2442:, and any list party which does not receive at least a specified percentage of list votes will not be allocated any seats, even if it received enough votes to have otherwise receive a seat. Examples of countries using the Sainte-Laguë method with a threshold are Germany and New Zealand (5%), although the threshold does not apply if a party wins at least one electorate seat in New Zealand or three electorate seats in Germany. Sweden uses a modified Sainte-Laguë method with a 4% threshold, and a 12% threshold in individual constituencies (i.e. a political party can gain representation with a minuscule representation on the national stage, if its vote share in at least one constituency exceeded 12%). Norway has a threshold of 4% to qualify for
913:
1656:
48:
888:
900:
2406:; in this method, the quota is called a "divisor". For a given value of the divisor, the population count for each region is divided by this divisor and then rounded to give the number of legislators to allocate to that region. In order to make the total number of legislators come out equal to the target number, the divisor is adjusted to make the sum of allocated seats after being rounded give the required total.
2375:/1.2. That is, the modified method changes the sequence of divisors used in this method from (1, 3, 5, 7, ...) to (1.4, 3, 5, 7, ...). This makes it more difficult for parties to earn only one seat, compared to the unmodified Sainte-Laguë's method. With the modified method, such small parties do not get any seats; these seats are instead given to a larger party.
2422: + 1/2, so at each step the next region to get a seat will be the one with the largest value of this quotient. That means that this successive adjustment method for implementing Webster's method allocates seats in the same order to the same regions as the Sainte-Laguë method would allocate them.
3218:
3149:
Mathematically, divisor methods for allocating seats to parties on the basis of party vote shares are identical to divisor methods for allocating seats to geographic units on the basis of the unit's share of the total population. ... Similarly, the Sainte-Laguë method is identical to a method devised
2621:, but uses different divisors. The Jefferson/D'Hondt method favors larger parties while the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method doesn't. The Webster/Sainte-Laguë method is generally seen as more proportional, but risks an outcome where a party with more than half the votes can win fewer than half the seats.
2398:
Webster and Sainte-Laguë methods should be treated as two methods with the same result, because the
Webster method is used for allocating seats based on states' population, and the Sainte-Laguë based on parties' votes. Webster invented his method for legislative apportionment (allocating legislative
2378:
Norway further amends this system by utilizing a two-tier proportionality. The number of members to be returned from each of Norway's 19 constituencies (former counties) depends on the population and area of the county: each inhabitant counts one point, while each km counts 1.8 points. Furthermore,
2409:
One way to determine the correct value of the divisor would be to start with a very large divisor, so that no seats are allocated after rounding. Then the divisor may be successively decreased until one seat, two seats, three seats and finally the total number of seats are allocated. The number of
2425:
In 1980 the German physicist Hans
Schepers, at the time Head of the Data Processing Group of the German Bundestag, suggested that the distribution of seats according to d'Hondt be modified to avoid putting smaller parties at a disadvantage. German media started using the term Schepers Method and
1173:
In this example, 230,000 voters decide the disposition of 8 seats among 4 parties. Since 8 seats are to be allocated, each party's total votes are divided by 1, then by 3, and 5 (and then, if necessary, by 7, 9, 11, 13, and so on by using the formula above) every time the number of votes is the
3226:
2331:
1017:
attempt to distribute seats in proportion to the votes for each political party, i.e. a party with 30% of votes would receive 30% of seats. Exact proportionality is not possible because only whole seats can be distributed. Different
2167:
2446:
that are allocated according to the national distribution of votes. This means that even though a party is below the threshold of 4% nationally, they can still get seats from constituencies in which they are particularly popular.
1177:
For comparison, the "True proportion" column shows the exact fractional numbers of seats due, calculated in proportion to the number of votes received. (For example, 100,000/230,000 × 8 = 3.48.)
2399:
seats to regions based on their share of the population) rather than elections (allocating legislative seats to parties based on their share of the votes) but this makes no difference to the calculations in the method.
3336:
2171:
Second, the error for each party is weighted according to the vote share of each party to represent each voter equally. In the last step, the errors for each party are summed up. This error is identical to the
1782:
stipulates each region must be allocated at least 3 seats and that the ratio of electors to seats is as nearly as possible the same for each, the
Commission found the Sainte-Laguë method produced the smallest
3009:
3311:
1131:
2181:
1958:
871:
2032:
555:
1987:
approach. First, the difference between the seats-to-votes ratio for a party and the ideal seats-to-votes ratio is calculated and squared to obtain the error for the party
1022:, of which the Sainte-Laguë method is one, exist to distribute the seats according to the votes. Different apportionment methods show different levels of proportionality,
574:
1155:
Whichever party has the highest quotient gets the next seat allocated, and their quotient is recalculated. The process is repeated until all seats have been allocated.
3354:
1901:
1874:
1827:
3005:
3118:
2025:
2005:
1981:
1847:
2693:
Sainte-Laguë, André. "La représentation proportionnelle et la méthode des moindres carrés." Annales scientifiques de l'école
Normale Supérieure. Vol. 27. 1910.
1158:
The
Webster/Sainte-Laguë method does not ensure that a party receiving more than half the votes will win at least half the seats; nor does its modified form.
3304:
2596:
941:
778:
3221:[The Iraqi House of Representatives votes for the electoral law and schedules next meeting to Thursday after approving Kirkuk's elections law].
2662:
1030:. The Sainte-Laguë method minimizes the average seats-to-votes ratio deviation and empirically shows the best proportionality behavior and more equal
3504:
2719:
1779:
3954:
3399:
For example with three seats, a 55-25-20 vote is seen to be more proportionally represented by an allocation of 1-1-1 seats than by 2-1-0.
3722:
3256:
With the reimplementation of the Sainte-Lague proportional representation system, candidates on lists ... will have a distinct advantage.
632:
3379:
3337:"European Parliament (Number of MEPs and Distribution between Electoral Regions) (United Kingdom and Gibraltar) Order 2008 - Hansard"
2388:
998:
3190:
2707:
Pennisi, Aline. "Disproportionality indexes and robustness of proportional allocation methods." Electoral
Studies 17.1 (1998): 3-19.
1754:
would allocate four seats to party A and no seats to party D, reflecting the D'Hondt method's overrepresentation of larger parties.
3850:
3702:
3472:
664:
526:
521:
3949:
3727:
934:
627:
3712:
3497:
983:
309:
3430:
2907:
2570:
4076:
3358:
2938:(2003), "Degrees of proportionality of proportional representation formulas", in Grofman, Bernard; Lijphart, Arend (eds.),
833:
84:
1001:(Act of 25 June 1842, ch 46, 5 Stat. 491). The same method was independently invented in 1910 by the French mathematician
3759:
1090:
2767:
2562:
927:
1034:
for different sized parties among apportionment methods. Among other common methods, the D'Hondt method favours large
3490:
3142:
2947:
2870:
2524:
828:
3944:
3890:
818:
568:
539:
479:
3219:"البرلمان العراقي يصوت بالإجماع على قانون الانتخابات ويرفع جلسته الى الخميس المقبل بعد قراءة قانون انتخابات كركوك"
3165:
1909:
4071:
3742:
2566:
2528:
550:
75:
2508:
4114:
4094:
3870:
613:
1963:
The Sainte-Laguë method approximates proportionality by optimizing the seats-to-votes ratio among all parties
677:
3267:
2673:
2532:
255:
240:
225:
3913:
3898:
3717:
2547:
491:
414:
335:
3707:
2387:
Webster proposed the method in the United States
Congress in 1832 for proportional allocation of seats in
3964:
3687:
3677:
3538:
2326:{\displaystyle error=\sum _{i}v_{i}*error_{i}=\sum _{i}{v_{i}*\left({\frac {s_{i}}{v_{i}}}-1\right)^{2}}}
1763:
856:
303:
285:
126:
3929:
3620:
3458:
747:
730:
697:
461:
449:
419:
220:
178:
111:
3453:
2624:
When there are two parties, the
Webster method is the unique divisor method which is identical to the
3979:
3934:
3880:
3792:
3463:
3105:
2391:. In 1842 the method was adopted (Act of June 25, 1842, ch 46, 5 Stat. 491). It was then replaced by
603:
596:
80:
2516:
3969:
3855:
3813:
3732:
3657:
3593:
3551:
3025:"Don't let the lawyers do the math: Some problems of legislative districting in the UK and the USA"
2968:
2637:
2625:
2403:
2392:
1775:
1055:
1019:
657:
585:
437:
424:
407:
384:
362:
325:
315:
2742:
2007:. To achieve equal representation of each voter, the ideal ratio of seats share to votes share is
1151:
is the number of seats that have been allocated so far to that party, initially 0 for all parties.
866:
4119:
3994:
3984:
3959:
3775:
3652:
3588:
2612:
2439:
2344:
1771:
1063:
1043:
1027:
1002:
972:
783:
637:
320:
752:
4035:
3974:
3837:
2456:
812:
692:
622:
429:
3132:
2967:
Miller, Nicholas R. (February 2013), "Election inversions under proportional representation",
2954:
2379:
one seat from each constituency is allocated according to the national distribution of votes.
1766:, it is particularly important to avoid bias between large parties and small parties to avoid
3939:
3860:
3625:
2581:
1051:
1023:
720:
560:
444:
250:
229:
161:
139:
3240:
2173:
4009:
3578:
2520:
1879:
1852:
1805:
1800:
1031:
987:
975:
851:
838:
806:
70:
8:
3989:
3583:
2574:
2162:{\displaystyle error_{i}=(a_{i}-a_{ideal})^{2}=\left({\frac {s_{i}}{v_{i}}}-1\right)^{2}}
1476:
The 8 highest entries (in the current round of calculation) are marked by asterisk: from
1165:; that is, in order to be allocated seats, a minimum percentage of votes must be gained.
1162:
1047:
1039:
757:
591:
244:
4030:
3640:
3598:
3006:"Distribution of UK Members of the European Parliament ahead of the European elections"
2839:
2831:
2786:
2512:
2435:
2418: + 1 exactly when the divisor equals the population of the region divided by
2010:
1990:
1966:
1832:
1784:
917:
788:
399:
183:
2942:, Agathon series on representation, vol. 1, Algora Publishing, pp. 170–179,
2738:
3999:
3908:
3865:
3785:
3630:
3615:
3573:
3426:
3138:
3088:
3046:
2943:
2903:
2866:
2859:
2843:
2618:
2589:
1788:
1751:
1067:
912:
823:
793:
715:
652:
486:
213:
188:
171:
39:
3477:
3065:
2718:
Schuster, Karsten; Pukelsheim, Friedrich; Drton, Mathias; Draper, Norman R. (2003).
2692:
2599:
in 2011 as the method for calculating the distribution of seats in elections to the
4040:
3672:
3528:
3513:
3418:
3279:
3195:
3080:
3036:
2895:
2823:
2782:
2734:
1774:
showed theoretically that the Sainte-Laguë method shows the lowest average bias in
1767:
1014:
904:
861:
740:
454:
330:
156:
150:
132:
121:
116:
104:
65:
27:
3119:
Stortinget; General
Elections; The main features of the Norwegian electoral system
4088:
4004:
3845:
3823:
3635:
3556:
3546:
3524:
2814:
Lijphart, Arend (1990). "The
Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85".
2790:
1035:
967:
892:
725:
580:
545:
466:
377:
280:
203:
145:
23:
3422:
2899:
2768:"Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional? A New Look with New Evidence"
2706:
3903:
3608:
3568:
3386:
2935:
2600:
2593:
2543:, correcting the disproportionality of the D'Hondt method for the other seats.
2443:
994:
979:
762:
702:
687:
498:
367:
342:
193:
3410:
3041:
3024:
2887:
4108:
3647:
3092:
3050:
1984:
771:
471:
259:
97:
60:
35:
3106:
Holmberg, Kaj (2019), "A new method for optimal proportional representation"
2371:/1.4, though from the general 2018 elections onwards, Sweden has been using
3662:
3603:
3467:
3292:
1655:
511:
275:
268:
198:
2970:
Annual Meeting of the Public Choice Society, New Orleans, March 8-10, 2013
997:. In 1842, the method was adopted for proportional allocation of seats in
47:
4045:
3808:
3747:
3667:
3563:
3415:
Proportional Representation: Apportionment Methods and Their Applications
3108:. Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University Department of Mathematics, p.8.
2892:
Proportional Representation: Apportionment Methods and Their Applications
2577:
to constituent countries of the United Kingdom and the English regions.
2573:
has used the method from 2003 to 2013 to distribute British seats in the
2484:
993:
The method was first described in 1832 by American statesman and senator
389:
347:
290:
235:
887:
3818:
3754:
3131:
Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (2011),
3084:
2835:
1059:
2720:"Seat biases of apportionment methods for proportional representation"
2335:
It was shown that this error is minimized by the Sainte-Laguë method.
4055:
4050:
3066:"La représentation proportionnelle et la méthode des moindres carrés"
2540:
2500:
2464:
357:
352:
3482:
2827:
3875:
1079:
608:
3737:
2585:
2554:
2536:
2504:
2496:
2460:
394:
2426:
later German literature usually calls it Sainte-Laguë/Schepers.
4025:
2888:"From Reals to Integers: Rounding Functions and Rounding Rules"
2558:
2550:
between electoral districts and for votes to seats allocation.
2492:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2356:
2352:
1082:
are calculated for each party. The formula for the quotient is
899:
3417:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 159–183,
3268:
Sainte-Laguë method to decide PR seats, Ram Kumar Kamat, 2022
2717:
2480:
2348:
1778:, confirmed by different theoretical and empirical ways. The
2546:
Some cantons in Switzerland use the Sainte-Laguë method for
1794:
1487:
The below chart is an easy way to perform the calculation:
3409:
Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2017), Pukelsheim, Friedrich (ed.),
2992:
Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote
2894:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 59–70,
2886:
Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2017), Pukelsheim, Friedrich (ed.),
2861:
Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote
2663:"Seat bias formulas in proportional representation systems"
2468:
2363: = 0). These countries changed the quotient from
3130:
2402:
Webster's method is defined in terms of a quota as in the
3134:
International Encyclopedia of Political Science, Volume 1
2359:, change the quotient formula for parties with no seats (
1042:
over small parties. While favoring large parties reduces
990:
for different sized parties among apportionment methods.
3160:
3158:
2856:
3478:
Java D'Hondt, Saint-Lague and Hare-Niemeyer calculator
3411:"Securing System Consistency: Coherence and Paradoxes"
3293:
Bericht 09.1775.02 der vorberatenden Spezialkommission
3155:
2455:
The Webster/Sainte-Laguë method is currently used in
2184:
2035:
2013:
1993:
1969:
1912:
1882:
1855:
1835:
1808:
1145:
is the total number of votes that party received, and
1093:
3191:"New votes-to-seats system makes elections 'fairer'"
3305:"Distribution of UK MEPs between electoral regions"
3073:
Annales scientifiques de l'École normale supérieure
1126:{\displaystyle {\text{quotient}}={\frac {V}{2s+1}}}
986:system. The Sainte-Laguë method shows a more equal
2858:
2597:Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government
2410:allocated seats for a given region increases from
2325:
2161:
2019:
1999:
1975:
1952:
1895:
1868:
1841:
1821:
1484:; for each, the corresponding party gets a seat.
1125:
1078:After all the votes have been tallied, successive
3473:Elections New Zealand explanation of Sainte-Laguë
2395:and in 1911 the Webster method was reintroduced.
4106:
3117:Norway's Ministry of Local Government website;
2940:Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences
2338:
2989:
2953:See in particular the section "Sainte-Lague",
2606:
1174:biggest for the current round of calculation.
3498:
3459:Seats Calculator with the Sainte-Laguë method
2985:
2983:
1780:European Parliament (Representation) Act 2003
1050:as well. The Sainte-Laguë method shows fewer
935:
3955:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
3063:
2553:The Webster/Sainte-Laguë method was used in
1953:{\displaystyle a_{i}={\frac {s_{i}}{v_{i}}}}
16:Proportional-representation electoral system
2990:Balinski, Michel L.; Peyton, Young (1982).
2656:
2654:
2652:
2603:, the country's upper house of parliament.
1849:is the ratio between the fraction of seats
978:for allocating seats in a parliament among
3505:
3491:
3408:
3150:by the American legislator Daniel Webster.
2980:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2885:
2857:Balinski, Michel; H. Peyton Young (1982).
2660:
1654:
942:
928:
3241:"Implications of Iraq's New Election Law"
3040:
2389:United States congressional apportionment
1795:Proportionality under Sainte-Laguë method
999:United States congressional apportionment
3245:Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington
3170:The Federal Returning Officer of Germany
2934:
2813:
2688:
2686:
2649:
2499:it is used on the federal level for the
3950:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
3728:Sequential proportional approval voting
3464:Java implementation of Webster's method
2921:
2702:
2700:
4107:
3022:
2966:
2765:
2429:
984:party-list proportional representation
3512:
3486:
2816:The American Political Science Review
2683:
2539:it is used for leveling seats in the
1636:
966:
3233:
3057:
2697:
2580:The method has been proposed by the
1643:Party-list PR — Sainte-Laguë method
3760:Indirect single transferable voting
3310:. Electoral Commission. July 2013.
3280:"Danish Parliamentary Election Law"
3029:Mathematical and Computer Modelling
3008:. European Parliament. 2007-06-04.
2611:The method belongs to the class of
2450:
13:
3402:
3380:"House of Lords Reform Draft Bill"
2787:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029822
46:
14:
4131:
3447:
2503:, and on the state level for the
3023:McLean, Iain (1 November 2008).
3012:from the original on 2019-07-04.
911:
898:
886:
834:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
480:Semi-proportional representation
112:First preference plurality (FPP)
3393:
3372:
3355:"Ireland's Green Party website"
3347:
3329:
3317:from the original on 2021-09-04
3297:
3286:
3272:
3261:
3211:
3183:
3124:
3111:
3099:
3016:
2998:
2960:
2567:Palestinian Legislative Council
3871:Mixed ballot transferable vote
2879:
2850:
2807:
2759:
2711:
2661:Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2007).
2100:
2061:
1073:
872:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
829:Moulin's impossibility theorem
794:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
3454:Excel Sainte-Laguë calculator
2739:10.1016/S0261-3794(02)00027-6
2643:
1757:
1008:
698:Frustrated majorities paradox
4072:Comparison of voting systems
3914:Satisfaction approval voting
3899:Single non-transferable vote
3718:Proportional approval voting
3225:. 2013-11-04. Archived from
2569:in 2006. The United Kingdom
2548:biproportional apportionment
2339:Modified Sainte-Laguë method
1624:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1589:
1584:
1565:
1560:
1537:
1532:
1046:, this can be achieved with
867:Condorcet dominance theorems
807:Social and collective choice
7:
3678:Graduated majority judgment
3423:10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_9
2900:10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_3
2670:4th ECPR General Conference
2631:
2607:Comparison to other methods
1764:proportional representation
1762:When apportioning seats in
533:By mechanism of combination
304:Proportional representation
10:
4136:
3930:Condorcet winner criterion
3621:First-past-the-post voting
2382:
1876:and the fraction of votes
1168:
731:Multiple districts paradox
462:Fractional approval voting
450:Interactive representation
4085:
4077:Voting systems by country
4064:
4018:
3980:Mutual majority criterion
3935:Condorcet loser criterion
3922:
3889:
3881:Vote linkage mixed system
3836:
3801:
3793:Largest remainders method
3768:
3695:
3686:
3537:
3520:
3121:; accessed 22 August 2009
3064:Sainte-Laguë, A. (1910).
3042:10.1016/j.mcm.2008.05.025
1726:
1653:
1642:
1639:
1618:
1056:largest remainder methods
678:Paradoxes and pathologies
527:Mixed-member proportional
522:Mixed-member majoritarian
517:By results of combination
408:Approval-based committees
3970:Majority loser criterion
3856:Additional member system
3814:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
3733:Single transferable vote
3658:Positional voting system
3594:Minimax Condorcet method
3552:Combined approval voting
2766:Benoit, Kenneth (2000).
2638:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
2619:Jefferson/D'Hondt method
2614:highest-averages methods
2404:largest remainder method
1064:highest averages methods
982:, or among parties in a
857:Condorcet's jury theorem
658:Double simultaneous vote
633:Rural–urban proportional
628:Dual-member proportional
590:
579:
546:Parallel (superposition)
438:Fractional social choice
425:Expanding approvals rule
254:
239:
224:
155:
144:
120:
3995:Resolvability criterion
3985:Participation criterion
3960:Later-no-harm criterion
3776:Highest averages method
3389:. May 2011. p. 16.
3166:"Sainte-Laguë/Schepers"
2617:. It is similar to the
2588:as a reform for use in
2440:political fragmentation
2347:, some countries, e.g.
2345:political fragmentation
1052:apportionment paradoxes
1044:political fragmentation
1028:political fragmentation
1024:apportionment paradoxes
784:Tyranny of the majority
561:Fusion (majority bonus)
378:Quota-remainder methods
4036:First-preference votes
3975:Monotonicity criterion
3945:Independence of clones
3648:Simple majoritarianism
2592:elections, and by the
2525:North Rhine-Westphalia
2457:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2327:
2163:
2021:
2001:
1977:
1954:
1897:
1870:
1843:
1829:for a political party
1823:
1127:
918:Mathematics portal
824:Majority impossibility
813:Impossibility theorems
609:Negative vote transfer
430:Method of equal shares
51:
4115:Apportionment methods
3940:Consistency criterion
3861:Alternative vote plus
3626:Instant-runoff voting
3341:hansard.parliament.uk
3137:, SAGE, p. 754,
2438:can be set to reduce
2328:
2164:
2022:
2002:
1978:
1955:
1898:
1896:{\displaystyle v_{i}}
1871:
1869:{\displaystyle s_{i}}
1844:
1824:
1822:{\displaystyle a_{i}}
1787:when compared to the
1128:
1020:apportionment methods
964:French pronunciation:
721:Best-is-worst paradox
710:Pathological response
445:Direct representation
98:Single-winner methods
50:
4010:Seats-to-votes ratio
3781:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
2571:Electoral Commission
2529:Rhineland-Palatinate
2182:
2033:
2011:
1991:
1967:
1910:
1880:
1853:
1833:
1806:
1801:seats-to-votes ratio
1091:
1048:electoral thresholds
1032:seats-to-votes ratio
988:seats-to-votes ratio
976:apportionment method
968:[sɛ̃t.la.ɡy]
905:Economics portal
852:Median voter theorem
71:Comparative politics
3990:Plurality criterion
3589:Kemeny–Young method
2679:on 7 February 2009.
2575:European Parliament
2430:Threshold for seats
1750:In comparison, the
1163:electoral threshold
960:Sainte-Laguë method
893:Politics portal
604:Vote linkage system
575:Seat linkage system
162:Ranked-choice (RCV)
4031:Election threshold
3965:Majority criterion
3641:Supplementary vote
3085:10.24033/asens.627
2775:Political Analysis
2533:Schleswig-Holstein
2436:election threshold
2323:
2260:
2212:
2174:Sainte-Laguë Index
2159:
2017:
1997:
1973:
1950:
1893:
1866:
1839:
1819:
1785:standard deviation
1772:André Sainte-Laguë
1418:seats after round
1359:seats after round
1292:seats after round
1225:seats after round
1189:(1 seat per round)
1161:Often there is an
1123:
1003:André Sainte-Laguë
958:, also called the
789:Discursive dilemma
748:Lesser evil voting
623:Supermixed systems
326:Largest remainders
184:Round-robin voting
52:
4102:
4101:
4000:Reversal symmetry
3909:Cumulative voting
3891:Semi-proportional
3866:Mixed single vote
3832:
3831:
3708:Mixed single vote
3616:Exhaustive ballot
3579:Copeland's method
3574:Condorcet methods
3514:Electoral systems
3432:978-3-319-64707-4
2909:978-3-319-64707-4
2727:Electoral Studies
2509:Baden-Württemberg
2303:
2251:
2203:
2140:
2020:{\displaystyle 1}
2000:{\displaystyle i}
1976:{\displaystyle i}
1948:
1842:{\displaystyle i}
1748:
1747:
1629:
1628:
1474:
1473:
1416:Party D quotient
1357:Party C quotient
1290:Party B quotient
1223:Party A quotient
1121:
1097:
1015:electoral systems
952:
951:
839:Gibbard's theorem
779:Dominance paradox
716:Perverse response
420:Phragmen's method
286:Majority judgment
214:Positional voting
172:Condorcet methods
40:electoral systems
4127:
4041:Liquid democracy
3693:
3692:
3673:Two-round system
3584:Dodgson's method
3507:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3357:. Archived from
3351:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3196:The Jakarta Post
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3035:(9): 1446–1454.
3020:
3014:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2865:. Yale Univ Pr.
2864:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2789:. Archived from
2772:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2741:. Archived from
2724:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2695:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2672:. Archived from
2667:
2658:
2451:Usage by country
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1903:for that party:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1791:and Hare quota.
1768:strategic voting
1658:
1648:Number of seats
1634:
1633:
1510:True proportion
1490:
1489:
1181:
1180:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1098:
1095:
973:highest averages
970:
965:
944:
937:
930:
916:
915:
903:
902:
891:
890:
846:Positive results
741:Strategic voting
638:Majority jackpot
595:
584:
455:Liquid democracy
331:National remnant
321:Highest averages
258:
243:
228:
160:
151:Alternative vote
149:
133:Partisan primary
125:
66:Mechanism design
19:
18:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4081:
4060:
4014:
4005:Smith criterion
3918:
3885:
3846:Parallel voting
3828:
3824:Imperiali quota
3797:
3764:
3682:
3636:Contingent vote
3599:Nanson's method
3557:Unified primary
3547:Approval voting
3533:
3516:
3511:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3021:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2936:Lijphart, Arend
2933:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2855:
2851:
2828:10.2307/1963530
2812:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2626:Hamilton method
2609:
2453:
2432:
2393:Hamilton method
2385:
2341:
2316:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2153:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1760:
1631:
1506:
1171:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1011:
963:
948:
910:
909:
897:
885:
877:
876:
843:
819:Arrow's theorem
809:
799:
798:
767:
737:
726:No-show paradox
707:
693:Cloning paradox
683:Spoiler effects
680:
670:
669:
644:
531:
514:
504:
503:
476:
467:Maximal lottery
434:
415:Thiele's method
404:
374:
306:
296:
295:
281:Approval voting
269:Cardinal voting
265:
210:
204:Maximal lottery
168:
100:
90:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4120:Daniel Webster
4117:
4100:
4099:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Limited voting
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Coombs' method
3623:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:Schulze method
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3569:Bucklin voting
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3448:External links
3446:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3401:
3392:
3387:Cabinet Office
3371:
3346:
3328:
3296:
3285:
3271:
3260:
3232:
3229:on 2017-09-23.
3210:
3182:
3154:
3143:
3123:
3110:
3098:
3056:
3015:
2997:
2979:
2959:
2948:
2920:
2908:
2878:
2871:
2849:
2822:(2): 481–496.
2806:
2781:(4): 381–388.
2758:
2733:(4): 651–676.
2710:
2696:
2682:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2608:
2605:
2601:House of Lords
2594:United Kingdom
2452:
2449:
2444:leveling seats
2431:
2428:
2384:
2381:
2340:
2337:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2016:
1996:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1890:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1838:
1816:
1812:
1796:
1793:
1789:D'Hondt method
1759:
1756:
1752:D'Hondt method
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1170:
1167:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1075:
1072:
1068:d'Hondt method
1010:
1007:
995:Daniel Webster
980:federal states
956:Webster method
950:
949:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
921:
920:
908:
907:
895:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
810:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
766:
765:
763:Turkey-raising
760:
755:
750:
736:
735:
734:
733:
723:
718:
706:
705:
703:Center squeeze
700:
695:
690:
688:Spoiler effect
681:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
661:
660:
647:By ballot type
643:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
620:
619:
618:
617:
616:
611:
601:
600:
599:
588:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
530:
529:
524:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
499:Limited voting
496:
495:
494:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
373:
372:
371:
370:
368:Localized list
365:
360:
355:
350:
340:
339:
338:
336:Biproportional
333:
328:
323:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
264:
263:
248:
233:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
181:
167:
166:
165:
164:
153:
140:Instant-runoff
137:
136:
135:
127:Jungle primary
114:
103:Single vote -
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
43:
42:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3539:Single-winner
3536:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3361:on 2011-07-21
3360:
3356:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3199:. 28 May 2018
3198:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3144:9781412959636
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:9780875862675
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2872:0-300-02724-9
2868:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2796:on 2018-07-28
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2748:on 2016-02-15
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2664:
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2655:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
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2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2333:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2028:
2014:
1994:
1986:
1985:least squares
1970:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1861:
1857:
1836:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1776:apportionment
1773:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1651:Seats %
1650:
1647:
1646:
1640:Popular vote
1635:
1632:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:Proportional
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
969:
961:
957:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
923:
922:
919:
914:
906:
901:
896:
894:
889:
884:
883:
881:
880:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:May's theorem
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
847:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
808:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:majority rule
770:Paradoxes of
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
673:
666:
663:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
598:
593:
589:
587:
582:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
571:
570:
566:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
535:
534:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
512:Mixed systems
508:
507:
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
481:
473:
472:Random ballot
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
439:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:
379:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:Apportionment
314:
313:
312:
311:
305:
300:
299:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
261:
257:
252:
251:Antiplurality
249:
246:
242:
237:
234:
231:
227:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
179:Condorcet-IRV
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
163:
158:
154:
152:
147:
143:
142:
141:
138:
134:
131:
130:
128:
123:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
106:
99:
94:
93:
86:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
61:Social choice
59:
58:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:Social choice
34:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4093:
4087:
3780:
3703:Mixed-member
3688:Proportional
3663:Score voting
3604:Ranked pairs
3523:Part of the
3522:
3468:cut-the-knot
3436:, retrieved
3414:
3404:
3395:
3374:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:the original
3349:
3340:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3299:
3288:
3274:
3263:
3255:
3249:. Retrieved
3247:. 2023-05-19
3244:
3235:
3227:the original
3223:Almada Press
3222:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3194:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:
3148:
3133:
3126:
3113:
3101:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3000:
2991:
2969:
2962:
2939:
2913:, retrieved
2891:
2881:
2860:
2852:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2798:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2778:
2774:
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2743:the original
2730:
2726:
2713:
2674:the original
2669:
2623:
2613:
2610:
2590:Dáil Éireann
2579:
2557:in 1993, in
2552:
2545:
2505:legislatures
2454:
2433:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2342:
2334:
2178:
2170:
2029:
1962:
1798:
1761:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1630:
1609:
1598:
1585:
1574:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1077:
1058:such as the
1054:compared to
1012:
992:
959:
955:
953:
845:
844:
811:
769:
768:
753:Exaggeration
739:
738:
709:
708:
682:
646:
645:
614:Mixed ballot
569:Compensatory
567:
540:compensatory
537:
532:
516:
478:
477:
436:
435:
406:
405:
376:
375:
363:List-free PR
308:
276:Score voting
267:
266:
212:
211:
199:Ranked pairs
170:
169:
102:
4046:Spoilt vote
3809:Droop quota
3748:Schulze STV
3723:Rural–urban
3668:STAR voting
3564:Borda count
3321:21 December
3079:: 529–542.
2955:pp. 174–175
2582:Green Party
2485:New Zealand
1493:Denominator
1074:Description
653:Single vote
556:Conditional
551:Coexistence
400:Quota Borda
390:Schulze STV
348:Closed list
291:STAR voting
236:Borda count
4109:Categories
4065:Comparison
3819:Hare quota
3769:Allocation
3755:Spare vote
3743:Hare-Clark
3713:Party-list
3438:2021-09-02
3365:2011-02-20
3251:2024-09-26
2915:2021-09-01
2800:2016-02-11
2752:2016-02-02
2644:References
2565:, and the
2343:To reduce
1758:Properties
1215:Seats won
1062:and other
1060:Hare quota
1040:coalitions
1009:Motivation
758:Truncation
487:Cumulative
310:Party-list
85:By country
76:Comparison
4056:Unseating
4051:Sortition
3653:Plurality
3529:Economics
3175:28 August
3093:0012-9593
3051:0895-7177
2844:146438586
2541:Folketing
2501:Bundestag
2465:Indonesia
2306:−
2273:∗
2253:∑
2224:∗
2205:∑
2143:−
2075:−
1983:with the
1080:quotients
665:Dual-vote
358:Panachage
353:Open list
343:List type
221:Plurality
117:Two-round
105:plurality
28:Economics
3923:Criteria
3876:Scorporo
3525:politics
3312:Archived
3203:19 April
3010:Archived
2632:See also
1713:Party D
1697:Party C
1681:Party B
1665:Party A
1519:100,000*
1480:down to
1096:quotient
1066:such as
971:), is a
385:Hare STV
24:Politics
22:A joint
4095:Project
3786:D'Hondt
3738:CPO-STV
3696:Systems
2836:1963530
2586:Ireland
2555:Bolivia
2537:Denmark
2521:Hamburg
2513:Bavaria
2497:Germany
2461:Ecuador
2383:History
1599:20,000*
1595:Party D
1575:30,000*
1571:Party C
1557:16,000*
1552:26,667*
1547:80,000*
1543:Party B
1529:20,000*
1524:33,333*
1515:Party A
1507:won (*)
1478:100,000
1446:20,000
1440:20,000
1434:20,000
1428:20,000
1422:20,000
1403:10,000
1397:10,000
1391:10,000
1375:30,000
1369:30,000
1363:30,000
1334:16,000
1318:26,667
1312:26,667
1296:80,000
1277:14,286
1261:20,000
1255:20,000
1239:33,333
1230:100,000
1217:(bold)
1169:Example
1138:where:
1036:parties
395:CPO-STV
245:Baldwin
194:Schulze
189:Minimax
107:methods
4089:Portal
4026:Ballot
3802:Quotas
3531:series
3429:
3141:
3091:
3049:
2946:
2906:
2869:
2842:
2834:
2559:Poland
2531:, and
2517:Bremen
2493:Sweden
2489:Norway
2477:Latvia
2473:Kosovo
2357:Sweden
2353:Norway
1722:12.5%
1706:12.5%
1700:13.0%
1690:37.5%
1684:34.8%
1674:37.5%
1668:43.5%
1637:Party
1579:10,000
1482:16,000
1462:6,667
1453:20,000
1382:30,000
1341:16,000
1325:26,667
1303:80,000
1268:20,000
1246:33,333
260:Coombs
30:series
4019:Other
3838:Mixed
3383:(PDF)
3315:(PDF)
3308:(PDF)
3069:(PDF)
2974:(PDF)
2840:S2CID
2832:JSTOR
2794:(PDF)
2771:(PDF)
2746:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2666:(PDF)
2535:. In
2495:. In
2481:Nepal
2349:Nepal
1728:TOTAL
1716:8.7%
1619:Total
1606:4,000
1603:6,667
1582:6,000
1505:Seats
1185:round
597:'MMP'
586:'AMS'
3527:and
3427:ISBN
3323:2019
3205:2019
3177:2021
3139:ISBN
3089:ISSN
3047:ISSN
2944:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2563:2001
2491:and
2469:Iraq
2355:and
1799:The
1743:100%
1733:100%
1614:0.7
1590:1.0
1566:2.8
1538:3.5
1038:and
1026:and
954:The
538:Non-
492:SNTV
81:List
38:and
26:and
3851:MMP
3466:at
3419:doi
3081:doi
3037:doi
2896:doi
2824:doi
2783:doi
2735:doi
2584:in
2561:in
2507:of
2434:An
2414:to
2367:to
2027:.
1457:0+1
1386:0+1
1345:2+1
1329:1+1
1307:0+1
1272:2+1
1250:1+1
1234:0+1
256:el.
241:el.
230:IRV
226:el.
4111::
4092:—
3425:,
3413:,
3385:.
3339:.
3254:.
3243:.
3193:.
3168:.
3157:^
3147:,
3087:.
3077:27
3075:.
3071:.
3045:.
3033:48
3031:.
3027:.
2982:^
2923:^
2902:,
2890:,
2838:.
2830:.
2820:84
2818:.
2777:.
2773:.
2731:22
2729:.
2725:.
2699:^
2685:^
2668:.
2651:^
2628:.
2527:,
2523:,
2519:,
2515:,
2511:,
2487:,
2483:,
2479:,
2475:,
2471:,
2467:,
2463:,
2459:,
2351:,
2176:.
1770:.
1719:1
1703:1
1687:3
1671:3
1625:8
1502:/5
1499:/3
1496:/1
1464:1
1448:0
1442:0
1436:0
1430:0
1424:0
1405:1
1399:1
1393:1
1377:0
1371:0
1365:0
1336:2
1320:1
1314:1
1298:0
1279:3
1263:2
1257:2
1241:1
1212:7
1209:6
1206:5
1203:4
1200:3
1197:2
1194:1
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581:UK
157:US
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2249:=
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2062:(
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2015:1
1995:i
1971:i
1944:i
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1934:i
1930:s
1924:=
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1862:i
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1738:8
1622:8
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1149:s
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1100:=
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