463:A
443:A
427:A
392:A
378:A
369:A
360:A
353:A
338:A
329:A
320:A
313:A
303:A
284:A
267:A
224:,
84:,
61:,
49:,
4511:)
4507:(
4355:)
4351:(
4246:)
4242:(
4210:e
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4196:v
3709:)
3705:(
3616:)
2907:e
2900:t
2893:v
2874:.
2848:.
2819:.
2768:.
2734:.
2696:.
2641:.
2613:.
2588:.
2563:.
2529:.
2517::
2483:.
2473:6
2426:.
2379:.
2330:.
2302:.
2259:.
2232:.
2205:.
2178:.
2151:.
2106:.
1458:(
1421:(
1345:(
1023:"
921:)
917:(
912:I
905:(
900:H
893:(
888:G
879:F
870:E
861:D
852:C
845:(
840:B
837:)
831:A
828:.
602:.
451:.
300:.
281:.
247:.
168:.
20:)
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