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he wanted to win the war at any costs. He tried to be more relatable and less arrogant to the local population in the way he presented his military. When he first executed massacres he didn't think much of it because it was part of his military training and because it was tactically approved by the High
Command, but he didn't consider whether it would become a political problem. He was accused of responsibility for what happened at El Mozote, though he denied it. Monterrosa later began to date a Salvadoran woman who worked in the press corps, for an American television network. Monterrosa's girlfriend let her co-worker know that something had gone wrong at El Mozote, though she did not go into detail. But people knew that he had lost radio contact with his men and that it was unfortunate and something that later brought regrettable consequences. Although he says he lost contact with his men, the guerrillas did not believe it and said it was well known to everyone that he had ordered the massacre. In an interview with James LeMoyne, however, he stated that he did in fact order his men to "clean out" El Mozote.
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norms of their combatants. In this regard, the FMLN had a more effective approach than El
Salvador's army in politically educating their members about their mission. Individuals who aligned themselves with the FMLN were driven by a profound sense of passion and purpose. They demonstrated a willingness to risk their lives for the greater good of their nation. The FMLN strategy focused on community organization, establishing connections within the church and labor unions. In contrast, El Salvador's army had inadequate training, and many of its combatants reported joining out of job insecurity or under intimidation from the government.These disparities were notably reflected in their respective combat methods. Further, the Salvadoran military caused more civilian casualties than the FMLN.
2197:, Joaquín López y López, Juan Ramón Moreno, and Amando López—and their housekeepers (a mother and daughter, Elba Ramos and Celia Marisela Ramos). The priests were dragged from their beds on the campus, machine gunned to death and their corpses mutilated. The mother and daughter were found shot to death in the bed they shared. The Atlácatl Battalion was reportedly under the tutelage of U.S. special forces just 48 hours before the killings. One day later, six men and one youth were slaughtered by government soldiers in the capital, San Salvador. According to relatives and neighbors who witnessed the killings, the six men were lined up against a masonry wall and shot to death. The seventh youth who happened to be walking by at the time was also executed.
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Demobilization of
Salvadoran military forces generally proceeded on schedule throughout the process. The Treasury Police and National Guard were abolished, and military intelligence functions were transferred to civilian control. By 1993—nine months ahead of schedule—the military had cut personnel from a wartime high of 63,000 to the level of 32,000 required by the peace accords. By 1999, ESAF's strength stood at less than 15,000, including uniformed and non-uniformed personnel, consisting of personnel in the army, navy, and air force. A purge of military officers accused of human rights abuses and corruption was completed in 1993 in compliance with the Ad Hoc Committee's recommendations.
2397:, head of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador (CDHES), was assassinated. His killing provoked four days' of political protest—during which his remains were displayed before the U.S. embassy and then before the Salvadoran armed forces headquarters. The National Union of Salvadoran Workers said: "Those who bear sole responsibility for this crime are José Napoleón Duarte, the U.S. embassy...and the high command of the armed forces". In its report the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, established as part of the El Salvador peace agreement, stated that it could not establish for sure whether the death squads, the Salvadoran Army or the FMLN was responsible for Anaya's death.
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and
Christian Democrats said they were "haunted by the memory of 1979, when the same groups were prominent in the near-anarchy that swept El Salvador." But "by mid-1980, the agitation dried up as many street activists joined the guerrillas and others disengaged out of fear for their lives, while the Government imposed the wage freeze and state of siege" amidst "accusations" of human rights abuses. The fear they said was that these subversive groups, who admitted their former affiliation with the political arm of the guerrillas, may try to reestablish the "mass organizations" that were destroyed by the violent repression of strikes and demonstrations in the early 1980s.
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of
Central America stated that two bishops, sixteen priests, three nuns, one seminarian, and at least twenty-seven lay workers were murdered. By killing Church figures, "the military leadership showed just how far its position had hardened in daring to eliminate those it viewed as opponents. They saw the Church as an enemy that went against the military and their rule." U.S. military aid was briefly cut off in response to the murders but was renewed within six weeks. The outgoing Carter administration increased military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces to $ 10 million, which included $ 5 million in rifles, ammunition, grenades and helicopters.
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the left". On 26 October 1987, unknown gunmen shot and killed
Herbert Ernesto Anaya, Director of El Salvador's nongovernmental Human Rights Commission. Anaya was in his car in his driveway with his wife and children at the time. Some human rights groups linked the increase of death squad-style killings and disappearances to the reactivation of the popular organizations, which had been decimated by mass state terror in the early 1980s. Col. Renee Emilio Ponce, the Army operations chief, asserted that the guerrillas were "returning to their first phase of clandestine organization" in the city, "and mobilization of the masses".
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suffered constant death threats, arrests, surveillance and break-ins all year. The FMLN killed two wounded U.S. military advisers and carried out indiscriminate attacks, kidnappings and assassinations of civilians. The war intensified in mid-1991, as both the army and the FMLN attempted to gain the advantage in the United
Nations-brokered peace talks prior to a cease-fire. Indiscriminate attacks and executions by the armed forces increased as a result. Eventually, by April 1991, negotiations resumed, resulting in a truce that successfully concluded in January 1992, bringing about the war's end. On 16 January 1992, the
1333:"The immediate goal of the Salvadoran army and security forces—and of the United States in 1980, was to prevent a takeover by the leftist-led guerrillas and their allied political organizations. At this point in the Salvadoran conflict the latter were much more important than the former. The military resources of the rebels were extremely limited and their greatest strength, by far, lay not in force of arms but in their 'mass organizations' made up of labor unions, student and peasant organizations that could be mobilized by the thousands in El Salvador's major cities and could shut down the country through strikes."
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1255:, and became a crucial part of the state's repressive apparatus, murdering thousands of union leaders, activists, students and teachers suspected of sympathizing with the left. The Socorro Jurídico Cristiano (Christian Legal Assistance) – a legal aid office within the archbishop's office and El Salvador's leading human rights group at the time – documented the killings of 687 civilians by government forces in 1978. In 1979 the number of documented killings increased to 1,796. The repression prompted many in the Catholic Church to denounce the government, which responded by repressing the clergy.
1348:"In one case that has received little attention", Human Rights Watch noted, "US Embassy officials apparently collaborated with the death squad abduction of two law students in January 1980. National Guard troops arrested two youths, Francisco Ventura and José Humberto Mejía, following an anti-government demonstration. The National Guard received permission to bring the youths onto Embassy grounds. Shortly thereafter, a private car drove into the Embassy parking lot. Men in civilian dress put the students in the trunk of their car and drove away. Ventura and Mejía were never seen again."
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Democratic
National Unity (UDN) party and his pregnant wife were assassinated after ignoring death squad threats to leave the country or die. On the last day of the campaign, another UDN candidate was shot in her eye when Arena party gunmen opened fire on campaign activists putting up posters. Despite fraudulent elections orchestrated by Arena through voter intimidation, sabotage of polling stations by the Arena-dominated Central Elections Council and the disappearing of tens of thousands of names from the voting lists, the official U.S. observation team declared them "free and fair."
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1158:) lasted only four days but had major long-term effects for Salvadoran society. Trade was disrupted between El Salvador and Honduras, causing tremendous economic damage to both nations. An estimated 300,000 Salvadorans were displaced due to battle, many of whom were exiled from Honduras; in many cases, the Salvadoran government could not meet their needs. The Football War also strengthened the power of the military in El Salvador, leading to heightened corruption. In the years following the war, the government expanded its purchases of arms from sources such as Israel, Brazil,
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2334:, Treasury Police and the National Police) in 25 percent, military escorts and civil defense units in 20 percent of complaints, the death squads in approximately 10 percent, and the FMLN in 5 percent. The Truth Commission could collect only a significant sample of the full number of potential complaints, having had only three months to collect it. The report concluded that more than 70,000 people were killed, many in the course of gross violation of their human rights. More than 25 per cent of the populace was displaced as refugees before the U.N. peace treaty in 1992.
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1808:. Between February and April, a total of 439 acts of sabotage were reported. The number of acts of sabotage involving explosives or arson rose to 782 between January and September. The United States Embassy estimated the damage to the economic infrastructure at US$ 98 million. FMLN also carried out large-scale operations in the capital city and temporarily occupied urban centres in the country's interior. According to some reports, the number of rebels ranged between 4,000 and 5,000; other sources put the number at between 6,000 and 9,000.
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1298:. The United States feared that El Salvador, like Nicaragua and Cuba before it, could fall to communist revolution. Thus, Jimmy Carter's administration supported the new military government with vigor, hoping to promote stability in the country. While Carter provided some support to the government, the subsequent Reagan administration significantly increased U.S. spending in El Salvador. By 1984 Ronald Reagan's government would spend nearly $ 1 billion on economic aid for the Salvadoran government.
2404:(FDR) also protested Mr. Anaya's assassination by suspending negotiations with the Duarte government on 29 October 1987. The same day, Reni Roldán resigned from the Commission of National Reconciliation, saying: "The murder of Anaya, the disappearance of university labor leader Salvador Ubau, and other events do not seem to be isolated incidents. They are all part of an institutionalized pattern of conduct". Mr. Anaya's assassination evoked international indignation: the West German government, the
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placing them under the direct supervision of a Vice
Minister of Defense, but all three forces continued to be commanded individually by regular army officers, which, given the command structure within the government, served to effectively nullify any of the accountability provisions. The Duarte government also failed to decommission personnel within the security structures that had been involved in gross human rights abuses, instead simply dispersing them to posts in other regions of the country.
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cooperatives in debts that left them incapable of competing in the capital markets. The oligarchs often took back the land from bankrupt peasants who couldn't obtain the credit necessary to pay for seeds and fertilizer. Although, "few of the poor would dream of seeking legal redress against a landlord because virtually no judge would favor a poor man." By 1989, 1 percent of the landowners owned 41 percent of the tillable land, while 60 percent of the rural population owned 0 percent.
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1961:(ARENA). The elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence, however, and candidates to the left of Duarte's brand of Christian Democrats were excluded from participating. Fearful of a d'Aubuisson presidency for public relations purposes, the CIA financed Duarte's campaign with some two million dollars. $ 10 million were put into the election as a whole, by the CIA, for electoral technology, administration and international observers.
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1997:. For three days in 1985, all hostilities ceased to allow for mass-immunisation of any child against polio, measles, diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. The program was successful. More than half of El Salvador's 400,000 children were immunised from 2,000 immunisation centres by 20,000 health workers, and the program was repeated in subsequent years until the conclusion of the war. Similar programs have since been instituted in Uganda, Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Sudan.
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cars, in the daytime and in front of eyewitnesses. At other times, victims were kidnapped from their homes or on the streets and their bodies found dumped far from the scene. Others were forcefully "disappeared." Victims were "customarily found mutilated, decapitated, dismembered, strangled or showing marks of torture or rape." The death squad style was "to operate in secret but to leave mutilated bodies of victims as a means of terrifying the population."
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suspected of being guerrillas and guerrilla sympathizers. Pursuant to these laws, 400 political prisoners were released. Insurgents were given a period of fifteen days to turn themselves over to the security forces in exchange for amnesty. Despite amnesty being granted to guerillas and political prisoners, amnesty was also granted to members of the army, security forces and paramilitary who were involved in human rights abuses.
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1665:. From the start, the invasion of Cabanas was described as a "cleansing" operation by official sources. Hundreds of civilians were massacred by the army as Col. Ochoa's troops moved through the villages. Col. Ochoa claimed that hundreds of guerrillas had been killed but was able to show journalists only fifteen captured weapons, half of them virtual antiques, suggesting that most of those killed in the sweep were unarmed.
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1576:. An integral part of the Salvadoran Army's counterinsurgency strategy entailed "draining the sea" or "drying up the ocean", that is, eliminating the insurgency by eradicating its support base in the countryside. The primary target was the civilian population – displacing or killing them in order to remove any possible base of support for the rebels. The concept of "draining the sea" had its basis in a doctrine by
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They reveled in their fight against injustice and in their belief that they were writing their own story, an emotion that
Elisabeth Wood titled "pleasure of agency". The peasants' organization thus centered on using their struggle to unite against their oppressors, not only towards the government but the elites as well, a struggle that soon evolved into a political machine that came to be associated with the FMLN.
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three main security forces (National Guard, National Police and Treasury Police) were estimated to have killed 11,895 people, mostly peasants, trade unionists, teachers, students, journalists, human rights advocates, priests, and other prominent demographics among the popular movement. Human rights organizations judged the Salvadoran government to have among the worst human rights records in the hemisphere.
2363:. In the mid-1980s, state terror against civilians became open with indiscriminate bombing from military airplanes, planted mines, and the harassment of national and international medical personnel. Author George Lopez writes that "although death rates attributable to the death squads have declined in El Salvador since 1983, non-combatant victims of the civil war have increased dramatically".
1406:. In San Salvador, the FMLN quickly took control of many of the poor neighborhoods as the military bombed their positions—including residential neighborhoods to drive out the FMLN. This large FMLN offensive was unsuccessful in overthrowing the government but did convince the government that the FMLN could not be defeated using force of arms and that a negotiated settlement would be necessary.
1265:, where "77 percent of the arable land belonged to .01 percent of the population. Nearly 35 percent of the civilians in El Salvador were disfranchised from land ownership either through historical injustices, war or economic downturns in the commodities market. During this time frame, the country also experienced a growing population amidst major disruption in agrarian commerce and trade."
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1231:(ORDEN) – reportedly strong-armed peasants into voting for the military candidate by threatening them with machetes. The period between the election and the formal inauguration of President Romero on 1 July 1977 was characterized by massive protests from the popular movement, which were met by state repression. On 28 February 1977, a crowd of political demonstrators gathered in downtown
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argued US military advisors were possibly sending a different message to the Salvadoran military: "Do what you need to do to stop the commies, just don't get caught". A former US intelligence officer suggested the death squads needed to leave less visual evidence, that they should stop dumping bodies on the side of the road because "they have an ocean and they ought to use it". The
1200:. This worsened the existing socioeconomic inequality in the country, leading to increased unrest. In response, President Molina enacted a series of land reform measures, calling for large landholdings to be redistributed among the peasant population. The reforms failed, thanks to opposition from the landed elite, reinforcing the widespread discontent with the government.
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2035:. Ochoa's forces were implicated in a massacre of about 40 civilians in an Army sweep through one of the free fire zones in August 1985. Ochoa refused to permit the Red Cross to enter these areas to deliver humanitarian aid to the victims. Ochoa's forces reportedly uprooted some 1,400 civilian rebel supporters with mortar fire between September and November 1984.
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force. With common crime rising dramatically since the end of the war, over 500 PNC officers had been killed in the line of duty by late 1998. PNC officers also have arrested a number of their own in connection with various high-profile crimes, and a "purification" process to weed out unfit personnel from throughout the force was undertaken in late 2000.
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International support for the FMLN was declining with the end of the Cold War just as international support for the Salvadoran armed forces was weakening as the Reagan administration gave way to the less ideological Bush administration, and the end of the Cold War lessened the anti-Communist concerns about a potential domino effect in Central America.
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and internal security forces, part of what Professor William Stanley described as a "strategy of mass murder" designed to terrorize the civilian population as well as opponents of the government. General Adolfo Blandón, the Salvadoran armed forces chief of staff during much of the 1980s, has stated, "Before 1983, we never took prisoners of war."
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recovery, security and a strengthened international position. An attempt was made to form a transitional government that would establish a democratic system. Lack of agreement among the forces that made up the government and the pressures of the armed conflict prevented any substantive changes from being made during Magaña's presidency.
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during house raids in a San Salvador neighborhood. The women were raped and murdered. Everyone was dragged from their homes into the street and then executed. "The operation was a success," said the Salvadoran Defense Ministry communique. "This action was a result of training and professionalization of our officers and soldiers."
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began killing their own livestock and moving valuable farming equipment across the border into Guatemala, where many Salvadoran elites owned additional land. In addition, most co-op leaders in the countryside were assassinated or "disappeared" soon after being elected and becoming visible to the authorities. The
1506:, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation". White was dismissed from the foreign service by the Reagan administration after he had refused to participate in a coverup of the Salvadoran military's responsibility for the murders at the behest of Secretary of State
1151:'the slaughter' in Spanish, as it came to be known – allowed military dictatorships to monopolize political power in El Salvador while protecting the economic dominance of the landed elite. Opposition to this arrangement among middle-class, working-class, and poor Salvadorans grew throughout the 20th century.
1693:. The Atlácatl soldiers accused the adults of collaborating with the guerrillas. The field commander said they were under orders to kill everyone, including the children, who he asserted would just grow up to become guerrillas if they let them live. "We were going to make an example of these people," he said.
1087:(UN) reports that the war killed more than 75,000 people between 1979 and 1992, along with approximately 8,000 disappeared persons. Human rights violations, particularly the kidnapping, torture, and murder of suspected FMLN sympathizers by state security forces and paramilitary death squads – were pervasive.
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violence was not limited to activists but also anyone who promoted ideas that "questioned official policy" were tacitly assumed to be subversive against the government. A marginalized group that metamorphosed into a guerilla force that would end up confronting these government forces manifested itself in
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implementation of more methodical killing strategies, which allegedly included use of a meat packing plant to dispose of human remains. Between 20 and 25 August 1981, eighty-three decapitations were reported. The murders were later revealed to have been carried out by a death squad using a guillotine.
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Though the violations of the FMLN accounted for five percent or less of those documented by the Truth Commission, the FMLN continuously violated the human rights of many Salvadorans and other individuals identified as right-wing supporters, military targets, pro-government politicians, intellectuals,
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The statistics presented in the Truth Commission's report are consistent with both previous and retrospective assessments by the international community and human rights monitors, which documented that the majority of the violence and repression in El Salvador was attributable to government agencies,
1923:
During a 15-day interrogation, the nine labor leaders were beaten during late-night questioning and were told to confess to being guerrillas. They were then forced to sign a written confession while blindfolded. They were never charged with being guerrillas but the official police statement said they
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province. Over 600 civilians were reportedly massacred during the Army sweep. The Salvadoran field commander acknowledged that an unknown number of civilian rebel sympathizers or "masas" were killed, while declaring the operation a success. Nineteen days later, the Army massacred 27 unarmed civilians
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registered 13,353 individual cases of summary execution by government forces over the course of 1981. Nonetheless, the true figure for the number of persons killed by the Army and security services could be substantially higher, due to the fact that extrajudicial killings generally went unreported in
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The repression in rural areas resulted in the displacement of large portions of the rural populace, and many peasants fled. Of those who fled or were displaced, some 20,000 resided in makeshift refugee centers on the Honduran border in conditions of poverty, starvation and disease. The army and death
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were on a Catholic relief mission providing food, shelter, transport, medical care, and burial to death squad victims. In 1980 alone, at least 20 religious workers and priests were murdered in El Salvador. Throughout the war, the murders of church figures increased. For example, the Jesuit University
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As the government began to expand its violence towards its citizens, not only through death squads but also through the military, any group of citizens that attempted to provide any form of support whether physically or verbally ran the risk of death. Even so, many still chose to participate. But the
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for El Salvador, bringing in about 95 percent of the country's income. This income was restricted to only 2 percent of the population, however, exacerbating a divide between a small but powerful land-owning elite and an impoverished majority. This divide grew through the 1920s and was compounded by a
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administrations, the US provided 1 to 2 million dollars per day in economic aid to the Salvadoran government. The US also provided significant training and equipment to the military. By May 1983, it was reported that US military officers were working within the Salvadoran High Command and making
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The political and economic divisions at play in El Salvador during the civil war were complex, which is often overlooked by scholars and analysts eager to vindicate one side or the other. More research is needed, for example, to shed light on Salvadorans that resisted as political independents or as
2550:"The agencies in charge of making the information public have identified 3,000 other documents that remain secret and are not available; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods. Many of the documents, from the CIA and the Defense Department, are not available..."
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The new civilian police force, created to replace the discredited public security forces, deployed its first officers in March 1993, and was present throughout the country by the end of 1994. In 1999, the PNC had over 18,000 officers. The PNC faced many challenges in building a completely new police
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President Bush authorized the release of $ 42.5 million in military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces on 16 January 1991. In late January, the Usulután offices of the Democratic Convergence, a coalition of left-of-center parties, were attacked with grenades. On 21 February, a candidate for the
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In its annual review of 1987, Amnesty International reported that "some of the most serious violations of human rights are found in Central America", particularly Guatemala and El Salvador, where "kidnappings and assassinations serve as systematic mechanisms of the government against opposition from
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During 1982 and 1983, government forces killed approximately 8,000 civilians a year. Although the figure is substantially less than the figures reported by human rights groups in 1980 and 1981, targeted executions as well as indiscriminate killings nonetheless remained an integral policy of the army
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Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa was chosen to replace Colonial Jaime Flores and became military commander of the whole eastern zone of El Salvador. He was a rare thing: "pure, one-hundred-percent soldier, a natural leader, a born military man." Monterrosa did not want wholesale bloodshed, but
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on 14 May 1980, in which an estimated 600 civilians were killed, mostly women and children. Escaping villagers were prevented from crossing the river by the Honduran armed forces, "and then killed by Salvadoran troops who fired on them in cold blood". Over the course of 1980, the Salvadoran Army and
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against the organizations of the people which repeatedly have been struggling to gain respect for their fundamental human rights". On 24 March 1980, the Archbishop was assassinated while celebrating Mass, the day after he called upon Salvadoran soldiers and security force members to not follow their
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While the FMLN can be characterized as an insurrectionist group, other scholars have classified it as an "armed group institution." Understanding the differentiation is crucial. Armed group institutions use tactics to reinforce their mission or ideology. Ultimately influencing the behavior and group
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Piety was a popular reason for joining the insurrection because they saw their participation as a way of not only advancing a personal cause but a communal sentiment of divine justice. Even prior to the civil war, numerous insurgents took part in other campaigns that tackled social changes much more
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The land reform program was received with hostility from El Salvador's military and economic elites, however, which sought to sabotage the process as soon as it began. Upon learning of the government's intent to distribute land to the peasants and organize cooperatives, wealthy Salvadoran landowners
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against former President Cristiani and former defense minister Larios in the matter of the 1989 slaying of several Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter. The lawsuit accused Cristiani of a cover-up of the killings and Larios of participating in the meeting where the order to kill them
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The government mostly killed peasants, but many other opponents suspected of sympathy with the guerrillas—clergy (men and women), church lay workers, political activists, journalists, labor unionists (leaders, rank-and-file), medical workers, liberal students and teachers, and human-rights monitors
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Salvador's National Federation of Lawyers, which represented all of the country's bar associations, refused to participate in drafting the 1982 electoral law. The lawyers said that the elections couldn't possibly be free and fair during a state of siege that suspended all basic rights and freedoms.
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delegation that, on 17–18 January 1981, visited the refugee camps in El Salvador on a fact finding mission, submitted a report to Congress that found: "he Salvadoran method of 'drying up the ocean' is to eliminate entire villages from the map, to isolate the guerrillas, and deny them any rural base
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charged that "it would legitimate what has become dictatorial violence and that political power in El Salvador lay with old-line military leaders in government positions who practice a policy of 'reform with repression.'" A prominent Catholic spokesman insisted that "any military aid you send to El
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to protest the electoral fraud. Security forces arrived on the scene and opened fire, resulting in a massacre as they indiscriminately killed demonstrators and bystanders alike. Estimates of the number of civilians killed range between 200 and 1,500. President Molina blamed the protests on "foreign
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presented labor union wage demands as a challenge to the country and reported that ruling party politicians feared the resurgence of mass political organizations that had been destroyed by the government's violent repression. The National Federation of Trade Unions was "making tough wage demands",
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The day after losing a court appeal in October 2009, the two generals were put into deportation proceedings by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), at the urging of U.S. Senators Richard Durbin (Democrat) and Tom Coburn (Republican), according to the Center for Justice and Accountability
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of, and accountability for the killings. Typically, a death squad dressed in civilian clothes and traveled in anonymous vehicles (dark windows, blank license plates). The deaths squads tactics included publishing future-victim death lists, delivering coffins to said future victims, and sending the
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At war's end, the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador registered more than 22,000 complaints of political violence in El Salvador, dating between January 1980 and July 1991, 60 percent about summary killing, 25 percent about kidnapping, and 20 percent about torture. These complaints attributed
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In 1996, U.S. authorities acknowledged for the first time that U.S. military personnel had died in combat during the civil war. Officially, American advisers were prohibited from participating in combat operations, but they carried weapons, and accompanied Salvadoran army soldiers in the field and
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By the late 1980s, 75 percent of the population lived in poverty. The living standards of most Salvadorans declined by 30 percent since 1983. Unemployment or underemployment increased to 50 percent. Most people, moreover, still didn't have access to clean water or healthcare. The armed forces were
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on a visit to San Salvador told army leaders that human rights abuses committed by the military had to stop. Sources associated with the military said afterword that Quayle's warning was dismissed as propaganda for American consumption aimed at the US Congress and public. At the same time, critics
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During the Central American Peace Accords negotiations in 1987, the FMLN demanded that all death squads be disbanded and the members be held accountable. In October 1987, the Salvadoran Assembly approved an amnesty for civil-war-related crimes. The Amnesty law required the release of all prisoners
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In the early months of 1980, Salvadoran guerilla groups, workers, communists, and socialists, unified to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). The FMLN immediately announced plans for an insurrection against the government, which began on 10 January 1981, with the FMLN's first
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with the Soviet Union and other communist nations at least partially explains the backdrop against which the U.S. government aided various pro-government Salvadoran groups and opposed the FMLN. The U.S. State Department reported on intelligence that the FMLN was receiving clandestine guidance and
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After 10 years of war, more than one million people had been displaced out of a population of 5,389,000. 40 percent of the homes of newly displaced people were completely destroyed and another 25 percent were in need of major repairs. Death squad activities further escalated in 1990, despite a UN
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In October 1988, Amnesty International reported that death squads had abducted, tortured, and killed, hundreds of suspected dissidents in the preceding eighteen months. Most of the victims were trade unionists and members of cooperatives, human rights workers, members of the judiciary involved in
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departments for the war's duration. Attacks were also launched on military targets throughout the country, leaving hundreds of people dead. FMLN insurgents ranged from children to the elderly, both male and female, and most were trained in FMLN camps in the mountains and jungles of El Salvador to
1385:
In addition, the insurgents in the civil war viewed their support of the insurrection as a demonstration of their opposition to the powerful elite's unfair treatment of peasant communities that they experienced on an everyday basis, so there was a class element associated with these insurgencies.
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The squads comprised intelligence sections of the Armed Forces and the security services. They customarily wore plain clothes and made use of trucks or vans with tinted windows and without license plates. They were "chillingly efficient", said the report. Victims were sometimes shot from passing
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After Duarte's victory, human rights abuses at the hands of the army and security forces continued, but declined due to modifications made to the security structures. The policies of the Duarte government attempted to make the country's three security forces more accountable to the government by
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The US steadfastly denied the existence of the El Mozote massacre, dismissing reports of it as leftist "propaganda", until secret US cables were declassified in the 1990s. The US government and its allies in US media smeared reporters of American newspapers who reported on the atrocity and, more
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in which he pleaded with him to suspend the United States' ongoing program of military aid to the Salvadoran regime. He advised Carter that "Political power is in the hands of the armed forces. They know only how to repress the people and defend the interests of the Salvadoran oligarchy." Romero
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On 7 February 1984, nine labor union leaders, including all seven top officials of one major labor federation, were arrested by the Salvadoran National Police and sent to be tried by a military court. The arrests were part of Duarte's moves to crack down on labor unions after more than 80 trade
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identified "regular security and military units as responsible for widespread torture, mutilation and killings of noncombatant civilians from all sectors of Salvadoran society." The report also stated that the killing of civilians by state security forces became increasingly systematic with the
1617:
border. The sweep was accompanied by the use of scorched earth tactics by the Salvadoran Army and indiscriminate killings of anyone captured by the army. Those displaced by the "sweep" who were not killed outright fled the advance of the Salvadoran Army; hiding in caves and under trees to evade
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later received criticism from some academics and journalists, it has also been largely substantiated based on the evidence available at the time. The closure of the Cold War between 1989 and 1991 reduced the incentive for ongoing U.S. involvement and invited broad international support for the
2375:
In accordance with the peace agreements, the constitution was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances. During the period of fulfilling of the peace agreements, the Minister of Defense was General Humberto Corado Figueroa.
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Death squad killings and disappearances remained steady throughout 1991 as well as torture, false imprisonment, and attacks on civilians by the Army and security forces. Opposition politicians, members of church and grassroots organizations representing peasants, women and repatriated refugees
1324:
Under pressure from the military, all three civilian members of the junta resigned on 3 January 1980, along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers. On 22 January 1980, the Salvadoran National Guard attacked a massive peaceful demonstration, killing up to 50 people and wounding hundreds more. On 6
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The Spanish Judge Velasco who issued indictments and arrest warrants for 20 former members of the Salvadoran military, charged with murder, Crimes Against Humanity and Terrorism requested that U.S. agencies declassify documents related to the killings of the Jesuits, their housekeeper and her
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on 11 November 1989. This offensive brought the epicenter of fighting into the wealthy suburbs of San Salvador for essentially the first time in the history of the conflict, as the FMLN began a campaign of selective assassinations against political and military officials, civil officials, and
1835:
Decree No. 6 of the National Assembly suspended phase III of the implementation of the agrarian reform, and was itself later amended. The Apaneca Pact was signed on 3 August 1982, establishing a Government of National Unity, whose objectives were peace, democratization, human rights, economic
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In 1982, the FMLN began calling for a peace settlement that would establish a "government of broad participation". The Reagan administration said the FMLN wanted to create a Communist dictatorship. Elections were interrupted with right-wing paramilitary attacks and FMLN-suggested boycotts. El
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American aid was distributed to urban businesses although the impoverished majority received almost none of it. The concentration of wealth was even higher than before the U.S.-administered land reform program. The agrarian law generated windfall profits for the economic elite and buried the
2225:
The murder of the six Jesuit priests and the November 1989 "final offensive" by the FMLN in San Salvador, however, were key turning points that increased international pressure and domestic pressure from war-weary constituents that alternatives to the military stalemate needed to be found.
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The government retaliated with a renewed campaign of repression, primarily against activists in the democratic sector. The non-governmental Salvadoran Human Rights Commission (CDHES) counted 2,868 killings by the armed forces between May 1989 and May 1990. In addition, the CDHES stated that
2204:
network that the army said were "front organizations" supporting the guerrillas. Church offices were raided and workers were arrested and expelled. Targets included priests, lay workers and foreign employees of humanitarian agencies, providing social services to the poor: food programs,
2021:
Through 1984 and 1985, the Salvadoran Armed Forces enacted a series of "civic-action" programs in Chalatenango province, consisting of the establishment of "citizen defense committees" to guard plantations and businesses against attacks by insurgents and the establishment of a number of
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orders to kill Salvadoran civilians. President Carter stated this was a "shocking and unconscionable act". At his funeral a week later, government-sponsored snipers in the National Palace and on the periphery of the Gerardo Barrios Plaza were responsible for the shooting of 42 mourners.
2535:—defense minister from 1979 to 1984, not responsible for the killings; the families appealed and lost, and, in 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear their final appeal. A second case, against the same generals, succeeded in the same Federal Court; the three plaintiffs in
1832:(ARENA) candidates. Roberto D'Aubuisson accused Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño of imposing on the Assembly "his personal decision to put Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja in the presidency" in spite of a "categorical no" from the ARENA deputies. Magana was sworn into office on 2 May.
2570:"Most postwar discourse has been driven by elites who participated in the conflict either on the part of the guerrillas or the government. It's not that these individuals' perspectives are wrong; it is just healthier if they are challenged or supplemented by outside views."
1924:
were accused of planning to "present demands to management for higher wages and benefits and promoting strikes, which destabilize the economy." A U.S. official said the embassy had "followed the arrests closely and was satisfied that the correct procedures were followed."
1247:(FAR) led by Hector Regalado. While the death squads were initially autonomous from the Salvadoran military and composed of civilians (the FAR, for example, had developed out of a Boy Scout troop), they were soon taken over by El Salvador's military intelligence service,
2209:, relief for the displaced. One church volunteer, who was a U.S. citizen, said she was blindfolded, tortured and interrogated in Treasury Police headquarters in San Salvador while a U.S. vice consul "having coffee with the colonel in charge" did nothing to intervene.
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Agreement on Human Rights signed 26 July by the Cristiani government and the FMLN. In June 1990, U.S. President George Bush announced an "Enterprise for the Americas Initiative" to improve the investment climate by creating "a hemisphere-wide free trade zone."
3399:
1711:, made other American journalists tone down their reporting on the crimes of the Salvadoran regime and the US role in supporting the regime. As details became more widely known, the event became recognized as one of the worst atrocities of the conflict.
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in 1980. Atlácatl soldiers were trained and equipped by the U.S. military, and were described as "the pride of the United States military team in San Salvador. Trained in antiguerrilla operations, the battalion was intended to turn a losing war around."
1518:
Other countries allied with the United States also intervened in El Salvador. The military government in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General
1657:, a former Treasury Police chief with a reputation for brutality. Ochoa was close associate of Major Roberto D'Aubuisson and was alleged to have been involved in the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero. D'Aubuisson and Ochoa were both members of
2346:. A 1984 Amnesty International report stated that many of the 40,000 people killed in the preceding five years had been murdered by government forces, who openly dumped their mutilated corpses in an apparent effort to terrorize the population.
2163:
Earlier the same day, another bomb exploded outside the headquarters of a victims' advocacy group, the Committee of Mothers and Family Members of Political Prisoners, Disappeared and Assassinated of El Salvador, injuring four others.
2159:
In San Salvador on 1 October 1989, eight people were killed and 35 others were injured when a death squad bombed the headquarters of the leftist labor confederation, the National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS).
1916:, her superior in the FPL, was allegedly implicated in her murder. He committed suicide in Managua shortly after Anaya Montes' murder. Their deaths influenced the course within the FMLN of the FPL's Prolonged Popular War strategy.
2009:
killed 80 unarmed civilians in Cabanas in July 1984, and carried out another massacre one month later, killing 50 displaced people in the Chalatenango province. The women were raped and then everyone was systematically executed.
2026:. These measures were implemented under former Cabanas commander, Lieutenant Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Perez, who had previously been exiled to the US Army War College for mutiny. By January 1985 Ochoa's forces had established 12
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or peasants. Many of these insurgents joined collective action campaigns for material gain; in the Salvadoran Civil War, however, many peasants cited reasons other than material benefits in their decision to join the fight.
1137:
drop in coffee prices following the stock-market crash of 1929. In 1932, the Central American Socialist Party was formed and led an uprising of peasants and indigenous people against the government. The FMLN was named after
1446:, was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm. The raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed Archbishop Romero, and of plotting a
1450:
against the JRG. Their arrest provoked right-wing terrorist threats and institutional pressures forcing the JRG to release D'Aubuisson. In 1993, a U.N. investigation confirmed that D'Aubuisson ordered the assassination.
1103:
important strategic and tactical decisions. The United States government believed its extensive assistance to El Salvador's government was justified on the grounds that the insurgents were backed by the Soviet Union.
2502:
Groups seeking investigation or retribution for actions during the war have sought the involvement of other foreign courts. In 2008 the Spanish Association for Human Rights and a California organization called the
2030:
in Chalatenango in which any inhabitants unidentified by the army were deemed to be insurgents. Ochoa stated in an interview that areas within the free fire zone were susceptible to indiscriminate bombings by the
2172:
As early as the 1980s, the University of Central America fell under attack from the army and death squads. On 16 November 1989, five days after the beginning of the FMLN offensive, uniformed soldiers of the
1110:. Overall, the United Nations estimated that FMLN guerrillas were responsible for 5 percent of atrocities committed during the civil war, while 85 percent were committed by the Salvadoran security forces.
1325:
February, US ambassador Frank Devine informed the State Department that the extreme right was arming itself and preparing for a confrontation in which it clearly expected to ally itself with the military.
1269:
A threat to land change meant a challenge to a state where "marriages intertwined, making the wealthiest coffee processors and exporters (more so than the growers) also those with the highest ties in the
1402:
Much later, in November 1989, the FMLN launched a large offensive that caught Salvadoran military off guard and succeeded in taking control of large sections of the country and entering the capital,
329:
1502:
In justifying these arms shipments, the administration claimed that the regime had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by US Ambassador,
4427:
3054:
2283:, Mexico City, to bring peace to El Salvador. The Armed Forces were regulated, a civilian police force was established, the FMLN metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party, and an
1697:
generally, undertook a campaign of whitewashing the human rights record of the Salvadoran military and the US role in arming, training and guiding it. The smears, according to journalists like
1590:, wrote in a 1984 review about the scorched earth approach: "This may be an effective strategy for winning the war. It is, however, a strategy that involves the use of terror tactics—bombings,
3253:
While nothing of the aid delivered from the US in 1979 was earmarked for security purposes, the 1980 aid for security only summed US$ 6.2 million, close to two-thirds of the total aid in 1979.
1258:
Historian M. A. Serpas posits displacement and dispossession rates with respect to land as a major structural factor leading ultimately to civil war. El Salvador is an agrarian society, with
5545:
2238:
reached an estimated $ 1 billion, and the economic elite avoided paying taxes. Despite nearly $ 3 billion in American economic assistance, per capita income declined by one third.
1844:
10295:
308:
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Colorado, C. X. (2002). Justice and the generals: Holding foreign military officers accountable for rape and extrajudicial killing; the case of the U.S. churchwomen killed in El Salvador.
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figures "tended to be conservative because its standards of confirmation are strict"; killings of persons were registered individually and required proof of being "not combat related".
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Armed with M16, IMI Galil, and G3 assault rifles; Uzi submachine guns; heavy weapons including artillery and missiles of North American manufacturing; and helicopters and fighter jets
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part of pro-democracy coalitions. After a 2012 historians seminar at the University of El Salvador commemorating the 20th anniversary of the peace accords, Michael Allison concluded:
5495:
1626:
into Honduras to flee violence. There, they were caught between Salvadoran and Honduran troops. The Salvadoran Air Force, subsequently bombed and strafed the fleeing civilians with
3154:
2303:
The peace process set up under the Chapultepec Accords was monitored by the United Nations from 1991 until June 1997 when it closed its special monitoring mission in El Salvador.
2832:
US government increased the security support to prevent a similar thing to happen in El Salvador. This was, not least, demonstrated in the delivery of security aid to El Salvador
9881:
5883:
Extrajudicial Executions in El Salvador: Report of an Amnesty International Mission to Examine Post-Mortem and Investigative Procedures in Political Killings, 1–6 July, 1983
2361:
the objective of death-squad-terror seemed not only to eliminate opponents, but also, through torture and the gruesome disfigurement of bodies, to terrorize the population
5592:
806:
740:
3234:
1154:
On 14 July 1969, an armed conflict erupted between El Salvador and Honduras over immigration disputes caused by Honduran land reform laws. The conflict (known as the
2005:
While reforms were being made to the security forces, the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side. An Americas Watch report noted that the
4292:
2778:
5563:
2330:, which were massively supported by the United States (4.6 billion dollars in 2009), were accused in 60 percent of the complaints, the security forces (i.e. the
1860:, approximately twelve kilometers from San Salvador. On 10 June 1982, almost 4,000 Salvadoran troops carried out a "cleanup" operation in the rebel-controlled
8732:
4881:
5437:
8163:
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were also killed. The killings were carried out by the security forces, the Army, the National Guard, and the Treasury Police; but it was the paramilitary
1182:
2147:
III said he believed President Cristiani was in control of the army and defended the government's crackdown on opponents as "absolutely appropriate". The
1888:
1196:
The growth of left-wing insurgency in El Salvador occurred against a backdrop of rising food prices and decreased agricultural output exacerbated by the
8211:
4484:
10212:
3653:
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efforts to establish criminal responsibility for human rights violations, returned refugees and displaced persons, and released political prisoners.
1920:
unionists were detained in a raid by the National Police. The police confiscated the union's files and took videotape mugshots of each union member.
9866:
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directly, not only the lack of political representation but also the lack of economic and social opportunities not afforded to their communities.
1015:
838:
4781:"Salvador rebels adapt to long war with new strategy. They focus on getting civilian support and exploiting Duarte's problems for political gains"
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the families of the murdered Maryknoll nuns sued the two Salvadoran generals believed responsible for the killings, but lost; the jury found Gen.
7710:
6482:
Inside the League: the shocking exposé of how terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League
5358:
3433:
1685:, spearheaded by the Atlácatl Battalion. On 11 December 1981, one month after the "sweep" through Cabañas, the Battalion occupied the village of
1662:
1885:, and later tortured to death. Garcia Villas had been on Guazapa collecting evidence about the possible army use of white phosphorus munitions.
1633:
A second offensive was launched, also in Cabañas Department, on 11 November 1981 in which 1,200 troops were mobilized, including members of the
1630:
fire, killing hundreds. Among the dead were at least 189 persons who were unaccounted for and registered as "disappeared" during the operation.
9952:
7461:
7270:
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1856:
reported that, on 24 May 1982, a clandestine cemetery containing the corpses of 150 disappeared persons was discovered near Puerta del Diablo,
1072:
followed by government killings of anti-coup protesters is widely seen as the start of civil war. The war did not formally end until after the
733:
2151:
told Human Rights Watch that the government's repression of trade unionists was justified on the grounds that they were guerrilla supporters.
1622:. On 18 March, three days after the sweep in Cabañas began, 4–8,000 survivors of the sweep (mostly women and children) attempted to cross the
1291:
312:
175:
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and suspending civil liberties. In the countryside, the agrarian elite organized and funded paramilitary death squads, such as the infamous
9942:
6688:
6645:
4614:
1658:
1190:
274:
75:
6359:
4259:
1816:
Pursuant to measures implemented by the JRG junta on 18 October 1979, elections for an interim government were held on 29 April 1982. The
1181:
in the Salvadoran Army. Opposition to the Molina government was strong on both the right and the left. Also in 1972, the Marxist–Leninist
1049:
257:
232:
9916:
8803:
7133:
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in May 1981 for his government's avid support. The Argentine military dictatorship also supported the Salvadoran armed forces as part of
6770:
9906:
7075:
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4368:
Web project by Michael McClintock based on his 1992 book by the same name published by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc.
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1973:
1310:
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1993:
to UNICEF, "Days of tranquillity" were brokered between Government and rebel forces, under the direction of UNICEF Executive Director
1211:, military president of El Salvador (1977–1979). His presidency was characterized by increased civil unrest and government repression.
10033:
9995:
7159:
6832:
6701:
2634:
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and massacred at least 733 and possibly up to 1,000 unarmed civilians, including women and 146 children, in what became known as the
1454:
A week after the arrest of D'Aubuisson, the National Guard and the newly reorganized paramilitary ORDEN, with the cooperation of the
726:
1309:
the banking, coffee and sugar industries, scheduled elections for February 1982, and disbanded the paramilitary private death squad
9947:
7980:
6913:
2539:
won a judgment exceeding US$ 54 million compensation for having been tortured by the military during El Salvador's Civil War.
6613:
6179:
5864:
5781:
5422:
5407:
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target-person an invitation to his/her own funeral. Cynthia Arnson, a Latin American-affairs writer for Human Rights Watch, says:
10300:
9383:
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3013:
1248:
1114:
5600:
9876:
8148:
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3556:
1904:, a leader of the Popular Forces for Liberation (FPL) "Farabundo Martí", a communist party-affiliated militia, was murdered in
1825:
1220:
863:
6053:"The Right to Information is the Right to Justice: Declassified Documents and the Assassination of the Jesuits in El Salvador"
9871:
7806:
7493:
7471:
6893:
6817:
5452:
2504:
2455:
1166:
794:
8894:
10305:
10275:
8713:
8638:
8298:
7898:
6765:
3240:
2424:, and other organizations protested against the assassination of the leader of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador.
1601:
was able to locate guerrilla strongholds reportedly using intelligence from U.S. Air Force planes flying over the country.
1542:
regulations. Between 12 January and 19 February 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew.
1008:
970:
777:
17:
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Green, Amelia Hoover (September 2017). "Armed group institutions and combatant socialization: Evidence from El Salvador".
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were subsequently targeted by rebels. 21 Americans were killed in action during the civil war and more than 5,000 served.
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9911:
8318:
7451:
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6760:
6755:
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2405:
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Outraged by the results of the 1988 fixed elections and the military's use of terror tactics and voter intimidation, the
1817:
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has historically been characterised by extreme socioeconomic inequality. In the late 19th century, coffee became a major
963:
956:
135:
7560:
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10000:
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7311:
7265:
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6807:
6750:
6243:
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Amnesty International. Amnesty International's Current Concerns in El Salvador (London: AMR 29/09/85, June 1985), p. 3.
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4001:
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3930:"El Salvador Accountability and Human Rights: the Report of the United Nations Commission on the Truth for El Salvador"
3001:
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2947:
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5787:(Report). Reports: El Salvador, United States Institute of Peace. Truth Commissions Digital Collection. Archived from
4551:
1534:
During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Romero in May 1979, by declaring
1223:. As was the case in 1972, the results of the 1977 election were fraudulent and favored a military candidate, General
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3614:
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2477:
1524:
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3285:"Countering the Soviet Threat? An Analysis of the Justifications for US Military Assistance to El Salvador, 1979–92"
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93:
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government paramilitary organizations illegally detained 1,916 persons and disappeared 250 during the same period.
1821:
1259:
880:
291:
8466:
8328:
8012:
5651:
4733:"Refworld – El Salvador: Human Rights Violations by the National Police during the Initial Years of the Civil War"
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Irvine, Reed and Joseph C. Goulden. "U.S. left's 'big lie' about El Salvador deaths." Human Events (9/15/90): 787.
917:
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9508:
8889:
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8596:
8368:
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7008:
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6076:"Soviet Bloc Involvement in the Salvadoran Civil War: The US State Departments 1981 'White Letter' Reconsidered"
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A war of information : the conflict between public and private U.S. foreign policy on El Salvador, 1979–1992
1958:
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Accountability for these civil war-era atrocities has been hindered by a 1993 amnesty law. In 2016, however, the
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237:
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Pastor, Robert (Winter 1984). "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: Carter and Reagan on El Salvador".
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3429:
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1881:, president of the non-governmental Human Rights Commission of El Salvador, was captured by army troops on the
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131:
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that the law was unconstitutional and that the Salvadoran government could prosecute suspected war criminals.
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1945:
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Low Intensity Warfare, High Intensity Death: The Demographic Impact of the Wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua
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From Madness to Hope: the 12-year war in El Salvador: Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador
5249:. Human Rights and Gender Politics: Asia-Pacific perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. p. 193.
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816:
772:
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4644:"Letter Dated 29 March 1993 From the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council"
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3239:. Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University. Archived from
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Commemoration of the assassination of Archbishop Romero (El Salvador) in The Hague; parents and sister of
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documented a jump in documented government killings from 234 in February 1980 to 487 the following month.
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UN General Assembly Resolution on the "Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in El Salvador"
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4183:"Jimmy Carter: Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero Statement on the Death of the Archbishop of San Salvador"
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raped and murdered four American, Catholic church women (three religious women, or nuns, and a laywoman)
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5278:"Salvador Raid on Rebel Hospital Charged: Rights Group Says 5 Patients Among 10 Dead; Atrocities Cited"
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Instruments of statecraft: U.S. guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and counter-terrorism, 1940–1990
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A monument carved in black marble that contains on the names of thousands of victims of the civil war.
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later revised its count of government killings for 1981 up to 16,000 with the induction of new cases.
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Gerry E. Studds, William Woodward, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1981
3155:"'Removing the Veil': El Salvador Apologizes for State Violence on 20th Anniversary of Peace Accords"
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Repression continued after the inauguration of President Romero, with his new government declaring a
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Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940–1990
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1189:– began conducting small-scale guerrilla operations in El Salvador. Other organizations such as the
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Arnson, Cynthia J. "Window on the past: a declassified history of death squads in El Salvador", in
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United Nations, Report of the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, 1982, p. 33
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2412:
asked President Duarte to clarify the circumstances of the crime. United Nations Secretary General
2194:
1913:
9323:
4706:"Central America, 1981: report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives"
437:
10285:
8813:
8758:
8743:
8683:
8491:
8471:
8231:
7908:
7513:
7070:
7020:
6846:
5311:
4807:
Centro Universitario de Documentación e Información, Proceso, Año 3, No. 98, February–April 1982.
4570:
3520:
Taylor, Robert; Vanden, Harry (September 1982). "Defining Terrorism in El Salvador: La Matanza".
2596:
2517:
2448:
2367:
public officials, and judges. These violations included kidnapping, bombings, rape, and killing.
2327:
2148:
2086:
1861:
1557:
1395:
1216:
811:
41:
7716:
6619:
1957:
won the presidency (with 54 percent of the votes) against Army Major Roberto d'Aubuisson of the
1848:
Camouflaged soldiers of the Salvadoran army gather in a staging area during Exercise 14 May 1984
1673:
9603:
9107:
8501:
8175:
7651:
7411:
7406:
7199:
7152:
7085:
6989:
6944:
6932:
6709:
6641:
6365:
5749:
4256:
4201:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3353:
2619:
2609:
2513:
2182:
2134:
2130:
1642:
1443:
1262:
1252:
1224:
1208:
906:
858:
473:
9813:
5088:
4643:
4244:
4231:
3827:
3140:
1580:
that emphasized that "The guerrilla must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea."
10166:
9838:
9122:
9117:
8884:
8773:
8728:
8688:
8623:
8567:
8486:
8268:
8082:
7960:
7878:
7786:
7751:
7661:
7606:
7503:
7344:
7113:
6974:
5753:
5517:"The Structure of Negotiation: Lessons from El Salvador for Contemporary Conflict Resolution"
5199:
Nightmare Revisited, 1987–1988: Tenth Supplement to the Report on Human Rights in El Salvador
3639:
The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador
3115:
2421:
2394:
2355:
2295:
2113:. Two of the female victims showed signs that they had been raped before they were executed.
1715:
1459:
1174:
828:
505:
425:
58:
Clockwise from top right: two Salvadorans carrying a casualty of war, an anti-war protest in
6090:
6032:
5782:
From madness to hope: the 12-year war in El Salvador Part IV. Cases and patterns of violence
3929:
3386:
3210:
3202:
2174:
2006:
1682:
1634:
1610:
1414:
1391:
541:
10114:
10104:
9378:
9145:
9000:
8954:
8869:
8864:
8663:
8511:
8506:
8398:
8353:
8308:
8246:
8077:
8052:
8002:
7930:
7844:
7694:
7296:
7275:
7168:
7128:
7118:
7030:
6959:
6283:
4884:
2137:, organizer of death squads, and military officers linked to the murder of Jesuit priests.
2133:, founded by the United States, trained many members of the Salvadoran military, including
2032:
1598:
1565:
1455:
1435:
1290:
With tensions mounting and the country on the verge of an insurrection, the civil-military
853:
4169:
3030:
2006 – Manuel Guedán – Carta del Director. Un Salvador violento celebra quince años de paz
2186:
1736:
the countryside and many of the victims' families remained silent in fear of reprisal. An
585:
8:
10315:
10224:
10176:
10144:
10094:
9823:
9738:
9733:
9633:
9496:
9293:
9177:
9092:
8980:
8833:
8828:
8808:
8793:
8703:
8698:
8603:
8536:
8526:
8438:
8433:
8423:
8323:
8263:
8236:
8062:
8047:
8017:
7995:
7781:
7771:
7498:
7421:
7391:
7375:
7108:
6386:
6134:
El Salvador's Decade of Terror: Human Rights Since the Assassination of Archbishop Romero
5500:
4207:
1978:
848:
8678:
8591:
6964:
6508:
Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism
5089:"A Year of Reckoning: El Salvador a Decade After the Assassination of Archbishop Romero"
4452:"A Year of Reckoning: El Salvador a Decade After the Assassination of Archbishop Romero"
2490:
1723:
squads forced many of them to flee to the United States, but most were denied asylum. A
9977:
9773:
9758:
9683:
9663:
9658:
9643:
9490:
9238:
8990:
8874:
8628:
8531:
8516:
8428:
8418:
8393:
8388:
8153:
8107:
8022:
8007:
7950:
7766:
7689:
7565:
7456:
7446:
7173:
7103:
6585:
6560:
6188:
6157:
5861:
5788:
5777:
5568:
4946:
4536:
Raymond Bonner (27 January 1982). "Massacre of Hundreds Reported In Salvador Village",
4170:"Learn from History", 31st Anniversary of the Assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero"
4084:
3877:
3537:
3489:
3306:
2872:
2827:
2614:
2602:
2587:
2280:
2141:
1794:
1690:
1638:
1569:
1240:
1236:
Communists" and immediately exiled a number of top UNO party members from the country.
991:
843:
485:
389:
71:
9673:
9502:
5467:
5100:
2250:
2013:
1785:
Attacks against military and economic targets by the FMLN began to escalate. The FMLN
1138:
10310:
10149:
10059:
9990:
9843:
9788:
9763:
9718:
9648:
9623:
9588:
9578:
9547:
9434:
9318:
9288:
9025:
9015:
8929:
8823:
8668:
8383:
8180:
8037:
7990:
7888:
7839:
7813:
7791:
7631:
7611:
7555:
7543:
7357:
7192:
6624:
6590:
6534:
6513:
6487:
6480:
6464:
6457:
6441:
6417:
6393:
6335:
6314:
6293:
6269:
6239:
6215:
6164:
6138:
5532:
5516:
5333:
5281:
4986:
4393:
4211:
4132:
4107:
4088:
4047:
4022:
3997:
3972:
3947:
3910:
3885:
3804:
3750:
3725:
3642:
3610:
3541:
3495:
3310:
3214:
3203:
2997:
2973:
2930:
2906:
2876:
2786:
2754:
2629:
2122:
2090:
2074:
1982:
1882:
1619:
413:
53:
9967:
9638:
6364:. Stony Brook, N.Y.: Southampton Review, Vol. IV, No. 1, Spring 2010. Archived from
5212:"Salvadorans attack amnesty law. They criticize new bill for absolving death squads"
5005:
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report 1985 (London: AI, 1985), p. 143.
4634:, "The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008", (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 156
1937:
1471:
On 2 December 1980, members of the Salvadoran National Guard were suspected to have
529:
10161:
10089:
9753:
9678:
9608:
9593:
9573:
9520:
9303:
9298:
9278:
9228:
9218:
9045:
9010:
8995:
8944:
8673:
8613:
8453:
8112:
8092:
7801:
7743:
7737:
7704:
7684:
7674:
7523:
7324:
7316:
6580:
6572:
6431:
5985:
5528:
4938:
4677:
4655:
Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 1982 (London: AI, 1981), p. 133
4076:
3868:
National Security Archives, El Salvador: The Making of US Policy, 1977–1984, p. 34.
3779:
3555:
Haggerty, Richard A. (November 1988). "Foreign Military Influence and Assistance".
3529:
3298:
2948:"Dirección de Asuntos del Hemisferio Occidental: Información general – El Salvador"
2864:
1801:
1528:
1520:
1090:
The Salvadoran government was considered an ally of the U.S. in the context of the
1033:
489:
5824:
5704:
4203:
The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics
3798:
1106:
Counterinsurgency tactics implemented by the Salvadoran government often targeted
10011:
9972:
9828:
9818:
9803:
9783:
9768:
9743:
9688:
9453:
9421:
9313:
9273:
9035:
9030:
8970:
8911:
8643:
8521:
8348:
8313:
8221:
8216:
7940:
7834:
7508:
7441:
7431:
7396:
7352:
7339:
7291:
6657:
6528:
6505:
6459:
Exporting democracy: the United States and Latin America : themes and issues
6435:
6411:
6329:
6308:
6287:
6233:
6132:
6006:
5868:
5728:
5375:
5244:
5142:
5112:
4980:
4963:
4780:
4577:
4451:
4387:
4316:
4263:
4257:"Guatemala and El Salvador: Latin America's worst human rights violators in 1980"
3879:
3704:
Library of Congress. Country Studies. El Salvador. Background to the Insurgency.
3604:
3302:
2868:
2746:
2661:
2652:
2343:
2323:
2201:
1772:
at a Christian Democratic Party press conference during the Salvadoran war (1982)
1698:
1654:
1503:
1337:
1197:
1147:, during which approximately 30,000 civilians were murdered by the armed forces.
553:
7935:
5621:
5247:
The Contemplacion fiasco: The hanging of a Filipino domestic worker in Singapore
5181:
3533:
2639:
1426:
1419:
1345:
rightist groups who are themselves at the root of the problems of the country."
10320:
10139:
9798:
9723:
9713:
9708:
9568:
9308:
9097:
9020:
8748:
8653:
8403:
8343:
7975:
7893:
7796:
7756:
7726:
7626:
7581:
6381:
6152:
5721:
5211:
5166:
4719:
US Reporting on Human Rights in El Salvador: Methodology At Odds With Knowledge
4182:
3718:
3029:
2851:"The Red Affair: FMLN–Cuban relations during the Salvadoran Civil War, 1981–92"
2716:
2512:
was given; the groups asked the Spanish court to intervene on the principle of
2417:
2235:
2190:
2144:
2102:
2027:
2023:
1994:
1587:
1564:" strategy, and adopted tactics similar to those being employed in neighboring
1561:
1551:
1507:
1141:, one of the leaders of the uprising. The rebellion was brutally suppressed in
1084:
6437:
In the Name of Democracy: U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years
5014:
LeMoyne, James (1 July 1984). "A Salvador Police Chief Vows an End to Abuses"
4964:"Salvador's Duarte backs down on peace talks, further weakening his influence"
4942:
10239:
9962:
9808:
9703:
9668:
9653:
9613:
9155:
8985:
8723:
8633:
8496:
8476:
8363:
8124:
8102:
8067:
7646:
7641:
7596:
7518:
7478:
7227:
6576:
5337:
5182:"As discontent in El Salvador mounts, students spearhead militant opposition"
4152:
4080:
2951:
2903:
Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador
2790:
2698:
2644:
1708:
1488:
601:
509:
213:
67:
6067:
United States Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs, 23 February 1981
5999:
5041:
3577:
Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador's Transition to Democracy
1872:
10099:
10079:
9748:
9698:
9628:
9618:
9472:
9460:
9447:
9253:
9080:
8581:
7829:
7679:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7234:
6594:
6530:
The American Connection: State Terror and Popular Resistance in El Salvador
6501:
6331:
Paying the Price: Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador
4631:
4552:"Revisiting American Involvement in El Salvador: The Massacre at El Mozote"
4361:
4235:, 1 April 1993, from the Equipo Nizkor/Derechos site. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
3783:
3606:
Paying the Price: Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador
2749:
The American connection: state terror and popular resistance in El Salvador
2351:
1495:
1480:
1430:
1403:
1342:
1306:
1232:
1159:
1155:
1065:
1061:
767:
351:
3705:
1901:
1568:
by its security forces. These tactics were inspired and adapted from U.S.
597:
10119:
10074:
9793:
9398:
9368:
9223:
9213:
9112:
8975:
8768:
8257:
8087:
8072:
7883:
7731:
7699:
7586:
7401:
7306:
7245:
6717:
6697:
6561:"The health costs of war: Can they be measured? Lessons from El Salvador"
6229:
6207:
4982:
Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s
4730:
4646:, S/25500, Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador, 1 April 1993
3747:
The killing zone : the United States wages Cold War in Latin America
3198:
2709:
2495:
2284:
1990:
1857:
1724:
1627:
1583:
1573:
1535:
1302:
1169:
was marred by massive electoral fraud, which favored the military-backed
1129:
1045:
107:
6254:
5839:, Americas Watch, Human Rights Watch Books, Yale University Press, 1991.
9552:
9263:
9233:
9187:
9102:
9070:
9062:
9005:
8693:
8408:
8097:
7985:
7591:
6666:
6559:
Ugalde, A.; Selva-Sutter, E.; Castillo, C.; Paz, C.; Cañas, S. (2000).
6177:
4950:
4926:
2972:. El Salvador: History (10a ed.). London: Routledge. p. 384.
2462: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2206:
2200:
The Salvadoran government then began a campaign to dismantle a liberal
2125:
1797:
1765:
1755:
1577:
1203:
1143:
718:
8206:
5245:
Anne-Marie Hilsdon; M. Macintyre; V. Mackie; M. Stivens, eds. (2000).
4439:
UN Truth Commission for El Salvador, From Madness to Hope, 1993, p. 23
3380:"El Salvador's 1993 Amnesty Law Overturned: Implications for Colombia"
3266:"philly.com: The Philadelphia Inquirer Historical Archive (1860–1922)"
1280:
79:
9848:
9693:
9542:
9515:
9328:
9283:
9192:
9160:
9140:
9132:
8461:
8251:
4834:
United States Embassy in San Salvador (cable 00437), 3 December 1982.
2705:
2231:
2106:
1909:
1793:
Air Force Base in San Salvador, destroying six of the Air Force's 14
1686:
1623:
1476:
1133:
1107:
1053:
1041:
927:
189:
5201:. Background to the Deterioration: Human Rights Watch. pp. 5–7.
2558:
arms from the Cuban, Nicaraguan, and Soviet governments. While this
2543:(CJA). Those deportation proceedings had been stalled by May 2010.
2437:
2069:
10219:
10109:
9427:
9268:
9165:
9040:
8859:
8763:
7903:
7761:
7215:
5167:"Salvador rights leader's murder seen tied to rise of death squads"
4556:
3907:
Crossroads: Congress, the President, and Central America, 1976–1993
3855:
United States Embassy in San Salvador, cable 02296, 31 March 1980.
3359:(in Spanish). Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador. 13 July 2016
3036:, winter, number 016, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain, pp. 6–11
2554:
2531:, ex-National Guard Leader and Duarte's defense minister, and Gen.
1790:
1614:
1609:
On 15 March 1981, the Salvadoran Army began a "sweep" operation in
1591:
1484:
1356:
1091:
45:
8547:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
4910:"9 Salvador Unionists Face Trial on Charges of Being Guerrillas".
4825:
United States Embassy in San Salvador (cable 02165), 3 March 1983.
3691:
3689:
3564:. Federal Research Division Library of Congress. pp. 223–224.
3522:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
9373:
9258:
9248:
9197:
8738:
7483:
6289:
Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992
4674:"El Salvador; Intimidation, Strong Army Blamed as Revolt Fizzles"
2901:
Michael W. Doyle, Ian Johnstone & Robert Cameron Orr (1997).
2819:
1905:
1178:
557:
59:
6650:
3878:
United States. Dept. of State. Bureau of Public Affairs (1985).
9441:
9243:
9182:
8117:
3800:
Reagan and the world : imperial policy in the new Cold War
3686:
3236:
El Salvador, In Depth: Negotiating a settlement to the conflict
3081:
Dictionary of Wars, by George Childs Kohn (Facts on File, 1999)
2844:
2842:
2840:
2823:
2812:
El Salvador, In Depth, Negotiating a settlement to the conflict
2563:
negotiation process that would lead to the 1992 peace accords.
1646:
1539:
1305:
program that restricted landholdings to a 100-hectare maximum,
4247:
Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador, 1 April 1993
3400:"Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America"
1048:
that was fought between the government of El Salvador and the
9926:
9882:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
9388:
9171:
7250:
6558:
6549:
6404:
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America.
2701:
2508:
2110:
1932:
1492:
1434:
warned that US support would only "sharpen the injustice and
1390:
major attack. The attack established FMLN control of most of
1227:. State-sponsored paramilitary forces – such as the infamous
10296:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
6388:
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America
5935:
Understanding terrorism: challenges, perspectives and issues
2837:
2523:
Long after the war, in a U.S. federal court, in the case of
2245:
2101:
On 13 February, the Atlácatl Battalion attacked a guerrilla
145:
FMLN armed wing dissolved, becoming solely a political party
10043:
9466:
9348:
7240:
7184:
6310:
Revolution in El Salvador: From Civil Strife to Civil Peace
6110:"El Salvador's Brutal Civil War: What We Still Don't Know."
5960:
Death squads in global perspective: murder with deniability
5743:
5741:
5722:
Amnesty Law Biggest Obstacle to Human Rights, Say Activists
5308:"The Most Interesting Gubernatorial Candidate in the World"
4485:"How U.S. Actions Helped Hide Salvador Human Rights Abuses"
2082:
1805:
1681:
This operation was followed by additional "sweeps" through
1057:
364:
5564:"After Parades and Promises, Duarte Flounders in Salvador"
5157:"Central America Report", Inforpress Centroamericana, 1988
4691:"Central Americans Feel Sting Of New U.S. Immigration Law"
2105:
and killed at least 10 people, including five patients, a
9921:
9901:
9896:
6292:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
6252:
6091:
https://cja.org/espanol-9/el-salvador-el-caso-jesuitas-3/
5772:
5770:
4867:"U.S. Tactics Fail to Prevent Salvadoran Civilian Deaths"
4447:
4445:
2950:. U.S. State Department. 18 November 2004. Archived from
2712:
2388:
2064:
1873:
Government murder of human rights and labor union leaders
1820:
voted on three candidates nominated by the armed forces;
1328:
5899:. Amnesty International Publications. 1985. p. 145.
5738:
5128:"U.S.-backed strategy creates militias, free-fire zones"
4749:
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report 1984
4413:"El Salvador Intensifies Its Air War Against Guerrillas"
4129:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
4104:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
4044:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
4019:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
3994:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
3969:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
3944:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
3671:
The Long War: Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador
3102:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
2925:
María Eugenia Gallardo & José Roberto López (1986).
2089:" with the aim of unseating the government of President
1594:, shellings and, occasionally, massacres of civilians."
5705:"PEACE in Action – Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution"
4293:"Guerillas regroup as Carter switches on Salvador arms"
4287:
4285:
3454:
2154:
5767:
4442:
3720:
El Salvador : Central America in the new Cold War
1653:
The November 1981 operation was commanded by Lt. Col.
6614:
Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador
5546:"Rightists Deal U.S.-backed Duarte A Crushing Defeat"
4277:
Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies
3177:"El Salvador's Funes apologizes for civil war abuses"
2970:
South America, Central America and The Caribbean 2002
2221:
Protest against the Salvadoran Civil War Chicago 1989
1409:
6212:
The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War
6181:
From Madness to Hope: The 12-Year War in El Salvador
5692:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 – El Salvador"
5488:
5423:"Bombing at Salvadoran Leftists' Office Kills Eight"
5408:"Bombing at Salvadoran Leftists' Office Kills Eight"
5351:
5225:
5223:
4282:
3418:. Headquarters, Department of The Army. p. 306.
2577:
2427:
1839:
1756:
Interim government and continued violence: 1982–1984
1604:
5593:"Land for Salvador's Poor: To Many, Bitter Victory"
5496:"Church Worker says Salvadoran Police Tortured Her"
5438:"6 Priests Killed in a Campus Raid in San Salvador"
5359:"U.S. staffers in El Salvador urged to leave homes"
4615:"Changing Times: The Vindication of Raymond Bonner"
3898:
1281:
Coup d'état, repression and insurrection: 1979–1981
10041:
6479:
6456:
6385:
6156:
6020:"El Salvador massacre case filed in Spanish court"
5971:Lopez, George A. "Terrorism in Latin America", in
5849:El Salvador: 'Death Squads'—A Government Strategy.
5776:
5637:"Amnesty Reports Increase In Death Squad Killings"
5230:"El Salvador: Death Squads, a Government Strategy"
4903:
4462:
4460:
4359:
3717:
2744:
2167:
1949:President Ronald Reagan with José Napoleón Duarte.
1341:Salvador ends up in the hands of the military and
1185:(FPL) – established in 1970 as an offshoot of the
1052:(FMLN), a coalition or "umbrella organization" of
6646:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
6105:
6103:
5393:"Newly Active Unions a Challenge for El Salvador"
5220:
4857:OAS-IACHR, Annual Report, 1981–1982, pp. 115–116.
2905:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 222.
2740:
2738:
2736:
10237:
9867:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
6178:Commission on the Truth for El Salvador (1993).
6159:Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador
5584:
5480:"Salvador Seeks to Quell Liberal Church Network"
5240:
5238:
4845:Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador
4428:"Salvadoran air force taking bigger role in war"
4232:Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador
3829:Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador
3636:
3574:
3272:on 18 February 2019 – via nl.newsbank.com.
3141:Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador
1351:
8304:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
7711:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
6055:The National Security Archive, 16 November 2009
6022:. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
5885:. Amnesty International Publications. May 1984.
5750:"El Salvador : des guérilleros au pouvoir"
5747:
4731:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
4457:
4106:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11, 13.
4046:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18, 24.
3996:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18, 19.
3822:
3820:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3108:
1927:
1663:Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
1545:
1183:Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí
965:Greater Republic of Central America (1895–1898)
958:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
6130:
6100:
5590:
5468:"Second Salvador Massacre, But of Common Folk"
5113:"Salvador colonel who mutinied is back in war"
4774:
4480:
4478:
4467:"How U.S. Advisers Run the War in El Salvador"
4353:
4131:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.
3698:
3596:
3133:
2967:
2733:
1896:in the portrait of Romero Date: March 24, 1984
10027:
7200:
6682:
5259:Central America Report 14 September 1990, 277
5235:
5143:"Salvador colonel runs province as a warlord"
4612:
4511:"Limpieza total de la guerrilla en Cabañas",
4312:"Bringing El Salvador Nun Killers to Justice"
3052:
2963:
2961:
2921:
2919:
2212:
2051:
1466:
1285:
1009:
734:
98:(12 years, 3 months and 1 day)
9943:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
7494:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
6630:CIA Threat Assessment of El Salvador in 1979
6602:
6137:. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
5678:"Rightist intimidation wins in El Salvador"
5558:
5556:
5554:
4193:
4172:The National Security Archive, 23 March 2011
3884:. Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State.
3817:
3623:
3519:
1824:was elected by 36 votes to 17, ahead of the
1760:
1556:In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the
8804:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
6259:. Washington, D.C.: US Library of Congress.
5903:
5806:
4927:"Observing el Salvador: The 1984 Elections"
4475:
3053:Seligson, Mitchell A.; McElhinny, Vincent.
10034:
10020:
9907:United States involvement in regime change
7462:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
7207:
7193:
6689:
6675:
6547:
6526:
6306:
5940:
4021:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18.
3790:
3346:
3227:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
2994:Communist and Marxist parties of the world
2958:
2916:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2000:
1981:and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
1933:Fixed elections and lack of accountability
1215:On 20 February 1977, the PCN defeated the
1016:
1002:
741:
727:
6584:
6454:
6430:
6334:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
6327:
6282:
5551:
3971:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
3946:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
3772:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
3715:
3668:
3641:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3609:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3602:
2772:
2770:
2494:Monsignor Óscar Romero Memorial Plaza in
2478:Learn how and when to remove this message
2322:almost 85 percent of the violence to the
2246:Death squads and peace accords: 1990–1992
2085:launched a major offensive known as the "
1941:Mesa Grande refugee camp in Honduras 1987
1854:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1780:
1429:published an open letter to US President
1050:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
6696:
6477:
6392:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
5378:Human Rights Watch, 01/01/88, pp. 98–100
4978:
4549:
4337:National Security Archive 1989, p. 25-72
3554:
3411:
3405:
3104:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2489:
2379:
2294:
2257:
2249:
2216:
2140:In a 29 November 1989 press conference,
2068:
2012:
1972:
1944:
1936:
1887:
1843:
1764:
1672:
1513:
1413:
1355:
1202:
748:
8033:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
6500:
6380:
6348:
6065:"Communist Interference in El Salvador"
6012:
6000:"The Killing of Herbert Anaya Sanabria"
5952:
5830:
5667:"Bush to Free El Salvador Military Aid"
5453:"Salvadoran Justice Wears Out Patience"
5062:
5040:. UNICEF. 26 April 2021. Archived from
4924:
3904:
3796:
3143:(Report). United Nations. 1 April 1993.
3090:Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing
3039:
2890:
1968:
1249:National Security Agency of El Salvador
1115:Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador
14:
10238:
9877:Russian espionage in the United States
8149:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
6776:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
6263:
6228:
6206:
6151:
5965:
5851:New York: Amnesty International, 1988.
5652:"Bush Asks Hemisphere-wide Free Trade"
5196:
5101:"Salvadoran Army Accused of Massacres"
4882:"Salvadoran Troops Massacre Civilians"
4596:"Time for a US Apology to El Salvador"
4593:
4309:
4238:
4224:
3769:
3487:
3436:from the original on 15 September 2008
3354:"Incostitucionalidad 44-2013/145-2013"
3282:
3197:
2804:
2776:
2767:
2389:Human Rights Commission of El Salvador
2065:FMLN offensive of 1989 and retaliation
1953:In 1984 elections, Christian Democrat
1360:Death squad victims in San Salvador, (
1329:Aims of the junta's violent repression
942:Intendancy of San Salvador (1785–1821)
10015:
9872:Soviet espionage in the United States
8028:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
7807:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
7472:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
7188:
6670:
6187:. UN Security Council. Archived from
6033:"El Salvador: El Caso Jesuitas – CJA"
5268:Central America Report 31 August 1990
5065:"Salvador Halts War for Inoculations"
4664:National Security Archive 1989, p. 43
4454:Human Rights Watch, 1990, pp. 224–225
4199:
4066:
3749:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3593:(Boston: South End Press, 1982), 163.
3515:
3513:
3511:
3483:
3481:
2848:
2635:Latin America–United States relations
2505:Center for Justice and Accountability
1811:
1668:
1641:battalion organized at the U.S. Army
1311:Organización Democrática Nacionalista
1229:Organización Democrática Nacionalista
1167:1972 Salvadoran presidential election
722:
9948:Soviet Union–United States relations
8299:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
6409:
6078:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
5825:"U.S. role in Salvador's brutal war"
5591:Lindsey Gruson (28 September 1987).
5514:
4126:
4101:
4041:
4016:
3991:
3966:
3941:
3744:
3448:
3377:
3099:
2460:adding citations to reliable sources
2431:
2155:Government terrorism in San Salvador
1460:a large massacre at the Sumpul River
1119:Incostitucionalidad 44-2013/145-2013
9912:Soviet involvement in regime change
6761:Greater Republic of Central America
6756:Federal Republic of Central America
5992:
4502:, CIA Document dated 9 October 1980
4310:Bonner, Raymond (9 November 2014).
3591:El Salvador: The Face of Revolution
3430:"El Salvador en los años 1920–1932"
2669:Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War
2406:West German Social Democratic Party
2310:
713:500,000 refugees in other countries
193:(unknown number, possibly hundreds)
24:
9953:Soviet Union–United States summits
7427:1947 Polish parliamentary election
7312:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
6463:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
6440:. University of California Press.
6357:
6313:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
6253:Federal Research Division (1988).
6238:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
6119:
6093:lvador End?" Joaquín M. Chavez in
5694:Human Rights Watch, 1 January 1992
4392:. Americas Watch Committee. 1985.
4266:The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
3932:Human Rights Watch, 10 August 1993
3803:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
3589:Armstrong, Robert / Shenk, Janet.
3508:
3478:
3169:
3147:
2753:. London: Zed Books. p. 388.
2370:
1442:On 7 May 1980, former army major,
1410:Assassination of Archbishop Romero
25:
10337:
8714:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
8649:United States invasion of Grenada
7919:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
7860:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
6635:
6620:CIA World Factbook on El Salvador
6080:Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 437–470, 1995
6018:Daniel Woolls, Associated Press.
5962:, Campbell and Brenner, eds., 86.
5748:Maurice Lemoine (19 March 2009).
5669:Associated Press, 16 January 1991
5622:"Central America's Health Plight"
4594:Bonner, Raymond (15 April 2016).
4348:Amnesty International Report 1982
3034:Journal of Latin American Thought
2929:. San José: IICA-FLACSO, p. 249.
2779:"Public Honors for Secret Combat"
2547:daughter but were denied access.
2428:Post-war international litigation
1840:More atrocities by the government
1613:in northern El Salvador near the
1605:Scorched earth offensives of 1981
971:Military dictatorship (1931–1979)
27:1979–1992 conflict in El Salvador
8789:United States invasion of Panama
8639:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
8279:1971 Turkish military memorandum
8242:Communist insurgency in Thailand
8212:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
8144:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
7971:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
7899:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
7417:Restatement of Policy on Germany
6413:El Salvador: testament of terror
6083:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6025:
5978:
5927:
5915:
5889:
5875:
5854:
5842:
5818:
5715:
5697:
5685:
5672:
5660:
5645:
5630:
5615:
5539:
5533:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00209.x
5508:
5473:
5461:
5446:
5431:
5416:
5401:
5381:
5369:
5318:
5301:
5288:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5205:
5190:
5175:
5160:
5151:
5136:
5121:
5106:
5103:Associated Press, March 28, 1985
5094:
5082:
5063:Lemoyne, James (22 April 1985).
5056:
5030:
5021:
5008:
4999:
4979:Hamilton, Nora (11 April 2019).
4972:
4957:
4918:
4900:(New York: Vintage Books, 1994).
4890:
4875:
4860:
4851:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4789:
4765:
4752:
4743:
4724:
4711:
4500:Ochoa & Romero Assassination
3909:. Penn State Press. p. 42.
3846:cited in McClintock 1985, p. 270
2580:
2436:
2317:Truth Commission for El Salvador
1637:. Atlácatl was a rapid response
985:
976:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
916:
591:
579:
567:
547:
535:
523:
499:
479:
467:
455:
443:
431:
419:
407:
395:
383:
357:
344:
319:
302:
285:
268:
251:
225:
206:
165:
52:
9509:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
8890:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
8819:Fall of the inner German border
8719:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
8369:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
8359:Spanish transition to democracy
8319:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
7946:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
7452:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
7333:Occupation of the Baltic states
6307:Montgomery, Tommie Sue (1995).
6009:Green Left Online, 7 April 1993
5937:, Sage Publications, 2003, 110.
5813:El Salvador's Decade of Terror,
5733:Inter Press Service News Agency
5197:Manuel, Anne (September 1988).
4699:
4684:
4667:
4658:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:Michael Miner (15 April 1993).
4606:
4587:
4564:
4550:Santiago, Jon (26 April 2009).
4543:
4530:
4518:
4505:
4493:
4433:
4421:
4406:
4380:
4371:
4340:
4331:
4303:
4269:
4250:
4200:Brunn, Stanley D., ed. (2015).
4175:
4163:
4145:
4120:
4095:
4060:
4035:
4010:
3985:
3960:
3935:
3923:
3871:
3862:
3849:
3836:
3763:
3738:
3709:
3677:
3662:
3583:
3568:
3548:
3494:. University Press of America.
3422:
3371:
3332:"Truth Commission: El Salvador"
3324:
3276:
3258:
3191:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3023:
3007:
2986:
2849:Oñate, Andrea (15 April 2011).
2691:
2447:needs additional citations for
2326:and security forces alone. The
2181:in the middle of the night and
2168:Death squads take on the church
1977:U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador
1959:Nationalist Republican Alliance
1830:Nationalist Republican Alliance
1076:, when, on 16 January 1992 the
10301:Civil wars of the 20th century
8289:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
7924:Mozambican War of Independence
7363:Indonesian National Revolution
6609:UNHCR Refworld search for FMLN
6353:. University of Arizona Press.
5947:El Salvador's decade of terror
5922:El Salvador's decade of terror
5910:El Salvador's decade of terror
5837:El Salvador's decade of terror
5515:Pugh, Jeffrey (January 2009).
3432:(in Spanish). 8 January 2007.
3283:Stokes, Doug (9 August 2006).
3014:"El Salvador 30 años del FMLN"
2940:
2777:Graham, Bradley (6 May 1996).
2682:
2402:Revolutionary Democratic Front
2262:The Chapultepec Peace Accords.
2094:upper-class private citizens.
2042:
1826:Party of National Conciliation
1292:Revolutionary Government Junta
1187:Communist Party of El Salvador
1040:) was a twelve-year period of
176:Revolutionary Government Junta
13:
1:
9887:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
8902:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
8855:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
8577:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
8542:Seven Days to the River Rhine
8274:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
7561:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
7489:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
6662:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
6266:Reflections behind the retina
6089:"How Did the Civil War in El
5625:The Christian Science Monitor
5376:"Labor Rights in El Salvador"
5215:The Christian Science Monitor
5185:The Christian Science Monitor
5170:The Christian Science Monitor
5146:The Christian Science Monitor
5116:The Christian Science Monitor
4967:The Christian Science Monitor
4784:The Christian Science Monitor
4430:Associated Press, 19 May 1984
3412:Haggerty, Richard A. (1990).
3116:"Chapultepec Peace Agreement"
2996:. New York: Longman, p. 323.
2816:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
2726:
2529:Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova
2179:University of Central America
2116:
1714:In its report covering 1981,
1677:The memorial at the El Mozote
1425:In February 1980, Archbishop
1361:
1352:Motivation for the resistance
1193:(ERP) also began to develop.
1124:
929:
142:and Treasury Police dissolved
10130:Eritrean War of Independence
8880:Fall of communism in Albania
8850:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
8799:Polish Round Table Agreement
8139:1968 Polish political crisis
7956:Eritrean War of Independence
7722:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
7617:East German uprising of 1953
7549:Chinese Communist Revolution
7214:
6548:McClintock, Michael (1992).
6527:McClintock, Michael (1985).
6256:A Country Study: El Salvador
5897:Amnesty International Report
5038:"Children as zones of peace"
3558:El Salvador: A Country Study
3462:(in Spanish). Archived from
3415:El Salvador: A Country Study
3303:10.1080/14682740312331391628
2869:10.1080/14682745.2010.545566
2290:
1928:Duarte presidency: 1984–1989
1586:, the executive director of
1525:Order of José Matías Delgado
1313:(ORDEN) on 6 November 1979.
1296:in a coup on 15 October 1979
1080:were signed in Mexico City.
1074:collapse of the Soviet Union
937:Spanish conquest (1524–1539)
711:550,000 internally displaced
7:
10306:Revolution-based civil wars
10276:20th century in El Salvador
8754:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
8482:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
8227:Corrective Movement (Syria)
8191:New People's Army rebellion
8186:Sino-Soviet border conflict
7914:Angolan War of Independence
7777:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
7657:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
7302:Jamaican political conflict
7076:Water supply and sanitation
6455:Lowenthal, Abraham (1991).
6361:White Hands (Novel Excerpt)
6214:. New York: Vintage Books.
5988:. U.S. Department of State.
5232:Amnesty International, 1988
4925:Chitnis, Pratap C. (1984).
4721:, New York, June 1982, p.33
4360:Michael McClintock (1992).
4127:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
4102:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
4042:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
4017:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
3992:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
3967:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
3942:Wood, Elisabeth J. (2003).
3832:. 1 April 1993. p. 27.
3534:10.1177/0002716282463001009
3456:Armed Forces of El Salvador
3062:. University of Pittsburgh.
2745:Michael McClintock (1985).
2625:Human rights in El Salvador
2573:
2507:jointly filed a lawsuit in
2400:Moreover, the FMLN and the
2254:ERP combatants Perquín 1990
2183:executed six Jesuit priests
1822:Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
1661:, the class of 1966 at the
1572:strategies used during the
1399:learn military techniques.
1191:People's Revolutionary Army
1171:National Conciliation Party
1038:guerra civil de El Salvador
10:
10342:
10326:Wars involving El Salvador
10042:Armed conflicts involving
8950:Sino-Indian border dispute
8779:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
8709:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
8467:1976 Argentine coup d'état
8379:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
8329:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
8013:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
7981:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
7670:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
7437:Asian Relations Conference
6965:pre-dollarization currency
6746:1811 Independence Movement
6328:Whitfield, Teresa (1995).
6268:. United States: Xlibris.
6095:American Historical Review
5827:. BBC News. 24 March 2002.
5470:Associated Press, 11/28/89
4525:United Press International
3881:Central America, US policy
3716:Gettleman, Marvin (1987).
3695:Socorro Jurídico Cristiano
3603:Whitfield, Teresa (1995).
3209:. Vintage Books. pp.
3179:. Reuters. 16 January 2010
2719:; and handmade explosives.
2560:White Paper on El Salvador
2314:
2213:Pressures to end stalemate
2177:entered the campus of the
2121:Nearly two weeks earlier,
2052:Army death squads continue
2017:ERP combatant Perquín 1990
1989:Following a proposal from
1740:report described that the
1728:off which they can feed."
1704:Columbia Journalism Review
1549:
1538:and adopting a new set of
1467:Murder and rape of US nuns
1286:Military coup October 1979
947:1811 Independence Movement
10203:Military internationalism
10185:
10065:Cuban War of Independence
10050:
9986:
9935:
9857:
9834:William Appleman Williams
9779:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
9561:
9533:
9482:
9414:
9407:
9341:
9206:
9131:
9061:
9054:
8963:
8910:
8842:
8555:
8294:Bangladesh Liberation War
8284:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
8199:
8171:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
8159:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
7822:
7597:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
7574:
7284:
7222:
7146:
7084:
7016:
7007:
6940:
6931:
6854:
6845:
6793:
6784:
6708:
6603:Journals/academic studies
6163:. New York: Times Books.
6112:Al Jazeera, 12 March 2020
5973:The politics of terrorism
5780:, ed. (26 January 2001).
5326:"School of the Dictators"
4943:10.1080/01436598408419809
4898:The Massacre at El Mozote
4760:The Massacre at El Mozote
4470:The Philadelphia Inquirer
4245:"Sumpul River (1980) 121"
4069:Journal of Peace Research
3905:Arneson, Cynthia (1993).
3724:. New York: Grove Press.
3669:Dunkerley, James (1982).
3637:Stanley, William (1996).
3575:Walter, Williams (1997).
3205:The Massacre at El Mozote
2354:that gave the Government
2277:Chapultepec Peace Accords
1761:Peace offer and rejection
1078:Chapultepec Peace Accords
760:
706:
693:
612:
373:
185:Paramilitary death squads
155:
120:Chapultepec Peace Accords
85:
51:
39:
34:
10281:Communism in El Salvador
10135:South African Border War
8609:1980 Turkish coup d'état
8444:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
8414:1978 Somali coup attempt
8374:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
8339:1973 Chilean coup d'état
8164:Revolutionary Government
8058:South African Border War
7850:1960 Turkish coup d'état
7767:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
7622:1953 Iranian coup d'état
7602:1952 Egyptian revolution
6859:Administrative divisions
6577:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.169
6478:Anderson, Scott (1986).
6124:
4571:"The Truth of El Mozote"
4515:, 20 November 1981, p. 2
4081:10.1177/0022343317715300
3658:University of New Mexico
3488:Little, Michael (1994).
3100:Wood, Elizabeth (2003).
3020:. 13 de octubre de 2010.
2675:
2287:was legislated in 1993.
2234:rose almost 40 percent,
1914:Salvador Cayetano Carpio
1894:Marianella García Villas
1879:Marianella García Villas
1251:(ANSESAL), led by Major
952:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
707:65,161+ civilians killed
8814:Fall of the Berlin Wall
8759:People Power Revolution
8744:Central American crisis
8684:1986 Black Sea incident
8334:1973 Afghan coup d'état
8232:Western Sahara conflict
8043:1966 Syrian coup d'état
7966:1963 Syrian coup d'état
7909:Portuguese Colonial War
7872:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
7637:1954 Syrian coup d'état
7514:Annexation of Hyderabad
7457:1947–1949 Palestine war
6565:British Medical Journal
6349:Binford, Leigh (1996).
6131:Americas Watch (1993).
5727:5 February 2012 at the
5312:Mother Jones (magazine)
5294:"U.S. Salvador Policy"
4346:Amnesty International.
3402:By Walter Lafeber, 1993
2992:Charles Hobday (1986).
2968:Andrews Bounds (2001).
2818:Conflict Encyclopedia.
2597:Central American crisis
2518:crimes against humanity
2414:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
2328:Salvadoran Armed Forces
2149:US Trade Representative
2087:final offensive of 1989
2001:Army massacres continue
1597:Beginning in 1984, the
1558:Salvadoran Armed Forces
1245:Regalado's Armed Forces
1217:National Opposing Union
1173:(PCN), whose candidate
1162:and the United States.
1070:coup on 15 October 1979
126:Salvadoran Armed Forces
62:, Salvadoran President
42:Central American crisis
10085:1952 Cuban coup d'état
9108:Neoclassical economics
8619:Gulf of Sidra incident
8176:1969 Libyan revolution
7867:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
7652:1954 Geneva Conference
7412:Turkish straits crisis
7407:Corfu Channel incident
6894:International rankings
6656:1 October 2017 at the
6351:The El Mozote Massacre
4153:"El Salvador: 1945–92"
3797:McMahan, Jeff (1985).
3784:10.1002/pam.4050030202
3745:Rabe, Stephen (2016).
2620:History of El Salvador
2610:Command responsibility
2514:universal jurisdiction
2499:
2300:
2263:
2255:
2222:
2131:School of the Americas
2078:
2018:
1986:
1950:
1942:
1897:
1849:
1781:FMLN steps up campaign
1773:
1678:
1643:School of the Americas
1422:
1365:
1278:
1225:Carlos Humberto Romero
1221:presidential elections
1212:
1209:Carlos Humberto Romero
1037:
992:El Salvador portal
928:Kingdom of Cuzcatlan (
702:12,274 – 20,000 killed
574:Salvador Sánchez Cerén
374:Commanders and leaders
10291:Coup-based civil wars
10198:Foreign interventions
10167:Nicaraguan Revolution
9958:Russia–NATO relations
9839:Jonathan Reed Winkler
9123:Democratic capitalism
9118:Supply-side economics
9086:American conservatism
8885:Breakup of Yugoslavia
8774:Bougainville conflict
8689:South Yemen civil war
8624:Martial law in Poland
8487:Nicaraguan Revolution
8462:Dirty War (Argentina)
8269:1971 JVP insurrection
8083:Years of Lead (Italy)
7961:North Yemen civil war
7879:Berlin Crisis of 1961
7855:Albanian–Soviet split
7787:1959 Tibetan uprising
7752:Syrian Crisis of 1957
7607:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
7467:1948 Arab–Israeli War
6766:Military dictatorship
6718:Pre-Columbian history
6642:Unrest in El Salvador
6416:. London: Zed Books.
6284:LeoGrande, William M.
6264:Guzman, John (2011).
5754:Le Monde Diplomatique
5332:. 28 September 1996.
4931:Third World Quarterly
3683:Stanley, 2012, p. 120
3378:COHA (25 July 2016).
3032:, article in Quorum.
2533:José Guillermo García
2493:
2422:Amnesty International
2395:Herbert Ernesto Anaya
2380:National Civil Police
2356:plausible deniability
2298:
2261:
2253:
2220:
2072:
2016:
1976:
1948:
1940:
1891:
1847:
1768:
1716:Amnesty International
1676:
1618:capture and probable
1550:Further information:
1514:Repression stepped up
1417:
1359:
1294:(JRG) deposed Romero
1267:
1206:
1175:Arturo Armando Molina
1056:groups backed by the
694:Casualties and losses
643:15,000 paramilitaries
506:Albert Schaufelberger
462:Carlos Vides Casanova
450:José Guillermo García
438:Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez
426:Adolfo Arnoldo Majano
172:Salvadoran government
136:National Civil Police
10271:1990s in El Salvador
10266:1980s in El Salvador
10261:1970s in El Salvador
10246:Salvadoran Civil War
10172:Salvadoran Civil War
10125:Ñancahuazú Guerrilla
10115:Cuban Missile Crisis
10105:Bay of Pigs Invasion
10070:Spanish–American War
9379:Non-Aligned Movement
9001:Peaceful coexistence
8955:North Borneo dispute
8870:German reunification
8865:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
8563:Salvadoran Civil War
8512:Grand Mosque seizure
8507:Yemenite War of 1979
8399:Mozambican Civil War
8354:Carnation Revolution
8309:Yemenite War of 1972
8247:1970 Polish protests
8078:1967 Hong Kong riots
8053:Argentine Revolution
8003:Guatemalan Civil War
7931:Cuban Missile Crisis
7845:Bay of Pigs Invasion
7717:1956 Poznań protests
7695:Geneva Summit (1955)
7297:Hukbalahap Rebellion
7276:Non-Aligned Movement
6904:Legislative Assembly
5975:, Michael Stohl, ed.
5640:The Orlando Sentinel
5091:Americas Watch, 1990
4885:The Associated Press
4758:Mark Danner (1994).
2606:, a documentary film
2456:improve this article
2393:On 26 October 1987,
2033:Salvadoran Air Force
1969:Days of Tranquillity
1955:José Napoleón Duarte
1818:Legislative Assembly
1770:José Napoleón Duarte
1599:Salvadoran Air Force
1456:Military of Honduras
1030:Salvadoran Civil War
752:Salvadoran Civil War
402:José Napoleón Duarte
70:, a memorial to the
64:José Napoleón Duarte
35:Salvadoran Civil War
18:Salvadoran civil war
10256:1979 in El Salvador
10225:Sphere of influence
10177:Invasion of Grenada
10145:Ethiopian Civil War
10095:Escambray rebellion
9824:Alex von Tunzelmann
9814:Vladimir Tismăneanu
9739:Thomas J. McCormick
9734:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
9634:Robert Hugh Ferrell
9497:Crusade for Freedom
9294:Illiberal democracy
9178:Ho Chi Minh Thought
8981:Eisenhower Doctrine
8834:Peaceful Revolution
8829:Romanian Revolution
8809:Revolutions of 1989
8794:1988 Polish strikes
8704:Operation INFEKTION
8699:1987 Lieyu massacre
8604:Eritrean Civil Wars
8587:Peruvian Revolution
8537:1979 Herat uprising
8527:Sino-Vietnamese War
8492:Uganda–Tanzania War
8472:Egyptian–Libyan War
8439:Third Indochina War
8434:Sino-Albanian split
8424:Ethiopian Civil War
8324:Eritrean Civil Wars
8264:Ping-pong diplomacy
8237:Cambodian Civil War
8063:Korean DMZ Conflict
8048:Cultural Revolution
8018:Dominican Civil War
7996:Tlatelolco massacre
7782:1959 Mosul uprising
7772:1958 Lebanon crisis
7499:Al-Wathbah uprising
7422:First Indochina War
7392:Iran crisis of 1946
6512:. Holt Paperbacks.
5731:by Raúl Gutiérrez,
5521:Negotiation Journal
5504:. 30 November 1989.
5501:The Washington Post
5485:, 13 December 1989.
5365:. 30 November 1989.
5298:, 22 February 1989.
5131:Dallas Morning News
5118:, 26 September 1984
4847:. 1993. p. 30.
4377:Weinberg 1991: 62–3
3857:The Washington Post
3673:. pp. 106–107.
3656:, Professor at the
2783:The Washington Post
2537:Romagoza vs. García
2195:Ignacio Martín-Baró
2135:Roberto D'Aubuisson
1902:Melida Anaya Montes
1828:and the hard right
1804:aircraft and three
1479:missionary sisters
1444:Roberto D'Aubuisson
1263:fueling its economy
1253:Roberto D'Aubuisson
817:Lolotique shootdown
474:Roberto D'Aubuisson
190:Foreign mercenaries
66:and U.S. President
9978:Russian Revolution
9774:Mary Elise Sarotte
9759:William B. Pickett
9684:Patrick J. Hearden
9664:Gabriel Gorodetsky
9659:Timothy Garton Ash
9644:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
9239:Ethnic nationalism
8991:Hallstein Doctrine
8875:Yemeni unification
8664:1985 Geneva Summit
8629:Casamance conflict
8532:New Jewel Movement
8517:Iranian Revolution
8502:Chadian–Libyan War
8449:Cambodian conflict
8429:Lebanese Civil War
8419:Western Sahara War
8394:June 1976 protests
8389:Cambodian genocide
8154:17 July Revolution
8108:Nigerian Civil War
8023:Rhodesian Bush War
8008:Colombian conflict
7951:Ramadan Revolution
7690:Bandung Conference
7566:Operation Valuable
7447:Partition of India
6985:Telecommunications
6733:Captaincy General
6410:Fish, Joe (1988).
6005:2007-09-30 at the
5867:2011-01-08 at the
5778:Belisario Betancur
5709:promotingpeace.org
5597:The New York Times
5572:. 16 February 1987
5569:The New York Times
5456:The New York Times
5443:, 17 November 1989
5441:The New York Times
5426:The New York Times
5411:The New York Times
5396:The New York Times
5388:The New York Times
5330:The New York Times
5285:, 25 February 1989
5069:The New York Times
5016:The New York Times
4914:. 7 February 1984.
4798:, 7 February 1982.
4796:The New York Times
4786:, 26 November 1986
4694:The New York Times
4681:, January 27, 1981
4576:2012-11-15 at the
4538:The New York Times
4527:, 22 December 1981
4488:The New York Times
4350:(London: AI, 1981)
4299:. 25 January 1981.
4297:The New York Times
4262:2011-02-13 at the
3243:on 19 October 2013
2828:Uppsala University
2615:El Mozote massacre
2603:Children of Memory
2588:El Salvador portal
2500:
2301:
2281:Chapultepec Castle
2264:
2256:
2223:
2175:Atlácatl Battalion
2142:Secretary of State
2079:
2019:
2007:Atlácatl Battalion
1987:
1951:
1943:
1898:
1850:
1812:Interim government
1795:Bell UH-1 Iroquois
1774:
1691:El Mozote massacre
1683:Morazán Department
1679:
1669:El Mozote massacre
1639:counter-insurgency
1635:Atlácatl Battalion
1611:Cabañas Department
1546:"Draining the Sea"
1487:, Ursuline sister
1423:
1366:
1301:The JRG enacted a
1213:
778:Political tensions
709:5,292+ disappeared
542:Joaquín Villalobos
486:Domingo Monterrosa
72:El Mozote massacre
10251:Conflicts in 1986
10233:
10232:
10150:Angolan Civil War
10009:
10008:
9996:List of conflicts
9844:Rudolph Winnacker
9789:Giles Scott-Smith
9764:Ronald E. Powaski
9719:Melvyn P. Leffler
9649:John Lewis Gaddis
9624:Robert D. English
9589:Warren H. Carroll
9579:Michael Beschloss
9548:Nuclear arms race
9529:
9528:
9435:Neues Deutschland
9337:
9336:
9319:White nationalism
9289:Liberal democracy
9026:Ulbricht Doctrine
9016:Brezhnev Doctrine
8824:Velvet Revolution
8568:Soviet–Afghan War
8384:Angolan Civil War
8181:Goulash Communism
8038:ASEAN Declaration
7991:Mexican Dirty War
7889:Annexation of Goa
7840:1960 U-2 incident
7814:Sino-Soviet split
7792:Laotian Civil War
7632:Bricker Amendment
7612:Mau Mau rebellion
7556:Malayan Emergency
7544:Chinese Civil War
7504:Tito–Stalin split
7358:Division of Korea
7182:
7181:
7142:
7141:
7046:Gender inequality
7003:
7002:
6955:Coffee production
6927:
6926:
6914:Political parties
6879:Foreign relations
6841:
6840:
6571:(7254): 169–172.
6554:. Pantheon Books.
6432:Carothers, Thomas
6358:Wright, Barbara.
6194:on 8 January 2011
5794:on 8 January 2011
5642:, 24 October 1990
5483:Los Angeles Times
5413:, 1 November 1989
5282:Los Angeles Times
5217:, 29 October 1987
5133:, 21 January 1985
4969:, 25 January 1985
4887:, 29 January 1982
4416:Los Angeles Times
4279:, 12(1), 107–130.
3460:"Revolución 1932"
2954:on 17 March 2014.
2630:International law
2488:
2487:
2480:
2410:French government
2187:Ignacio Ellacuría
2123:US Vice President
2091:Alfredo Cristiani
2075:Alfredo Cristiani
1983:Jeane Kirkpatrick
1800:, five of its 18
1620:summary execution
1570:counterinsurgency
1026:
1025:
889:
888:
812:Offensive of 1989
807:Offensive of 1982
795:Offensive of 1981
773:1972 coup attempt
717:
716:
686:
677:
676:(probably 10,000)
673:
664:
649:
636:
627:
586:Fermán Cienfuegos
414:Alfredo Cristiani
194:
151:
150:
96:– 16 January 1992
16:(Redirected from
10333:
10193:Military history
10186:Related articles
10090:Cuban Revolution
10036:
10029:
10022:
10013:
10012:
9754:David S. Painter
9679:John Earl Haynes
9609:Nicholas J. Cull
9594:Adrian Cioroianu
9574:Thomas A. Bailey
9521:Voice of America
9412:
9411:
9324:White separatism
9304:Social democracy
9299:Guided democracy
9279:Authoritarianism
9229:Ultranationalism
9219:Anti-imperialism
9146:Marxism–Leninism
9059:
9058:
9046:Kinmen Agreement
9011:Johnson Doctrine
8996:Kennedy Doctrine
8912:Frozen conflicts
8895:1991 August Coup
8784:Afghan Civil War
8679:Reykjavík Summit
8674:Somali Rebellion
8614:Ugandan Bush War
8592:Gdańsk Agreement
8113:Protests of 1968
8093:War of Attrition
7802:Cuban Revolution
7738:We will bury you
7705:Cyprus Emergency
7685:Kashmir Princess
7675:Jebel Akhdar War
7524:Western betrayal
7209:
7202:
7195:
7186:
7185:
7162:
7155:
7014:
7013:
6945:Bitcoin adoption
6938:
6937:
6852:
6851:
6791:
6790:
6736:
6723:Spanish conquest
6691:
6684:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6598:
6588:
6555:
6544:
6523:
6497:
6485:
6474:
6462:
6451:
6427:
6406:
6391:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6354:
6345:
6324:
6303:
6279:
6260:
6249:
6225:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6186:
6174:
6162:
6148:
6113:
6107:
6098:
6087:
6081:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6010:
5998:Jose Gutierrez:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5873:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5793:
5786:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5745:
5736:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5649:
5643:
5634:
5628:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5603:on 10 April 2016
5599:. Archived from
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5560:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5450:
5444:
5435:
5429:
5420:
5414:
5405:
5399:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5322:
5316:
5305:
5299:
5292:
5286:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5242:
5233:
5227:
5218:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5194:
5188:
5179:
5173:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5140:
5134:
5125:
5119:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5044:on 26 April 2021
5034:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4976:
4970:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4912:The Boston Globe
4907:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4879:
4873:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4728:
4722:
4717:Americas Watch,
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4678:The Boston Globe
4671:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4585:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4547:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4389:Draining the sea
4384:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4289:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4210:. p. 1962.
4197:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3860:
3859:, 31 March 1980.
3853:
3847:
3844:Revolution Brews
3840:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3713:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3290:Cold War History
3280:
3274:
3273:
3268:. Archived from
3262:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3037:
3027:
3021:
3011:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2923:
2914:
2899:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2856:Cold War History
2846:
2835:
2834:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2742:
2720:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2440:
2432:
2311:Truth Commission
2077:, September 1989
1979:Thomas Pickering
1802:Dassault Ouragan
1746:Socorro Jurídico
1742:Socorro Jurídico
1733:Socorro Jurídico
1725:US congressional
1529:Operation Charly
1523:the prestigious
1521:Augusto Pinochet
1363:
1319:Socorro Jurídico
1276:
1018:
1011:
1004:
990:
989:
988:
966:
959:
931:
920:
910:
892:
891:
881:Truth Commission
834:Romero's funeral
800:Ilopango Airport
790:1979 coup d'état
755:
753:
743:
736:
729:
720:
719:
682:
675:
669:
660:
645:
632:
623:
596:
595:
594:
584:
583:
582:
572:
571:
570:
562:
552:
551:
550:
540:
539:
538:
528:
527:
526:
504:
503:
502:
494:
484:
483:
482:
472:
471:
470:
460:
459:
458:
448:
447:
446:
436:
435:
434:
424:
423:
422:
412:
411:
410:
400:
399:
398:
388:
387:
386:
363:
361:
360:
350:
348:
347:
324:
323:
322:
307:
306:
305:
290:
289:
288:
273:
272:
271:
256:
255:
254:
230:
229:
228:
212:
210:
209:
192:
170:
169:
168:
134:replaced by the
87:
86:
56:
32:
31:
21:
10341:
10340:
10336:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10181:
10052:
10046:
10040:
10010:
10005:
9982:
9973:Second Cold War
9931:
9859:
9853:
9829:Odd Arne Westad
9819:Patrick Vaughan
9804:Athan Theoharis
9784:Ellen Schrecker
9769:Yakov M. Rabkin
9744:Timothy Naftali
9689:Tvrtko Jakovina
9674:Jussi Hanhimäki
9557:
9535:
9525:
9503:Paix et Liberté
9478:
9422:Active measures
9403:
9333:
9314:White supremacy
9274:Totalitarianism
9202:
9127:
9050:
9036:Reagan Doctrine
9031:Carter Doctrine
8971:Truman Doctrine
8959:
8906:
8838:
8733:Soviet reaction
8644:Ndogboyosoi War
8551:
8522:Saur Revolution
8349:1973 oil crisis
8314:Munich massacre
8222:Alcora Exercise
8217:Black September
8195:
7941:Sino-Indian War
7835:Simba rebellion
7818:
7662:Capture of the
7570:
7509:Berlin Blockade
7442:May 1947 crises
7432:Truman Doctrine
7397:Greek Civil War
7386:Blacklist Forty
7353:Gouzenko Affair
7340:Cursed soldiers
7292:Morgenthau Plan
7280:
7218:
7213:
7183:
7178:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7138:
7124:Public holidays
7080:
7066:Sex trafficking
6999:
6923:
6899:Law enforcement
6837:
6833:Water resources
6780:
6734:
6704:
6695:
6658:Wayback Machine
6638:
6605:
6541:
6520:
6494:
6471:
6448:
6424:
6400:
6382:Lafeber, Walter
6371:
6369:
6342:
6321:
6300:
6276:
6246:
6222:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6171:
6153:Bonner, Raymond
6145:
6127:
6122:
6120:Further reading
6117:
6116:
6108:
6101:
6097:, December 2015
6088:
6084:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6017:
6013:
6007:Wayback Machine
5997:
5993:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5932:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5869:Wayback Machine
5859:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5775:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5746:
5739:
5729:Wayback Machine
5720:
5716:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5655:Chicago Tribune
5650:
5646:
5635:
5631:
5627:, 22 March 1990
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5562:
5561:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5513:
5509:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5451:
5447:
5436:
5432:
5421:
5417:
5406:
5402:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5363:Chicago Tribune
5357:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5306:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5221:
5210:
5206:
5195:
5191:
5180:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:, 21 March 1985
5141:
5137:
5126:
5122:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4977:
4973:
4962:
4958:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4895:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4870:Washington Post
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4696:, 19 April 1997
4689:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4611:
4607:
4592:
4588:
4578:Wayback Machine
4569:
4565:
4548:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4490:, 21 March 1993
4483:
4476:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4358:
4354:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4317:The Daily Beast
4308:
4304:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4264:Wayback Machine
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4100:
4096:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3667:
3663:
3654:Stanley William
3649:
3635:
3624:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3518:
3509:
3502:
3486:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3466:on 19 June 2008
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3387:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3281:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3246:
3244:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3012:
3008:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2966:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2924:
2917:
2900:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2847:
2838:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2743:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2662:Voces inocentes
2586:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2525:Ford vs. García
2484:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2441:
2430:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2371:Military reform
2344:Salvadoran Army
2324:Salvadoran Army
2319:
2313:
2293:
2279:were signed in
2248:
2215:
2202:Catholic church
2170:
2157:
2119:
2067:
2054:
2045:
2028:free-fire zones
2024:free-fire zones
2003:
1971:
1935:
1930:
1900:In April 1983,
1883:Guazapa volcano
1877:In March 1983,
1875:
1842:
1814:
1783:
1763:
1758:
1701:writing in the
1699:Michael Massing
1671:
1655:Sigifredo Ochoa
1607:
1560:carried out a "
1554:
1548:
1516:
1504:Robert E. White
1469:
1412:
1354:
1338:US military aid
1331:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1198:1973 oil crisis
1139:Farabundo Martí
1127:
1064:as well as the
1022:
986:
984:
964:
957:
908:
901:
890:
885:
756:
751:
749:
747:
712:
710:
708:
689:
681:
674:
668:
659:
652:
644:
642:
641:55,000 regulars
640:
639:63,000 – 70,000
631:
630:39,000 – 51,150
622:
608:
592:
590:
580:
578:
568:
566:
558:
554:Cayetano Carpio
548:
546:
536:
534:
524:
522:
516:
500:
498:
490:
480:
478:
468:
466:
456:
454:
444:
442:
432:
430:
420:
418:
408:
406:
396:
394:
384:
382:
369:
358:
356:
345:
343:
320:
318:
303:
301:
286:
284:
269:
267:
252:
250:
247:
226:
224:
218:
207:
205:
181:
166:
164:
132:National Police
110:
97:
94:15 October 1979
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10339:
10329:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10286:Guerrilla wars
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10189:
10187:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10147:
10142:
10140:Yom Kippur War
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10060:Ten Years' War
10056:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10039:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10016:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9939:
9937:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9863:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9799:Timothy Snyder
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9729:Vojtech Mastny
9726:
9724:Geir Lundestad
9721:
9716:
9714:Walter Laqueur
9711:
9709:Walter LaFeber
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9639:André Fontaine
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9569:Gar Alperovitz
9565:
9563:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9539:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9499:
9494:
9486:
9484:
9480:
9479:
9477:
9476:
9469:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9445:
9438:
9431:
9424:
9418:
9416:
9409:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9345:
9343:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9309:Third-Worldism
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9137:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9098:Libertarianism
9095:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9078:
9076:Chicago school
9073:
9067:
9065:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9021:Nixon Doctrine
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8965:
8964:Foreign policy
8961:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8749:Operation RYAN
8746:
8741:
8736:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8654:Able Archer 83
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8570:
8565:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8404:Oromo conflict
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8344:Yom Kippur War
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8127:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7976:Aden Emergency
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7894:Papua conflict
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7799:
7797:Kitchen Debate
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7757:Sputnik crisis
7754:
7749:
7741:
7734:
7729:
7727:Polish October
7724:
7719:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7627:Pact of Madrid
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7582:Bamboo Curtain
7578:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7381:
7373:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7322:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7164:
7163:
7156:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7090:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7061:Regions by HDI
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6980:Stock exchange
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6818:National parks
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6648:
6637:
6636:External links
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6556:
6545:
6539:
6524:
6518:
6498:
6492:
6475:
6469:
6452:
6446:
6428:
6422:
6407:
6398:
6378:
6368:on 7 July 2011
6355:
6346:
6340:
6325:
6319:
6304:
6298:
6280:
6274:
6261:
6250:
6245:978-0679751830
6244:
6226:
6221:978-0679755258
6220:
6204:
6175:
6169:
6149:
6143:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6099:
6082:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6024:
6011:
5991:
5977:
5964:
5951:
5939:
5926:
5914:
5902:
5888:
5874:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5805:
5766:
5737:
5714:
5696:
5684:
5682:, 3 April 1991
5680:In These Times
5671:
5659:
5657:, 28 June 1990
5644:
5629:
5614:
5583:
5550:
5538:
5507:
5487:
5472:
5460:
5445:
5430:
5415:
5400:
5398:, 16 July 1985
5380:
5368:
5350:
5317:
5300:
5296:In These Times
5287:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5234:
5219:
5204:
5189:
5174:
5159:
5150:
5135:
5120:
5105:
5093:
5081:
5055:
5029:
5020:
5007:
4998:
4991:
4971:
4956:
4937:(4): 963–980.
4917:
4902:
4896:Danner, Mark.
4889:
4874:
4872:, 10 June 1982
4859:
4850:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4788:
4773:
4764:
4751:
4742:
4723:
4710:
4698:
4683:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4636:
4624:
4619:Chicago Reader
4605:
4586:
4582:The New Yorker
4563:
4542:
4529:
4517:
4504:
4492:
4474:
4456:
4441:
4432:
4420:
4418:, 17 July 1985
4405:
4398:
4379:
4370:
4352:
4339:
4330:
4302:
4281:
4268:
4249:
4237:
4223:
4217:978-9401793759
4216:
4192:
4174:
4162:
4144:
4138:978-0521010504
4137:
4119:
4113:978-0521010504
4112:
4094:
4075:(5): 687–700.
4059:
4053:978-0521010504
4052:
4034:
4028:978-0521010504
4027:
4009:
4003:978-0521010504
4002:
3984:
3978:978-0521010504
3977:
3959:
3953:978-0521010504
3952:
3934:
3922:
3915:
3897:
3890:
3870:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3816:
3809:
3789:
3778:(2): 175–190.
3762:
3755:
3737:
3730:
3708:
3697:
3685:
3676:
3661:
3647:
3622:
3615:
3595:
3582:
3567:
3547:
3507:
3500:
3477:
3447:
3421:
3404:
3385:
3370:
3345:
3323:
3275:
3257:
3226:
3219:
3190:
3168:
3146:
3132:
3107:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3038:
3022:
3006:
3002:978-0582902640
2985:
2979:978-1857431216
2978:
2957:
2939:
2935:978-9290391104
2915:
2911:978-0521588379
2889:
2863:(2): 133–154.
2836:
2803:
2766:
2759:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2572:
2486:
2485:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2418:Americas Watch
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2340:National Guard
2338:primarily the
2332:National Guard
2315:Main article:
2312:
2309:
2292:
2289:
2247:
2244:
2236:capital flight
2214:
2211:
2191:Segundo Montes
2169:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2145:James A. Baker
2118:
2115:
2103:field hospital
2066:
2063:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2002:
1999:
1970:
1967:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1874:
1871:
1841:
1838:
1813:
1810:
1782:
1779:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1738:Americas Watch
1670:
1667:
1606:
1603:
1588:Americas Watch
1562:scorched earth
1552:Scorched earth
1547:
1544:
1515:
1512:
1508:Alexander Haig
1468:
1465:
1458:, carried out
1411:
1408:
1353:
1350:
1330:
1327:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1241:state-of-siege
1126:
1123:
1117:ruled in case
1085:United Nations
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1006:
998:
995:
994:
981:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
961:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
922:
921:
913:
912:
903:
902:
895:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
803:
802:
792:
781:
780:
775:
770:
761:
758:
757:
746:
745:
738:
731:
723:
715:
714:
704:
703:
700:
699:10,360+ killed
696:
695:
691:
690:
688:
687:
678:
665:
655:
653:
651:
650:
637:
628:
618:
615:
614:
610:
609:
607:
606:
588:
576:
564:
544:
532:
530:Schafik Hándal
519:
517:
515:
514:
496:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
368:
367:
354:
341:
335:
334:
333:
316:
299:
282:
265:
246:
245:
221:
219:
217:
216:
203:
197:
196:
195:
187:
180:
179:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
143:
140:National Guard
129:
116:
112:
111:
106:
104:
100:
99:
91:
83:
82:
49:
48:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10338:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10184:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10153:
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10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10053:international
10049:
10045:
10037:
10032:
10030:
10025:
10023:
10018:
10017:
10014:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9963:War on terror
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9934:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9858:Espionage and
9856:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9809:Andrew Thorpe
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9704:Gabriel Kolko
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9669:Fred Halliday
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9654:Lloyd Gardner
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9614:Norman Davies
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9599:John Costello
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9534:Technological
9532:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:Pro-communist
9413:
9410:
9406:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9342:Organizations
9340:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9156:Eurocommunism
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9060:
9057:
9053:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8986:Domino theory
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8940:South Ossetia
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8724:8888 Uprising
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8669:Iran–Iraq War
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8634:Falklands War
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8497:NDF Rebellion
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8477:German Autumn
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8364:Metapolitefsi
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8128:
8126:
8125:Prague Spring
8123:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8103:Al-Wadiah War
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8068:12-3 incident
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
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7865:
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7688:
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7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7647:Domino theory
7645:
7643:
7642:Petrov Affair
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
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7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7519:Madiun Affair
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7479:Marshall Plan
7477:
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7252:
7249:
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7239:
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7230:
7229:
7228:United States
7225:
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6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6540:9780862322595
6536:
6533:. Zed Books.
6532:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6519:9780805077384
6515:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6502:Grandin, Greg
6499:
6495:
6493:9780396085171
6489:
6486:. Dodd Mead.
6484:
6483:
6476:
6472:
6470:9780801841323
6466:
6461:
6460:
6453:
6449:
6447:9780520073197
6443:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6423:9780940793194
6419:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6399:9780393309645
6395:
6390:
6389:
6383:
6379:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6341:9781566392532
6337:
6333:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6320:9780813300719
6316:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6299:9780807848579
6295:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6275:9781465309440
6271:
6267:
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6231:
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6170:9780812911084
6166:
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6144:9780300049398
6140:
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6054:
6049:
6034:
6028:
6021:
6015:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5987:
5986:"El Salvador"
5981:
5974:
5968:
5961:
5955:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5933:Martin, Gus.
5930:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5892:
5884:
5878:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5790:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5742:
5735:, 19 May 2007
5734:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5718:
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5623:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5548:27 March 1988
5547:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5527:(1): 83–105.
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5484:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5458:, 13 May 1990
5457:
5454:
5449:
5442:
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5434:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5412:
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5389:
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5372:
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5224:
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5213:
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5193:
5186:
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5124:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5085:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5002:
4994:
4992:9780429721960
4988:
4985:. Routledge.
4984:
4983:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4893:
4886:
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4854:
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4822:
4813:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4580:Mark Danner,
4579:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4513:Diario Latino
4508:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4472:, 29 May 1983
4471:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4401:
4399:9780938579038
4395:
4391:
4390:
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4334:
4319:
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4313:
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4272:
4265:
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4253:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4184:
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4171:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3916:9780271041285
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3891:9780080309507
3887:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3756:9780190216252
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3616:9781566392532
3612:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3579:. p. 90.
3578:
3571:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3501:9780819193117
3497:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3482:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3355:
3349:
3334:. 1 July 1992
3333:
3327:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:(3): 79–102.
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3178:
3172:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3018:El Economista
3015:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:Centroamérica
2922:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
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2807:
2792:
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2773:
2771:
2762:
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2751:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:assault rifle
2694:
2685:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
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2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
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2618:
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2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2445:This section
2443:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
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2347:
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2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2011:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1709:Anthony Lewis
1706:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
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1631:
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1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:Dorothy Kazel
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:(UNO) in the
1218:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:La Matanza –
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:. During the
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
993:
983:
982:
977:
974:
972:
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962:
960:
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950:
948:
945:
943:
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938:
935:
933:
926:
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924:
923:
919:
915:
914:
911:
905:
904:
899:
894:
893:
882:
879:
877:
876:Peace Accords
874:
873:
872:
871:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
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827:
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730:
725:
724:
721:
705:
701:
698:
697:
692:
685:
679:
672:
666:
663:
658:12,000–15,000
657:
656:
654:
648:
638:
635:
629:
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
611:
605:
604:
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531:
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453:
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429:
427:
417:
415:
405:
403:
393:
391:
390:Álvaro Magaña
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
366:
355:
353:
342:
340:
339:Supported by:
337:
336:
331:
327:
317:
314:
310:
300:
297:
293:
283:
280:
276:
266:
263:
259:
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234:
223:
222:
220:
215:
214:United States
204:
202:
201:Supported by:
199:
198:
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188:
186:
183:
182:
177:
173:
163:
162:
160:
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144:
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114:
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109:
105:
102:
101:
95:
92:
89:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:Ronald Reagan
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
10171:
10155:intervention
10100:Congo Crisis
10080:World War II
10051:External and
9968:Brinkmanship
9860:intelligence
9749:Marius Oprea
9699:Harvey Klehr
9629:Herbert Feis
9619:Willem Drees
9584:Archie Brown
9501:
9489:
9471:
9461:Trybuna Ludu
9459:
9452:
9448:Radio Moscow
9440:
9433:
9426:
9254:Anti-Zionism
9170:
9093:Keynesianism
9081:Conservatism
8945:Transnistria
8925:China-Taiwan
8582:Gera Demands
8562:
8455:
8256:
8131:
7936:El Porteñazo
7830:Congo Crisis
7745:
7680:Algerian War
7663:
7539:Western Bloc
7534:Eastern Bloc
7529:Iron Curtain
7385:
7377:
7369:
7346:
7326:
7318:
7235:Soviet Union
7233:
7226:
7099:Coat of arms
7056:Prostitution
7036:Demographics
6950:Central bank
6884:Human rights
6869:Court system
6864:Constitution
6775:
6771:World War II
6751:Mexican rule
6735:(Guatemalan)
6568:
6564:
6550:
6529:
6509:
6506:
6481:
6458:
6436:
6412:
6403:
6387:
6372:11 September
6370:. Retrieved
6366:the original
6360:
6350:
6330:
6309:
6288:
6265:
6255:
6234:
6230:Didion, Joan
6211:
6208:Danner, Mark
6196:. Retrieved
6189:the original
6180:
6158:
6133:
6094:
6085:
6077:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6036:. Retrieved
6027:
6014:
5994:
5980:
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5967:
5959:
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5882:
5877:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5796:. Retrieved
5789:the original
5757:. Retrieved
5717:
5708:
5699:
5687:
5679:
5674:
5662:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5601:the original
5596:
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5567:
5541:
5524:
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5499:
5490:
5482:
5475:
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5455:
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5403:
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5387:
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5341:. Retrieved
5329:
5320:
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5145:
5138:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5096:
5084:
5072:. Retrieved
5068:
5058:
5046:. Retrieved
5042:the original
5032:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5001:
4981:
4974:
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4726:
4718:
4713:
4701:
4693:
4686:
4676:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4639:
4632:Sean Wilentz
4627:
4618:
4608:
4599:
4589:
4581:
4566:
4555:
4545:
4537:
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4520:
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4423:
4415:
4408:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4333:
4321:. Retrieved
4315:
4305:
4296:
4276:
4271:
4252:
4240:
4230:
4226:
4202:
4195:
4186:
4177:
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3700:
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3605:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3557:
3550:
3525:
3521:
3490:
3470:14 September
3468:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3450:
3440:14 September
3438:. Retrieved
3424:
3414:
3407:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3294:
3288:
3278:
3270:the original
3260:
3252:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3235:
3229:
3204:
3199:Danner, Mark
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3149:
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3055:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
2993:
2988:
2969:
2952:the original
2942:
2926:
2902:
2880:. Retrieved
2860:
2854:
2831:
2811:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2782:
2750:
2747:
2710:machine guns
2697:Armed with:
2693:
2684:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2640:Pro-Búsqueda
2601:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2524:
2522:
2501:
2474:
2468:January 2017
2465:
2454:Please help
2449:verification
2446:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2352:death squads
2348:
2336:
2320:
2305:
2302:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2240:
2228:
2224:
2199:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2139:
2120:
2100:
2096:
2080:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2020:
2004:
1988:
1963:
1952:
1922:
1918:
1899:
1876:
1867:
1862:Chalatenango
1851:
1834:
1815:
1784:
1775:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1652:
1632:
1608:
1596:
1582:
1555:
1533:
1517:
1501:
1496:Jean Donovan
1481:Maura Clarke
1470:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1431:Jimmy Carter
1427:Óscar Romero
1424:
1420:Óscar Romero
1404:San Salvador
1401:
1396:Chalatenango
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1347:
1343:paramilitary
1335:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1307:nationalised
1300:
1289:
1275:M. A. Serpas
1268:
1257:
1244:
1238:
1233:San Salvador
1214:
1195:
1164:
1160:West Germany
1156:Football War
1153:
1148:
1142:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1089:
1082:
1066:Soviet Union
1062:Fidel Castro
1058:Cuban regime
1029:
1027:
975:
869:
868:
839:Missionaries
822:
821:
783:
782:
768:Football War
762:
750:
683:
680:8,000–10,000
670:
667:6,000–15,000
661:
646:
633:
624:
602:
559:
510:
491:
352:Soviet Union
338:
231:
200:
171:
156:Belligerents
128:restructured
118:
78:fighters in
40:Part of the
29:
10120:Vietnam War
10075:World War I
9794:Shen Zhihua
9604:Michael Cox
9536:competition
9483:Pro-Western
9473:Soviet Life
9399:Safari Club
9369:Warsaw Pact
9224:Nationalism
9214:Imperialism
9113:Reaganomics
8976:Containment
8769:Perestroika
8258:Realpolitik
8088:Six-Day War
8073:Greek junta
7884:Berlin Wall
7732:Suez Crisis
7700:Vietnam War
7587:McCarthyism
7402:Baruch Plan
7347:Unthinkable
7307:Dekemvriana
7246:Warsaw Pact
6888:LGBT rights
6808:Earthquakes
6698:El Salvador
6651:El Salvador
5074:11 December
5048:11 December
4157:fsmitha.com
3528:: 106–118.
3363:3 September
3316:13 February
3125:19 February
2882:12 February
2496:Los Angeles
2285:amnesty law
2043:Peace talks
1995:James Grant
1991:Nils Thedin
1858:Panchimalco
1798:helicopters
1628:machine gun
1584:Aryeh Neier
1574:Vietnam War
1536:martial law
1448:coup d'état
1418:Archbishop
1336:Critics of
1303:land reform
1130:El Salvador
1046:El Salvador
909:El Salvador
907:History of
854:El Calabozo
178:until 1982)
108:El Salvador
10316:Proxy wars
10240:Categories
10162:Ogaden War
9562:Historians
9553:Space Race
9454:Rudé právo
9408:Propaganda
9264:Neo-Nazism
9234:Chauvinism
9188:Trotskyism
9103:Monetarism
9071:Liberalism
9063:Capitalism
9055:Ideologies
9006:Ostpolitik
8729:Solidarity
8694:Toyota War
8597:Solidarity
8454:Operation
8409:Ogaden War
8098:Dhofar War
7986:Shifta War
7744:Operation
7592:Korean War
7384:Operation
7376:Operation
7368:Operation
7345:Operation
7325:Operation
7317:Operation
7134:Television
7114:Literature
7026:Corruption
6919:Presidents
6741:Intendancy
6038:6 December
5798:22 January
5759:22 January
5607:22 January
5576:22 January
5428:, 11/01/89
5315:, 03/27/12
5187:, 07/15/87
5172:, 10/27/87
4600:The Nation
4323:16 January
3810:085345678X
3731:0394555570
3648:1566393922
3220:067975525X
2760:0862322405
2727:References
2408:, and the
2207:healthcare
2126:Dan Quayle
2117:US message
2073:President
1731:In total,
1659:La Tandona
1578:Mao Zedong
1436:repression
1371:campesinos
1144:La Matanza
1125:Background
932:1200–1528)
849:Santa Rita
9849:Ken Young
9694:Tony Judt
9543:Arms race
9516:Red Scare
9384:NN States
9329:Apartheid
9284:Autocracy
9193:Stalinism
9161:Guevarism
9151:Castroism
9141:Communism
9133:Socialism
8659:Star Wars
8252:Koza riot
7378:Beleaguer
7370:Masterdom
7051:Languages
7041:Education
6995:Transport
6874:Elections
6828:Volcanism
6786:Geography
6728:New Spain
6644:from the
5338:0362-4331
4762:. p. 145.
4089:117364772
3542:145461772
3311:154097583
2877:153325313
2791:0190-8286
2291:Aftermath
2232:inflation
2107:physician
1910:Nicaragua
1687:El Mozote
1624:Rio Lempa
1592:strafings
1566:Guatemala
1477:Maryknoll
1270:military.
1134:cash crop
1108:civilians
1054:left-wing
1042:civil war
870:Aftermath
859:Zona Rosa
844:El Mozote
823:Massacres
784:Civil War
598:Ana María
10311:Cold War
10220:Cold War
10110:Sand War
10001:Timeline
9991:Category
9936:See also
9428:Izvestia
9269:Islamism
9166:Hoxhaism
9041:Rollback
8920:Abkhazia
8860:Gulf War
8764:Glasnost
8134:incident
7904:Sand War
7762:Ifni War
7271:Rio Pact
7216:Cold War
7169:Category
7071:Religion
7021:Abortion
6960:Currency
6909:Military
6847:Politics
6702:articles
6654:Archived
6595:10894700
6504:(2007).
6434:(1993).
6384:(1993).
6286:(1998).
6235:Salvador
6232:(1983).
6210:(1994).
6155:(1984).
6003:Archived
5865:Archived
5725:Archived
4737:Refworld
4574:Archived
4557:HuffPost
4260:Archived
4208:Springer
4187:ucsb.edu
3434:Archived
3201:(1993).
2796:15 March
2665:, a film
2654:Salvador
2574:See also
2555:Cold War
2342:and the
2230:feared,
1791:Ilopango
1787:attacked
1615:Honduran
1493:laywoman
1485:Ita Ford
1273:—
1092:Cold War
898:a series
896:Part of
613:Strength
103:Location
46:Cold War
44:and the
9491:Amerika
9374:Comecon
9259:Fascism
9249:Zionism
9198:Titoism
8739:Contras
8207:Détente
7484:Comecon
7153:Outline
7104:Cuisine
7086:Culture
7009:Society
6990:Tourism
6933:Economy
6813:Islands
6710:History
6660:at the
6586:1118168
6198:28 July
5343:30 July
4951:3991805
3842:NACLA,
3338:7 April
3183:2 March
3161:2 March
3157:. NACLA
2820:Uppsala
1906:Managua
1392:Morazán
1179:colonel
1034:Spanish
864:Jesuits
763:Prelude
560:†
492:†
80:Perquín
60:Chicago
10213:MINFAR
9442:Pravda
9244:Racism
9183:Maoism
8935:Kosovo
8456:Condor
8132:Pueblo
8118:May 68
7746:Gladio
7664:Tuapse
7327:Jungle
7319:Priboi
7174:Portal
7094:Anthem
6975:Mining
6970:Energy
6823:Rivers
6803:Cities
6700:
6616:(1993)
6593:
6583:
6537:
6516:
6490:
6467:
6444:
6420:
6396:
6338:
6317:
6296:
6272:
6242:
6218:
6167:
6141:
5912:, vii.
5336:
4989:
4949:
4771:Danner
4584:, 1993
4396:
4214:
4135:
4110:
4087:
4050:
4025:
4000:
3975:
3950:
3913:
3888:
3807:
3753:
3728:
3645:
3613:
3540:
3498:
3309:
3247:24 May
3217:
3121:. UCDP
3000:
2976:
2933:
2909:
2875:
2824:Sweden
2789:
2757:
2656:(film)
2648:(film)
2646:Romero
2109:and a
1647:Panama
1540:curfew
1491:, and
1260:coffee
1177:was a
1100:Reagan
1096:Carter
900:on the
829:Sumpul
684:(1992)
671:(1985)
662:(1984)
647:(1992)
634:(1985)
625:(1980)
600:
556:
508:
488:
362:
349:
211:
115:Result
10321:MS-13
9927:Stasi
9394:SAARC
9389:ASEAN
9354:SEATO
9207:Other
9172:Juche
8930:Korea
8843:1990s
8556:1980s
8200:1970s
7823:1960s
7575:1950s
7285:1940s
7266:NEATO
7261:SEATO
7251:ANZUS
7160:Index
7129:Sport
7119:Music
7031:Crime
6798:Biota
6192:(PDF)
6185:(PDF)
6125:Books
5949:, 21.
5924:, 47.
5792:(PDF)
5785:(PDF)
4947:JSTOR
4085:S2CID
3562:(PDF)
3538:S2CID
3357:(PDF)
3307:S2CID
3119:(PDF)
3060:(PDF)
2873:S2CID
2702:AK-47
2676:Notes
2509:Spain
2111:nurse
1806:C-47s
1364:1981)
1207:Gen.
621:9,850
279:LP-28
10044:Cuba
9467:TASS
9359:METO
9349:NATO
8575:and
8573:1980
8130:USS
7256:METO
7241:NATO
7109:Flag
6591:PMID
6535:ISBN
6514:ISBN
6488:ISBN
6465:ISBN
6442:ISBN
6418:ISBN
6394:ISBN
6374:2010
6336:ISBN
6315:ISBN
6294:ISBN
6270:ISBN
6240:ISBN
6216:ISBN
6200:2009
6165:ISBN
6139:ISBN
6040:2023
5815:107.
5800:2017
5761:2017
5609:2017
5578:2017
5345:2019
5334:ISSN
5076:2022
5050:2022
4987:ISBN
4394:ISBN
4325:2018
4212:ISBN
4133:ISBN
4108:ISBN
4048:ISBN
4023:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3948:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3805:ISBN
3751:ISBN
3726:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3611:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3472:2008
3442:2008
3365:2023
3340:2018
3318:2023
3249:2013
3215:ISBN
3185:2016
3163:2016
3127:2014
2998:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2884:2023
2798:2022
2787:ISSN
2755:ISBN
2715:and
2704:and
2553:The
2516:for
2083:FMLN
1852:The
1789:the
1707:and
1483:and
1394:and
1165:The
1098:and
1083:The
1068:. A
1028:The
365:Cuba
326:PCES
309:PRTC
296:FAPU
292:FARN
233:FMLN
90:Date
10208:FAR
9922:KGB
9917:MVD
9902:MI6
9897:MI5
9892:CIA
9364:EEC
6581:PMC
6573:doi
6569:321
5529:doi
4939:doi
4077:doi
3780:doi
3530:doi
3526:463
3299:doi
2865:doi
2717:PKM
2713:RPK
2706:M16
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