Sally Hemings - Knowledge

844:"the son of Sally that most resembled Thomas Jefferson" surely meant Eston (without any new evidence). He added the argument that Madison Hemings' probable date of conception was close to that of the death of Jefferson's daughter Maria (arguably not a likely inspiration for sexual involvement); and that during Jefferson's presidency, Sally Hemings' exact whereabouts did not survive in any records. Wallenborn attempted to use two sets of records to show gaps in Jefferson's known location during some of the conception periods – but editorial interpolation of footnotes by Jordan with additional records closed those gaps in every case, supporting Stanton's claim. Wallenborn added another new observation, of what he called "some striking coincidences", that Sally Hemings' known pregnancies stopped, despite Thomas Jefferson's presence, after both his brother Randolph and Randolph's son Thomas married women outside Monticello, c. 1808 or 1809. Wallenborn accused TJF of rushing the report to finalization without accounting for his objections, and concluded his letter in a much more hostile tone than in his original minority report: "If the Thomas Jefferson Foundation and the DNA Study Committee majority had been seeking the truth and had used accurate legal and historical information rather than politically correct motivation" that it would have written " 822:, was reported to have denied that any relations between Jefferson and any of the Hemings women existed, but claimed that resident nephew Peter Carr was involved with Sally, while her niece Betsey was openly the mistress of his brother Samuel Carr (though this account is third-hand). Finally, some materials claimed that Martha (Jefferson) Randolph and her sons demonstrated that Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings had been separated for some fifteen months before the birth of the son "who most resembled" Jefferson (presumed by Wallenborn to be Eston Hemings). In Wallenborn's view, it was thus quite possible that Sally Hemings bore children to multiple men in the Jefferson/Randolph/Carr clan, and that none of them was necessarily Thomas Jefferson, but that the children were just genetically close, a "Jefferson DNA Haplotype carrier" in at least one case. He conceded that the DNA results "enhance the possibility" of Jefferson's paternity of one or more of the Hemings children but do not prove it. This view is consistent with that expressed by the DNA study's lead, Eugene Foster, regarding what could or could not be concluded from the DNA evidence. While supporting TJF's continued education mission at Monticello, Wallenborn warned that "historical accuracy should never be overwhelmed by political correctness". 426:

play a major role in our discomfort about these situations. Sex between a slave master and a woman who was a slave has always been seen differently than sex between a slave mistress and a man who was a slave, both by whites and blacks. Whites tolerated the former because it posed no real threat to the established order. They claimed it did, but they did not react against it with the same vehemence that they did to relationships between slave males and white women, which were seen as threatening the social order and could never be tolerated. .... Most blacks probably would consider a slave woman who voluntarily joined a relationship with her master as a collaborator. On the other hand, they might see a black man who had a relationship with a white mistress as a rebel who was striking at the heart of the slave system. These ideas, rooted in our visions of sex roles, may have some validity as far as generalizations go. They do not take into account the differing circumstances and contexts in which such relationships could arise. Therefore, we should not allow them to control any serious consideration of an individual case.

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whom reached the professional class as a physician, attorney, and manager in the railroad industry. According to his 1908 obituary, Beverley Jefferson was "a likeable character at the Wisconsin capital and a familiar of statesmen for half a century". His friend Augustus J. Munson wrote, "Beverley Jefferson death deserves more than a passing notice, as he was a grandson of Thomas Jefferson .... was one of God's noblemen – gentle, kind, courteous, charitable." Beverley and Anna's great-grandson John Weeks Jefferson is the Eston Hemings descendant whose DNA was tested in 1998; it matched the Y-chromosome of the Thomas Jefferson male line.

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non-genetic evidence. First are a pair of late letters of Jefferson to close associates which can be read as denials of adultery slanders spread by Federalist political enemies (though the letters do not specifically mention Hemings). Second is an unequivocal counterclaim made by Jefferson's foreman Edmund Bacon and published by H. W. Pierson (with the name of the alleged actual father redacted). Third is that Col. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who was frequently in his grandfather Thomas Jefferson's household and who worked as his farm manager and was later his estate

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that Madison Hemings probably knew who his father was, and there was no evidence that ghostwriter Wetmore injected fiction even if he polished the wording for print. She also indicated that the claim of a Jefferson–Hemings separation during one conception period cannot be sustained, and that Wallenborn did not correctly understand that material. Stanton stated outright that "Sally Hemings never conceived in Jefferson's absence." TJF president Jordan, though he had insisted on publication of the Wallenborn dissent, endorsed the Stanton rebuttal.

3111:, January 27, 2012 – October 14, 2012, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved March 23, 2012. Quote: "The test results show a genetic link between the Jefferson and Hemings descendants: A man with the Jefferson Y chromosome fathered Eston Hemings (born 1808). While there were other adult males with the Jefferson Y chromosome living in Virginia at that time, several historians now believe that the documentary and genetic evidence, considered together, strongly support the conclusion that Jefferson was the father of Sally Hemings's children." 573:, said that he gave her $ 50 ($ 1,131 in 2021) and put her on a stagecoach to the North, presumably to join her brother. In his memoir, published posthumously, Bacon said Harriet was "near white and very beautiful", and that people said Jefferson freed her because she was his daughter. However, Bacon did not believe this to be true, citing someone else coming out of Sally Hemings' bedroom. The name of this person was left out by Rev. Hamilton W. Pierson in his 1862 book because he did not wish to cause pain to anyone living at that time. 500: 924:", at that time meaning mixed-race. The census enumerator, usually a local person, classified individuals in part according to who their neighbors were and what was known of them. Around 60 years later, a Chillicothe newswriter reminisced in 1902 about his acquaintance with Eston (then a well-known local musician), whom he described as "a remarkably fine looking colored man" with a "striking resemblance to Jefferson" recognized by others, who had already heard a rumors of his paternity and were credulous of it. 848:" (emphasis in original). He continued: "This statement is accurate and honest and it would have helped discourage the campaign by leading universities (including Thomas Jefferson's own University of Virginia), magazines, university publications, national commercial and public TV networks, and newspapers to denigrate and destroy the legacy of one of the greatest of our founding fathers and one of the greatest of all of our citizens." TJF did not publish any further back-and-forth disputation. 1093: 671: 5346: 22: 650:, after he noticed several light-skinned enslaved people at Monticello. He wrote that Jefferson "kept, as his concubine, one of his own slaves" and had "several children" by her. After that the story became widespread, spread by newspapers and by Jefferson's Federalist opponents. Jefferson himself is never recorded to have publicly denied this allegation. However, several members of his family did. In the 1850s, Jefferson's eldest grandson, 301:. Betty's parents were a "full-blooded African" slave and a white English sea captain surnamed Hemings. Captain Hemings tried to purchase the mother and his daughter Betty from their enslaver, Francis Eppes, but the planter refused out of curiosity about how the mixed ethnicities would turn out in Betty. Upon Eppes' death his daughter, Martha Eppes, inherited them both and took them with her as personal slaves upon her marriage to Wayles. 951:

accomplished 'caller' of dances", who "always officiated at the 'swell' entertainments of Chillicothe". He was in demand across southern Ohio. The aforementioned journalist neighbor in Chillicothe described him thus: "Quiet, unobtrusive, polite and decidedly intelligent, he was soon very well and favorably known to all classes of our citizens, for his personal appearance and gentlemanly manners attracted everybody's attention to him."

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Harriet married well in the white community in the Washington, D.C., area. For some time, Madison wrote to Beverley and Harriet and learned of their marriages. He knew that Harriet had children and was living in Maryland. But gradually she and Beverley stopped responding to his letters, and the siblings lost touch. Madison also claimed publicly in the 1873 memoir that he was Thomas Jefferson's son, and he had done likewise on the

281:. The Foundation's panel concluded that Jefferson fathered Eston and likely her other five children as well. A rival society was then founded, the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, which commissioned another panel of scholars in 2001 that found that it has not been proven that Thomas Jefferson fathered Sally Hemings' children. In 2018, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation of Monticello announced its plans to have an exhibit titled 1016: 747:

Jefferson through his mother. Herbert Barger, the founder and director-emeritus of the TJHS and the husband of a Jefferson descendant, assisted Foster in the DNA study. By contrast, all but one member of the DNA Study Committee commissioned by TJF thought that the DNA and documentary evidence combined made it probable that Thomas Jefferson was the father of one or more of the Hemings children.

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the dynamic was. Was it rape? Was there affection? We felt we had to present a range of views, including the most painful one." Hemings remained enslaved in Jefferson's house until his death in 1826. In 2017, a room identified as her quarters at Monticello, under the south terrace, was discovered in an archeological examination. It is being restored and refurbished.

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regrettable that public confusion about the 1998 DNA testing and other evidence has misled many people. With the exception of one member, whose views are set forth both below and in his more detailed appended dissent, our individual conclusions range from serious skepticism about the charge to a conviction that it is almost certainly false.

592:. (Harriet was the only female slave Jefferson allowed to go free.) Of the hundreds of slaves he legally owned, Jefferson freed only five in his will, all men from the Hemings family. They were also the only slave family group freed by Jefferson. Sally Hemings' children were seven-eighths European in ancestry, and three of the four 408:, who became a chef trained in French cuisine. Jefferson left his two younger daughters in the care of their aunt and uncle, Francis and Elizabeth Wayles Eppes of Eppington in Chesterfield County, Virginia. After his youngest daughter, Lucy Elizabeth, died in 1784, Jefferson sent for his surviving daughter, nine-year-old 701:, that analyzed the historiography of the debate, demonstrating how historians since the 19th century had accepted early assumptions. They favored Jefferson family testimony while criticizing Hemings family testimony as "oral history", and failed to note all the facts. A consensus began to emerge after the results of a 474:$ 2.50 a month; the other French servants earned from $ 8 to $ 12 a month. Toward the end of their stay, James used his money to pay for a French tutor and to learn the language, and Sally was also learning French. There is no record of where she lived: it may have been with Jefferson and her brother in the 2930:

The Thomas Jefferson Foundation which owns Monticello, embraced Jefferson's paternity of Hemings' children in 2000, but a minority opinion stubbornly stuck by Jefferson's single cloak denial and the denials of descendants .... The next year, the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society (founded shortly

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Some of Madison Hemings' children and grandchildren who remained in Ohio suffered from the limited opportunities for blacks at that time, working as laborers, servants, or small farmers. They tended to marry within the mixed-race community in the region, who eventually became established as people of

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could have been the father – the DNA test cannot distinguish between Jefferson males. They also speculate that Hemings might have had consensual or non consensual sexual relations with multiple men. Three of the Hemings children were given names from the Randolph (surname) family, relatives of Thomas

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The Girl who is with is quite a child, and Captain Ramsey is of opinion will be of so little Service that he had better carry her back with him. But of this you will be a judge. She seems fond of the child and appears good natured." On July 6, Abigail wrote to Jefferson, "The Girl she has with her,

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My mother accompanied her as her body servant. When Mr. Jefferson went to France Martha was a young woman grown, my mother was about her age, and Maria was just budding into womanhood. Their stay (my mother and Maria's) was about eighteen months. But during that time my mother became Mr. Jefferson's

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has noted, "Hemings herself was withheld from auction and freed at last by Jefferson's daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, who was, of course, her niece," as Sally was a half-sister to Martha's mother, Jefferson's deceased wife. This informal freedom allowed Hemings to live in Virginia with her two

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Sally Hemings' documented duties at Monticello included being a nursemaid-companion, lady's maid, chambermaid, and seamstress. It is not known whether she was literate, and she left no known writings. She was described as very fair. She is believed to have lived as an adult in a room in Monticello's

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exhibition on Hemings acknowledged this uncertainty, while noting the power imbalance inherent in an intimate relationship between a successful, wealthy white male and a quarter-black female slave 30 years his junior. The president of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation said, "We really can't know what

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estate, and historians now broadly agree that he was the father of her six children. Whether this should be described as rape remains a matter of controversy by historians, as there is no evidence that Jefferson sexually assaulted her, but due to his near-complete control over her life and that she

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For most of the twentieth century serious Jefferson scholars denied the likelihood of a sexual relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings. That, by 2001, the primary 'defense' of Jefferson was maintained by a fringe group espousing reactionary politics and employing hysterical rhetoric

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documentary (though it is unclear if this was recorded before the DNA research and subsequent report). Wallenborn repeated many of his original points in more detail; bolstered the potential reliability of Bacon while casting doubt of that of the Madison-via-Whetmore memoir; and insisted again that

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Lucia Cinder Stanton, writing for the majority of the committee, responded a month later with a rebuttal. She noted that the Jefferson, Bacon/Pierson, and Randolph material contained various ambiguities, partisanship, timeline errors, and contradictions or outright misrepresentations. She suggested

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In 1789, Sally and James Hemings returned to the United States with Jefferson, who was 46 years old and seven years a widower. As shown by Jefferson's father-in-law, John Wayles, sexual relationships between wealthy Virginia widowers and female slaves were not unknown. White society simply expected

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That a black woman in slavery would seek out a relationship with a slave master, or if not seek it out, not run away from it, is not a particularly attractive idea. Some view such a person as a traitor, giving the ultimate aid and comfort to the enemy. Our notions about women and sexuality probably

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John Wayles died in 1773 and the next year his daughter Martha and her husband, Thomas Jefferson, inherited the Hemings family among a total of 135 slaves from Wayles' estate, along with 11,000 acres (4,500 ha) of land. Sally was an infant that year and about 25 years younger than Martha. She,

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on October 31, 1998, what once was rumor now seems to be, if not proven, at least sufficiently probable that virtually all professional historians will accept that Jefferson was the father of at least one of Sally Hemings's children, her son Eston (the only one who left male-line descendants whose

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Historians, as is their wont, have usually been more reserved in their evaluation of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship than most journalists. Nonetheless, as the conferences and publications devoted to the topic attest, the DNA revelations have strongly resonated among Jefferson scholars as well.

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The question of whether Thomas Jefferson fathered one or more children by his slave Sally Hemings is an issue about which honorable people can and do disagree. After a careful review of all of the evidence, the commission agrees unanimously that the allegation is by no means proven; and we find it

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white adults in the North; they were seven-eighths European in ancestry, and this was consistent with their appearance. Harriet was described by Edmund Bacon, the longtime Monticello overseer, as "nearly as white as anybody, and very beautiful". In his memoir, Madison wrote that both Beverley and

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and led stable lives. Montecello records note Hemings in no such partnership. But she kept her children near her. According to her son Madison, while young, the children "were permitted to stay about the 'great house', and only required to do such light work as going on errands". At the age of 14,

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In 2017, the Monticello Foundation announced that what they believe to be Hemings' room, adjacent to Jefferson's bedroom, had been found through an archeological excavation, as part of the Mountaintop Project. It was space that had been converted to other public uses in 1941. Hemings' room will be

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Eston's second son, Beverley Jefferson, also served in the regular Union Army. After operating the American Hotel with his brother John, he later separately operated the Capital Hotel. He also built a successful horse-drawn "omnibus" business. He and his wife Anna M. Smith had five sons, three of

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Wallenborn (a former TJMF/TJF employee before his committee participate, and now a director of TJHS) produced in June a heated follow-up reply to Stanton's rebuttal. He claimed that many scholars agreed with his version, and that Jordan had contradicted his support of Stanton's, having expressing

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Madison's family were the only Monticello Hemings descendants who continued to identify with the black community. They intermarried within the community of free people of color before the Civil War. Over time, some of their descendants passed into the white community, while many others continued

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a group of concerned businessmen, historians, genealogists, scientists, and patriots formed ... as a response ... to efforts by many historical revisionists to portray Thomas Jefferson as a hypocrite, a liar, and a fraud." The new group's opening press release specifically accused the

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According to her son Madison's memoir, Hemings became pregnant by Jefferson in Paris. She was about 16 at the time. Under French law, Sally and James were free and could have petitioned to stay; a return to Virginia meant a return to slavery. She agreed to return with him to the United States in

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The Jefferson–Hemings controversy is the question of whether Jefferson impregnated Sally Hemings and fathered any or all of her six children of record. There were rumors as early as the 1790s. Jefferson's sexual relationship with Hemings was first publicly reported in 1802 by one of Jefferson's

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and that Sally was the youngest of the six children they had during the last 12 years of his life. These children were younger half-siblings to his daughters by his wives. His first child, Martha Wayles (named after her mother, Wayles' first wife), married the young planter and future president

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Now, the new scientific evidence has been correlated with the existing documentary record, and a consensus of historians and other experts who have examined the issue agree that the question has largely been answered: Thomas Jefferson fathered at least one of Sally Hemings' children, and quite

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Both Eston and Madison achieved some success in life, were well-respected by their contemporaries, and had children who built on their successes. They worked as carpenters, and Madison also had a small farm. Eston became a professional musician and bandleader, "a master of the violin, and an

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A vocal minority of critics, such as the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society (TJHS, founded shortly after the DNA study), dispute Jefferson's paternity of Hemings' children. All but one of 13 TJHS scholars expressed considerable skepticism about the conclusions. The TJHS report suggested that

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and with the documentary research collected, he disputed some of the interpretation, and concluded: "The historical evidence is not substantial enough to confirm nor for that matter to refute paternity of any of the children of Sally Hemings." He gave considerable weight to four pieces of

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indicates that Jefferson originally arranged for Polly to "be in the care of her nurse, a black woman, to whom she is confided with safety"; Adams wrote back: "The old Nurse whom you expected to have attended her, was sick and unable to come. She has a Girl about 15 or 16 with her."

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where the girls Maria and Martha were schooled. Whatever the weekday arrangements, Jefferson and his retinue spent weekends together at his villa. Jefferson purchased some fine clothing for Hemings, which suggests that she accompanied Martha as a lady's maid to formal events.

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concluded that given Jefferson's documented horror of miscegenation, "It would indeed have been the height of hypocrisy for a man who entertained such views and expressed them over most of his adult life to have sired mulatto children." Case closed. In a review of

777:, the greatest in a long line of Jefferson hagiographers, established the common wisdom when he wrote that an interracial sexual affair was "distinctly out of character, being virtually unthinkable in a man of Jefferson's moral standards and habitual conduct." 329:: the enslaved status of a child followed that of the mother. Betty and her children, including Sally Hemings and all Sally's children, were legally slaves even though the fathers were their white enslavers and the children were of majority-European ancestry. 658:, a nephew of Jefferson, had fathered Hemings' children, rather than Jefferson himself. This information was published and became the common wisdom, with major historians of Jefferson denying Jefferson's paternity of Hemings' children for the next 150 years. 242:, to Paris where they joined Thomas Jefferson. There, Sally was a legally free and paid servant as slavery was not legal in France. At some time during her 26 months in Paris, the widower Jefferson is believed to have begun intimate relations with her. 713:

and archive. The DNA evidence showed no match between the Carr male line, proposed for more than 150 years as the father(s), and the one Hemings descendant tested. It did show a match between the Jefferson male line and the Eston Hemings descendant.

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accepted the possibility of Jefferson having "sired" Sally Heming's seven children and saved his scorn for Brodie's contention that Jefferson and Hemings forged a deep emotional bond during an intimate relationship that lasted nearly forty years.

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had red hair and gray eyes like his grandfather Jefferson. By the 1850s, John Jefferson in his twenties was the proprietor of the American Hotel in Madison. At one time he operated it with his younger brother Beverley. He was commissioned as a

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His will specified Sally Hemings's two younger children be assigned as apprentices to their uncle John Hemings, who was also freed, "... until their respective ages of twenty one years, at which period respectively, I give them their

1046:. He wrote letters about the war to the newspaper in Madison for publication. After the war, John Jefferson returned to Wisconsin, where he frequently wrote for newspapers and published accounts about his war experiences. He later moved to 4593: 612:

youngest sons in nearby Charlottesville for the next nine years until her death. In the Albemarle County 1833 census, all three were recorded as free persons of color. Hemings lived to see a grandchild born in a house that her sons owned.

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was only 14 while he was 44, the conclusion that Jefferson was coercive is easily reached. Four of Hemings' children survived into adulthood and were freed as they came of age during Thomas Jefferson's life or in his will. Hemings died in

238:. Therefore, Sally was half-sister to Jefferson's wife and was of approximately three quarters English descent. Martha died during her marriage in 1782. In 1787, when she was 14, Sally Hemings accompanied Jefferson's daughter, also named 1347:

Ten years later , and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison, and Eston

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Since 1998 and the DNA study, several historians have concluded that Jefferson maintained a long sexual relationship with Hemings and fathered six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. In an article that appeared in

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A third son, William Hemings, enlisted in the regular Union Army as a white man. Madison's last known male-line descendant, William, never married and was not known to have had children. He died in 1910 in a veterans' hospital.

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The children of Betty Hemings and John Wayles were three-quarters European in ancestry and fair-skinned. According to the 1662 Virginia Slave Law, children born to slave mothers were considered slaves under the principle of

2981: 1391: 943:, to be farther away from slave catchers. There he changed his name to "Eston H. Jefferson" to acknowledge his paternity, and all his family adopted the surname. From then on, the Jeffersons lived in the white community. 733:

In an interview in 2000, the historian Annette Gordon-Reed said of the change in historical scholarship about Jefferson and Hemings: "Symbolically, it's tremendously important for people ... as a way of inclusion.

249:, Sally later agreed with Jefferson that she would return to Virginia and resume her life in slavery, as long as all their children would be freed when they came of age. Multiple lines of evidence, including modern 877:, which explored the extended family, including James's and Sally's lives in France, Monticello and Philadelphia, during Thomas Jefferson's lifetime. She was not able to find much new information about Beverley or 4740: 1080:

The power dynamic between Hemings and Thomas Jefferson is portrayed in Titus Kaphar's "Behind the Myth of Benevolence", a portrait of the founding father peeling back to reveal the nude figure of Hemings.

412:, to live with him. The child slave, Sally Hemings, was chosen to accompany Polly to France after an older female slave became pregnant and could not make the journey. Correspondence between Jefferson and 891:

in 1873) and other documentation, including a wide variety of historical records, and newspaper accounts, has revealed some details of the lives of the Beverley and Harriet, and younger sons Madison and

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in 1789; Jefferson paid wages to her and James while they were in Paris. He paid her the equivalent of $ 2 a month. In comparison, he paid James Hemings $ 4 a month as chef-in-training, and his Parisian

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In 1822, at the age of 24, Beverley "ran away" from Monticello and was not pursued. His sister Harriet Hemings, 21, followed in the same year, apparently with at least tacit permission. The overseer,

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Like the media, most historians now no longer seem to question the 'truth' of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship; the questions raised almost invariably deal with the way we respond to such truth.

383:. So she refused to return with him. To induce her to do so he promised her extraordinary privileges, and made a solemn pledge that her children should be freed at the age of twenty-one years. 1294: 1003:(1879–1952) – Sally Hemings' and Jefferson's great-grandson – was the first person of known black ancestry elected to public office on the West Coast: he served for nearly 20 years in the 1071:

Sally Hemings has been the main subject of a novel, a television mini-series, a stage play, two operas, and an operatic oratorio. She is also the subject of the second half of the film

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Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation (TJMF, now Thomas Jefferson Foundation, TJF) and its report of "shallow and shoddy scholarship ... to achieve an apparently desired conclusion.

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from June 26 until July 10, 1787. Jefferson's associate, a Mr. Petit, arranged transportation and escorted the girls to Paris. In a letter to Jefferson on June 27, 1787, Abigail wrote:

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disagreeing with some aspects of the committee's full report (not made public until 2000; TJF also published this dissent in 2000). While Wallenborn concurred with the validity of the

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each of the children began their training: the brothers with the plantation's skilled master of carpentry, and Harriet as a spinner and weaver. The three boys all learned to play the

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exchange for his promise to free her children when they came of age (at 21). Hemings' strong ties to her mother, siblings, and extended family likely drew her back to Monticello.

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restored and refurbished as part of a major restoration project for the complex. Its goals include telling the stories of all the families at Monticello, both enslaved and free.

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According to Madison Hemings, Sally's first child died soon after her return from Paris. Hemings had six children after this; their complete names are in some cases uncertain:

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from 1919 to 1934. Their second son, William Giles Roberts, was also a civic leader. Their descendants have had a strong tradition of college education and public service.

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after gaining their freedom; their descendants likewise identified as white. His will also petitioned the legislature to allow the freed Hemingses to stay in the state.

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Jefferson recorded births of slaves in his Farm Book. Unlike his practice in recording births of other slaves, he did not note the father of Sally Hemings' children.

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and domestic servants. Betty Hemings' other children and their descendants, also mixed race, were bestowed privileged assignments as well. None worked in the fields.

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There are known male-line descendants of Eston Hemings Jefferson, and known female-line descendants of Madison Hemings' three daughters: Sarah, Harriet, and Ellen.

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Hemings never married. Virginia law did not recognize the marriages of enslaved people, but many forced laborers at Monticello are known to have taken partners in

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Titus Kaphar. Behind the Myth of Benevolence, 2014. Oil on canvas, 59 x 34 x 6 inches. Courtesy of the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York ©Titus Kaphar.

2243: 896:(later Eston Jefferson), and of their descendants. Eventually, three of Sally Hemings' four surviving children (Beverley, Harriet, and Eston, but not Madison) 5431: 1270: 3104: 4366: 2931:

after the Thomas Jefferson Foundation concurred with the DNA-based conclusions) sponsored a commission that refuted the scientific evidence, and published

2904:(2010). "Sally Hemings: Founding Mother: Reviewed Work: Mongrel Nation: The America Begotten by Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings by Clarence E. Walker". 2816:(3): 207, 214–218 – Leary concluded that "the chain of evidence securely fastens Sally Hemings' children to their father, Thomas Jefferson." 2217: 1664: 1622: 863:; it says that "the documentary and genetic evidence ... strongly support the conclusion that Jefferson was the father of Sally Hemings' children." 4969: 4894: 4212: 3333: 762:

Until very recently, American historians were no more receptive to arguments about a sexual relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings than

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described Hemings' physical appearance as "Sally was mighty near white..Sally was very handsome, long straight hair down her back". Jefferson's grandson

4041: 2190: 4030: 3818:, New York: Charles Scribner, 1862; digital text of book drawn from reminiscences of Edmund Bacon, Jefferson's overseer; via: University of Michigan. 518: 379:

by him. He desired to bring my mother back to Virginia with him but she demurred. She was just beginning to understand the French language well, and

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A caricature showing Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings as chickens, titled "A philosophic cock"; created circa 1804 and attributed to James Akin.

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Wayles-Hemings children grew up at Monticello at the top of the enslaved hierarchy, and as such were trained and given assignments as skilled

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it is still impossible to prove with absolute certainty whether Thomas Jefferson did or did not father any of Sally Hemings' five children

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was to a romance between Jesus and Mary Magdalene. The goal of the historians was to protect their hero from charges of hypocrisy.

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by the time he died. His estate, including his slaves (besides the Hemings), was sold by his daughter Martha to repay his debts.

2760: 4618: 4170: 3951: 2879: 1050:, where he became a successful and wealthy cotton broker. He never married or had known children, and left a sizeable estate. 5401: 4959: 4811: 4676: 4605: 4399: 4317: 4236: 3845: 3742: 3723: 3655: 3612: 3583: 3170: 3162:

The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler: What They Did, What They Said, What Was Said About Them, with Full Source Notes

2033: 1184: 3567:, (electronic edition) Thomas Jefferson Papers: An Electronic Archive. Boston, Mass.: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2003 5137: 4540: 3416: 1066: 969: 445:

wants more care than the child, and is wholy incapable of looking properly after her, without some superiour to direct her.

3506: 607:

informally freed the elderly Hemings after Jefferson's death, by giving her "her time", as was a custom. As the historian

4949: 4874: 4691: 4022: 2759:

King, Turi E.; Bowden, Georgina R.; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Adams, Susan M.; Shanks, Morag E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2007).

856: 4339: 1077:. She has also appeared as a supporting character or a subject of discussion in many other shows and stage productions. 253:

analyses, indicate that Jefferson impregnated Hemings several times over years while they lived together on Jefferson's

4431: 3691: 2866:

is testimony to how quickly the historiographical consensus regarding the Jefferson-Hemings question shifted in 1997–8.

2025: 4203: 4929: 4728: 4458: 3821: 3776: 3670: 3634: 3556: 3314: 3205: 2850: 632: 266: 64: 2255: 5267: 4989: 4819: 4406: 4033: 1327: 655: 450: 4649: 3047:"Reply to the Response to the Minority Report, Monticello Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Heming" 2139: 1255: 5396: 4354: 4349: 4344: 3250: 3101: 2575: 1916: 1439: 31: 3121: 2658: 2221: 1911: 436:

In 1787, Sally, aged 14, accompanied Polly to London and then to Paris. In London, they stayed with Abigail and

5426: 4934: 4745: 4686: 4586: 4579: 4223: 4011: 3980: 3758: 3514: 3245: 2827: 1656: 1614: 1434: 4361: 4137: 3343: 2948: 2297:

Vol. 25, No. 2 (June 2012), pp. 218–227. Via: Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 16, 2014).

1148: 4979: 4659: 4508: 4293: 4192: 4061: 4053: 2734:"Background DNA Study: The Jefferson-Hemings DNA Study as told by Herbert Barger, Jefferson Family Historian" 727: 637: 105: 285:, and affirmed that it was treating as a settled issue that Jefferson was the father of her known children. 4696: 4666: 4535: 4268: 2164: 1106: 965: 570: 208: 2442:

Nicolaisen, Peter (2003). "Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and the Question of Race: An Ongoing Debate".

1501: 431:

Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy p. 191 Kindle edition

5291: 5207: 4939: 4909: 4416: 4273: 4076: 3897: 3858: 3850: 3443: 3394: 3054: 2989: 2808:

Leary, Helen F. M. (September 2001). "Sally Hemings' Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence".

2666: 2634: 2251: 2147: 2078: 1869:"For decades they hid Jefferson's relationship with her. Now Monticello is making room for Sally Hemings" 1810: 1746: 1588: 1509: 1399: 1335: 1266: 1222: 706: 270: 2347: 730:

in 2001; scholars involved mostly concluded Jefferson was probably the father of all Hemings' children.

674: 4864: 4305: 4246: 3421: 3338: 3255: 2580: 2333: 1960: 1921: 1521:

Says that Betty Hemings's children by John Wayles were Robert, James, Thenia, Critta, Peter, and Sally.

1444: 1218: 1039: 932: 840: 550:"South Dependencies", a wing of the mansion accessible to the main house through a covered passageway. 265:

The historical question of whether Jefferson was the father of Hemings' children is the subject of the

3941: 3386: 1846:

Michael Cottman, "Historians Uncover Slave Quarters of Sally Hemings at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"

1802: 5376: 5349: 5237: 5189: 5159: 4964: 4879: 4839: 4498: 4411: 4148: 4084: 3973: 3878: 2982:"Response to the Minority Report, Monticello Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Heming" 2277: 1004: 1000: 977: 902: 897: 651: 604: 593: 465:

Sally Hemings remained in France for 26 months. Slavery had been abolished in that country after the

358: 259: 239: 120: 2070: 1738: 1042:

officer during the Civil War, during which he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and served at the

5273: 4924: 4389: 738:

said that the Sally Hemings story was a way of establishing black people's birthright to America."

385:

In consequence of his promises, on which she implicitly relied, she returned with him to Virginia.

5391: 5249: 5201: 5125: 5092: 5068: 4834: 4701: 4671: 3881:, "Jefferson's Sons": (Dial Books for Young Readers, 2011), historical fiction for ages 10 and up 2570: 1130: 996: 852: 585: 324: 227: 1964: 5371: 4919: 4644: 4557: 4421: 4394: 4187: 4182: 3697:

François Furstenberg, "Jefferson's Other Family: His concubine was also his wife's half-sister"

3010: 964:

Madison's sons fought on the Union side in the Civil War. Thomas Eston Hemings enlisted in the

524:

Daughter, possibly named Thenia Hemings after Sally's sister (born in 1799 and died in infancy)

35: 4594:

Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary

3561: 3160: 277:

that found a match between the Jefferson male line and a descendant of Hemings' youngest son,

5381: 5231: 5219: 5100: 4523: 4464: 4283: 4114: 3946: 2887: 2821: 2313: 1984:

33, no. 1 (Fall 2010): 1–60. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 16, 2014).

1592: 1034: 1019: 973: 274: 2021:

Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861

1177:

Notorious in the neighborhood: sex and families across the color line in Virginia, 1787-1861

999:, where the family and its descendants became leaders in the 20th century. Their first son, 5386: 5255: 5165: 5117: 4711: 4639: 4440:

Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

4064: 3643: 3293: 2400: 2308: 1098: 991:

Madison's daughter, Ellen Wayles Hemings, married Alexander Jackson Roberts, a graduate of

976:. According to a Hemings descendant, his brother James attempted to cross Union lines and " 909: 409: 580:

two slaves while he was alive: Sally's older brothers Robert, who bought his freedom, and

46: 8: 5027: 4849: 4654: 4288: 3711: 3571: 2318: 1873: 1043: 912:

in Charlottesville. After their mother's death in 1835, they and their families moved to

756: 694: 588:) freed all of Sally's surviving children, Beverly, Harriet, Madison, and Eston, as they 558: 2404: 2391:

Foster, E. A.; et al. (November 5, 1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child".

475: 391:

Madison Hemings, Madison Hemings recollections, Pike County Republican, 13 Mar. 1873

5261: 5195: 5112: 5060: 4824: 4451: 4426: 4328: 4251: 4241: 3752: 3623: 3491: 2953: 2921: 2856: 2712: 2552: 2544: 2498: 2467: 2459: 2424: 2195: 1953: 1153: 1073: 1047: 1030: 940: 881:, who left Monticello as young adults, moving north and probably changing their names. 810: 743: 693:

In the late 20th century, historians began re-analyzing the body of evidence. In 1997,

647: 338: 305: 2092:

Jefferson at Monticello: Recollections of a Monticello Slave and a Monticello Overseer

5225: 5084: 4859: 4312: 4261: 4132: 3841: 3772: 3738: 3719: 3687: 3666: 3651: 3630: 3608: 3579: 3552: 3201: 3166: 2846: 2783: 2733: 2704: 2627:"Minority Report, Monticello Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Heming" 2556: 2471: 2416: 2029: 1366: 1180: 913: 790:(1974), which was the first scholarly work to credit the Jefferson-Hemings liaison, 764: 466: 3684:

100 Most Popular African American Authors: Biographical Sketches and Bibliographies.

2716: 1621:. Page linked shows date. Betty's children are listed under "Elizabeth" on page 13. 479: 5297: 5213: 5153: 5132: 4974: 4763: 4717: 3996: 2913: 2860: 2775: 2696: 2536: 2451: 2428: 2408: 778: 608: 499: 314: 235: 216: 133: 2700: 381:

in France she was free, while if she returned to Virginia she would be re-enslaved

5243: 5177: 5171: 4844: 4623: 4611: 4322: 4278: 3600: 3108: 2019: 1657:"Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 13, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition]" 1615:"Farm Book, 1774-1824, page 11, by Thomas Jefferson [electronic edition]" 992: 884: 878: 814: 770: 533: 527: 483: 354: 246: 156: 152: 829:

The next month, May 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society (TJHS) emerged:

5285: 5047: 4954: 4829: 4706: 4550: 4476: 4471: 3932: 3903: 3618: 1111: 735: 184: 2455: 887:' memoir (edited and put into written form by journalist S. F. Wetmore in the 273:

empaneled a commission of scholars and scientists who worked with a 1998–1999

5365: 5325: 5183: 4768: 4733: 4530: 4446: 3197: 1772: 1023: 936: 893: 723: 589: 581: 539: 471: 413: 405: 294: 278: 223: 170: 160: 137: 536:, possibly James Madison Hemings (January 19, 1805 – November 28, 1877) 4481: 3795: 2901: 2787: 774: 710: 702: 600: 542:, possibly named Thomas Eston Hemings (May 21, 1808 – January 3, 1856) 333:

her siblings, their mother Betty, and various other slaves were brought to

3417:"Thomas Jefferson's Unknown Grandchildren: A Study in Historical Silences" 2917: 2708: 2540: 2420: 1392:"Monticello Affirms Thomas Jefferson Fathered Children with Sally Hemings" 230:

and an English captain, John Hemings. Sally's father, the owner of Betty,

5303: 5279: 5052: 4753: 4562: 2949:"Monticello Is Done Avoiding Jefferson's Relationship with Sally Hemings" 1149:"Monticello Is Done Avoiding Jefferson's Relationship With Sally Hemings" 809:

TJF committee participant W. McKenzie (Ken) Wallenborn wrote a late-1999

791: 783: 616: 577: 404:, as well as several of his slaves. Among them was Sally's elder brother 298: 231: 174: 3851:"Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings" 3219:

Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture

2925: 2548: 2463: 1256:"Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings" 1015: 5336: 5318: 5035: 4619:

Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society

4518: 3923: 3076: 2779: 2502: 1179:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 19–20. 928: 620: 458: 454: 437: 334: 254: 3790:

Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture

3361:

Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture

2489:

Lewis, Jan (2000). "Forum: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Redux".

1367:"The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy: Report of the Scholars Commission" 397: 269:. Following renewed historical analysis in the late 20th century, the 4487: 2687:

Marshall, Eliot (January 8, 1999). "Which Jefferson Was the Father".

1029:

Eston's sons also enlisted in the Union Army, both as white men from

521:, possibly William Beverley Hemings (April 1, 1798 – after 1873) 494: 309: 2761:"Thomas Jefferson's Y Chromosome Belongs to a Rare European Lineage" 42: 5076: 4545: 4171:

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage

3965: 3696: 2935:, an essay collection of considerable convolution and belligerence. 1850: 819: 212: 2412: 400:

to France; he took his eldest daughter Martha (Patsy) with him to

3259: 2584: 2524: 1925: 1448: 921: 342: 935:

heightened the risk for free black people of being kidnapped by

855:

and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation held a major exhibit at the

219:, one of many he inherited from his father-in-law, John Wayles. 2355: 1376:. Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society / Carolina Academic Press. 685: 563: 449:

The widowed Jefferson, aged 44 at the time, was serving as the

304:

Wayles was born to Edward and Ellen (née Ashburner) Wayles, in

3246:"Jefferson's Blood – 'A Sprig of Jefferson Was Eston Hemings'" 1788:

Letter from Abigail Adams to Thomas Jefferson, June 26, 1787.

1753: 457:. The exact nature of their relationship remains unclear. The 5007:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

4855:

Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression

3915: 3891: 3815:

Jefferson at Monticello: The Private Life of Thomas Jefferson

3806: 2336:

reuses information from other sources but does not name them.

705:, commissioned in 1998 by Daniel P. Jordan, president of the 401: 370:

Sally Heming's son, Madison Hemings, on Hemings and Jefferson

3807:"Anatomy of a Scandal: Thomas Jefferson and the Sally Story" 1484: 1482: 361:

recalled her as "Light colored and decidedly good looking".

3735:

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy

3716:

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy

1980:

Schwabach, Aaron. "Thomas Jefferson, Slavery, and Slaves."

917: 699:

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy

3838:

Free Some Day: The African-American Families of Monticello

2527:(2006). "In search of Sally Hemings in the post-DNA era". 1999: 1987: 1932: 1824: 4121:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

3102:

Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty

2758: 2278:"Akin, the Philosophic Cock - A View at the Bicentennial" 1637: 1554: 1479: 1467: 1455: 1371: 861:

Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty

250: 3066:

Published July 29, 2000, with notes by Daniel P. Jordan.

1976: 1974: 3140: 2507:

With the publication of E. A. Foster et al.'s study in

1060: 599:

No documentation has been found for Sally Hemings' own

515:

Harriet Hemings (October 5, 1795 – December 1797)

3873:

Jefferson's Children: The Story of One American Family

3840:, Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2000. 2880:"Life at Jefferson's Monticello, as His Slaves Saw It" 1198: 1196: 954: 3487:"DNA Test Finds Evidence Of Jefferson Child by Slave" 1971: 1328:"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account" 396:

In 1784, Thomas Jefferson was appointed the American

3011:"Formation of the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society" 2289: 2287: 1912:"Jefferson's Blood – Interview: Annette Gordon-Reed" 1435:"Jefferson's Blood – The Memoirs of Madison Hemings" 1088: 4213:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2940: 2740:. Herbert Barger (self-published). August 30, 2000 2625:Wallenborn, White McKenzie (Ken) (April 12, 1999). 2097: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1193: 3622: 3221:. University of Virginia Press. 1999. p. 182. 3045:Wallenborn, White McKenzie (Ken) (June 29, 2000). 2191:"Fighting for Space at the Jefferson Family Table" 1952: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 495:Return to the United States and children's freedom 293:Sally Hemings was born about 1773 to the enslaved 3232: 3230: 3228: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2284: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 5363: 3663:The Jefferson-Hemings Myth: An American Travesty 3507:"Jefferson Descendants Reconcile Family History" 3485:Smith, Dinitia; Wade, Nicholas (November 1998). 3029: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2933:The Jefferson-Hemings Myth: An American Travesty 2845:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 183–184. 1414: 995:. When their first son was young, they moved to 753:The Hemingeses of Monticello: An American Family 626: 215:who was owned by president of the United States 4108:A Summary View of the Rights of British America 3648:Sally Hemings: A Novel (Rediscovered Classics). 3576:The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family 1906: 1904: 1236: 874:The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family 375:concubine, and when he was called home she was 3650:Chicago Review Press; Reprint edition. (2009) 3466: 3363:. University of Virginia Press (1999), p. 169. 3225: 2603: 2535:(4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 407–426. 2140:"Thomas Jefferson's Last Will & Testament" 2058: 1898:; New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1993, p. 475 1566: 839:skepticism of a Jefferson–Hemings affair in a 3981: 3805:McMurry, Rebecca L.; McMurry, James F., Jr.; 3017:. Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society. May 2000 2968: 2877: 2653: 2651: 2386: 2384: 1269:(then Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation). 5432:People who were enslaved by Thomas Jefferson 4667:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence 3286:"Jefferson's Black Descendants in Wisconsin" 2894: 2293:Belz, Herman. "The Legend of Sally Hemings" 2218:"Rift runs through Jefferson family reunion" 2071:"Appendix H: Sally Hemings and Her Children" 2055:. New York: Macmillan, 2003, pp. 75–77. 2051:Oldham Appleby, Joyce; Schlesinger, Arthur. 1901: 1213: 1211: 421:Annette Gordon-Reed on Jefferson and Hemings 3809:, (Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, 2002) 3732: 3710: 3570: 3272: 3146: 2376: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2005: 1993: 1938: 1830: 1789: 1776: 1759: 1688: 1643: 1560: 1488: 1473: 1461: 1254:Jordan, Daniel P., ed. (January 26, 2000). 1202: 322: 234:, was also the father of Jefferson's wife, 4759:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) 4156:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 3988: 3974: 3920:, Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society (TJHS) 3875:: (Random House, 2001), for ages 10 and up 3665:(Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, 2001) 3408: 3334:"Thomas Jefferson's unknown grandchildren" 3044: 2648: 2624: 2441: 2381: 2047: 2045: 1854:, July 3, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2018 1684: 1682: 1142: 1140: 45:. Please do not remove this message until 4985:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar 4945:Washington and Jefferson National Forests 4870:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service 3826:, Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, 2001 3802:: (Little, Brown; 1948–1981), six volumes 3484: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3355: 3353: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315:"Mary Elizabeth Hemings Butler Lee Brady" 2768:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2121: 1862: 1860: 1365:Turner, Robert F., ed. (February 2011) . 1208: 1022:, a grandson of Hemings, through her son 262:, in 1835 in the home of her freed sons. 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 4612:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth 3475:, Vol. 89, No. 3, September 2001, p. 216 3186: 2946: 2840: 2728: 2726: 2686: 1866: 1322: 1146: 1014: 959: 636: 498: 77:Slave of Thomas Jefferson (c. 1773–1835) 41:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4905:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society 3939: 3473:National Genealogical Society Quarterly 2979: 2878:Grigsby Bates, Karen (March 11, 2012). 2843:Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy 2810:National Genealogical Society Quarterly 2188: 2042: 2018:Rothman, Joshua D. (December 4, 2003). 2017: 1950: 1867:Thompson, Krissah (February 18, 2017). 1702:"Sally Hemings | Life of Sally Hemings" 1679: 1384: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1174: 1137: 968:(USCT); captured, he spent time at the 5364: 3952:Virginia Foundation for the Humanities 3788:Lewis, Jan E.; Onuf, Peter S. (eds.); 3617: 3449: 3437: 3414: 3350: 3331: 3320: 2390: 2162: 1857: 1841: 1839: 1725: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1253: 1010: 646:enemies, a political journalist named 4865:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial 4702:Jefferson and the Library of Congress 4677:Founding Fathers of the United States 4237:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 3969: 3940:Scharff, Virginia (October 3, 2014). 3783:Sally of Monticello: Founding Mother. 3625:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 3158: 2900: 2807: 2723: 2488: 2340: 2236: 1795: 1625:from the original on October 23, 2021 1542:from the original on January 20, 2021 920:. Census records classified them as " 788:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 5437:19th-century African-American people 5412:18th-century African-American people 5138:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings 3995: 3904:"Getting Word: Oral History Project" 3865: 3792:(University Press of Virginia, 1999) 3747:– reprint edition with new foreword. 3551:(Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2002) 3461:Beverly Jefferson Obituary and photo 3446:, Wisconsin State Historical Society 3241:. Chillicothe, Ohio. August 1, 1902. 2980:Stanton, Lucia Cinder (April 2000). 2348:"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings" 1299: 1067:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings 1061:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings 619:great wealth at a young age, he was 508:such men to be discreet about them. 15: 5417:19th-century African-American women 5407:18th-century African-American women 4085:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 4023:Vice President of the United States 3607:. (Oxford University Press, 2003). 3083:. Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society 2797:from the original on July 19, 2020. 2563: 2523: 2163:Morgan, Edmund S. (June 26, 2008). 1836: 1353: 1132:Betty Hemings - Monticello Explorer 955:Grandchildren and other descendants 866: 857:National Museum of American History 364: 13: 5422:American people of English descent 4465:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice 3593: 3541: 2306: 2026:University of North Carolina Press 1667:from the original on March 1, 2014 1276:from the original on July 13, 2007 680:Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings 566:, which Jefferson himself played. 14: 5448: 4459:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 3924:Interview with Alan Pell Crawford 3885: 3699:, review of Annette Gordon-Reed, 3661:Coates, Eyler Robert, Sr. (ed.), 2947:Stockman, Farah (June 16, 2018). 2571:"Jefferson's Blood – Is It True?" 2189:Staples, Brent (August 2, 1999). 1532:"Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson" 1147:Stockman, Farah (June 16, 2018). 709:, which operates Monticello as a 5345: 5344: 4990:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 4034:United States Secretary of State 3833:, New York: HarperCollins, 2010. 3737:. University of Virginia Press. 3718:. University of Virginia Press. 2244:"Bringing Children Out of Egypt" 1771:Letter from Thomas Jefferson to 1661:Massachusetts Historical Society 1619:Massachusetts Historical Society 1295:Link to report at Monticello.org 1091: 669: 451:United States Minister to France 20: 4995:250th Anniversary silver dollar 4395:Founder, University of Virginia 3785:Amazon Digital Services. (2012) 3528: 3499: 3478: 3379: 3366: 3308: 3278: 3266: 3211: 3152: 3114: 3095: 3069: 3003: 2871: 2834: 2801: 2752: 2680: 2517: 2482: 2435: 2370: 2300: 2270: 2210: 2182: 2156: 2132: 2109: 2085: 2011: 1944: 1888: 1782: 1765: 1731: 1719: 1694: 1649: 1607: 1524: 1494: 908:Both Madison and Eston married 871:In 2008, Gordon-Reed published 804:, November 2010, Vol. 28, No. 4 4935:Thomas Jefferson School of Law 4741:Separation of church and state 4650:American Philosophical Society 4587:Notes on the State of Virginia 4580:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson 4012:President of the United States 3871:Jane Feldman, Shannon Lanier, 3769:In Defense of Thomas Jefferson 3515:Christian Broadcasting Network 3194:Understanding Thomas Jefferson 2491:The William and Mary Quarterly 1288: 1168: 1124: 927:High demand for slaves in the 678:interview with Gordon-Reed on 1: 4895:University of Virginia statue 4729:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 4367:Federal judicial appointments 4054:Congress of the Confederation 3733:Gordon-Reed, Annette (1998). 3444:"Letter from J. W. Jefferson" 3415:Brodie, Fawn M. (June 1976). 3332:Brodie, Fawn (October 1976). 2841:Cogliano, Francis D. (2006). 2701:10.1126/science.283.5399.153a 1117: 1020:Colonel John Wayles Jefferson 728:National Genealogical Society 633:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 627:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 348: 288: 267:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 228:daughter of an enslaved woman 204: 99: 5402:18th-century American slaves 4600:European journey memorandums 4340:State of the Union Addresses 4269:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition 3686:Libraries Unlimited. (2006) 3549:Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book 3290:Wisconsin Historical Society 1739:"Lucy Jefferson (1782–1784)" 1107:Thomas Jefferson and slavery 966:United States Colored Troops 947:within the black community. 742:Jefferson's younger brother 213:one-quarter African ancestry 117:1835 (aged 61–62) 7: 5208:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph 4940:Thomas Jefferson University 4910:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 4417:Democratic-Republican Party 4335:West Point Military Academy 4127:Declaration of Independence 4077:Second Continental Congress 3942:"Sally Hemings (1773–1835)" 3898:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 3859:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 3701:The Hemingses of Monticello 3395:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 3055:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 2990:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 2906:Reviews in American History 2667:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 2635:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 2529:Reviews in American History 2444:Journal of American Studies 2252:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 2148:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 2079:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1982:Thomas Jefferson Law Review 1811:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1747:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1589:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1510:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1400:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1336:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1267:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1223:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 1175:Rothman, Joshua D. (2003). 1084: 707:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 271:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 108:, Virginia, British America 47:conditions to do so are met 10: 5453: 4247:Lewis and Clark Expedition 3823:Scholars Commission Report 3757:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3425:. Vol. 27, no. 6 3422:American Heritage Magazine 3372:Stanton and Swann-Dwight, 3339:American Heritage Magazine 3256:Public Broadcasting System 3165:. McFarland. p. 117. 3122:"Jefferson's Other Family" 2826:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2581:Public Broadcasting System 2165:"Jefferson & Betrayal" 1961:Cambridge University Press 1955:Transformations in Slavery 1922:Public Broadcasting System 1445:Public Broadcasting System 1064: 972:and died in a POW camp in 933:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 630: 207:1773 – 1835) was a female 5313: 5238:Frederick Madison Roberts 5160:Martha Jefferson Randolph 5146: 5080:(1997 documentary series) 5015: 4840:Thomas Jefferson Building 4808: 4777: 4632: 4571: 4497: 4412:Anti-Administration party 4375: 4222: 4202: 4149:All men are created equal 4095: 4003: 3879:Kimberly Brubaker Bradley 3831:The Women Jefferson Loved 3767:Hyland, William G., Jr., 3159:Nowla, Robert A. (2012). 2659:"Assessment of DNA Study" 2456:10.1017/S0021875803007023 1951:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). 1005:California State Assembly 1001:Frederick Madison Roberts 668: 663: 652:Thomas Jefferson Randolph 530:(May 1801 – Unknown) 359:Thomas Jefferson Randolph 355:Isaac (Granger) Jefferson 295:Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings 260:Charlottesville, Virginia 180: 166: 143: 128: 121:Charlottesville, Virginia 113: 91: 84: 5133:Wine bottles controversy 4925:Jefferson City, Missouri 4390:Franco-American alliance 2309:"Peter Carr (1770–1815)" 2169:New York Review of Books 1896:Thomas Jefferson: A Life 988:education and property. 503:Thomas Jefferson in 1791 337:, Jefferson's home. The 297:and her mother's owner, 245:As attested by her son, 5306:(2nd great-grandfather) 5250:Jane Randolph Jefferson 5202:Ellen Randolph Coolidge 4784:Presidential elections 4687:Jefferson and education 4672:Committee of the States 4163:Consent of the governed 4042:U.S. Minister to France 3387:"Ellen Hemings Roberts" 997:Los Angeles, California 853:Smithsonian Institution 605:Martha (Patsy) Randolph 603:. Jefferson's daughter 325:partus sequitur ventrem 5397:People from Monticello 5088:(2002 animated series) 4920:Monticello Association 4645:American Enlightenment 4606:Indian removal letters 4563:White House Colonnades 4558:Virginia State Capitol 4536:University of Virginia 4422:Jeffersonian democracy 4318:Native American policy 4188:Land Ordinance of 1785 4183:Land Ordinance of 1784 3928:Twilight at Monticello 3800:Jefferson and His Time 3677:Twilight at Monticello 2307:Looney, J. Jefferson. 1026: 970:Andersonville POW camp 889:Pike County Republican 836: 802:Law and History Review 797: 642: 504: 447: 428: 388: 323: 5427:American women slaves 5232:T. Jefferson Coolidge 5228:(great-granddaughter) 5220:John Wayles Jefferson 4965:Jefferson–Jackson Day 4900:David d'Angers statue 4697:Jefferson and slavery 4682:Historical reputation 4385:Early life and career 4117:(initial draft; 1775) 4115:Olive Branch Petition 3947:Encyclopedia Virginia 3675:Crawford, Alan Pell, 3644:Chase-Riboud, Barbara 3107:May 30, 2013, at the 2918:10.1353/rah.2010.0022 2888:National Public Radio 2738:JeffersonDNAStudy.com 2541:10.1353/rah.2006.0000 2314:Encyclopedia Virginia 1894:Randall, Willard S.; 1775:, December 21, 1786. 1035:John Wayles Jefferson 1018: 974:Meridian, Mississippi 960:Madison's descendants 916:in the free state of 831: 760: 640: 594:entered white society 502: 442: 423: 372: 283:Life of Sally Hemings 275:genealogical DNA test 5256:Lucy Jefferson Lewis 5166:Mary Jefferson Eppes 4640:Age of Enlightenment 4274:Red River Expedition 4065:Governor of Virginia 3771:(St. Martins, 2009). 3712:Gordon-Reed, Annette 3707:, September 23, 2008 3572:Gordon-Reed, Annette 3564:Farm Book, 1774–1824 3128:. September 23, 2008 2512:DNA might be tested) 1099:United States portal 898:chose to identify as 751:from review of book 559:common-law marriages 484:Abbaye de Penthemont 482:, or at the convent 222:Hemings' mother was 5300:(great-grandfather) 5002:U.S. postage stamps 4970:Currency depictions 4950:Peaks and mountains 4880:Karl Bitter statues 4850:Jefferson Territory 4747:The American Museum 4655:American Revolution 4306:Non-Intercourse Act 4289:Embargo Act of 1807 4193:Northwest Ordinance 4176:Freedom of religion 3829:Scharff, Virginia, 3812:Pierson, Hamilton, 3463:, Wisconsin History 2861:10.3366/j.ctt1r2623 2405:1998Natur.396...27F 2358:. February 21, 1999 2319:Virginia Humanities 1874:The Washington Post 1762:, pp. 191–192. 1502:"Elizabeth Hemings" 1044:Battle of Vicksburg 1011:Eston's descendants 931:and passage of the 910:free women of color 757:Annette Gordon-Reed 695:Annette Gordon-Reed 682:, February 21, 1999 615:Although Jefferson 106:Charles City County 34:of this article is 5262:Randolph Jefferson 5196:George W. Randolph 5190:Thomas J. Randolph 5101:Jefferson's Garden 5061:Jefferson in Paris 4825:Jefferson Memorial 4452:Compromise of 1790 4427:First Party System 4329:Marbury v. Madison 4252:Corps of Discovery 4242:Louisiana Purchase 3682:Drew, Bernard A., 3562:Thomas Jefferson, 3547:Thomas Jefferson, 3492:The New York Times 3208:. pp. 120–122 2954:The New York Times 2780:10.1002/ajpa.20557 2295:Academic Questions 2258:on August 13, 2017 2196:The New York Times 2118:, pp. 210–223 2028:. pp. 18–19. 1706:www.monticello.org 1221:. Monticello.org. 1154:The New York Times 1074:Jefferson in Paris 1048:Memphis, Tennessee 1031:Madison, Wisconsin 1027: 941:Madison, Wisconsin 744:Randolph Jefferson 697:published a book, 648:James T. Callender 643: 505: 306:Lancaster, England 5359: 5358: 5226:Sarah N. Randolph 5129:(2020 miniseries) 5096:(2008 miniseries) 4930:Jefferson College 4890:Louisville statue 4860:Jefferson Lecture 4313:First Barbary War 4262:Empire of Liberty 4204:French Revolution 4133:Committee of Five 4100:the United States 3866:For young readers 3846:978-1-882886-14-2 3744:978-0-8139-1698-9 3725:978-0-8139-1833-4 3656:978-1-55652-945-0 3613:978-0-19-518130-2 3585:978-0-393-33776-1 3346:on June 18, 2008. 3296:on March 12, 2005 3172:978-1-4766-0118-2 2695:(5399): 153–155. 2598:probably all six. 2337: 2224:on April 15, 2011 2035:978-0-8078-6312-1 1663:. March 1, 2014. 1186:978-0-8078-5440-2 800:Jane Dailey, 765:The Da Vinci Code 691: 690: 353:The former slave 190: 189: 75: 74: 67: 5444: 5377:Slave concubines 5348: 5347: 5298:William Randolph 5240:(great-grandson) 5234:(great-grandson) 5154:Martha Jefferson 5069:Thomas Jefferson 4975:Jefferson nickel 4960:Other placenames 4885:Hempstead statue 4764:Virginia dynasty 4718:National Gazette 4407:Ratification Day 4143:physical history 4088: 4080: 4068: 4057: 4045: 4037: 4026: 4015: 3997:Thomas Jefferson 3990: 3983: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3836:Stanton, Lucia, 3762: 3756: 3748: 3729: 3640: 3629:. W. W. Norton. 3628: 3605:Thomas Jefferson 3601:Bernstein, R. B. 3589: 3578:. W. W. Norton. 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3342:. Archived from 3329: 3318: 3317:, Brady Research 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3292:. Archived from 3282: 3276: 3273:Gordon-Reed 1998 3270: 3264: 3263: 3243:Republished in: 3242: 3234: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3192:Halliday, E. M. 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3156: 3150: 3147:Gordon-Reed 2008 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3042: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2977: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2622: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2388: 2379: 2377:Gordon-Reed 1998 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2304: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2254:. Archived from 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2220:. Archived from 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2136: 2130: 2128:Gordon-Reed 2008 2125: 2119: 2116:Gordon-Reed 1997 2113: 2107: 2104:Gordon-Reed 1997 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2067: 2056: 2053:Thomas Jefferson 2049: 2040: 2039: 2015: 2009: 2006:Gordon-Reed 2008 2003: 1997: 1994:Gordon-Reed 2008 1991: 1985: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1959:(2nd ed.). 1958: 1948: 1942: 1939:Gordon-Reed 2008 1936: 1930: 1929: 1908: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1864: 1855: 1843: 1834: 1831:Gordon-Reed 2008 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1799: 1793: 1790:Gordon-Reed 2008 1786: 1780: 1777:Gordon-Reed 2008 1769: 1763: 1760:Gordon-Reed 2008 1757: 1751: 1750: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1698: 1692: 1689:Gordon-Reed 1998 1686: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1653: 1647: 1644:Gordon-Reed 2008 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1595:on July 22, 2012 1591:. Archived from 1577: 1564: 1561:Gordon-Reed 2008 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1498: 1492: 1489:Gordon-Reed 2008 1486: 1477: 1474:Gordon-Reed 2008 1471: 1465: 1462:Gordon-Reed 2008 1459: 1453: 1452: 1431: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1362: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1324: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1260: 1251: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1215: 1206: 1203:Gordon-Reed 1997 1200: 1191: 1190: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1144: 1135: 1128: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1033:. His first son 903:1870 U.S. census 867:Children's lives 805: 779:Virginius Dabney 673: 672: 661: 660: 609:Edmund S. Morgan 476:Hôtel de Langeac 432: 392: 365:Hemings in Paris 328: 315:Thomas Jefferson 217:Thomas Jefferson 206: 136:, mother to his 134:Thomas Jefferson 101: 82: 81: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 24: 23: 16: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5326:James Madison → 5309: 5244:Peter Jefferson 5210:(granddaughter) 5204:(granddaughter) 5178:Madison Hemings 5172:Harriet Hemings 5142: 5018: 5011: 4980:Two-dollar bill 4845:Jefferson River 4810: 4804: 4773: 4712:Pet mockingbird 4692:Religious views 4628: 4624:Founders Online 4567: 4500: 4493: 4378:accomplishments 4377: 4371: 4323:Burr conspiracy 4284:Cumberland Road 4279:Pike Expedition 4218: 4198: 4099: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4071: 4060: 4048: 4040: 4029: 4018: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3956: 3954: 3888: 3868: 3863: 3781:Ledgin, N. M., 3750: 3749: 3745: 3726: 3637: 3619:Brodie, Fawn M. 3596: 3594:Further reading 3586: 3544: 3542:Primary sources 3539: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3374:Bonds of Memory 3371: 3367: 3358: 3351: 3330: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3244: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3109:Wayback Machine 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3059: 3057: 3043: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2978: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2945: 2941: 2899: 2895: 2876: 2872: 2853: 2839: 2835: 2819: 2818: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2623: 2604: 2590: 2588: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2522: 2518: 2487: 2483: 2440: 2436: 2399:(6706): 27–28. 2389: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2334:tertiary source 2323: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2161: 2157: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2069: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1972: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1865: 1858: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1803:"Sally Hemings" 1801: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1536:The White House 1530: 1529: 1525: 1514: 1512: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1433: 1432: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1369: 1363: 1354: 1340: 1338: 1326: 1325: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1258: 1252: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1219:"Sally Hemings" 1217: 1216: 1209: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1145: 1138: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1069: 1063: 1013: 993:Oberlin College 962: 957: 885:Madison Hemings 879:Harriet Hemings 869: 815:genetic testing 811:minority report 807: 799: 771:Catholic Church 759: 670: 664:External videos 635: 629: 534:Madison Hemings 528:Harriet Hemings 519:Beverly Hemings 497: 434: 430: 422: 394: 390: 371: 367: 351: 291: 247:Madison Hemings 209:enslaved person 173: 132:Slave owned by 124: 118: 109: 103: 98: 97: 87: 78: 71: 60: 54: 51: 40: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5450: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Hemings family 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5292:Isham Randolph 5289: 5288:(grand-nephew) 5286:Dabney S. Carr 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5085:Liberty's Kids 5081: 5073: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5040: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4955:Jefferson Rock 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4830:Mount Rushmore 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4707:Jefferson Pier 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4573: 4572:Other writings 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4551:Jefferson Hall 4548: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4477:Jefferson disk 4474: 4472:American Creed 4469: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4444: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4069: 4058: 4046: 4038: 4027: 4016: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3937: 3921: 3917:TJHeritage.org 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908:Monticello.org 3893:Monticello.org 3887: 3886:External links 3884: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3855:Monticello.org 3848: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3743: 3724: 3708: 3694: 3692:978-1591583226 3680: 3673: 3659: 3641: 3635: 3615: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3568: 3559: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3498: 3477: 3465: 3448: 3436: 3407: 3391:Monticello.org 3378: 3365: 3349: 3319: 3307: 3277: 3265: 3239:Scioto Gazette 3224: 3210: 3185: 3171: 3151: 3139: 3113: 3094: 3081:TJHeritage.org 3068: 3051:Monticello.org 3028: 3015:TJHeritage.org 3002: 2986:Monticello.org 2967: 2939: 2912:(3): 437–442. 2893: 2870: 2851: 2833: 2800: 2774:(4): 584–589. 2751: 2722: 2679: 2663:Monticello.org 2647: 2631:Monticello.org 2602: 2562: 2516: 2497:(1): 121–124. 2481: 2434: 2380: 2369: 2339: 2299: 2283: 2269: 2248:Monticello.org 2235: 2209: 2181: 2155: 2144:Monticello.org 2131: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2075:Monticello.org 2057: 2041: 2034: 2010: 2008:, p. 374. 1998: 1996:, p. 352. 1986: 1970: 1943: 1941:, p. 259. 1931: 1900: 1887: 1856: 1835: 1833:, p. 194. 1823: 1807:Monticello.org 1794: 1781: 1764: 1752: 1743:Monticello.org 1730: 1718: 1693: 1678: 1648: 1636: 1606: 1585:Monticello.org 1565: 1553: 1523: 1506:Monticello.org 1493: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1413: 1396:Monticello.org 1383: 1352: 1332:Monticello.org 1298: 1287: 1263:Monticello.org 1235: 1207: 1192: 1185: 1167: 1136: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1112:List of slaves 1109: 1103: 1102: 1086: 1083: 1065:Main article: 1062: 1059: 1012: 1009: 961: 958: 956: 953: 937:slave catchers 868: 865: 750: 749: 736:Nathan Huggins 689: 688: 666: 665: 631:Main article: 628: 625: 578:formally freed 544: 543: 537: 531: 525: 522: 516: 496: 493: 480:Champs-Elysées 420: 419: 369: 368: 366: 363: 350: 347: 290: 287: 188: 187: 185:Hemings family 182: 178: 177: 168: 164: 163: 145: 141: 140: 130: 129:Known for 126: 125: 119: 115: 111: 110: 104: 95: 93: 89: 88: 85: 76: 73: 72: 55:September 2024 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5449: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 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