850:
item. If the product has poor customer reviews or has a short "life span," shoppers will view that purchase as a loss and avoid taking a chance on it. A product can also be viewed negatively because of consumers' past experiences and expectations. For example, if the size of a product is misleading, buyers will not want to buy it. An item advertised as "huge," but is only one inch tall, will ward off consumers. Also, "the effects of personal characteristics, such as consumers' gender, subjective norms, and impulsivity" can also affect a consumer's purchase intentions. For example, a female will, generally, purchase a cosmetic product more often than a male. In addition, "some...shoppers may be unable to buy ...because of financial constraints".
841:
risky choice framing, attribute framing and goal framing. Risky choice framing references back to the gain-or-loss thought processes of consumers. Consumers will take chances if the circumstance is profitable for them and avoid chance-taking if it is not. Attribute framing deals with one key phrase or feature of a price discount that is emphasized to inspire consumer shopping. For example, the terms "free" and "better" are used commonly to lure in shoppers to buy a product. Goal framing places pressure on buyers to act hastily or face the consequences of missing out on a definite price reduction. A "limited time only" (LTO) deal, for example, attempts to motivate buyers to make a purchase quickly, or buy on impulse, before the time runs out.
828:
perceive larger discounts for prices with small right digit endings, than for large right digit endings. For example, in a $ 32-to-$ 31 price reduction, consumers will believe to have received a greater deal than a $ 39-to-$ 38 price reduction. As a result, companies may use discounts with smaller right digits to mislead consumers into thinking they are receiving a better deal and increasing profit. However, consumers also are deceived by the infamous 9-ending prices. "The right digit effect relates to consumers' tendency to identify 9-ending prices as sale (rather than regular) prices or to associate them with a discount.
801:
purchase. A "gain" view on a purchase results in chance taking For example, if there is a buy-one-get-one-half-off discount that seems profitable, a shopper will buy the product. On the other hand, a "loss" viewpoint results in consumer aversion to taking any chances. For instance, consumers will pass on a buy-three-get-one-half-off discount if they believe they are not benefitting from the deal. Specifically, consumers will consider their options because "...the sensation of loss is 2.5 times greater than the sensation of gain for the same value".
661:
consumers a bonus pack in which they can receive two products for the price of one. In these scenarios, this bonus pack is framed as a gain because buyers believe that they are obtaining a free product. The purchase of a bonus pack, however, is not always beneficial for the consumer. Sometimes consumers will end up spending money on an item they would not normally buy had it not been in a bonus pack. As a result, items bought in a bonus pack are often wasted and is viewed as a "loss" for the consumer.
810:
purchases an item without any forethought, that was impulse buying. Product manufactures want to promote and encourage this instant purchase impulse in consumers. Buyers can be very quick to make purchases without thinking about the consequences when a product is perceived to be a good deal. Therefore, sales companies "increasingly implement promotional campaigns that will be effective in triggering consumer impulse buying behavior" to increase sales and profits
759:
difficult and effortful for the consumer to understand". For example, a buy-one-get-one-free deal on a website requires more work than the same bonus pack offered in a store. Online, consumers have to deal with payment processing, shipping and handling fees, and days waiting for the products' arrival, while in a store, the products are available without those additional steps and delays.
595:
849:
Although there are aspects that can determine a consumer's shopping behavior, there are many outside factors that can influence the shoppers' decision in making a purchase. For example, even though a product's price is discounted, the quality of that product may dissuade the consumer from buying the
840:
is "the phenomenon that occurs when there is a change in an individual's preference between two or more alternatives caused by the way the problem is presented". In other words, the format in which something is presented will affect a person's viewpoint. This theory consists of three subcategories:
800:
Many discounts are designed to give consumers the perception of saving money when buying products, but not all discounted prices are viewed as favorable to buyers. Therefore, before making a purchase, consumers may weigh their options as either a gain or a loss to avoid the risk of losing money on a
660:
Price-pack/Bonus packs deal: The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage more of the product for the same price (for example, 25 percent extra). This is another type of deal "in which customers are offered more of the product for the same price". For example, a sales company may offer their
744:
New technologies have provided a range of new opportunities for sales promotions. Loyalty cards, personal shopping assistants, electronic shelf labels, and electronic advertising displays allow for more personalized communications and more targeted information at the point of purchase. For example,
557:
Sale promotions often come in the form of discounts. Discounts impact the way consumers think and behave when shopping. The type of savings and its location can affect the way consumers view a product and affect their purchase decisions. The two most common discounts are price discounts ("on sale
549:
Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of
753:
There are different types of discounts available online versus in the stores. On-shelf couponing: Coupons are present at the shelf where the product is available. On-line couponing: Coupons are available online. Consumers print them out and take them to the store. Although discounts can be found
818:
Many consumers read left-to-right, and therefore, compare prices in the same manner. For example, if the price of a product is $ 93 and the sales price is $ 79, people will initially compare the left digits first (9 and 7) and notice the two digit difference. However, because of this habitual
809:
Impulse buying results from consumers' failure to weigh their options before buying a product. Impulse buying is "any purchase that a shopper makes that has not been planned... sudden and immediate". For example, if a consumer has no intention of buying a product before entering a store, but
827:
The right digit effect focuses on the right digits of prices when the left digits are the same. In other words, prices like $ 45 and $ 42 force consumers to pay more attention to the right digits (the 2 and 5) to determine the discount received. This effect also "implies that consumers will
758:
as opposed to physically going to various stores. In addition, buyers tend to refrain from purchasing bonus packs online because of the skepticism (of fraud and scams) that may come with the deal. Since "...bonus packs are more difficult than price discounts to process online, they are more
553:
Sales promotion is implemented to attract new customers, hold present customers, counteract competition, and take advantage of opportunities that are revealed by market research. It is made up of activities, both outside and inside activities, to enhance company sales. Outside sales promotion
819:
behavior, "consumers may perceive the ($ 14) difference between $ 93 and $ 79 as greater than the ($ 14) difference between $ 89 and $ 75". As a result, consumers often mistakenly believe they are receiving a better deal with the first set of prices based on the left digits solely.
558:
items") and bonus packs ("bulk items"). Price discounts are the reduction of an original sale by a certain percentage while bonus packs are deals in which the consumer receives more for the original price. Many companies present different forms of discounts in
574:, it is also a form of advertisement used within a short period of time. Researchers Farhangmehr and Brito reviewed the definitions of sales promotions in marketing texts and journals and identified a set of common characteristics of sales promotion, including:
554:
activities include advertising, publicity, public relations activities, and special sales events. Inside sales promotion activities include window displays, product and promotional material display and promotional programs such as premium awards and contests.
646:
Consumer sales promotions are short-term techniques designed to achieve short-term objectives, such as to stimulate a purchase, encourage store traffic or simply to build excitement for a product or brand. Traditional sales promotions techniques include:
754:
online and in stores, there is a different thought process when shopping in each location. For example, "online shoppers are more price-sensitive because of the readily available low search cost and direct price comparisons". Consumers can easily go to
881:
is notorious for having the most strict regulations. Famous examples include the car wash that was barred from giving free car washes to regular customers and a baker who could not give a free cloth bag to customers who bought more than 10 rolls.
479:. Sales promotion uses both media and non-media marketing communications for a predetermined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples include
570:
Sales promotion represents a variety of techniques used to stimulate the purchase of a product or brand. Sales promotion has a tactical, rather than strategic role in marketing communications and
602:
Both manufacturers and retailers make extensive use of sales promotions. Retailer-sponsored sales promotions are directed at consumers. Manufacturers use two types of sales promotion, namely:
617:: Sales promotions targeted at trade, especially retailers, designed to increase sales to retailers, to carry the product or brand or to support the retailer in consumer-oriented promotions
873:
Most
European countries also have controls on the scheduling and permissible types of sales promotions, as they are regarded in those countries as bordering upon
1141:
1282:
870:
regime in which manufacturers could legally dictate the minimum resale price for virtually all goods; this practice was abolished in 1964.
550:
devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, point-of-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes.
679:
Mobile couponing: Coupons are available on a mobile phone. Consumers show the offer on a mobile phone to a salesperson for redemption.
1046:
Proceedings of the 1997 World
Marketing Congress. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science,
786:
Trade discounts (also called functional discounts): These are payments to distribution channel members for performing some function.
1577:
1044:
Farhangmehr M. and Brito P.Q.. "Sales
Promotions: Prescriptive Definitions and the Managers View,". In: Sidin S., Manrai A. (eds),
858:
Sales promotions have traditionally been heavily regulated in many advanced industrial nations, with the notable exception of the
737:
Kids eat free specials: Offers a discount on the total dining bill by offering 1 free kids meal with each regular meal purchased.
906:
439:
2233:
1275:
2226:
2014:
1231:
Stuart
Mitchell, "Resale price maintenance and the character of resistance in the conservative party: 1949-64,"
1172:
1090:
670:: The price of a popular product is temporarily reduced below cost in order to stimulate other profitable sales
657:
Cents-off deal: Offers a brand at a lower price. The price reduction may be a percentage marked on the package.
777:
Point-of-purchase displays: Used to create the urge of "impulse" buying and selling your product on the spot.
654:
Loyal Reward
Program: Consumers collect points, miles, or credits for purchases and redeem them for rewards.
740:
Sampling: Consumers get one sample for free, after their trial and then could decide whether to buy or not.
695:
Contests/sweepstakes/games: The consumer is automatically entered into the event by purchasing the product.
682:
Online interactive promotion game: Consumers play an interactive game associated with the promoted product.
911:
2037:
1268:
755:
1060:
Gedenek, K., Geslin, S.A. and
Ailawadi, S.L., "Sales Promotion," in: Krafft, M. and Mantra, M.K. (eds),
1018:
Yin, Xu; Jin-Song, Huang (2014). "Effects Of Price
Discounts And Bonus Packs On Online Impulse Buying".
951:
363:
638:
The effect of sales promotion may not persist unless other marketing is used to create brand loyalty.
1994:
1355:
1246:
874:
837:
783:
Push money: Also known as "spiffs." An extra commission paid to retail employees to push products.
610:: Sales promotions targeted at consumers or end-users and designed to stimulate the actual purchase
2284:
1533:
1528:
921:
867:
87:
2258:
2195:
1906:
1843:
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941:
745:
shoppers may receive alerts for special offers when they approach a product in a specific aisle.
523:
432:
378:
358:
343:
157:
132:
107:
47:
673:
Free-standing insert (FSI): A coupon booklet is inserted into the local newspaper for delivery.
1911:
1607:
167:
1199:
768:
Trade allowances: Short-term incentive offered to induce a retailer to stock up on a product.
676:
Checkout dispensers: On checkout, the customer is given a coupon based on products purchased.
2178:
2130:
2110:
2029:
2019:
1803:
1687:
931:
896:
353:
205:
117:
102:
2145:
1936:
1886:
1622:
1617:
1587:
1450:
368:
298:
260:
172:
152:
67:
31:
771:
Dealer loader: An incentive given to induce a retailer to purchase and display a product.
8:
2105:
2095:
2052:
1823:
1650:
1612:
1508:
956:
891:
500:
318:
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245:
122:
62:
590:
Is not a single technique, rather it is a set of techniques used for a specific purpose
2216:
1979:
1878:
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1291:
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512:
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338:
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275:
127:
92:
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1503:
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504:
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280:
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142:
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147:
112:
97:
77:
2253:
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2004:
1780:
1627:
1602:
1567:
1410:
936:
456:
396:
72:
584:
Exhibits a secondary role in relation to other forms of marketing communication;
2135:
1999:
1984:
1946:
1926:
1863:
1702:
1677:
1582:
1465:
1445:
1400:
1378:
1031:
863:
571:
508:
313:
1218:
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2243:
2200:
2009:
1989:
1828:
1572:
1420:
1325:
859:
348:
235:
2248:
2168:
2163:
2047:
1891:
1833:
1813:
1320:
901:
598:
Cokecaps is a manufacturer-sponsored sales promotion targeted at consumers.
2140:
2100:
1951:
1858:
1853:
1722:
1712:
1697:
1523:
1493:
1475:
1340:
774:
Trade contest: A contest to reward retailers that sell the most product.
667:
559:
539:
492:
480:
460:
215:
190:
82:
780:
Training programs: Dealer employees are trained in selling the product.
664:
Coupons: Coupons have become a standard mechanism for sales promotions.
2221:
2120:
2077:
2042:
1961:
1901:
1795:
1732:
1551:
1435:
1425:
1350:
1335:
1330:
1305:
726:
713:
Glorifier: A small stage that elevates a product above other products.
373:
1941:
1921:
1896:
1775:
1747:
1660:
1597:
1483:
1345:
1315:
1260:
916:
472:
333:
265:
22:
581:
Operates and influences only the last phase of the purchase process;
2072:
1848:
1672:
1655:
1592:
1455:
1373:
1365:
1160:
701:
Aisle interrupter: A sign that juts into the aisle from the shelf.
531:
527:
519:
1142:"Distortion Of Price Discount Perceptions: The Right Digit Effect"
1091:"Influence Of Discount Price Announcements On Consumer's Behavior"
2188:
2173:
2057:
1974:
1692:
1460:
1390:
926:
878:
719:
Lipstick Board: A board on which messages are written in crayon.
689:
651:
Price deal: A temporary reduction in the price, such as 50% off.
52:
587:
Performs an accessory role regarding the product's core benefits
2115:
484:
57:
1200:"Effects Of Discount Framing In Comparative Price Advertising"
2155:
1755:
732:
Electroluminescent: Solar-powered, animated light in motion.
634:
4. The product are likely to be perished if not sold or used.
464:
220:
200:
1637:
594:
1062:
Retailing in the 21st
Century: Current and Future Trends,
688:: Consumers are offered a money-back if the receipt and
1056:
1054:
704:
Dangler: A sign that sways when a consumer walks by it.
631:
3. Penetration or entry into a competitors stronghold.
562:, hoping to convince consumers to buy their products.
1051:
795:
722:
Necker: A coupon placed on the 'neck' of a bottle.
978:How to start and succeed in a business of your own
748:
725:YES unit: "Your extra salesperson" is a pull-out
459:. The primary elements in the promotional mix are
16:Short-term incentive to initiate trial or purchase
2276:
707:Dump bin: A bin full of products dumped inside.
518:Sales promotions can be directed at either the
1139:
1276:
762:
538:. Sales promotions targeted at retailers and
433:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1017:
790:
1283:
1269:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
440:
426:
1244:
1197:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1109:
1182:
1088:
593:
1140:Coulter, Keith; Coulter, Robin (2007).
1067:
2277:
1290:
1118:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
975:
1264:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
822:
1098:Revista de Administração de Empresas
756:other websites and find better deals
530:). Sales promotions targeted at the
907:Integrated marketing communications
813:
710:Bidding portals: Getting prospects
625:1. The product is newly introduced.
13:
984:
14:
2296:
1235:40, no. 2 (August 2005): 259-289.
1020:Social Behavior & Personality
844:
831:
804:
796:Meaningful savings: gain or loss
621:Sales promotion is useful when:
578:Short-term effects and duration;
1927:Party platforms (or manifestos)
1111:10.1590/s0034-75902012000600007
749:Online deals vs. In-store deals
1247:"Handcuffs on the high street"
1238:
1225:
1048:Springer, Cham, 2015, pp 45-49
1038:
969:
716:Wobbler: A sign that jiggles.
455:is one of the elements of the
1:
1207:European Journal of Marketing
962:
853:
628:2. There is excess inventory.
565:
2015:Rally 'round the flag effect
1149:Journal of Consumer Research
912:Institute of Sales Promotion
7:
1233:Canadian Journal of History
1089:Isabella, Giuliana (2012).
885:
692:are mailed to the producer.
10:
2301:
1245:Anonymous (May 13, 2000).
1032:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.8.1293
952:Sales Promotion (magazine)
866:formerly operated under a
763:Trade promotion techniques
364:Promotional representative
2209:
2154:
2086:
2028:
1960:
1877:
1794:
1746:
1636:
1547:
1474:
1364:
1356:Manipulation (psychology)
1298:
1219:10.1108/03090561211259952
1198:McKechnie, Sally (2012).
875:unfair business practices
608:Consumer sales promotions
536:consumer sales promotions
526:channel members (such as
1534:Criticism of advertising
922:Marketing communications
868:resale price maintenance
791:Consumer thought process
698:Point-of-sale displays:
641:
2196:Promotional merchandise
1907:Character assassination
1844:Narcotizing dysfunction
1718:Photograph manipulation
1431:Guerrilla communication
942:Promotional merchandise
359:Promotional merchandise
344:Out-of-home advertising
133:Account-based marketing
2179:Product demonstrations
1608:Historical negationism
599:
544:trade sales promotions
168:Horizontal integration
2111:Reputation management
2030:Psychological warfare
1879:Political campaigning
1688:Firehose of falsehood
976:Taylor, John (1978).
932:Promotion (marketing)
897:Behavioral clustering
597:
354:Product demonstration
206:Corporate anniversary
2146:Corporate propaganda
1213:(11/12): 1501–1522.
369:Visual merchandising
299:Behavioral targeting
173:Vertical integration
153:Influencer marketing
2234:Media concentration
2106:Non-apology apology
2096:Cult of personality
1824:Emotive conjugation
1578:Burying of scholars
957:Tobacco advertising
892:Alcohol advertising
862:. For example, the
319:In-game advertising
309:Display advertising
185:Promotional content
2217:Influence-for-hire
2010:National mythology
1980:Crowd manipulation
1869:Tabloid journalism
1738:Video manipulation
1683:Fictitious entries
1406:Civil disobedience
1292:Media manipulation
947:Native advertising
823:Right digit effect
600:
522:, sales staff, or
402:Marketing research
339:Online advertising
329:Native advertising
324:Mobile advertising
276:Sex in advertising
93:Consumer behaviour
2272:
2271:
2038:Airborne leaflets
1917:Election promises
1771:Product placement
1646:Alternative facts
1386:Alternative media
497:point of purchase
450:
449:
412:Consumer research
293:Promotional media
281:Underwriting spot
256:Product placement
236:On-hold messaging
226:Loyalty marketing
143:Product marketing
138:Digital marketing
2292:
2264:Media proprietor
2088:Public relations
2068:Public diplomacy
2053:Information (IT)
1932:Name recognition
1557:Media regulation
1539:Annoyance factor
1396:Call-out culture
1311:Crowd psychology
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1171:. Archived from
1146:
1137:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1095:
1086:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1026:(8): 1293–1302.
1015:
982:
981:
973:
814:Comparing prices
615:Trade promotions
477:public relations
469:direct marketing
465:personal selling
442:
435:
428:
407:Mystery shopping
304:Brand ambassador
241:Personal selling
231:Mobile marketing
211:Direct marketing
196:Ambush marketing
163:Annoyance factor
148:Social marketing
98:Consumer culture
78:Brand management
19:
18:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2285:Sales promotion
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2259:Media influence
2254:Media franchise
2239:Media democracy
2205:
2150:
2082:
2024:
2005:Loaded language
1956:
1873:
1790:
1742:
1632:
1561:
1543:
1470:
1411:Culture jamming
1360:
1294:
1289:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1183:
1175:
1144:
1138:
1119:
1093:
1087:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1016:
985:
974:
970:
965:
937:Promotional mix
888:
856:
847:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
793:
765:
751:
644:
568:
509:product samples
457:promotional mix
453:Sales promotion
446:
417:
416:
397:Market research
392:
384:
383:
294:
286:
285:
271:Sales promotion
186:
178:
177:
73:Brand licensing
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
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2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Understatement
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Indoctrination
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Disinformation
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:Smear campaign
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:Sensationalism
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Agenda-setting
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
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1744:
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1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
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1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:False document
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:Catch and kill
1580:
1575:
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1560:
1559:
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1548:
1545:
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1542:
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1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Demonstrations
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Cancel culture
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
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1333:
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1323:
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1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1237:
1224:
1181:
1178:on 2019-02-17.
1161:10.1086/518526
1155:(2): 162–173.
1117:
1104:(6): 657–671.
1066:
1050:
1037:
983:
980:. p. 290.
967:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
887:
884:
864:United Kingdom
855:
852:
846:
845:Outside forces
843:
838:Framing effect
833:
832:Framing effect
830:
824:
821:
815:
812:
806:
805:Impulse buying
803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
764:
761:
750:
747:
742:
741:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
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702:
696:
693:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
665:
662:
658:
655:
652:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
619:
618:
611:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
572:brand strategy
567:
564:
560:advertisements
448:
447:
445:
444:
437:
430:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Drip marketing
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
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165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
88:Communications
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Media ecology
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:United States
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2201:Telemarketing
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Fearmongering
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
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1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:False balance
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1786:Word of mouth
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
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1726:
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1704:
1701:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
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1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
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1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
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1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Broadcast law
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Deplatforming
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
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1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:False balance
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1252:
1251:The Economist
1248:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
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1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
979:
972:
968:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
883:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:United States
851:
842:
839:
829:
820:
811:
802:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
760:
757:
746:
739:
736:
731:
728:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
697:
694:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
649:
648:
639:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
622:
616:
612:
609:
605:
604:
603:
596:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:
563:
561:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
388:
387:
380:
379:Word-of-mouth
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Point of sale
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
108:Effectiveness
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
33:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
2249:Media ethics
2183:
2169:Door-to-door
2164:Cold calling
2141:Weasel words
2048:Fifth column
1942:Push polling
1892:Astroturfing
1854:Pseudo-event
1834:Infotainment
1809:Broadcasting
1728:Urban legend
1651:April Fools'
1524:Testimonials
1494:Infomercials
1321:Dumbing down
1250:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1210:
1206:
1173:the original
1152:
1148:
1101:
1097:
1061:
1045:
1040:
1023:
1019:
977:
971:
902:Demand chain
872:
857:
848:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
752:
743:
645:
637:
620:
614:
607:
601:
569:
556:
552:
548:
543:
535:
524:distribution
517:
493:loss leaders
452:
451:
270:
123:Segmentation
48:Distribution
42:Key concepts
2121:Sound bites
2101:Doublespeak
1952:Wedge issue
1912:Dog whistle
1887:Advertising
1713:Lying press
1698:Gaslighting
1476:Advertising
1451:Occupations
1341:Obfuscation
1331:Half-truths
668:Loss leader
542:are called
534:are called
461:advertising
216:Franchising
191:Advertising
158:Attribution
83:Co-creation
2222:Media bias
2078:Subversion
2043:False flag
2020:Techniques
1962:Propaganda
1922:Lawn signs
1902:Canvassing
1796:News media
1552:Censorship
1484:Billboards
1436:Hacktivism
1426:Grassroots
1351:Persuasion
1064:pp.345-359
963:References
854:Regulation
727:fact sheet
566:Definition
499:displays,
374:Web banner
261:Propaganda
68:Activation
32:Management
2184:Promotion
2063:Political
1970:Bandwagon
1897:Attack ad
1776:Publicity
1748:Marketing
1661:Fake news
1623:Religious
1618:Political
1598:Euphemism
1593:Cover-ups
1588:Corporate
1456:Petitions
1346:Orwellian
1316:Deception
917:Marketing
540:wholesale
528:retailers
473:publicity
334:New media
266:Publicity
118:Promotion
103:Dominance
23:Marketing
2279:Category
2131:Transfer
2073:Sedition
1937:Negative
1849:Newspeak
1839:Managing
1781:Research
1756:Branding
1708:Literary
1673:Fakelore
1666:websites
1656:Deepfake
1613:Internet
1504:Modeling
1461:Protests
1441:Internet
1374:Advocacy
1366:Activism
1169:43734022
886:See also
532:consumer
520:customer
501:premiums
489:freebies
481:contests
391:Research
246:Premiums
201:Branding
128:Strategy
2210:Related
2189:Spaving
2174:Pricing
2116:Slogans
2058:Lawfare
1995:Framing
1975:Big lie
1766:Product
1761:Loyalty
1693:Forgery
1638:Hoaxing
1519:Slogans
1499:Mobiles
1391:Boycott
1299:Context
927:Pricing
879:Germany
690:barcode
686:Rebates
513:rebates
485:coupons
63:Service
53:Pricing
1814:Circus
1723:Racial
1167:
511:, and
505:prizes
251:Prizes
113:Ethics
58:Retail
2156:Sales
1859:Scrum
1819:Cycle
1733:Virus
1603:Films
1568:Books
1509:Radio
1489:False
1466:Youth
1446:Media
1379:group
1336:Media
1203:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1165:S2CID
1145:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
642:Types
221:Label
2126:Spin
1703:List
1628:Self
1306:Bias
836:The
471:and
1514:Sex
1215:doi
1157:doi
1106:doi
1028:doi
613:2.
606:1.
2281::
1529:TV
1249:.
1211:46
1209:.
1205:.
1184:^
1163:.
1153:34
1151:.
1147:.
1120:^
1102:52
1100:.
1096:.
1069:^
1053:^
1024:42
1022:.
986:^
877:.
546:.
515:.
507:,
503:,
495:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
467:,
463:,
1284:e
1277:t
1270:v
1253:.
1221:.
1217::
1159::
1114:.
1108::
1034:.
1030::
729:.
475:/
441:e
434:t
427:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.