Zamorin - Knowledge

1913:) and the Muslim naval fleet under the Koya of Calicut, the Zamorin's fighters advanced by both land and sea. The main force under the command of Zamorin himself attacked, encamping at Thripangodu, an allied force of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu from the north. Meanwhile, another force under the Eralppadu commanded a fleet across the sea and landed at Ponnani and later moved to Thirumanasseri, with intention to descend on Thirunavaya from the south with help of the warriors of the Thirumanasseri Brahmins. Eralppadu also prevented the warriors of Perumpadappu joining Valluvanadu forces. The Muslim merchants and commanders at Ponnani supported the Calicut force with food, transport and provisions. The warriors of the Eralppadu moved north and crossed the River Perar and took up position on the northern side of the river. The Koya marched at the head of a large column, and stormed Thirunavaya. In spite of the fact that the warriors of Valluvanadu did not get the timely help of Perumpadappu, they fought vigorously and the battle dragged on. In the meantime, the Calicut minister Mangattachan was also successful in turning Kadannamanna Elavakayil Vellodi (junior branch of Kadannamanna) to their side. Finally, two Valluvanadu princes were killed in the battles, the Nairs abandoned the settlement and Calicut infested Thirunavaya. 1962:(Palghat). Nedunganadu was overran without striking even a single blow. The chief of Nedunganadu surrendered to the Calicut forces at a place called Kodikkuni. Then the Calicut warriors captured a number of smaller villages around Thirunavaya – such as Thiruvegappuram – from Valluvanadu. The Valluvanadu governor tried to overcome the Calicut prince's advance at Kolakkadu. Near Karimpuzha in Valluvanadu, the untouchables – the Cherumas and Panans of Kotta – resisted the advancing Calicut forces. The Calicut won their affection by gifts and presents. Calicut prince was met by an ancestor of Kavalappara Nair, a vassal of Valluvanadu, at Karakkadu. The chiefs under Palakkad surrendered to Calicut at Vengotri, Nellayi and Kakkathodu. Zamorin of Calicut appointed the Eralppadu as the ruler of southern Malabar region during this time. The provincial seat was at Karimpuzha. Talappilli (present day taluk of the same name and coastal regions from Ponnani to Chetwai) and Chengazhinadu submitted to Calicut without any resistance. 2231: 2259: 2267: 1854: 3515: 4070:

Ismail Marakkar seems to be a prominent rice trader in Kochi. During the early years of Portuguese presence in Kerala the native Muslim merchants of Kochi – such as Cherina/Karine Mecar (Karim Marakkar), Mamale (Muhammed) Marakkar, Mitos Marakkarm, Nino Marakkar, Ali Apule, Coje Mappila and Abraham Mappila etc. – acted as spice suppliers for them. The Marakkars also supplied food materials for the Portuguese settlements in Kerala. Mamale Marakkar of Cochin was the richest man in the country. These traders, along with the other big Mappila, and Syrian Christian merchants, also acted as brokers and intermediaries in the purchase of spices and in the sale of the goods brought from Europe.

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Mappilas, led by Mammali and the Marakkars of the Pearl Fishery Coast). Kingdom of Calicut, whose shipping was increasingly looted by the Portuguese, evolved into a centre of resistance. The Portuguese maintained patrolling squadrons off the Kerala ports and continued their raids on departing native fleets. Mappila and Marakkar traders actively worked in the kingdoms of Malabar Coast and Ceylon to oppose the Portuguese. Naval battles broke out across Konkan, Malabar Coast, southern Tamil Nadu, and western Sri Lanka. Marakkars transformed as the admirals of Calicut and organised an effective collection of vessels to fight the Portuguese.

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commemorate the investiture. The Chinese titles and gifts (brocades and gauzes) were given to the Zamorin and his retinue by the Chinese envoys. Presumably a stay of about four months was made at Calicut, possibly from December 1408 to April 1409. The third expedition (1409–1411) – the first one to sail to beyond India – also visited Calicut. The fleet sailed on from Calicut to Sri Lanka in 1411. The fourth (1413–1415), fifth (1417–1419), sixth (1421–22) and seventh (1431–33) fleets also visited Calicut. A number of tribute delegations – in 1421, 1423, and 1433, among others – were dispatched by the Calicut rulers to

3626:

Finally, after prolonged negotiations, the hereditary territory of the Zamorin, together with the coin mint and the sea customs, was leased back to him. He was also temporarily given jurisdiction over the petty rulers and, as a mark of the Zamorin's exceptional position in Malabar, the revenue fixed for Beypore, Parappanadu and Vettattunadu was to be paid through him. As previously noted, these tax-payment and jurisdictional arrangements were terminated later and the Zamorin of Calicut became a mere pensioned landlord receiving the "malikhana". On 1 July 1800, Malabar was transferred to the

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After a series of naval battles, the once powerful Chinna Kutti Ali was forced to sue for peace with the Portuguese in 1540. The peace was soon broken, with the assassination of the Muslim judge of Kannur Abu Bakr Ali (1545), and the Portuguese again came down hard on the Mappilas. By the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese were finally able to deal with the "Mappila challenge". Kunjali Marakkar IV was defeated and killed, with the help of the Zamorin, in c. 1600. Even after the execution of Marakkar IV, the title of the Kunjali Marakkar continued to exist for almost century.

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The rulers of Kodungallur, Idappalli, Airur, Sarkkara, Patinjattedam and Chittur supported or joined Calicut forces in this occupation of Kochi. Some of these were the vassals of Kochi. The Kochi chief was defeated in a battle at Thrissur and his palace was occupied. But, the defeated chief escaped to further south. Pursuing the chief to south, the Calicut forces under Zamorin penetrated and occupied the town of Kochi. Unable to withstand the attacks, Kochi finally accepted Calicut's rule. The prince from the elder branch was installed on the throne of Kochi as vassal.

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advanced by Chetwai and Kanhur River, Zamorin Maharaja crossed the backwater at Vypin, marching through Chiranganad Karappuram, Payattukad, Alleppey, Trikunnappuzha and Kartikappally, and entered Odanad. Soon, the ruler of Quilon propitiated Calicut by paying the expenses of the battles, ceding the lands known as Munjiramukkattam (Munjiramukkattam was later transferred by the Calicut to the temple of Padmanabha or to Mathappuram shrine). Quilon also agreed to send annual tribute along with the flag of fealty to Tirunavaya for the Mamankam festival."

2223: 1738: 1010: 2239: 226: 5572:"After the Tirantukalyanam rite, the Zamorin selects a suitable husband for them. According to the principle of hypergamy, this must be a Nambutiri or Kshatriya. Formerly they were generally chosen, for political and strategic reasons, from the Kshatriya svarupams of Bettam, Kurumbranad, Beypore and Cranganore, though now and then, Nambutiris also came in for the distinction." p. 8, K. V. Krishna Iyer, Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938 December. 1367: 3579: 1746: 1106:(Victor/Lord of Punthura?) in inscriptions from c. 1100, in palace records known as the Granthavaris, and in official treaties with the English and the Dutch. No records indicate the actual personal name of the ruler. Punthura may be the place of their origin, or a battle-field, or a port of great fame. The title "Kunnalakkon" ("Lord of Hills and Waves") and its Sanskrit form "Shailabdhishvara" are mostly found in later literary works (such as Manipravalam and Sanskrit poems). 4022: 1419: 1411: 1021: 11381: 49: 2247: 1850:, and other Nair chiefs on the suburbs of Calicut also acknowledged the supremacy of Calicut. There were battles between Calicut and Kurumbranadu for a coastal region called Payyanadu. Payyanadu was a part of Kurumbranadu in early times, and was eventually given as a "royal gift" to Calicut. Calicut easily overran the Kurumbranadu warriors in the battle and Kurumbranadu had to sue for peace by surrendering Valisseri. 13196: 9149: 2275: 1450:. They distinguished themselves in the battles against the foreigners. However, during the partition of Chera kingdom, the Chera monarch failed to allocate any land to Nediyiruppu. Filled with guilt, the king later gave an unwanted piece of marshy tract of land called Kozhikode to the younger brother Vikraman (the elder brother died in the battle). The king also gifted his personal sword and his favourite prayer 453: 1989:

loss of his superior ally Kochi, Valluvanadu did not submit to Calicut. The ruler of Calicut followed a custom of settling Muslim families and the families of other Hindu generals who had allegiance to him, in the captured areas of Valluvanadu. Calicut occupied Valluvanadu (now shrunk to Attappadi valley, parts of Mannarkkad, Ottappalam and Perinthalmanna) but could not make much progress into its hinterland.

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network encompassed commodities such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into the kingdom of Calicut from Canara and Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims from Malabar Coast. The local people were suppliers and consumers of goods in Kozhikde ports.

555: 3654:). The hereditary local chiefs, more or less independent in their region, acknowledged the over-lordship of the Zamorin in Calicut. The local magnates – conferred with privileges and titles by the Zamorin – were more dependent on Calicut. In times of battles the chiefs and magnates provided the warriors to the Zamorin and were protected in turn when an enemy made encroachment to their dominions. 2411:

Eastern ships and "take whatever he found them after paying to the owners what they had themselves had paid and the customs duties to Calicut officers". Cabral seized a Middle Eastern ship at midnight and transfers all its spices to his depot. A general riot is broken out in Calicut. Around 50 Portuguese sailors at the depot are massacred, a few taken captive, by the Muslims. The depot is razed.

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the town to the king, and in-turn, all the rights of other settlers in the town were extended to him. The document was attested by the chief feudatories of the Chera king – Govardhana Marthanda (Venadu), Kotha Chirikanthan (Venpalinadu), Manavepala Mana Viyatan (Eralanadu), Rayiran Chathan (Valluvanadu), Kotha Ravi (Netumpurayur-nadu) – and Murkan Chathan the commander of the eastern forces.

369: 321: 269: 849: 767: 735: 703: 605: 505: 419: 973: 895: 865: 621: 539: 437: 303: 521: 353: 233: 1730: 959: 687: 489: 1802:, in the early 16th century, mentions the "Cheraman sword" among the three swords and other royal emblems of the Zamorin usually taken out in ceremonial processions. The sword was worshipped by the Zamorins in their private temple everyday and especially at the time of the coronation. The Cheraman sword was burnt in a surprise attack by the Dutch at 2525:

Brahmin messenger. Some historians assume that this was an attempt to lure da Gama to Calicut, and then to apprehend him. Da Gama – who certainly thought so – fires cannon at the port Calicut, and kills around 40 natives. The Zamorin tries to counterattack in vain. To starve the city of Calicut the Portuguese plunders rice shipments from Mangalore.

2072:"In the fifth year of the Yongle emperor , the court ordered the principal envoy ... Zheng He ... to deliver an imperial mandate to the king of and to bestow him a patent conferring a title of honour ... Zheng He went these in command of a large fleet of treasure-ships, and he erected a tablet with a pavilion over it and set up a stone which said: 4100: 3598:. In 1768 the Zamorin prince was restored in Calicut, agreeing to pay an annual tribute to Mysore. For nearly six years till 1774 nothing was heard about Hyder Ali. In 1774, Mysore forces under Srinivasa Rao occupied the city of Calicut. The prince retired to Travancore in a native vessel. The baton of resistance now passed to his nephew 2010: 2001:– one of the Zamorin's rivals polities. After the marriage of a Kolathu prince with this princess the Kadathanadu ruling family was born. The name Kadathanadu refers to as the passing way between Kolathunadu and Calicut. Some land and Hindu temple rights were transferred to Calicut during a visit to Kollam by a ruler of the Calicut. 4848:

invaded Calicut in 1766. When defeat was imminent, the Zamorin committed suicide and set fire to the palace," he says. "That led to Calicut falling into the hands of Ali, his son Tipu Sultan and finally the British by 1792. The Zamorins had lost all their property by the time they were allowed to return to Calicut by 1800."

3417:, where the Verenigde Zeeuwsche Compagnie had a factory, promising the Dutch a fort at Calicut if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of Tanur, and handed over to the Portuguese. These men were later hanged in Goa. 2562:. Narayanan, and his two nephews, are slain in the battle and the Calicut forces cross the backwater to Kochi. The wounded Kochi chief escapes to the island of Vypin with the Portuguese. The Calicut forces burn Kochi. As the monsoon has begun, the Calicut forces, leaving a strong detachment at Kochi, retreat to Kodungallur. 2346:(1509–1515), who followed da Gama to India, were instrumental in establishing the Império Colonial Português in Asia. By the mid-16th century, the Portuguese managed to curtail the vital trade between Calicut and the Middle East. In the end of the century, Kochi was the dominant seaport in Kerala, having surpassed both 1190:. The Chinese and Middle-Eastern interests in Malabar, the political ambition of the newly emergent rulers, i.e., the Zamorins, and the decline of port Kodungallur (c. 1341), etc. boosted the prosperity of the port. The rise of Calicut, both the port and the state, seems to have taken place only after the 13th century. 1785:. According to the inscription, the king, residing at Panainkavu Palace at Kurakkeni Kollam, sitting in council with Arya Brahmins, the Four Brahmin Ministers, the Leader of the Thousand Nairs, the Leader of the Six Hundred Nairs of Venadu, Punthurakkon Manavikrama – the chief of Eranadu, and other feudatories, made 3666:

Payyormala, Pulavayi, Tanore, Chaliyam, Beypore, Parappanadu, Thirunavaya, Thalapalli-Kakkad, Thalapalli-Punnathoor, Chittoor, Chavakkad, Kavalappara, Edappally, Patinjattedam, Cranganore, Kollengodu, Cochin and all of its vassal polities, Paravur, Purakkad, Vadakkumkur, Tekkumkur, Kayamkulam and Quilon.

1806:(1670) while the Zamorin was residing with Velutha Nambiyar. A new sword was made in 1672 out of the fragments of the old. The broken parts of the 1672 sword, kept in a fully sealed copper sheath, are still worshipped daily in the Bhagavathi temple attached to the palace of the Zamorins at Thiruvachira. 4833:"Kerala had many royal families which together may have more than 10,000 descendants. The Kochi family alone has more than 600. All these families had properties taken over by governments without compensation. Many of them are living in penury now. Shouldn't the state pay pensions to all of them then?" 4073:

It was the commercial Interests of the Portuguese private traders in Cochin that came into the conflict with Mappilas and the (Tamil) Maraikkayar traders. By the 1520s, open confrontations between the Portuguese and the Mappilas, in southern India and in western Sri Lanka, became a common occurrence.

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Calicut forces consisted mainly of feudal levies, brought by the vassal rulers and chiefs. The former were divided into five classes (Commanders of the Five Thousand, of the Thousand, of the Five Hundred, of the Three Hundred, and of the Hundred). Standing armies were kept at strategic locations like

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Calicut's attitude towards the vanquished chiefs and European governors was generally marked by moderation. The whole conquered area was not ruled directly from Calicut but was ruled by a Calicut official (general, minister or Eradi prince). Sometimes, its former rulers allowed to rule as a vassal or

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The goods carried across the Arabian Sea included spices – pepper, ginger and cardamom – and trans-shipped textiles, and coconut products. The import into Calicut consisted of gold and copper, silver, horses (Kannur especially), silk, various aromatics, and other minor items. The Indian coastal trade

3679:

The Zamorin was assisted in the work of government in Calicut by four hereditary chief ministers called "Sarvadhi Karyakkar" and number of ministers called "Karyakkar" and "Polttis". The Karyakkar were appointed and removed by the Zamorin. Adhikaris, Thalachennavars, Achanmar and temple functionaries

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Apart from the southern half of Kurumburanadu, Payyanadu, Polanadu, Ponnani, Cheranadu, Venkadakkotta, Malappuram, Kappul, Mannarakkadu, Karimpuzha, Nedunganadu, Naduvattom, Kollangode, Koduvayur, and Mankara the kingdom of Kozhikode included the following territories as tributary polities: Kottayam,

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forces marched to Kerala for the first time. They appeared again in 1735, and in 1737 they raided the Zamorin's frontier outposts. In 1745, the Mysore forces fought three battles with the Calicut warriors. In 1756 they invaded Calicut for the fifth time. The chief of Palakkad had placed himself under

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in Calicut in 1498 has often been considered as the beginning of a new phase in Asian history during which the control of the Indian Ocean spice trade passed into the hands of the Europeans from Middle Eastern Muslims. The strong colony of foreign merchants settled in Calicut was hostile, but Zamorin

1615:

As per the charter, while residing at Chera capital Kodungallur, king Bhaskara Ravi granted Jewish merchant Joseph Rabban a plate giving him the proprietorship of the merchant guild Anchuvannam and other 72 special trade privileges. Rabban was also exempted from all payments made by other settlers in

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Rasi later gave way to the Kaliyuga Rayan Panam. Of Kaliyuga Rayan Panam there were two varieties. One of these (issued by Kannur) was afterwards imitated by the Zamorin called Virarayan Putiya Panam, to distinguish it from the coin of Kannur, which then became Pazhaya Panam. The four Pazhaya Panams

2976:

The King of Portugal sends Vasco Da Gama again to India. His mission is to reform the abuses which had crept into the administration in India. The ruler of Kannur (Kolathiri) surrenders a "pirate" chief called Bala Hassan to da Gama, who is thereupon thrown into a dungeon in Cannanore Fort. This man

2534:

Da Gama reaches Kochi and signs a treaty of commerce with the rulers of Kochi and Kollam. A factory is set up at Kochi by da Gama; its first factor is Diogo Fernandes Correia. The fleet then sails to Kannur, defeating two squadrons of a Calicut Arab Muslim fleet on the way, and then for Europe on 28

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lands in Calicut, and is warmly welcomed by the Zamorin of Calicut. Much to the delight of the discontented Middle Eastern merchants, da Gama's "ordinary" trade goods were hardly suitable for trade in Calicut. The merchandise he carried – no gold and silver – only came handy in the trade on the West

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in 1407. On the second expedition, in 1408–09, Zheng He again visited Calicut – stopping as well in "Chochin" (Kochi). The envoys in the second expedition (1408–1409) carried out the formal "investiture" of the Zamorin of Calicut "Mana Piehchialaman". A memorial inscription was erected in Calicut to

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in the 15th century. Some Herat officials had, some years earlier, on their return journey from the Sultanate of Bengal, been stranded at port Calicut, and on this occasion had been received by the Zamorin of Calicut. Impressed by the description of the Timurid influence, the Zamorin decided to send

1988:

The battles against Kochi were followed by a battle against Palakkad and the expansion to Naduvattom by a Calicut prince. Kollengode of Venganadu Nambitis was also put under the sway of Calicut during the time. The severe and frequent battles with Valluvanadu by Calicut continued. But even after the

1932:

The battles along the western borders of Valluvanadu were bitter, for they were marked by treachery and crime. Panthalur and Ten Kalams came under Calicut only after a protracted struggle. The assassination of a minister of Calicut by the chief minister of Valluvanadu while visiting Venkatakkotta in

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The power balance in Kerala changed as Eralnadu rulers developed the port at Calicut. The Zamorin became one of the most powerful chiefs in Kerala. In some of his military campaigns – such as that into Valluvanadu – the ruler received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors. It

1583:

The strength of the "Hundred Organisation" of the senior prince of Eranadu was "Six Hundred". Several organisations with same capacity are also found in Ramavalanadu, Valluvanadu, Kizhmalanadu and Venadu. Scholars come across only one nadu with a stronger force, namely Kurumpuranadu, with a force of

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K. V. Krishna Iyer, Court Historian of the Zamorins, describes the event: "The nominal reason for the military expedition was to protect the rights of the Brahmins in Quilon. Quilon had earlier opposed the expansion Calicut supremacy south of Kochi (former Perumpadappu). However, the Calicut forces

4069:

Historians speculate that the Marakkars were primarily suppliers of food materials from the ports of the Coromandel Coast and spices from interior Kerala and Sri Lanka. Some assume that the Marakkars, before the beginning of the hostilities with the Portuguese, were traders of rice from Konkan. One

3625:

In the settlement negotiations with the Joint Commission in 1792, the Zamorin proved recalcitrant. To pressure him, a portion of his former territories (Payyanadu, Payyormala, Kizhakkumpuram, Vadakkampuram and Pulavayi) was leased to the ruler of Kurumburanadu as manager for the East India Company.

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with relative ease. Hyder Ali inflicted a major setback on the Calicut warriors at Perinkolam Ferry on the Kotta River. As Mysore edged closer to the outer reaches of the city of Calicut, the Zamorin sent most of his relatives to safe haven in Ponnani, and from there to Travancore, and to avoid the

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The Dutch, some fifteen years after the Zamorin first asked for help, had promised much and delivered almost nothing. The Zamorin finally turned to the English. In September 1610, the English factors at Mocha were approached by the head of the Mappilas there to their shipping in the region from the

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Treaty between the Zamorin of Calicut and the Portuguese. He declares that he would from then on cease persecuting Christians, permit the erection of churches in the kingdom of Calicut, support the Synod of Diamper, release all Christian prisoners, and provide spices for the ships of the Portuguese

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Pattu Kunjali Marakkar (died c. 1575.) leads the Calicut navy. He is assisted by Ponnani Kutti Pokkar. Chinna Kutti Ali sues for peace with the Portuguese (Goa). The defeat of Ibrahim and Pattu Marakkar and the killing in Ceylon of a third notable was one factor that forced Chinna Kutti Ali to this

3007:

A Portuguese navy led by new Viceroy Henry Menezes raids Ponnani and Pantalayini Kollam, and burns the towns. Pantalayini Kollam is defended by 20,000 Nairs and Muslims. On reaching Calicut, he earlier found that the place had been attacked by the Calicut forces. Kutti Ali in retaliation storms the

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Duarte de Menezes comes to Fort Calicut. The Zamorin is dead and his successor (1522–1531) does not favour the Portuguese alliance. Kutti Ali anchors his fleet of 200 vessels at Calicut, to load eight ships with spices, and to dispatch them with a convoy of 40 vessels to the Red Sea before the very

2716:

Joined forces of Kannur and Calicut attack St. Angelo Fort. The old Kolathiri – the original friend of Vasco da Gama – has died and the new ruler is already displeased with the Portuguese for harming prominent Muslims merchants at Kannur. Combined forces, including around 60,000 Nairs, lay siege to

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Pacheco and a small garrison of 150 men guard Fort Manuel. Around 57,000 Nairs from all over the kingdom of Calicut, assisted by 5 cannon guns and 160 paraos, attack Pacheco at the Edappally ferry. He manages to drive back the enemy several times. The Kochi Nairs provide little help in opposing the

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A major objective of the first Ming expedition (1405–1407) was the kingdom of Calicut. Historians presume that the fleet stayed from December 1406 to April 1407 at Calicut. Ambassadors from Calicut, among envoys from other states, accompanied the returning (first expedition) fleet bringing articles

1688:

The Six Hundred of Eralanadu and the Three Hundred of Etattirai Nadu, among others, make provision for "uttu" by assigning land to the Pulpatta temple. Fine is prescribed for the violation of the rules. The Uralar are authorised to take over from Pattavalan (officer in charge of collection) in case

4898:

The general administration department data tabled in the Kerala assembly reveals that since 2013, 876 members of Kozhikode Zamorin royal family received a total of Rs 19.51 crore in family and political pensions. This is apart from the pension titled Malikhan being provided to the members of royal

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Historians say any special treatment to the Zamorins would be against the Constitution, which does not grant any privilege on the basis of birth. M. G. S. Narayanan says the Zamorins have not donated any property to the state. "The Zamorin's family had fled from Calicut when Hyder Ali from Mysore

4008:

Coins in circulation in the pre-Portuguese kingdom of Calicut included gold coins called Pagoda/Pratapa, silver Tangas of Gujarat, of Bijapur, of Vijayanagara and the Larines of Persia, Xerafins of Cairo, the Venetian and the Genoan ducats. Other coins in circulation in the kingdom of Calicut – in

3657:

Some of the local chiefs had the investiture ceremony, rather similar to that of the Zamorin of Calicut, some claimed kshatriya status, and some of them even used the title "Raja". Vettam Udaya Mootha Kovil, Thirumanassheri Namboothiri, Thalappalli Punnathoor Nambadi, Thalappalli Kakkattu Nambadi,

2642:

A large Muslim fleet at Pantalayini Kollam in the kingdom of Calicut is destroyed. It had assembled there to take back a large number of Muslims to Arabia and Egypt, who were leaving the kingdom of Calicut disappointed at the trade losses caused to them recently. De Menezes captures 17 vessels and

2061:

While in Calicut, Razzaq was invited by the Vijayanagara ruler Deva Raya II to his court. The envoy arrived from the Vijayanagara king had "asked" the Zamorin to send the Herat envoy on to his court. He also says the king of Vijayanagara does not possess "jurisdiction" over the kingdom of Calicut,

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Calicut subjugated large parts of the state of Kochi in the subsequent years. The family feud between the elder and younger branches of the ruling family of Kochi was exploited by the Zamorin of Calicut. The intervention was initiated as Calicut's help was sought against the ruling younger branch.

1174:

The port at Calicut held the superior economic and political position in Kerala, while Kollam (Quilon), Kochi and Kannur (Cannanore) were commercially confined to secondary roles. Travellers have called the city by different names – variations of the Malayalam name. The travellers from Middle-East

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who induced to the Zamorin to the conquer Valluvanadu. The Koya was subsequently appointed as the "Shahbandar" by the Zamorin of Calicut. He is also given "all the privileges and dignities of a Nair chief, jurisdiction over all the Muslims residing in the bazaar of Calicut, the right to receive a

2736:

As per some historians, as result of the assault, the family of Marakkars relocated from Ponnani to Puthupattanam (in North Malabar). The Zamorin of Calicut later appointed Marakkar I as his admiral. Kutti Ali served under Marakkar I. Some scholars identify the first Marakkar Kutti Ahmed Ali with

2524:

Sailing southwards, da Gama is informed by a Brahmin messenger that the Zamorin have arrested the Muslims who were guilty of the outrage on the trading depot. Da Gama was offered a large sum to pay for the factory goods. He sent back word to say that he did not want money, and also mistreated the

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then completed the subjugation Ponnani taluk from Valluvanadu and captured Vannerinadu from Perumpadappu. The Perumpadappu ruler was forced to shift their base further south to Thiruvanchikkulam. When Thrikkanamathilakam near Thiruvanchikkulam came under the Calicut control and Perumpadappu ruler

1636:

The Chera king Rama Kulasekhara, residing at Kollam, sitting in royal council with Arya Brahmins of the temple, the Four Brahmin Ministers, the Leader of the Thousand Nairs, the Leader of the Six Hundred Nairs of Venadu, Punthurakkon Manavikrama – the chief of Eranadu, and other feudatories, made

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Zamorin of Calicut (1868–1892). In 1766 Haider Ali of Mysore defeated the Zamorin of Calicut and absorbed Malabar district to his state. After the Third Mysore War (1790–1792), Malabar was placed under the control of the British East India company. Later the status of the Zamorins as independent

3326:

Calicut shifts policy towards the Portuguese because of his estrangement with the Marakkar who begins to defy the Zamorin. Treaty of peace with Viceroy Mascarenhas. He sanctions the Portuguese to build a factory at Ponnani. The decision is much resented by the Marakkars, and they strengthen Fort

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reaches Calicut, rich presents were exchanged, and a treaty of friendship, "as long as the sun and moon should endure", was entered upon. The Zamorin was pleased with return of the Mukkuvas whom da Gama had taken to Portugal. Cabral manages to obtain the permission to construct a trading post in

1753:

Although there is no solid basis for the famous partition legend (the Cheraman Perumal tradition) surrounding the end of Kodungallur Cheras, it is a possibility that following the mysterious disappearance of the ruler, the land was "partitioned" and that the governors of different nadus asserted

3674:

Payyanadu, Polanadu, Ponnani, Cheranadu, Venkattakkotta, Malappuram, Kappul, Mannarkkad, Karimpuzha, and Nedunganadu. The Zamorin claimed to be – with more or less influence – the paramount sovereign over Payyormala, Pulavayi, Beypore, Parappanadu, Tanore, Talapalli, Chavakkadu and Kavalappara.

3183:

Muslims of North Malabar begin hostilities, and then make the usual submission and agree to take out the "passes". The Muslim sailors come under enormous pressure under these stringent measures. The Muslims organise in small fleets of boats to engage with the Portuguese shipping. The Portuguese

3063:

Thirty Portuguese ships blockade the Calicut coast. A peace treaty is signed between Nunho de Acunha and the Zamorin of Calicut. Fort Chaliyam, south of Calicut, is constructed. The fort is "like a pistol held at the Zamorin's throat" as it is a strategic site, only 10 km south of Calicut.

2410:

The merchants of Calicut appear to have effectually prevented the Portuguese from obtaining any large supply of spices. Cabral accused the Muslim merchants of deliberately outbidding them, and sending away all the spices that came to the market. The Zamorin permitted Cabral to search the Middle

2350:

and Calicut. The Portuguese set about breaking the monopoly which Venetians and the Egyptians had so long enjoyed in the trade with Asia. The Egyptians and the Ottoman Turks realised the danger, but internal complications between them gave the Portuguese an opportunity. Ponnani Muhammed Kunjali

1757:

There is some ambiguity regarding the exact course of events that led to the establishment of Eradi's rule over Calicut, their later seat. Some historians are of the view that the Eradi was in fact a favourite of the last Kodungallur Chera king as he was at the forefront of the battles with the

1574:

region of the Kodungallur Chera kingdom. The Kodungallur Chera kingdom was a congeries of chiefdoms, which were ruled by local chiefs. The office of the chief/senior prince of Eranad (Eralanadu Utaya) is assumed to be hereditary. The earliest reference to the chief and chiefdom of Eranad is the

1366: 4894:

The family has sought the government's help to preserve the artefacts in their private collection. This collection include palm leaf manuscripts, swords, shields and other valuables. Malabar Devaswom Board Commissioner recently proposed to the Kerala state government that the temples under the

4065:

of the Calicut Zamorin in the 16th century. The Mappila seamen were famous for their naval guerrilla warfare and hand-to-hand fighting on board. The Mappila vessels, small, lightly armed, and highly mobile, were a major threat to the Portuguese shipping all along the Indian west coast. But the

3352:

The Zamorin has grown nervous about the royal pretensions of the Marakkar. The Marakkar has styled himself "King of Muslims" and "Lord of the Indian Seas". Father Franciso de Costa is sent to Calicut. Agreement between the Zamorin and the Portuguese on Marakkar IV. The allies decide to proceed

2506:

Vasco da Gama returns to India to try to control Calicut. He burns a ship full of Muslim pilgrims – around 700 – from Mecca off the coast of Madayi. The ship also carried a chief merchant from Calicut. This individual – fairly rich – was the brother of Khoja Kasim, the Factor of the Sea to the

1652:

A temple inscription recording a resolution of the village council (Urutayavai) of Karimukku. The council prescribed a punishment for those who obstructed the Anandapuram temple functionaries or pilfered away temple properties and prevented the temple rituals. In addition to paying a fine, the

4143:

The original seat of the aristocratic clan was Nediyiruppu and the head of the house was known as Nediyiruppu Mutta Eradi, a title enjoyed by the fifth in rank from the Zamorin. Under the Kodungallur Chera rulers the Mutta Eradi governed Ernad with the title of "Ernad Utaiyar". Later the clan

1937:

and Panthalur) were occupied by the Zamorin. The Kizhakke Kovilakam Munalappadu, who took a leading part in this campaign, received half of the newly captured province from Zamorin as a gift. The loss of this fiercely loyal chief minister was the greatest blow to Valluvanadu after the loss of

1579:

inscriptions name two titles for the rulers of Eranad – Manvepala Manaviyata (c. 11 century) and Manavikrama (c. 12th century). In the later period, Manavikrama, Manaveda and Viraraya were the only names given to male members in the royal family, the Zamorin always being known as Manavikrama.

2374:

Sale and purchases fails to meet the expectations. Da Gama demands Kerala spices in return for his unsalable wares. The Zamorin replied that he should buy what he needed for gold and silver instead of dumping his stock in exchange, and he must pay the usual Calicut customs duties. After some

2290:

The Portuguese initially entered into hostile conflicts with the Zamorin of Calicut and the Middle Eastern (Paradesi) merchants in Calicut. Within the next few decades, the Estado da Índia also found themselves fighting with several leading Mappila trading families of Kerala (esp. the Kannur

1992:

Calicut was also successful in bringing the polity of Kolathunadu (Cannanore) under their control. During his expansions, the Zamorin occupied Pantalayini Kollam as a preliminary advance to Kolathunadu. Kolathiri immediately sent ambassadors to submit to whatever terms Calicut might dictate.

1313:

of the swaroopam and constituted what is called in the records as "kuruvazhcha". Unlike in the case of Cochin (Kochi), there was no rotation of position among the thavazhis. Thus no particular thavazhi enjoyed any privilege or precedence in the matter of succession, as the only criterion for

4872:. Payments (mali khana) were taken over by the government of India after independence in 1947. The royal family has been trying to get a pension from the various governments over fifty years. The Kerala government decided to award a monthly pension to members of the royal family in 2013. 2933:

Assassination attempt on the Zamorin. The Portuguese invite the Zamorin to a house within their fort under the pretext of presenting the king with some gifts. The Zamorin, with the help of a Portuguese officer, escapes from the fort. The officer is later banished with all kin to Kannur.

2754:

in the process. The Egyptian force of 1500 Mamluks also includes Calicut's ambassador to Cairo, Mayimama Marakkar. Mayimama Marakkar is also killed in the action. The alliance between Amir Hussain and Malik Ayaz begins to fall apart. Ayaz enters into secret negotiations with de Amleyda.

2513:

for the ships his subjects. He next divides his fleet; one portion of it is to wage war on all native vessels except those of Kannur (Kolathunadu), Kochi (Permpatappu) and Quilon (Kollam ), which are to be protected by "passes" obtained from the factors at Kannur and Kochi respectively.

1454:– both broken – to him and told him to occupy as much as land as he could with all his might. So the Eradis conquered neighbouring kingdoms and created a large state for themselves. As a token of their respect to the Chera king, they adopted the logo of two crossed swords, with a broken 1722:

An old Malayalam – Arabic stone inscription in Vattezhuthu and Arabic. Punthurakkon (ruler of Eranad) creates an endowment for the Muchundi Mosque. As per the Arabic portion certain Shihab-ud-Din Raihan – a freed slave (atiq) of late Mas'ud – purchased land and constructed the mosque.

3714:

Shahbandar Koya (sometimes Khwaja, popularly known as the "Koya of Kozhikode") was a privileged administrative position in Calicut. The Shahbandar was the second most important official in most Asian polities after the ruler. Trade at the port of Calicut was controlled by this Muslim

1526:

of Calicut. By the end of the 16th century the Portuguese – now commanding the spice traffic on the Malabar Coast – had succeeded in replacing the Muslim merchants in the Arabian Sea. The Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in the 17th century, who in turn were supplanted by the British.

3212:

The Zamorin and his Muslim allies attack the Kochi chief at or near Kodungallur. Two Kochi princes are killed in the engagement. The Portuguese enlarge and strengthen the Fort Cranganore. Jews finally desert Anchuvannam and migrate to Kochi. They reside within the fort limits.

3424:

arrived in Calicut in November 1604. It marked the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with Calicut on 11 November 1604. By this time the kingdom and the port of Calicut was much reduced in importance, which was also the first treaty that the

2985:

The Muslims, with Calicut's approval, make an onslaught on the Kodungallur Jews and Christians. They kill many Jews and drive out the rest to a village to the east. When the fleet attacks Christians, the Nairs of the place retaliate, and drive all Muslims out of Kodungallur.

1359:

The senior female member of the whole Zamorin family, the Valiya Thamburatti, also enjoyed a sthanam with separate property known as the Ambadi Kovilakam. Women were not allowed to be the ruler of Calicut. And so the oldest male member traced became the next Zamorin.

3658:

Vannilassheri Padinjare Nambadi, Parappur Karippuva Kovil, Chittoor Namboothirippadu, Manakkulathil Mooppil, Parappur Valavil Kovil, Parappur Kayyavil Kovil, Venginnadu Nambadi, Kurumburanadu Madampu Unithiri were some of the local chiefs of the kingdom of Calicut.

1704:

The plates records the grant of certain privileges, concessions and monopolies to Iravi Korthan, the chief of merchant guild Manigramam in Kodungallur. It closes with the statement that it was "issued with the knowledge of Venadu, Odanadu, Eranadu and Valluvanadu"

3710:

Although the Zamorin of Calicut derived greater part of his revenue from taxing the Indian Ocean spice trade, but he still did not run a fully developed mercantilist state. The Zamorins left trade in the hands of Paradesi (Middle Eastern) and Kerala Muslims.

2583:

The Portuguese are starved of spices and textiles at Kochi by the Zamorin of Calicut and the Muslims merchants. Their fleet moves south to Quilon, and with aid of local Christian merchants easily procure the spices, and obtain permission to open a factory.

4123:

of Calicut. Mana Vikrama, Mana Veda and Vira Raya were the only names given to male members in the royal family, the Zamorin always being known as Manavikrama. Mana Veda might be a corruption of the Old Malayalam title "Mana Viyata". Portuguese historian

4042:, Chunganadu etc. Dharmottu Panikkar – the instructor in arms – commanded the warriors. The nominal cavalry was commanded by the Kuthiravattattu Nair. Nair militia was slow moving as compared to the cavalry, and always fought on foot. Dharmoth Panicker, 3473:. The English set up a factory at Calicut, and a factor, George Woolman, is sent there with a stock of presents. But the Zamorin soon found the English as unreliable as the Dutch where military aid was concerned. The factory was wound up in March, 1617. 2557:

Calicut forces of more than 50,000 Nairs attack Kochi. The forces enter the Kochi territory, and occupy Edappalli in March. In a series of engagements, the Calicut forces defeat around 5,500 Kochi Nairs led by Narayanan, the heir apparent of Kochi, near

2440:

A Calicut fleet, carrying around 1500 men, appears off the harbour of Kochi. The Calicut fleet holds off. Cabral chases them, but is overtaken by a violent storm which carries him to the sea. He later sails to Kannur, and from there proceeds to Europe.

2146:

The few remnants of the Chinese trade can be seen in and around the present city of Calicut. This include a Silk Street, Chinese Fort ("Chinakotta"), Chinese Settlement ("Chinachery" in Kappad), and Chinese Mosque ("Chinapalli" in Panthalayini Kollam).

3429:

made with an Indian ruler. The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the Dutch East India Company was given facilities for trade at Calicut and Ponnani, including spacious storehouses.

3617:

Lord Cornwallis invited the Kerala chiefs to join him in 1790, promising to render them in future entirely independent of Mysore and to retain them upon reasonable terms under the protection of the company. Prince Ravi Varma met General Meadows at

1954:

Calicut faced defeat in their next assault on Perumpadappu swaroopam. The combined forces of Perumpadappu and Valluvanadu resisted Calicut warriors and a vicious battle ensued for three days, at the end of which Calicut forces was on the retreat.

3715:

merchant-cum-port commissioner. He supervised customs on the behalf of the king, fixed the prices of the commodities, and collected the share to the treasury. As the farmer of customs he also had right collect brokerage and poll tax at the port.

3680:

also belonged to the Polttis. There were ritual specialists like Hindu priests of the palaces, astrologers etc. as well as various occupational groups like physicians, weavers, and militiamen all of whom were attached to the royal establishment.

1928:

were easily occupied. He encountered stiff resistance in some places and the fights went on in a protracted and sporadic fashion for a long time. Further assaults in the east against Valluvanadu were neither prolonged nor difficult for Calicut.

1196:

Trade at port Calicut was managed by the Muslim port commissioner known as the Shah Bandar Koya. The port commissioner supervised the customs on the behalf of the king, fixed the prices of the commodities and collected the share to the Calicut

2402:

Calicut. The Zamorin nominates a Mappila named Koya Pakki as the Portuguese broker in Calicut. At the request of the Zamorin, Cabral captures a Kochi vessel passing the port Calicut. The vessel is subsequently restored to the chief of Kochi.

3047:

Kutti Ali is taken prisoner after a battle off Barkur. The Zamorin's fleet suffers severe reverses. Pachachi Marakkar and Ali Ibrahim Marakkar leads the Zamorin's fleet. The first foray of the fleet is against the Portuguese settlement in

2092:

It is known that the Tang Chinese ships frequently visited the then major Kerala ports such as Kollam for spices (in the 9th–10th centuries). According historians, the "Nanpiraj" mentioned in the Ling daida can be identified with Calicut.

1893:

came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the ruler of Calicut for help, and promised to cede the port of

1305:. The rulers of Calicut belonged to "Nediyirippu swaroopam" and followed matriliny system of inheritance. The eldest male member of Nediyirippu swaroopam became the Zamorin of Calicut. There was a set pattern of succession, indicated by 2691:

The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt sends a fleet, commanded by Amir Hussain al-Kurdi al-Askar, into the Indian Ocean. The Ottomans help in the construction of the fleet. The fleet leaves Jiddah only in August/September 1507 and sets sail to

3367:(First) Siege of Fort Kottakkal (Fort Marakkar) from land by the Calicut forces alone. The siege ends in a frustrating defeat of the Calicut forces. Marakkar IV calls himself "Defender of Islam" and the "Expeller of the Portuguese". 5694: 1580:

Historians assume that Manaveda might be a corruption of the old Malayalam title "Manaviyata". Scholars tentatively identify Manaviyata and Manavikrama with the titles of the elder and younger brothers of the famous origin legend.

3343:

Possible date of the succession of Marakkar IV (Ponnani Muhammed Kunjali Marakkar). Another date in the 1570s a few years after the erection Fort Marakkar is also proposed. Muhammed is probably the nephew of the third Marakkar.

2994:

Henry de Menezes reaches Kannur and executes Bala Hassan. The Kolathiri asks the Viceroy to punish those Muslims who have taken refuge at Dharmapattanam Island. An expedition is organised, and the towns, bazaars and shipping at

181:

established Calicut as one of the most important trading ports on the southwest coast of India. At the peak of their reign, they ruled over a region extending from Kozhikode Kollam to the forested borders of Panthalayini Kollam

3566:, a Muslim ruler in northern Kerala, also helped the invading forces. Thiyyar formed part of the army of the Zamorin of Calicut, which fought against Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. The Zamorin bestowed upon Thiyya army head of the 3925:

The coins minted in Calicut included Panam (made of gold), Taram (made of silver) and Kasu (made of copper). The officer in-charge of the mint was called the "Goldsmith of Manavikraman". The royal mint was destroyed in 1766.

1334:

4th sthanam: Edattaranadu Nambiyathiri Thirumulpadu (the Etatralpadu) – mentioned in the Manjeri Pulapatta inscription as the overlord of the "Three Hundred" Nairs. The Etatralpadu used to reside in a palace at Edattara near

1834:, bribed the followers of Polarthiri and even the consort of the ruler of Polanadu and won them to his side. Learning of this treachery Polarthiri fled from Kozhikode. The Eradi emerged victorious and shifted his seat from 3283:

Parappanangadi town is burnt by the Portuguese. Pattu Kunjali Marakkar (Marakkar III) obtains permission from Zamorin to build a fortress and dockyard at Puthupattanam (Kottakkal). This fort later came to be called "Fort

2888:

Fort Calicut is built on the right bank of the Kallayi river near the city of Calicut. Albuquerque grants the Zamorin a certain number of cartazes for the merchants based at Calicut, enabling them to resume trade with

3602:. Ravi Varma helped the Company occupy Calicut in 1782. By the Treaty of Mangalore, concluded in 1784, Malabar was restored to Mysore. In 1785 the oppression of revenue officers led to a rebellion by the Mappilas of 2829:

Governor Albuquerque and Fernando Coutinho lands in the city of Calicut. Fernando Coutinho and his men are slain in this misguided adventure, Albuquerque is shot, and the Mananchira palace is sacked and set on fire.

2879:

Albuquerque lands at Calicut and has an interview with the Zamorin. Calicut and the Portuguese sign a treaty giving the Portuguese the right trade as "they pleased", and to erect a fort in the kingdom of Calicut.

2958:

The Muslims, under the leadership of Kutti Ali, capture ten Portuguese vessels, and raid Kochi and Kodungallur harbours. The Muslims later insult the Governor Duarte de Menezes. In 1524 he bombards Fort Calicut.

5873:"Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad – A New Name in the Twilight of the Cera Kingdom in Kerala", M. G. S. Narayanan. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Congress of Epigraphical Society of India, Pune, 1992. 2707:

intercepts an armada of 210 large vessels of Turks (Ottoman) and Muslims whom the Zamorin had launched against Kannur. Around 3,000 Muslims are killed in the assault and the Portuguese loss is very trifling.

2593:

Albuquerque leaves Malabar, his ships laden with spices. Before doing so he concludes a short-lived treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut. The peace is broken by the murder of six Malabarians by the Portuguese.

2573:

Francisco de Albuquerque, sailing from Kannur, reaches Kochi. The Calicut's blockading forces are easily defeated at Vypin island, and are driven back to Kodungallur. The Portuguese take Edappalli (Repelim).

1933:

Valluvanadu sparked the battle, which dragged on for almost a decade. At last the Valluvanadu minister was captured by Zamorin's warriors and executed at Padapparambu, and his province (Ten Kalams, including

1256:

may have been a complication for the Samantas of the Kodungallur Chera monarch. So the Samantas – already crystallized as a distinctive social group, something of a "sub-caste" – began to style themselves as

4135:. The first column (No.) gives the number of the Zamorin reckoned from the founder of the ruling family, based upon de Couto's assumption that there had been 98 Zamorins before the Zamorin reigning in 1610. 3492:, the Dutch settlements on the Malabar Coast were surrendered to the British in 1795 in order to prevent them being overrun by the French. Dutch Malabar remained with the British after the conclusion of the 2977:

is related to the family of the Arakkal chief. Martu Alfonso de Souza under his orders relieves Calicut, engages the famous Kutti Ali's fleet and drives it to Kannur. Kutti Ali finally abandons his ships.

7230: 4066:

Mappila artillery was inferior, and the vessels were incapable of large scale joint/organised operations. Merchants drew Mappila corsairs and used them to transport the spices past Portuguese blockades.

2826:

Fernando Coutinho arrives at Kannur. He brings instruction from Lisbon that Calicut should be destroyed. Such had been, it is said, the counsel sent to Europe by the Kolathiri and by the chief of Kochi.

2733:

The Portuguese under Almeyda attack Ponnani, destroying the town and shipping. 18 Portuguese are killed in the assault on the place. A number of Muslims take an oath to die as "matrys" on this occasion.

5348:. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala) 2507:

Zamorin of Calicut. However, the burning and sinking of the ship is not related by any contemporary and reliable sources. Some assume that the description may be "legendary or at least exaggerated".

1889:

between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Nambudiris from Thirumanasseri Nadu had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and

6997:

Pius Malekandathil. "The Portuguese Casados and the Intra-Asian Trade: 1500–1663", in Proceedings of the Indian History Congress (Part One) – Indian History Congress (2001) – Medieval India. p. 387

4009:

sometime or other – included Riyal ("Irayal"), Dirhma ("Drama"), Rupee ("Uruppika"), Rasi ("Rachi"), and Venadu Chakram. Venadu coins – it seems – came to circulation after the Mysorean interlude.

3392:(Second) Siege of Fort Marakkar by the combined forces of the Portuguese (under Andre Furtado) and the Zamorin of Calicut. The assault on the fort is begun by the Nair force consisting 6,000 men. 2746:

Albuquerque is imprisoned by Almeyda. The Egyptian navy, under the command of Admiral Amir Hussain and supported by the forces of Mahmud Begarha (Sultan of Gujarat), defeat the Portuguese at the

1324:

2nd sthanam: Eranadu Ilamkur Nambiyathiri Thirumulpadu (the Eralppadu). Second in line successor to the throne. Eralppadu's seat was in Karimpuzha (in the northeastern region of the present-day

4719:

It seems that the original ruling family came to an end with the 114th Zamorin of Calicut. The 115th Zamorin, the first of the second ruling family, was the oldest of the princes adopted from

3586:

But as soon as the Haider Ali marched to Coimbatore, Nair rebellions broke out in Malabar. Some members of the Zamorin family rebelled against the Muslim occupiers. This included the Eralpadu

3543:, sent Mukhdam Sahib, with 2000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, and 5 guns to Kerala. The Zamorin tried to buy off the enemy by promising (Treaty, 1756) to refrain from molesting Palakkad and pay 12 2465:

About 180 Calicut vessels filled with Muslims arrive at Kochi from Calicut, for the purpose of attacking the Portuguese. John de Nueva fires cannon at them, sinking a large number of vessels.

3156:

Battles by Calicut near Kochi. The Portuguese make descents on the coastal towns, particularly on Pantalayini Kollam, destroying mosques and houses, and killing one-third of the inhabitants.

2540:

Zamorin of Calicut, after the departure of the Armada, demands to the ruler of Kochi the Portuguese factors left at Kochi should be given to him. The demand is refused by the ruler of Kochi.

1791:(penance) for an offence against the Arya Brahmins by donating cereals for the daily feeding of Brahmins and leasing out a Cherikkal for that purpose to the Venadu chief Kumaran Udaya Varma. 2287:

welcomed the Portuguese and allowed them to take spices on board. In Portugal, the goods brought by da Gama from India were computed at "sixty times the cost of the entire Asia expedition".

7247: 7155: 5676: 2413:

The Portuguese seize ten of the Zamorin's Muslim ships, at Calicut, execute their crews, and set fire to them and leave port Calicut by bombarding it. Around 600 Malabarians are killed.

1881:. Large parts of the valley was then ruled by Valluvakkonathiri, the ancient hereditary chief of Valluvanadu. The principal objective of Calicut was the capture the sacred settlement of 2851:– Adil Khan is absent from the place – and it finally supplants Kochi as the chief Portuguese settlement in India. Among others he is assisted by the 300 hand-picked Nairs from Kannur. 6089: 3622:

and settled with him the terms of the Calicut's cooperation. After the Third Mysore War (1790–1792), Malabar was placed under the control of the company by the Treaty of Seringapatam.

1570:

Historical records regarding the origin of the Zamorin of Calicut are obscure. However, it is generally agreed among historians the Eradis were originally the autonomous rulers of the

1637:

amends for (some) offence against the Arya Brahmins by donating paddy for daily feeding the Brahmins and leasing out a Cherikkal for that purpose to Venadu chief Kumara Udaya Varma.

6685: 5816:

The table is compiled from V. V., Haridas. "King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut (AD 1200 to AD 1767)". Unpublished PhD Thesis. Mangalore University.

4879:, as Madras H. R & C. E Act 1956) in northern Kerala, including five special grade temples, which generate a substantial revenue. The Zamorin also has a permanent seat on the 2627:

Suarez de Menezes arrives in Kannur. He unsuccessfully tries to rescue some of the prisoners taken at Calicut in Cabral's time. He cannons the city of Calicut and sails to Kochi.

1613:

An old Malayalam royal charter in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts. Among others, the chief of Eralanadu, Eralanadu Utaya "Manavepala Mana Viyatan", is a signatory in the charter.

3245:

Kutti Poker makes a successful raid on Mangalore Fort. His fleet falls in with a Portuguese fleet as he is returning south off Cannnanore, and he and all his sailors are killed.

3123:

Calicut enters into an agreement with the Portuguese. The Malabarians again agree to accept the Portuguese "passes". The wedge between the Zamorin and the native Muslims widens.

5180: 2036:

paid tribute to the king of Vijayanagara Empire. Later Calicut and Venadu seems to have rebelled against their Vijayanagara overlords, but Deva Raya II quelled the rebellion.

1846:

Smaller chiefdoms south of Calicut – Beypore, Chaliyam, Parappanadu and Tanur (Vettam) – soon had to submit and became their feudatories one by one. The rulers of Payyormala,

4965:

Ma Huan's Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores' . Translated and Edited by J. V. G. Mills. Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society (1970).

7187: 2054:

Abdur Razzaq, an employ of Shahrukh, was soon engaged on a mission to Calicut (November 1442 – April 1443). He carried a series of presents from Herat, including a horse, a

7395:

Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy – Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (c. AD 800–AD 1124).

5374:

Subairath C.T. "Calicut: A Centri-petal Force in the Chinese and Arab Trade (1200–1500)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 72, Part-II (2011), pp. 1082–1089

3785:

The Zamorin of Calicut derived greater part of his revenues by taxing spice trade. Trade – both coastal and overseas – was dominated the Muslims, though Jews, Chettis from

1770:

in addition to his hereditary possessions (Eralanadu province). The Eradis subsequently moved their seat to the coastal "marshy lands" and established the city of Calicut.

5805:

Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy – Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (c. AD 800–AD 1124)

1766:

forces in south Kerala. The Eradi seems to have led the Chera army to victory. The king therefore granted him, as a mark of favour, a small tract of land on the sea-coast

1141:. The Zamorin of Calicut derived a greater part of his revenues by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Smaller ports in the kingdom were Puthuppattanam (Kottakkal), 2925:

Lopo Saores demands that the Zamorin should repair to Fort Calicut and wait upon him. Hostilities are averted only by the good sense of the captains posted in the fort.

2372:

African coast. However, the Zamorin of Calicut gave his sanction for opening trade, and assigned a small warehouse with Nairs to guard it and brokers sell their goods.

1287:

of the princesses were usually tied by Kshatriyas from Kodungallur chief's family, which the Zamorin recognised as more ancient and therefore higher rank. The women's

3066:

Kutti Ahmed Ali Marakkar (Marakkar I) is killed. His place is taken up by Marakkar II. Kutti Pokker Ali, son of Kutti Ali, can be identified as the second Marakkar.

3014:). They are helped by a band of Muslims under the command of a European engineer. Kutti Ali's ships blockade the port. Captain Lima, with 300 men, defends the fort. 4049:

The use of firearms and balls had been known before the advent of the Portuguese. The Mappilas formed the main corps of musketeers, led by Thinayancheri Elayathu.

1338:

5th sthanam: Nediyiruppu Mootta Eradi Thirumulpadu (the Naduralpadu). Naduralpadu was the former head of the house (Eranadu chief under the Cheras of Kodungallur

2725:

The Portuguese, assisted by eleven ship under da Cunha freshly arrived from Europe, break the blockade. The ruler of Kannur is forced to accede to the sailors.

2509:

Da Gama is warmly welcomed by Kolathiri at Kannur, and arranges a treaty of commerce. Kolathiri agrees to supply spices at the Kochi prices and obtain "passes"

2039:

As the Vijayanagara power diminished over the next fifty years, Zamorin of Calicut again rose to prominence in Kerala. Zamorin built a fort at Ponnani in 1498.

1838:

to Kozhikode – then also called "Thrivikramapuram". The Eradis built a fort (Koyil Kotta) at a place called "Velapuram" (port) to safeguard their new interests.

7228: 2942:

One of Kochi chief's nobles invades some lands belonging to one of the Zamorin's barons. This leads to a general battle, and the Kochi chief suffers a defeat.

2809:. The defeat off Diu is a major blow to the Muslims. Amir Hussain, though wounded, flees to the Gujarat capital. He eventually reaches Cairo in December 1512. 2165:"No one has tried to clear that misconception . The government has even installed a memorial stone at the Kappad beach. Actually Gama landed at Panthalayini ( 6281: 2950:

Kochi Nairs, assisted by some men sent by Governor Sequeiro, invade Chetwai. But the Kochi chief is soon outnumbered, and is pursued right up to his capital.

1997:

are associated with battle of the Eradis with Polanadu. When the Zamorin swarmed over Polanadu, he exiled a Polarthiri royal princess and she was welcomed in

1266:

The Zamorin follows a matriarchal system where the present king's sister's son becomes the next king. The direct sisters of the Zamorin are always married to

3318:

The Zamorin visits Kodungallur. The Portuguese continue hostilities against the Zamorin and the Malabarians. The rice embargo results in the Famine of 1579.

2633:, held by Patinjattedam chief under the Calicut. The Portuguese spare the Christian houses, shops and churches, but they loot those of the Jews and Muslims. 3575:

humiliation of surrender committed self-immolation by setting fire to his palace at Mananchira (27 April). Hyder Ali absorbed Malabar district to his state.

3335:

Zamorin allows the Portuguese to build a factory at Calicut. He lays the foundation of the church, granting them the necessary land and building materials.

3031:

The Viceroy arrives with 20 ships and relieves the garrison; the besiegers are driven back. Around 2,000 Calicut men are killed in this effort. The fort is

9184: 6152: 2457:

in November and from there sails to Kannur. While travelling from Kannur to Kochi the fleet attacks and captures a Muslim vessel opposite to the Calicut.

11397: 6776: 2058:, headgear and ceremonial robes. "As for duties , at one-fortieth, and that too, only on sales, they are even lower than at Hormuz ", says Abdur Razzaq. 1317:

Five sthanams existed in Calicut, each with its own separate property enjoyed in succession by the senior members of the three kovilakams of the family:

4994:

Varier, M. R. Raghava. "Documents of Investiture Ceremonies" in K. K. N. Kurup, Edit., "India's Naval Traditions". Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1997

6320: 1436:(compiled in its final form c. 17th – 18 century) and the Calicut Granthavari recount the events leading to the establishment of the state of Calicut. 1309:

in the royal line. Five sthanams were defined in Calicut. These positions were based on the chronological seniority of the incumbent in the different

1193:

Calicut, despite being located at a geographically inconvenient spot, owed much of its prosperity to the economic policies of the Zamorins of Calicut.

6977:

Malekandathil, Pius. "Winds of Change and Links of Continuity: A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of Their Trade, 1000–1800."

2603:

Calicut forces. As the monsoon sets in, cholera breaks out among the Calicut forces. The Zamorin of Calicut at last gives up the attempt in despair.

2096:

From the 13th century, Calicut developed into the major trading centre where the Middle-Eastern and Chinese sailors met to exchange their products.

1130:, who was married to Bharathy Thamburatty from Nilambur Kovilakam, became the last Zamorin in the dynasty's 682 year history to hold power over the 6253: 6831: 5476:

Aoyagi, Y., and Ogawa, H., 2004. "Chinese Trade Ceramics of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries in the Malabar Coast", in N. Karashima (Ed.),

3630:. On 15 November 1806 the agreement upon which rested the future political relations between the Zamorin of Calicut and the English was executed. 13264: 11337: 11327: 7153: 6913:

Eric Tagliacozzo, "An Urban Ocean, Notes on the Historical Evolution of Coastal Cities in Greater South East Asia", in David R. Goldfield (ed.),

2024:, conquered the whole of present-day Kerala state in the 15th century. He defeated (1443) rulers of Venadu (Kollam, Quilon), as well as Calicut. 1781:(c. 1089 – 1122), scholars cite an old Malayalam inscription (1102) found on a granite pillar set up in the courtyard of the Ramashwaram temple, 1118:

served as a second home for the Zamorins of Calicut. Other secondary seats of the Zamorin of Calicut, all established at a much later time, were

3465:. The British concluded a treaty of trade (1616) under which, among others, the English were to assist Calicut in expelling the Portuguese from 2683:. Lorenzo de Almeyda, finding 27 Calicut vessels at Kollam, engages and sinks them all. Francisco de Almeyda is crowned the new chief in Kochi. 5489:

Raghava Varier, M. R., 2003. "Pantalayani Kollam: A Medieval Port Town on the Malabar Coast", in Kesavan Veluthat and P. P. Sudhakaran (Eds.),

1376:

A panorama of port Calicut, shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior (

3476:

Later in 1661, Calicut joined a coalition led by the Dutch to defeat the Portuguese and Kochi and conducted a number of successful campaigns.

6087: 5384: 5181:"The inheritance of loss: Government decision to grant monthly pension to the Zamorin family, which once ruled Calicut, stirs fierce debate" 9442: 2470:

Owing to the generosity of the chief of Kochi alone, his ships are soon loaded with spices and textiles, and the fleet departs for Europe.

2230: 6681: 1221:

Located north of Calicut, close to a bay. The geographical location is ideal for the wintering of ships during the annual monsoon rains.

7483: 6638: 1830:

and besieged the Polarthiri at his base, resulting in a 48-year-long standoff. The Eradi was unsuccessful, and then he propitiated the

202:. The final Zamorin of Calicut committed suicide by setting fire to his palace and burning himself alive inside it, upon learning that 9736: 7028: 5600: 1916:

The capture of Thirunavaya was not the end of Calicut's expansion into Valluvanadu. The Zamorin continued surges over on Valluvanadu.

5590:

pp. 262, K. V. Krishna Iyer, Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938 December.

1993:

Kolathunadu transferred the regions already occupied to Calicut and certain Hindu temple rights. The stories about the origin of the

7494: 7210: 5447: 2434:

The Portuguese conclude a treaty with the chief of Kochi Tirumalpadu; an alliance of friendship was signed, allowing them to open a

1478:, were commercially important secondary ports, where traders from various parts of the world would gather. The Portuguese navigator 13239: 12042: 9177: 2478: 9832: 9782: 7080: 5781: 2580:, the first Portuguese fort in Asia – at Kochi. Soon, Afonso de Albuquerque, his brother, arrives at Kochi with three more ships. 2258: 2135:. Presents from Calicut included horses and black pepper. Brocades of several types were presented to some of the Calicut envoys. 13234: 11322: 7537: 7185: 5921:

Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam. "Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800". Cambridge University Press, 2007

3675:

Kozhikode had also taken possession of the more full and immediate sovereignty over Kollangode-Venginnadu, Koduvayur and Mankara.

3158:

The Portuguese manage to reach an accommodation with some Middle Eastern merchants, such as Khoja Shams ud-Din Gilani of Kannur.

2312:

in 16th-century is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala to be authored by a Keralite. It is written in

1249:

caste. The Samantas claimed a status higher than the rest of the Nairs. The Hindu theological formula that the rulers must be of

11208: 5652: 3167:

The Zamorin receive assistance in heavy guns landed at Ponnani, brought there by Yoosuf, a Turk who sailed against the monsoon.

2564:

Two Italians desert to the side of the Calicut during these battles (these men later construct five big guns for the Calicut).

11384: 11218: 11118: 8240: 7022: 5688: 5526: 2042:

An embassy from the Zamorin of Calicut, in which the chief envoy was a Persian-speaking Muslim, came to the Timurid court of

6849: 3383:

and the Canara. Most importantly the Zamorin anticipate their help in a joint attack on Kunjali Marakkar's fort at Ponnani.

1422:

India in early 1320. Note that most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the sovereignty of the Zamorin of

7172: 5974:

Dreyer, Edward L. (2007). "Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433". New York: Pearson Longman.

5955: 2467:

The Muslims persuade native merchants all of over Kerala to refuse to trade their spices and textiles with the Portuguese.

1237:

According to K. V. Krishna Iyer, the court historian in Calicut, the members of the royal house of Zamorin belonged to the

5284:

Perumals of Kerala: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumals of Makotai (c. 800 A.D. – 1124 A.D.)

5167:"Perumals of Kerala: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumals of Makotai (c. 800 A.D.–1124 A.D.)" 2389:

The fleet makes interactions – and trade – with Zamorin's rival chief, the Kolathiri (Cannanore) on their return journey.

10385: 9170: 7311:

Kesavan Veluthat, 'Logan's Malabar: Text and Context' in William Logan, Malabar, Vol. I, (1887), Thiruvananthapuram, 2000

7118: 6419: 4888: 3793:

and Marakkars) as well as Muslims from the Middle East. The foreigners dominated the lucrative Indian Ocean spice trade.

1843:

seems that the Muslim judge of Calicut offered all help in "money and material" to the Zamorin to strike at Thirunavaya.

1298:

or Kshatriyas. Royal men married Samantan or other Nair women. Zamorin's consort was dignified by the title "Naittiyar".

13244: 11312: 2375:

confusion – the warehouse was robbed once – the fleet leaves Calicut in August. They also took with them some on-board

1890: 3237:

Kutti Poker of Ponnani captures a second Portuguese ship. Around 1000 Portuguese sailors from these ships are killed.

1653:

offenders would forfeit their place in the assembly and their right to protection from the Eranadu Nizhal (warriors).

1584:

Seven Hundred although many lesser ones with Five Hundred of Purakizhanadu, Three Hundred of Nantuzhanadu and others.

1518:, and to take complete control over the commerce was repeatedly hampered by the forces of the Zamorin of Calicut. The 10898: 8196: 7448: 7409: 6859: 6812: 6668: 6429: 6190:

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)

5724: 4947: 3599: 3591: 2351:

Marakkar was eventually executed by the combined effects of the Kingdom of Calicut and the Portuguese state in 1600.

2169:) in the district because there was a port there and Kozhikode did not have one. It does not have a port even now." 1853: 1619:

Anchuvannam was a merchant guild in Kerala organised by Jewish, Christian and Muslim merchants from the Middle East.

7506: 6234:

Sanjay Subrahmanyam. "The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650". Cambridge University Press, 2002

4025:

Present day location of the Mananchira Palace. The Fort and Palace were destroyed by Tipu Sultan in the 18th century

3310:

Peace negotiations between Calicut and the Portuguese. The Zamorin refuses to agree to construct a fort at Ponnani.

13249: 11370: 11317: 11228: 8518: 7175:(bap. 1756, d. 1811)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 6271: 4868:. The company reduced the Zamorins to the position of "pensioned" landlord by giving them an annual payment called 2839:

The Chief of Kochi decides to relinquish the throne. Albuquerque eventually succeeds in preventing the abdication.

1707:

Manigramam was a famous merchant guild (active in southern India and south-east Asia) organised by native Indians.

1414:

The Chera king granted the Eradi warrior, as a mark of favour, a small tract of land ("Kozhikode and Chullikkadu").

1000: 6892: 5559: 2266: 12055: 11307: 8526: 3514: 1898:

to Calicut as the price for his protection. Calicut, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted the offer.

1373: 11177: 6150: 3646:

According to historian M. G. Raghava Varier, at the peak of their reign, the Zamorin's ruled over a region from

1826:

Kozhikode and its suburbs formed part of Polanadu ruled by Polarthiri. The Eradi marched with his Nairs towards

12070: 12050: 7890: 225: 6768: 2118:

in the early 15th century. Zheng most probably died at Calicut in 1433 during his seventh voyage to the West.

1958:

After a period of uneasy calm in Kerala, Calicut occupied Nedunganadu, a small polity between Valluvanadu and

13224: 11131: 11092: 6948:

Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds.

4880: 1533:

became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Calicut in a battle located in

2871:

Albuquerque establishes schools for the benefit of 400 natives who have converted to Christianity in Kochi.

1137:

The chief Kerala ports under control of the Zamorins in the late 15th century were Panthalayini Kollam, and

12511: 12075: 12065: 11105: 11079: 9030: 8546: 8531: 8258: 8225: 8148: 7462:(English translation of the original Arabic version written by Zainudheen Makhdoom in sixteenth century CE) 6316: 3371:

at the usual prices. In return the Portuguese agree to grant him "cartazes" every year for ships bound for

2901:. The Zamorin sends envoys to the King of Portugal with a letter expressing his readiness to supply goods. 2426:, reach the port of Kochi. Kochi Raja, a chieftain at the time, was subordinate to the Zamorin of Calicut. 5282: 5166: 1671:

The chief of Eranadu Manavepala Mana Viyatan creates an endowment for Tiruvilakku at Trichambaram temple.

13254: 13219: 12060: 11419: 11411: 8536: 8336: 8219: 7530: 6928:

Merchants, Merchandise and Merchantmen: The Western Sea-board of India and the Indian Ocean (500–1500 CE)

5864:

Narayanan. M. G. S. "Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited". University of Calicut, 2006 – Calicut (India)

3509: 1403: 6802: 3727:

present from the Ilavar (the Tiyyar), the Kammalar (the smiths, carpenters, stone workers etc.) and the

3562:. Mysore's intentions were made easy by the help they received from the Muslims in Malabar. Ali Raja of 3175:

Peace between the Zamorin and the Portuguese on the condition that "passes" should be taken by traders.

12872: 9000: 8273: 6828: 3493: 1394: 1186:

In the Middle Ages, Calicut was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of

17: 2805:

De Almeyda counter-attacks and defeats the Egyptian navy, which is assisted by Calicut forces, at the

2549:

The Portuguese crown the new ruler of Kochi, effectively making him a vassal of the King of Portugal.

1446:. The brothers Manichan and Vikraman were the most trusted warriors in the militia of the Kodungallur 8068: 3547:

rupees for the expenses of the expedition. However the Zamorin was unable pay anything to Hyder Ali.

2474: 3789:

Coast, and Vanias from Gujarat all traded in and from Calicut. The Muslim traders included natives (

3293:

in "The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650", Cambridge University Press (2002)

12661: 12586: 12085: 12002: 11982: 11644: 8770: 8561: 8352: 7428: 4234: 3426: 3302:

The fleet of Muslim ships, carrying rice, is seized by the Portuguese and 3000 sailors are killed.

2217: 1557:. Eventually, the status of the Zamorin was reduced to that of a pensioner of the company by 1806. 1507: 805: 6149:

T. G. Percival Spear. "European activity in India, 1498 – c. 1760" Encyclopædia Britannica Online

5756: 5388: 4485:

Siege of Cannanore (1604–1617) and treaties with the Dutch (1604 and 1608) and the English (1615)

11429: 5217: 3638: 3286:"The rise in Ponnani of Pattu Kunjali Marakkar appeared to have signalled a real threat to rulers 3032: 3011: 2100:

who visited Calicut in 1293– 1294 records that the trade in Kerala was dominated by the Chinese.

11348: 4238: 2423: 2398: 1773:

To corroborate his assertion that the Eradi prince was a member of the inner circle of the last

12148: 11702: 11512: 11187: 10632: 10278: 8376: 7930: 7583: 7523: 7014: 5581:

C. J. Fuller. "Changing Cultures: The Nayars Today". Cambridge University Press, 1976. pp. 116.

5516: 4876: 2435: 5649:

Eila M.J. Campbell, Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, "Vasco da Gama." Encyclopædia Britannica Online

2751: 2704: 13259: 13182: 13098: 12636: 12223: 11792: 10986: 9605: 9562: 9492: 9091: 8810: 8189: 6251: 6026:(1938). "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century". 2717:

the St. Angelo Fort. Brito, the Cannanore Commandant, resists the Malabaris for four months.

2343: 2305: 2115: 2075:"Though the journey from this country to the Middle Kingdom is more than a hundred thousand 1466:

held the superior economic and political position along the medieval Kerala coastline, while

1328:). This area of Malabar was annexed from Valluvanadu in the leadership of the then Eralppadu. 1057: 6630: 3229:

Jew's Town is built, and the Jews in a body moved into the town from the Kochi fort limits.

3140:

Afonso de Sousa launches expeditions against Bhatkal, apparently as "anti-Mappila" measure.

11932: 11697: 11557: 11363: 10756: 10291: 9503: 8463: 8010: 7811: 7008: 5604: 5306:

Kunhali. V. "Calicut in History" Publication Division, University of Calicut (Kerala), 2004

4112: 4062: 3481: 3421: 2806: 2788: 2537:

While at Kochi (1502), da Gama was visited by a deputation of Christians from Kodungallur.

2339: 2320:

alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize

2300: 2108:– during the Yuan period – describes the pepper trade in Calicut in his work "Tao-i-Chih". 1523: 1261:". The Samantas have birth, marriage and death customs identical to other Nair communities. 1052: 11380: 6009:

Chan, Hok-lam (1998). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435".

5442:"King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut (AD 1200 to AD 1767)" 4779:

Battles with Travancore and the invasion of Mysore, committed suicide. Annexed by Mysore.

4144:

abandoned its ancestral house and transferred its residence to the present day Kozhikode.

3614:

in 1786. The peace was soon broken and Tipu sent 6,000 troops under Mon. Lally to Kerala.

8: 11887: 11532: 11522: 11464: 11154: 10776: 9081: 8301: 7574: 4315:

Treaty with Portuguese (1513), and the erection of the Portuguese fort at Calicut (1514)

2329: 2033: 2021: 1088: 142: 5750: 5445: 3259:. The Zamorin is assisted by the naval forces of Marakkar III (Pattu Kunjali Marakkar). 2438:. Cabral is permitted to trade for spices, with which he loads his six remaining ships. 2155: 1071:("sea") and have the meaning "lord of the sea". In fact, the term derives from Sanskrit 495: 12027: 11872: 11852: 11552: 11484: 11469: 11449: 11434: 11402: 10687: 9268: 9135: 8324: 8286: 7854: 7761: 7560: 7076: 6043: 5778: 5196: 4895:

hereditary (private) trustees – such as the Zamorin – should be attached to the Board.

4255: 4132: 3595: 3438: 2780: 2188: 1965: 1869: 1554: 1511: 1399: 1258: 129: 6013:, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 4131:

The following is a list of rulers of Calicut from "The Zamorins of Calicut" (1938) by

3115:

Mappila leaders Ibrahim and Pattu Marakkar are defeated by the Portuguese at Vedalai.

3008:

port of Kochi, sets fire to the Portuguese ships, and manages to get away unhindered.

1861:. Seen along with other steles in the Stele Pavilion of the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 1515: 1301:

The family of chieftains that ruled the polities in premodern Kerala was known as the

13167: 13043: 12963: 12877: 12691: 12378: 11957: 11832: 11562: 11547: 11517: 11507: 11459: 11454: 11439: 10573: 9856: 9849: 9803: 9678: 9572: 9314: 9255: 9193: 8905: 8724: 8589: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8214: 8098: 8048: 7870: 7730: 7589: 7579: 7488: 7405: 7018: 6855: 6808: 6664: 6425: 5684: 5650: 5522: 4913: 3627: 3551: 3527: 2792: 2482: 1873:

Muccunti Mosque Inscription. Inscription specifically mentions the word "Punturakkon"

1542: 1503: 1325: 1146: 1013: 527: 195: 166: 4899:

families of former princely states of Malabar (part of British India) by the Centre

13150: 13113: 12807: 12591: 12566: 11882: 11567: 11527: 11474: 11332: 10822: 10798: 10766: 10218: 9813: 9125: 9106: 9086: 8935: 8900: 8342: 8205: 8182: 7766: 6035: 6023: 5543: 4976: 4058: 4043: 3901: 3884: 3786: 3567: 3362: 3353:

together against Fort Marakkar – the Calicut forces by land the Portuguese by sea.

3095:

The Portuguese fleet withdraw their forces to face Turkish admiral Suleiman Pasha.

2763:

De Almeyda – with a fleet carrying 1300 Europeans, among others – sails to Kannur.

2317: 2295: 2222: 1906: 1778: 1550: 1546: 1519: 1253: 1201: 1131: 178: 158: 8296: 3670:

The kingdom only included the following territories during the late 18th century:

3531:

the protection of the King of Mysore, agreeing to pay an annual tribute of 12,000

3445:

can be traced back to the year 1615, when a group under the leadership of Captain

1587:

The following table shows available inscriptions mentioning the rulers of Eranad:

13172: 12506: 12333: 11757: 11594: 11542: 11537: 11494: 11479: 11444: 11424: 11356: 11144: 11066: 10420: 9402: 9120: 9056: 8330: 8281: 8138: 8015: 7980: 7510: 7498: 7234: 7191: 7159: 6835: 6769:"Portugal – History, People, & Points of Interest – Control of the sea trade" 6257: 6156: 6093: 5959: 5885:

Menon. A Sreedhara, "A Survey of Kerala History", DC Books, 2007 – Kerala (India)

5785: 5656: 5451: 5317: 5151: 4918: 4099: 3934: 3854: 3728: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3394:

The Portuguese execute Marakkar IV, who surrendered in person to the Zamorin, at

3204:

The Portuguese are besieged in their fort at Kannur, but the attack is repulsed.

3193: 3104: 3045:

Viceroy Sampayo attacks Purakkad, a Calicut ally, and obtains a very rich booty.

2747: 2664: 2376: 2192: 1273:

men. Consequently, the Zamorin's King’s lineage was always half Zamorin and half

1009: 134: 7467: 5952: 4860:

The Zamorins of Calicut returned to Calicut from Travancore by 1800. During the

2486: 2450: 2238: 2025: 12913: 12847: 12631: 12596: 12408: 12373: 12348: 12338: 12328: 12188: 11952: 11922: 11782: 11752: 11747: 11634: 11610: 11586: 11502: 10697: 10536: 9979: 9939: 9635: 9363: 9242: 9061: 8965: 8940: 8719: 8699: 8684: 8473: 8453: 8413: 8370: 8088: 8053: 7990: 7710: 7700: 4923: 4865: 4125: 3462: 3256: 2784: 1878: 1799: 1737: 1499: 1180: 1142: 1034: 757: 150: 54: 8634: 7103: 3480:

became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of

3010:

The Nairs of the chief of Kurumbranad and Calicut forces invest Fort Calicut (

2316:

and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of

2079:, yet people are very similar, happy, and prosperous, with identical customs." 13229: 13213: 13160: 13155: 13068: 13033: 13003: 12998: 12903: 12792: 12526: 12303: 12288: 12128: 11947: 11937: 11897: 11787: 11737: 11717: 11677: 10546: 10502: 10133: 10020: 9301: 9114: 9110: 8885: 8850: 8709: 8579: 8468: 8386: 8063: 7880: 7875: 7801: 7720: 7645: 7546: 6276: 6062:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433

5853:

A Topographical List of Arabic, Persian and Urdu Inscriptions of South India.

4710:

Note: Italic names only indicate the asterism under which the Zamorin is born

4286: 3905: 3867: 3731:

whenever the Zamorin conferred any honours on them on ceremonial occasions".

3606:. As a reward for aiding to put down the rebels, and partly as an incentive, 3587: 3497: 3466: 2910: 2776: 2772: 2652: 2577: 2368: 2321: 2283: 2226:

Vasco da Gama landing in Calicut – a modern depiction (1911) by Allan Stewart

2062:

but the Zamorin was apparently "still in great awe of the Vijayanagar king".

1774: 1576: 1545:

defeated the Zamorin of Calicut and absorbed Calicut to his state. After the

1479: 1447: 1127: 839: 823: 170: 13132: 10897:

1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent

6039: 4380:

Adoption of the chief of Bardela (150) and the battles with the Portuguese.

3695:

Dharmothu Panikkar – the instructor-in-arms who commanded the Calicut forces

3578: 1745: 1553:

including Zamorin's former territories were placed under the control of the

122: 13200: 13118: 13103: 13053: 12993: 12988: 12978: 12958: 12862: 12817: 12812: 12797: 12737: 12686: 12646: 12626: 12536: 12531: 12471: 12403: 12313: 12278: 12233: 12218: 12163: 12007: 11972: 11912: 11877: 11847: 11812: 11797: 11777: 11742: 11727: 11712: 11667: 10723: 10083: 9903: 9615: 9153: 9015: 9005: 8975: 8955: 8800: 8780: 8619: 8488: 8428: 8381: 8133: 7865: 7816: 7568: 7248:"Kerala spends Rs 5.4 crore yearly to give pension to royal family members" 5937:

Embassies to China: Diplomacy and Cultural Encounters Before the Opium Wars

4861: 3819: 3619: 3084: 2800: 2668: 2517:

Vincent de Sodre mistreats Khoja Muhammed Marakkar – a wealthy Muslim from

2494: 2278:

The sword used by Kunjali Marakkar, preserved at Kottakkal Mosque, Vadakara

2017: 1827: 1816: 1786: 1432: 1176: 917: 7367:

Regent of the Sea: Cannanore's Response to Portuguese Expansion, 1507–1528

6421:

The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History

6123:

The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History

5716: 3642:

The Palace of the Zamorin of Calicut in 17th century – from Dutch archives

3247:

Zamorin of Calicut forms alliances with rulers of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur.

2818:

A new fleet arrives from Europe. Albuquerque takes charge as Capitão-Mor.

2298:

are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.

13140: 13058: 13048: 12928: 12787: 12777: 12671: 12666: 12651: 12516: 12491: 12481: 12418: 12388: 12353: 12298: 12273: 12248: 12208: 12173: 11997: 11862: 11827: 11822: 11772: 11009: 10489: 10466: 10453: 10199: 10063: 9969: 9101: 9096: 9076: 9025: 8895: 8855: 8795: 8785: 8744: 8734: 8550: 8498: 8493: 8478: 8401: 8291: 8253: 8123: 7975: 7960: 7905: 7895: 7885: 7834: 7786: 7740: 7597: 7503: 4908: 4884: 4720: 4200: 4021: 3607: 3489: 2796: 2679:

Murder of the Portuguese factor António de Sá and his 12 men by a mob in

2630: 2105: 2101: 1994: 1847: 1835: 1803: 1491: 1443: 1418: 1410: 1377: 1215: 1187: 1029: 933: 871: 789: 595: 479: 392: 293: 174: 9515: 4883:'s managing committee. Zamorin's high school – situated overlooking the 4875:

At present the Zamorin of Calicut is trustee to 46 Hindu temples (under

3747:

Cherikkal lands (royal estates, agricultural lands owned by the Zamorin)

3449:

arrived at Kozhikode, using three ships. It was in these ships that Sir

2234:

Portuguese coin issued to commemorate Vasco da Gama's landing in Calicut

1686:

An old Malayalam temple inscription in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts.

1331:

3rd sthanam: Eranadu Moonnamkur Nambiyathiri Thirumulpad (the Munalpadu)

13177: 13088: 13078: 13008: 12943: 12923: 12918: 12867: 12842: 12802: 12772: 12767: 12716: 12706: 12641: 12601: 12541: 12423: 12398: 12393: 12383: 12283: 12253: 12203: 12198: 12138: 11987: 11977: 11967: 11962: 11857: 11842: 11732: 11687: 11277: 11251: 10853: 10803: 10143: 10103: 9726: 9658: 9130: 9071: 8950: 8920: 8910: 8880: 8875: 8830: 8820: 8749: 8729: 8649: 8639: 8540: 8483: 8433: 8263: 8153: 8128: 8118: 8093: 8020: 7970: 7955: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7900: 7839: 7745: 7680: 7619: 6888: 6047: 3477: 3450: 3289:

such as the Kolathiri and the Samoothiri as much as to the Portuguese."

2693: 2559: 2097: 1998: 1939: 1917: 1910: 1882: 1820:

describes the events following the gift of Calicut to the Eradi prince.

1530: 1487: 1486:(Koyilandy) in 1498, opening the sailing route directly from Europe to 1158: 1123: 1020: 725: 677: 644: 579: 409: 343: 9526: 2139:

visited Calicut several times, and describes the trade in the region.

12908: 12898: 12882: 12837: 12827: 12757: 12621: 12606: 12556: 12546: 12476: 12308: 12243: 12228: 12193: 12183: 12158: 12143: 12133: 12123: 12103: 11902: 11867: 11817: 11807: 11762: 11707: 11692: 11682: 11672: 11626: 10512: 10322: 9376: 9350: 9278: 9020: 8980: 8970: 8945: 8870: 8835: 8815: 8669: 8629: 8624: 8609: 8594: 8574: 8443: 8423: 8418: 8365: 8143: 8103: 8083: 8043: 8035: 8025: 8000: 7940: 7806: 7796: 7791: 7776: 7695: 7670: 7660: 7655: 7640: 7614: 7593: 7564: 4108: 4039: 3651: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3540: 2996: 2490: 2347: 2166: 2043: 1934: 1831: 1538: 1463: 1423: 1292: 1274: 1267: 1250: 1004:

Major locations associated with the history of the Kingdom of Calicut

375: 327: 310: 207: 203: 183: 118: 48: 9162: 3401:

The relations between the Zamorin and the Portuguese again reverts.

3267:

Fort Chaliyam surrenders to Calicut. The Zamorin destroys the fort.

13108: 13038: 13023: 13018: 13013: 12983: 12973: 12933: 12832: 12822: 12747: 12732: 12616: 12611: 12576: 12561: 12551: 12521: 12501: 12466: 12428: 12368: 12343: 12318: 12293: 12268: 12238: 12213: 12178: 12118: 12113: 12022: 11992: 11927: 11917: 11907: 11892: 11837: 11802: 11618: 10999: 10746: 10609: 10586: 10563: 10410: 10374: 9994: 9625: 9389: 9010: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8960: 8890: 8825: 8805: 8754: 8714: 8694: 8689: 8674: 8664: 8654: 8614: 8604: 8503: 8458: 8448: 8438: 8163: 8158: 8113: 8078: 8058: 8030: 7995: 7950: 7935: 7844: 7826: 7725: 7705: 7690: 7665: 7624: 6934:, Vol. VIII (1), Centre for Studies in Civilization, Delhi: 59–116. 6804:

social movements and social transformation a study of two back word

5838:

Narayanan, M. G. S, 'The Zamorin's Gift to the Muccunti Mosque' in

4128:

was the first to attempt the construction of chronological scheme.

4120: 3880: 3858: 3536: 3523: 3503: 3485: 3454: 3365:. The Archbishop of Goa, Alexis Menezis, visits Kottakkal in 1599. 2454: 2111: 1959: 1921: 1858: 1754:

independence, proclaiming it as their gift from the last overlord.

1534: 1483: 1242: 1065: 855: 773: 741: 709: 693: 627: 611: 562: 511: 461: 191: 11264: 5987:, Volume 7, Part 1. Cambridge University Press, 1978. pp. 233–236. 5491:

Advances in History, Essays in Memory of Professor M. P. Sridharan

4013:

made a Rupee while three and half Putiya Panams equalled a Rupee.

3866:

East Coast of India – Malabar Coast (Canara, Coromandel Coast and

3771:

Pulyatta pennu (the proceeds from the sale of out-cast women) etc.

2246: 13093: 13083: 13073: 13028: 12953: 12948: 12938: 12857: 12852: 12762: 12696: 12656: 12581: 12571: 12496: 12486: 12461: 12438: 12363: 12358: 12258: 12098: 12032: 12017: 11942: 11657: 11602: 11378: 10947: 10876: 10833: 10710: 10443: 10337: 10040: 9989: 9769: 9700: 9648: 9595: 9291: 9040: 9035: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8865: 8860: 8845: 8840: 8790: 8775: 8704: 8644: 8569: 8508: 8360: 8174: 8108: 8073: 8005: 7985: 7965: 7849: 7821: 7781: 7771: 7715: 7675: 6932:

History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization

6631:"Pedro Álvares Cabral | Accomplishments, Route, & Facts" 4217: 4119:

Historical documents rarely mentions the individual names of the

4035: 3892: 3815: 3790: 3603: 3398:. The Zamorin took over Fort Marakkar and the town of Kottakkal. 2898: 2860: 2309: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2055: 1973: 1943: 1925: 1902: 1895: 1885:. Soon the Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called 1862: 1767: 1669:

An old Malayalam inscription in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts.

1634:

An old Malayalam royal order in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts.

1628:

of Kodungallur Chera king Ramavarma Kulasekhara (c. 1089 – 1122)

1455: 1451: 1295: 1277: 1270: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1138: 1119: 1115: 901: 545: 443: 426: 7515: 7224:"Zamorin's family seeks govt. help to preserve rare artefacts". 5983:

John King Fairbank, Denis Crispin Twitchett, Frederick W. Mote.

5897:

Panikkassery, Velayudhan. MM Publications (2007), Kottayam India

3661:

K. V. Krishna Iyer, the court historian in Kozhikode, explains;

3582:

Calicut Railway Station was established during the Colonial rule

2274: 1901:

Assisted by the warriors of their subordinate chiefs (Chaliyam,

1877:

The ruler of Calicut next turned his attention to the valley of

1442:

There were two brothers belonging to the Eradi ruling family at

12968: 12782: 12752: 12742: 12711: 12701: 12433: 12323: 12263: 12168: 12012: 11722: 11388: 10961: 10736: 10430: 10263: 10242: 10093: 9998: 9959: 9949: 9747: 9689: 9549: 9482: 9415: 9337: 9066: 8679: 8659: 8599: 8584: 8407: 8396: 8391: 8248: 8231: 7945: 7910: 7685: 7650: 5346:

The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800

3871: 3844: 3840: 3719: 3647: 3442: 3376: 3372: 3049: 2894: 2680: 2325: 2313: 2132: 1782: 1763: 1571: 1471: 1467: 359: 276: 258: 211: 199: 173:

region of India. Originating from the former feudal kingdom of

53:

The Zamorin of Calicut (1495–1500) on his throne as painted by

9876: 7450:

Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language

4949:

Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language

3739:

The major sources of revenue for the kingdom of Calicut were:

3184:

continue hostilities against the Zamorin and the Malabarians.

2328:. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of 13063: 12676: 12413: 12153: 12108: 12093: 11767: 11662: 11652: 10843: 10479: 10400: 10350: 10229: 10123: 10113: 10030: 10010: 9926: 9916: 9842: 9668: 9536: 9232: 8739: 7735: 5493:, Professor M. P. Sridharan Memorial Trust, Calicut: 154–179. 3828: 3571: 3148:

The Portuguese assassinate Abu Bakr Ali, the qazi of Kannur.

2914: 2518: 2333: 2184: 2047: 1978: 1759: 1475: 1238: 1073: 240: 187: 7404:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 665 pp, 1994, 302. 6663:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 665 pp, 1994, 302. 6172:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast

6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 3780:

Kannukku panam (amount presented for the death rituals) etc.

2262:

Arabs and Malabar locals attacking the Portuguese in Calicut

2028:

says that the Zamorin and even the kings of Burma ruling at

1729: 12681: 10073: 7355:: Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier, Oxford, 1980 5465:

The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650

5224:, Volume 2 (Asian Educational Services, 1989), pp. 260–262. 5154:. Thomson Press (India), Publication Division. p. 220. 4046:

and were also important Army heads in the Samoothiri army.

3836: 3723: 3544: 3414: 3380: 3075:

Mass conversion of the Paravas of the Pearl Fishery Coast.

2890: 2493:'s navy marks the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the 2183:"He was taken to a place where there were two Moors from 2029: 1495: 1246: 1200:

The name of the famous fine variety of cotton cloth called

10901:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. 7446: 4945: 165:) was the title of the erstwhile ruler and monarch of the 10304: 7381:

Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to A D 1806.

6714:

Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics

6102: 3395: 3023:

The Zamorin himself marches in with an additional force.

2848: 1490:. The port at Kozhikode acted as the gateway to medieval 1079: 1038:(c. 1516), the title of the ruler of Calicut is given as 7184:

Krishnadas Rajagopal. "Zamorin of Calicut passes away".

6979:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

5478:

Search of Ceramic Sherds in Southern India and Sri Lanka

4587:

The expulsion of the Portuguese from Kodungallur (1662)

4104:

rulers was changed to that of pensioners of the company.

3361:

Forcible subjection of the Syrian church to Rome at the

7469:

Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806

6296: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 5855:

New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research, 1989.

5832: 5825:

Rajan Gurukkal, 'A New Epigraph Referring to Eranadu',

5152:"Culture and Society: A Festschrift to Dr. A. Aiyappan" 5138:

Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806

4662:

The terror of the Dutch. Two Mamankams (1694 and 1695)

3408: 2270:

Duarte Pacheco's victory at the Battle of Cochin (1504)

177:

Swaroopam, the Samoothiris and their vassal kings from

6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 5842:, Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Historical Society, 1972. 3974:

12 Panams = 1 cruzado (Portuguese) or ducat (European)

3966:

19 Panams = 1 cruzado (Portuguese) or ducat (European)

2009: 1607:

of Kodungallur Chera king Bhaskara Ravi (c. 962–1021)

4887:– was established in 1877 and the family manages the 4407:

The expulsion of the Portuguese from Chaliyam (1571)

2065: 1091:

glosses as "emperor". He gives the complete title as

452: 10918: 7006: 6917:, Vol. 33, No. 6, (London: September 2007), p. 913. 6611:. District Manual. Asian Educational Services, 1887. 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 3750:

Amkam (fee for permitting to hold a trial by battle)

2453:

is despatched from Portugal to India. He anchors at

1857:

Modern replica of the stele installed at Calicut by

7205: 7203: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6193: 4446:The settlement of the Portuguese at Calicut (1591) 4433:The Portuguese allowed a factory at Ponnani (1584) 4341:The building of Portuguese fort at Chaliyam (1531) 3221:Kutti Poker of Ponnani captures a Portuguese ship. 2671:delegation. Francisco de Almeyda arrives at Kochi. 1514:. The Portuguese efforts to lay the foundations to 1028:The title zamorin first appears in the writings of 7465: 7209:Hari Govind. "Zamorin opposes temples' takeover". 5807:. Kerala. Calicut University Press, 1996, pp. 512. 5717:"Kerala | History, Map, Capital, & Facts" 3570:. The Mysore army conquered northern Kerala up to 3522:It was in 1732, at the invitation of the chief of 1060:in the 16th century CE, the word is pronounced as 7360:Brahman Settlements in Kerala: Historical Studies 7267:Ibn Battuta- Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354 7000: 6993: 6991: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 5634: 5535: 2779:, and the Zamorin of Calicut with support of the 2576:Albuquerque obtains permission to build a fort – 1977:again shifted their base further south to Kochi ( 250: 27:Hereditary king of kingdom of Calicut (1124–1806) 13211: 7200: 7149:M. G. Radhakrishnan. "The inheritance of loss". 6701: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 5998:India, China, and the World: A Connected History 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 3504:Mysore occupation and the decline of the Zamorin 2203:"We came in search of Christians and of spices!" 2150: 11338:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 11328:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago 11039: 7397:Kerala. Calicut University Press, 1996, pp 512. 7060:. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. Print. 6959: 5752:A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times 5748: 5674: 5199:, "The Importance of the Zamorins of Calicut", 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4864:, Malabar's chief importance laid in producing 3777:Virinnamittu panam (amount for the royal feast) 3718:According to tradition, it was a merchant from 2667:, Kannur commences. De Almeyda is visited by a 2619:Pacheco defeats the Calicut troops at Chetwye. 2114:(Cheng Ho), the renowned Ming Chinese admiral, 1809: 1232: 986: 6988: 6250:Harold V. Livermore. "Afonso de Albuquerque". 6177: 6086:"Vasco da Gama never landed at Kappad: M G S" 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4603:The expulsion of Portuguese from Kochi (1663) 2104:refers to the brisk Chinese trade at Calicut. 2086:Account of the members of Zheng He's entourage 11364: 9178: 8190: 7531: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7070: 7068: 7066: 6128: 5893: 5891: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5324: 3879:Native Muslims (Mappilas and Marakkars), and 2611:Pacheco quells a partial outbreak at Kollam. 1204:is also thought to have derived from Calicut. 7418:, Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, viii. 374 6942: 6940: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6417: 6309: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5541: 5480:, Taisho University Press, Tokyo: pp. 47–54. 5454:Unpublished PhD Thesis. Mangalore University 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 4974: 4173:The legendary founder of the ruling family. 3963:Calicut/Kannur/Kochi Panam (15 carats gold) 3103:The Portuguese kill Kutti Ibrahim Marakkar. 1560: 750: 7372:Rajan Gurukkal & Raghava Varier, Eds., 7279:Lieut. M. J. Rawlandson, Ed. & Trans., 7276:, Vol. II, (1812), New Delhi, Reprint 1989, 6920: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 5755:. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. 5744: 5742: 5470: 5149: 4997: 4094: 3035:and partially destroyed by the Portuguese. 2651:Francisco de Almeyda commences building of 1064:. This was once thought to be derived from 198:, and were originally the ruling chiefs of 11371: 11357: 9185: 9171: 8197: 8183: 7538: 7524: 7136: 7063: 7007:Henry Morse Stephens (1897). "Chapter 1". 6964:. London: Haklyut Society. pp. 52–53. 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6335: 5888: 5351: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5218:"Appendix II (c). Royal Titles in Malabar" 5201:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4820:Agreement of 1806 with EIC (died in 1816) 4676:Adoptions from Nileswaram (1706 and 1707) 3774:Tirumulkalcha (gifts on various occasions) 3759:Kola (forced contribution for emergencies) 3698:Varakkal Paranambi – treasury and accounts 1458:in the middle and a lighted lamp above it. 1126:(Kodungallur). The 147th Samoothiri Raja, 10660: 7301:, Vol. I, (1887), New Delhi, Reprint 2000 6937: 6847: 6800: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6022: 5977: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5790: 5625: 5403: 5280: 5164: 4328:The expulsion of Portuguese from Calicut 3847:in Myanmar and Malaysia and points east) 2143:also notices the brisk trade at Calicut. 2004: 1228:, Arab and Jewish merchants among others. 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 6719: 6679: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6237: 6077:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 5739: 5140:. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. 4990: 4988: 4961: 4959: 4941: 4939: 4472:Capture of Marakkar's stronghold (1600) 4107: 4098: 4020: 3637: 3610:settled upon Ravi Varma a pension and a 3594:. The princes were aided by the British 3577: 3513: 2382:It is also known that da Gama erected a 2324:. It was first printed and published in 2273: 2265: 2257: 2252:Les Voyages du sieur Albert de Mandelslo 2245: 2237: 2229: 2221: 2199:"What the Devil! What brought you here?" 2154: 2008: 1964: 1868: 1852: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1417: 1409: 1393: 1179:called the city "Kallikkottai", for the 1019: 1008: 206:had captured the neighboring country of 11323:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 7308:, Vol. I, (1887), Madras, Reprint 1951 7101: 6981:, vol. 50, no. 2/3, 2007, pp. 259–286. 6389:. Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1997 5827:Proceedings of Indian History Congress, 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5483: 5291: 5192: 5190: 4826: 4800:Kerala Varma Vikrama (Putiya Kovilakam) 2254:' by Pierre van der Aa in Leiden (1720) 1522:, the famous Muslim warriors, were the 554: 14: 13265:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India 13212: 9455: 7383:Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. 7299:The Voyage of Francois Pyrard of Laval 7074: 6796: 6794: 6688:from the original on 29 September 2007 6614: 6348: 6284:from the original on 25 September 2021 6270:Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). 6166: 6164: 5924: 5514: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 4629:The destruction of the Cheraman Sword 4090:Ponnani Muhammed Kunjali (Marakkar IV) 3413:In 1602, the Zamorin sent messages to 2629:The fleet raids and burns the city of 1949: 1575:Cochin Jewish copper plate (c. 1000). 1389: 1208: 11352: 11038: 10917: 10659: 10170: 9875: 9454: 9204: 9192: 9166: 8178: 7519: 7124:from the original on 11 December 2022 7043: 6973: 6971: 6962:An account of the countries bordering 6889:"Tipu Sultan — Villain Or Hero?" 6779:from the original on 27 December 2017 6438: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6317:"A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books" 6269: 5970: 5968: 5947: 5945: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5881: 5879: 5697:from the original on 13 November 2021 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 4985: 4956: 4936: 4302:The occupations of Kochi (1503–1504) 4087:Pattu Kunjali Marakkar (Marakkar III) 4077:The four key Kunjali Marakkars were: 3768:Purushantaram (vassal succession fee) 3762:Tappu (mulets/unconditional offences) 3683: 3275:Chaliyam is burnt by the Portuguese. 2159:Vasco Da Gama welcomed by the Zamorin 1626:Kollam Rameshwaram temple inscription 832: 128: 11048: 10927: 10669: 10180: 9885: 9845:) and small temporary coastal bases. 9464: 9214: 7388:Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited 7083:from the original on 13 January 2013 6851:Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited 6758:. D. C. Books (Kerala). pp. 101–107. 6712:Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 6064:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5661: 5315: 5187: 4052: 3734: 3409:Relations with the Dutch and English 1995:Kadathanadu ruling family (Vatakara) 1565: 1352:Padinhare Kovilakam (Western Branch) 1024:Thali Temple, present day, Kozhikode 926: 816: 798: 588: 7472:, Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode 7447:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), 7390:Kerala. University of Calicut, 2006 7376:, Vol. I, Thiruvananthapuram, 1999. 7339:Samutiri Caritrattile Kanappurangal 7111:Science, Technology and Development 6878:. Asian Educational Services, 1887. 6838:Basel mission book depot, page. 183 6807:. manohar publication. p. 24. 6791: 6174:. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 6161: 5990: 5387:. Purdue University. Archived from 5220:, in Mansel Longworth Dames (ed.), 4946:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). 3756:Ela (proceeds of lands confiscated) 1349:Kizhakke Kovilakam (Eastern Branch) 1321:1st sthanam: the Zamorin of Calicut 1046:, derived from the local Malayalam 910: 880: 472: 384: 186:). The Samoothiris belonged to the 24: 13141:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore) 11313:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire 8204: 7440: 7031:from the original on 29 April 2019 6968: 6895:from the original on 29 April 2011 6716:. Columbia University Press, 2012. 6641:from the original on 13 April 2020 6392: 5965: 5942: 5910: 5876: 5467:. Cambridge University Press, 2002 5227: 4981:. Norman Printing Bureau, Calicut. 4459:Battles with Marakkar (1598–1599) 3705: 2521:– who had insulted the Kolathiri. 2066:Relations with Yuan and Ming China 1218:), and "Shaojunan" (Daoyi Zgilue). 1165:served as a ship building center. 944: 782: 718: 670: 654: 636: 572: 402: 336: 286: 25: 13276: 9737:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 7545: 7477: 7425:New York:MacMillan Company, 1950. 7353:The Mappilas of Malabar 1498–1922 6682:"A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar" 6075:Malabar in Asian Trade: 1740–1800 6000:. Rowman & Littlefield (2017) 5962:". Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5777:World States Men: Indian Princes 5503:Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy 4714: 3689:Mangattachan – the prime minister 2771:The defeat of joint fleet of the 1794: 1314:succession was seniority of age. 1109: 368: 320: 268: 13194: 11379: 11318:Portuguese colonial architecture 10919:North America and North Atlantic 9783:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 9441: 9205: 9147: 7416:A New Account of the East Indies 7104:"Ramayanam Kuttu and Kudiyattam" 6985:, www.jstor.org/stable/25165196. 6960:Longworth Dames, Mansel (1518). 6323:from the original on 10 May 2022 5727:from the original on 16 May 2022 5630:. Thiruvananthapuram: Z Library. 4889:Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College 4814:Krishna Varma (Putiya Kovilakam) 4645:Cession of Chetwai to the Dutch 4138: 1365: 1083:(which in combined form becomes 985: 971: 957: 943: 925: 909: 893: 879: 863: 848: 847: 831: 815: 797: 781: 766: 765: 749: 734: 733: 717: 702: 701: 685: 669: 653: 635: 619: 604: 603: 587: 571: 553: 537: 519: 504: 503: 487: 471: 451: 435: 417: 401: 383: 367: 351: 335: 319: 301: 285: 267: 249: 231: 224: 47: 13240:Former monarchies of South Asia 11308:Armorial of Portuguese colonies 7318:A History of Kerala (1498–1801) 7240: 7218: 7178: 7165: 7102:Haridas, V. V (December 2020). 7095: 6953: 6907: 6881: 6868: 6841: 6827:R.Ranganatha Puja,(1948) Vol.1 6821: 6761: 6673: 6653: 6263: 6080: 6067: 6054: 6016: 6003: 5900: 5867: 5858: 5845: 5819: 5810: 5771: 5709: 5619: 5603:. Kerala.gov.in. Archived from 5593: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5552: 5508: 5496: 5457: 5377: 5309: 5210: 4536:The uncle of the author of the 3496:, which traded the colony with 2777:Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt 1659:Trichambaram temple inscription 972: 894: 864: 620: 538: 436: 418: 302: 13235:Former countries in South Asia 10171: 7891:Kuttikkattoor and Velliparamba 7017:. Asian Educational Services. 6260:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6125:. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. 6011:The Cambridge History of China 5985:The Cambridge History of China 5173: 5158: 5143: 4968: 4806:Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) 4746:Zamorin from Kilakke Kovilakam 4530:Mana Vikrama (Saktan Tampuran) 4367:Treaty with Portuguese (1540) 4279:Manavikraman Raja (Mankurussi) 4258:(1468–1474) visits Kozhikode. 4186:Kozhikode city is established 4084:Kutti Pokker Ali (Marakkar II) 3971:Kollam Panam (19 carats gold) 3087:settlement of the Portuguese. 1696:Syrian Christian copper plates 1644:Anandapuram temple inscription 1430:Brahmanic legends such as the 1355:Puthiya Kovilakam (New Branch) 352: 232: 13: 1: 10338:Portuguese Paliacate outpost 7435:New York:Octagon Books, 1966. 6829:Legacy: The world's heritage" 6756:Kerala History and its Makers 6418:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). 6304:Kerala History and its Makers 5626:Divakaran, Kattakada (2005). 5150:Balakrishna, N. Nair (1975). 4929: 4881:Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple 3633: 2151:Relations with the Portuguese 2116:visited Calicut several times 958: 686: 520: 11080:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 10873: • 1938–1941 10850: • 1890–1999 10840: • 1851–1999 10830: • 1864–1999 10730: • 1578–1650 10717: • 1576–1605 10704: • 1522–1575 10629: • 1779–1954 10606: • 1687–1749 10543: • 1598–1610 10533: • 1579–1632 10509: • 1568–1659 10499: • 1559–1961 10486: • 1548–1658 10476: • 1540–1612 10463: • 1536–1662 10450: • 1535–1739 10427: • 1534–1661 10417: • 1534–1601 10407: • 1531–1571 10397: • 1531–1571 10381: • 1528–1666 10371: • 1523–1662 10347: • 1521–1740 10334: • 1518–1619 10301: • 1510–1961 10288: • 1507–1657 10275: • 1502–1661 10253: • 1502–1658 10239: • 1501–1663 10226: • 1500–1663 8547:Kollam Municipal Corporation 7077:"Indian Princely States K-Z" 6946:Karashima, N., (Ed.), 2002. 6848:Narayanan, M. G. S. (2006). 5840:Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala 5749:Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). 5675:Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). 5542:Krishna Iyer, K. V. (1938). 5281:Narayanan, M. G. S. (1996). 4975:Krishna Iyer, K. V. (1938). 4420:Battles with the Portuguese 4354:Battles with the Portuguese 4081:Kutti Ahmed Ali (Marakkar I) 3829:Muslims from the Middle East 3488:in 1755. As a result of the 3420:A Dutch fleet under Admiral 2013:Large boats built in Calicut 1810:Expansions to central Kerala 1649:Immediate post-Chera Period 1233:Caste and line of succession 1098:The Zamorins used the title 488: 217: 7: 11040:South America and Caribbean 7466:K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938), 7423:The Sea Road to the Indies. 7290:, in Scaria Zacharia, Ed., 4902: 4061:effectively functioned the 4016: 3835:East Asia – Malabar Coast ( 3814:West Asia – Malabar Coast ( 3510:Mysorean invasion of Kerala 2999:and at Mahe are destroyed. 2847:Governor Albuquerque takes 2386:in the kingdom of Calicut. 1714:Muchundi mosque inscription 1678:Pulpatta temple inscription 1404:Legend of Cheraman Perumals 1380:and Franz Hogenbergs atlas 1214:Also known as "Fandarina" ( 1032:in 1342. In the Portuguese 123: 10: 13281: 11188:Nova Colónia do Sacramento 10267:(Coulão / Kollam) 9338:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué 7429:Danvers, Frederick Charles 7374:Cultural History of Kerala 7332:A Survey of Kerala History 7274:The Book of Duarte Barbosa 7269:, New Delhi, Reprint 1986, 7258: 6272:"Give Indian Navy its due" 5222:The Book of Duarte Barbosa 4765:The Dutch War (1753–1758) 4690:The Dutch War (1715–1718) 3957:Holzschuher's Table (1503) 3870:shores) and Maldives, and 3753:Chunkam (tolls and duties) 3507: 3494:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 3078: 2215: 2051:his own embassy to Herat. 1969:Portuguese fort at Calicut 1683:Undated (c. 11th century) 1605:Cochin Jewish copper plate 1402:, which is related to the 1345:The three thavazhis were: 1241:subcaste of the sub-caste 1183:it was "Kalifo" or "Quli". 1168: 13245:Historical Indian regions 13191: 13131: 12891: 12725: 12454: 12447: 12084: 12041: 11643: 11576: 11493: 11410: 11395: 11303: 11045: 11034: 10924: 10913: 10666: 10655: 10389:(Porto Grande De Bengala) 10177: 10166: 9882: 9871: 9461: 9450: 9439: 9211: 9200: 9144: 9049: 8763: 8560: 8517: 8351: 8272: 8239: 8212: 7754: 7633: 7607: 7553: 6950:Taisho University, Tokyo. 6854:. University of Calicut. 6424:. John Wiley & Sons. 6060:Levathes, Louise (1996). 5560:"The Zamorins of Calicut" 5450:13 September 2021 at the 5165:Narayanan, M.G.S (1996). 4914:Kingdom of Cochin (Kochi) 4203:at Kozhikode (1342–1347) 3950:1 Kochi Panam = 15 Tarams 3850:International / overseas 3825:International / overseas 2475:First Battle of Cannanore 2020:(1424–1446), king of the 1561:Origins and early history 1398:Portrait of the sword of 259:Quilon (Kurakkeni Kollam) 99: 91: 83: 75: 70: 66: 62: 46: 42: 34: 11420:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01 7433:The Portuguese in India. 7327:, (1953), Calicut, 1966. 6915:Journal of Urban History 6387:India's Naval Traditions 5779:Princely states of India 4095:List of Calicut Zamorins 3650:to Panthalayini Kollam ( 3558:marched to Malabar from 3427:Dutch East India Company 2968:eyes of the Portuguese. 2218:Portuguese India Armadas 2187:, who knew how to speak 1924:, Vallappanattukara and 1382:Civitates orbis terrarum 1159:Kodungallur (Cranganore) 1114:Thrikkavil Kovilakam in 13250:Feudal states of Kerala 11219:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 11138: • 1621–1815 11125: • 1578–1607 11112: • 1572–1578 11099: • 1572–1578 11086: • 1549–1572 11073: • 1534–1549 10440: • 1535 10312: • 1512–1525 9980:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 7402:Implicit Understandings 7320:, Annamalainagar, 1960. 7058:The Zamorins of Calicut 6930:. In Om Prakash (Ed.), 6926:Chakravarti, R., 2012. 6661:Implicit Understandings 6635:Encyclopedia Britannica 6092:5 December 2022 at the 6040:10.1163/156853238X00171 5784:13 January 2013 at the 5721:Encyclopedia Britannica 5545:The Zamorins of Calicut 5320:. Annamalai University. 4978:The Zamorins Of Calicut 4952:. University of Madras. 4616:Battles with the Dutch 4194:Rama Varma Kulashekhara 4167:Mana Vikrama (Manikkan) 3196:is established at Goa. 3083:The Marakkar raids the 2917:) in the Persian Gulf. 2791:marks the beginning of 2696:(ruled by Malik Ayaz). 2479:Third Portuguese Armada 2422:The Portuguese, led by 1999:Kolathunadu (Cannanore) 1814:The 17th century work, 1175:called it "Kalikooth", 993:Puthupattanam/Kottakkal 12149:Chittur-Thathamangalam 12043:Municipal corporations 11209:Grão-Pará and Maranhão 10633:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 9072:Kingdom of Kadathanadu 8519:Municipal Corporations 7489:History of Calicut at 7453:, University of Madras 7334:, (1967), Madras, 1991 7292:Keralotpattiyum Mattum 7286:Hermann Gundert, Ed., 7190:2 October 2022 at the 7079:. Worldstatesmen.org. 7015:Rulers of India series 6343:Mappila Muslim Culture 5683:. Kottayam: DC Books. 5515:Fuller, C. J. (1976). 4877:Malabar Devaswom Board 4850: 4835: 4249:Mana Vikrama the Great 4116: 4105: 4026: 3945:Ma Haun's Table (1409) 3744:Taxing trade via ports 3643: 3583: 3519: 3291:– Sanjay Subrahmanyam 3257:Siege of Fort Chaliyam 2436:factory (trading post) 2308:(born around 1532) of 2279: 2271: 2263: 2255: 2243: 2235: 2227: 2206: 2171: 2160: 2082: 2014: 2005:Vijayanagara conquests 1970: 1874: 1866: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1547:Third Anglo-Mysore War 1427: 1415: 1407: 1093:Svami Tiri Tirumulapad 1035:Book of Duarte Barbosa 1025: 1017: 12224:Kothamangalam, Kerala 10899:invasion by Indonesia 10661:East Asia and Oceania 9833:São Tomé and Príncipe 9606:Portuguese Mozambique 9563:Portuguese Gold Coast 9092:Kingdom of Valluvanad 7497:26 April 2012 at the 7171:Pamela Nightingale, ' 6891:. Voiceofdharma.com. 6834:10 April 2023 at the 6754:Menon. A. Sreedhara. 6698:, Book 1, Chapter 10. 6385:K. K. N. Kurup, ed., 6256:17 March 2020 at the 6170:Prange, Sebastian R. 6121:Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 6073:Das Gupta, A., 1967. 5958:23 April 2022 at the 5655:31 March 2023 at the 5463:Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 4845: 4831: 4111: 4102: 4024: 3641: 3581: 3517: 2344:Afonso de Albuquerque 2306:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 2277: 2269: 2261: 2250:Nairs of Malabar in ' 2249: 2241: 2233: 2225: 2181: 2163: 2158: 2070: 2012: 1968: 1872: 1856: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1421: 1413: 1400:Zamorins of Kozhikode 1397: 1283:In the royal family, 1058:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 1023: 1012: 130:[saːmuːd̪iɾi] 13225:History of Kozhikode 11430:Pathanamthitta KL-03 7812:Cheruvannur Nallalam 7504:Tali Temple, Calicut 7393:M. G. S. Narayanan, 7386:M. G. S. Narayanan, 7379:K. V. Krishna Iyer, 7344:M. G. S. Narayanan, 7330:A. Sreedhara Menon, 7281:Tohfut ul Mujahideen 7265:H. A. R. Gibb, Ed., 7233:30 July 2022 at the 6302:A. Sreedhara Menon. 6155:6 March 2023 at the 5803:M. G. S. Narayanan, 5601:"officialwebsite of" 5316:Raja, P.K.S (1953). 5207:(1976), pp. 252–259. 5136:K. V. Krishna Iyer, 4827:Zamorin family today 4220:at Kozhikode (1403) 4113:K. C. Manavedan Raja 4063:admiral of the fleet 3692:Tinayancheri Elayatu 3422:Steven van der Hagen 2863:in the East Indies. 2424:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2399:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2340:Francisco de Almeida 2301:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen 1524:admiral of the fleet 1095:("august emperor"). 1053:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen 1001:class=notpageimage| 464:)Panthalayani Kollam 9552:(São Jorge da Mina) 9403:São João da Mamora 9245:(El Qsar es Seghir) 9082:Kingdom of Kottayam 8215:Metropolitan cities 7509:25 May 2016 at the 7484:Columbia University 7365:Genevieve Bouchon, 7337:N. M. Nampoothiri, 7056:Ayyar, KV Krishna. 5183:. 30 November 1999. 3987:16 Tarams = 1 Panam 3940:16 Tarams = 1 Panam 3919:Muslims – Mappilas 3916:Domestic / coastal 3898:Domestic / coastal 3876:Domestic / coastal 3809:Dominant community 3434:Portuguese fleets. 3004:February–March 1525 2737:Muhammed of Kochi. 2330:Al-Azhar University 2022:Vijayanagara Empire 1950:Expansions to Kochi 1390:Historical overview 1259:Samantha Kshatriyas 1209:Panthalayini Kollam 1128:Sree Manavedan Raja 13255:Kingdoms of Kerala 13220:Dynasties of India 13133:Historical regions 12051:Thiruvananthapuram 11983:Thiruvananthapuram 11403:Thiruvananthapuram 11265:Portuguese Guiana 11229:Maranhão and Piauí 10877:Lapa and Montanha 10688:Portuguese Malacca 10574:Portuguese Ceylon 10528:(Portuguese India) 10366:(Portuguese India) 9997: • 9456:Sub-Saharan Africa 9136:Zamorin of Calicut 9050:Historical regions 8337:Thiruvananthapuram 7762:Abdu Rahiman Nagar 7491:Calicut Press Club 7400:Schwartz, Stuart. 7358:Kesavan Veluthat, 7346:Perumals of Kerala 7297:Albert Gray, Ed., 7272:M. L. Dames, Ed., 7250:. 12 October 2021. 7158:9 May 2017 at the 6801:M.S.A.Rao (1987). 6659:Schwartz, Stuart. 6341:Roland E. Miller. 6306:. D C Books (2011) 5607:on 4 December 2009 5562:. 30 January 2024. 5391:on 1 February 2013 5318:"Mediaeval Kerala" 5197:K. V. Krishna Iyer 4854:M. G. S. Narayanan 4670:Nileswaram Tirunal 4638:Uttrattati Tirunal 4568:The author of the 4256:Athanasius Nikitin 4133:K. V. Krishna Iyer 4117: 4106: 4027: 4000:15 Kasus = 1 Panam 3803:Maritime corridor 3701:Ramachan Nedungadi 3684:Sarvadhi Karyakkar 3644: 3596:East India Company 3584: 3520: 2909:Albuquerque takes 2859:Albuquerque takes 2781:Republic of Venice 2752:Lorenzo de Almeyda 2280: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2244: 2236: 2228: 2175:M. G. S. Narayanan 2161: 2015: 1971: 1875: 1867: 1751: 1743: 1735: 1665:(c. 11th century) 1555:East India Company 1537:in 1755. In 1766, 1510:, and finally the 1428: 1416: 1408: 1026: 1018: 179:Nilambur Kovilakam 167:Kingdom of Calicut 76:First monarch 13207: 13206: 13183:Travancore–Cochin 13127: 13126: 11346: 11345: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11234: 11233: 11193: 11192: 11160: 11159: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11023: 11015: 11014: 10969: 10968: 10909: 10908: 10892: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10867:Portuguese Macau 10859: 10858: 10812: 10811: 10782: 10781: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10623:Portuguese India 10615: 10614: 10600:Portuguese India 10592: 10591: 10555: 10554: 10518: 10517: 10356: 10355: 10210: 10209: 10200:Laccadive Islands 10162: 10161: 10156: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10046: 10045: 9867: 9866: 9857:Portuguese Angola 9850:Portuguese Guinea 9826: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9804:Portuguese Guinea 9788: 9787: 9754: 9753: 9709: 9708: 9679:Portuguese Angola 9578: 9577: 9573:Mascarene Islands 9437: 9436: 9431: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9320: 9319: 9288:1487–16th century 9194:Portuguese Empire 9160: 9159: 9062:Chirakkal kingdom 8172: 8171: 8099:Thirumittacode-II 8049:Pudussery Central 7341:, Sukapuram, 1987 7294:, Kottayam, 1992. 7024:978-81-206-1524-3 6024:Duyvendak, J.J.L. 5939:. Springer (2017) 5690:978-81-264-1588-5 5628:Kerala Sanchaaram 5528:978-0-521-29091-3 5505:, Ins. 98 of 1909 4924:Siege of Chaliyam 4824: 4823: 4773:Kilakke Kovilakam 4738:Important events 4711: 4707: 4706: 4548:Tiruvonam Tirunal 4239:Niccolò de' Conti 4159:Important events 4059:Kunjali Marakkars 4053:Kunjali Marakkars 3930:16 Kasu = 1 Taram 3923: 3922: 3735:Revenue and trade 3628:Madras Presidency 3535:. The Faujdar of 3484:in the battle of 3406: 3405: 2795:dominance of the 2773:Sultan of Gujarat 2705:Lorenz de Almeyda 2643:kills 2,000 men. 2483:Kingdom of Cochin 2296:Kunjali Marakkars 2210:Velho 1987: 54–55 1727: 1726: 1566:Rulers of Eranadu 1520:Kunjali Marakkars 1326:Palakkad district 1155:Chetuva (Chetwai) 107: 106: 84:Last monarch 16:(Redirected from 13272: 13201:India portal 13199: 13198: 13197: 13114:Thalayolaparambu 12873:Sreekrishnapuram 12808:Sreemoolanagaram 12452: 12451: 11465:Malappuram KL-10 11383: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11350: 11349: 11333:Portuguese India 11281: 11268: 11255: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11143: 11130: 11117: 11104: 11091: 11078: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11049: 11036: 11035: 10990: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10928: 10915: 10914: 10880: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10827: 10826: 10823:Portuguese Macau 10820: 10808: 10807: 10799:Portuguese Timor 10791: 10790: 10788: 10735: 10722: 10709: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10670: 10657: 10656: 10626: 10625: 10621: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10577: 10557: 10556: 10550: 10522: 10521: 10493: 10470: 10457: 10434: 10390: 10360: 10359: 10341: 10327: 10316: 10295: 10282: 10281:(Cochin de Cima) 10268: 10257: 10246: 10233: 10223: 10222: 10219:Portuguese India 10216: 10204: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10181: 10168: 10167: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10002: 9930: 9907: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9886: 9873: 9872: 9814:Portuguese Congo 9797: 9796: 9794: 9773: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9750: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9704: 9692: 9639: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9553: 9540: 9518: 9506: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9465: 9452: 9451: 9445: 9419: 9406: 9393: 9380: 9367: 9366:(Souira Guedima) 9354: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9305: 9282: 9259: 9246: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9215: 9202: 9201: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9164: 9163: 9154:India portal 9152: 9151: 9150: 9126:Nilambur Kingdom 9107:Malabar District 9087:Kingdom of Tanur 9001:Sreekrishnapuram 8199: 8192: 8185: 8176: 8175: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7473: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7414:Hamilton, Alex. 7362:, Calicut, 1978. 7348:, Calicut. 1996. 7316:K. M. Panikkar, 7252: 7251: 7244: 7238: 7222: 7216: 7215:8 September 2017 7213:Deccan Chronicle 7207: 7198: 7182: 7176: 7169: 7163: 7147: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7108: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7072: 7061: 7054: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6986: 6975: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6951: 6944: 6935: 6924: 6918: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6885: 6879: 6874:Logan, William. 6872: 6866: 6865: 6845: 6839: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6717: 6710: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6677: 6671: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6627: 6612: 6607:Logan, William. 6605: 6436: 6435: 6415: 6390: 6383: 6346: 6345:SUNY Press, 2015 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6267: 6261: 6248: 6235: 6232: 6191: 6188: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6147: 6126: 6119: 6100: 6084: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5963: 5949: 5940: 5935:Michael Keevak. 5933: 5922: 5919: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5886: 5883: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5788: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5679:Kerala Charitram 5672: 5659: 5647: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5518:The Nayars Today 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5440:V. V., Haridas. 5438: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5385:"Lectures 26–27" 5381: 5375: 5372: 5349: 5343: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5225: 5214: 5208: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5134: 4995: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4856: 4841: 4787:Putiya Kovilakam 4759:Putiya Kovilakam 4726: 4725: 4709: 4147: 4146: 4044:Cherayi Panicker 3913:Malabar coastal 3895:– Malabar Coast 3853:Native Muslims ( 3800: 3799: 3590:with his nephew 3568:Cherayi Panicker 3550:In 1766, 12,000 3363:Synod of Diamper 3012:Siege of Calicut 2554:March–April 1503 2419:24 December 1500 2354: 2353: 2342:(1505–1509) and 2318:Kunjali Marakkar 2212: 2177: 2122:of "tribute" to 2088: 1779:Rama Kulasekhara 1716:of Punthurakkon 1689:of obstruction. 1590: 1589: 1551:Malabar District 1369: 1151:Ponnani (Ponani) 1132:Guruvayur Temple 989: 988: 975: 974: 961: 960: 947: 946: 929: 928: 913: 912: 897: 896: 883: 882: 867: 866: 851: 850: 835: 834: 819: 818: 801: 800: 785: 784: 769: 768: 758:Sultan's Battery 753: 752: 737: 736: 721: 720: 705: 704: 689: 688: 673: 672: 657: 656: 639: 638: 623: 622: 607: 606: 591: 590: 575: 574: 557: 556: 541: 540: 523: 522: 507: 506: 491: 490: 475: 474: 455: 454: 439: 438: 421: 420: 405: 404: 387: 386: 371: 370: 355: 354: 339: 338: 323: 322: 305: 304: 289: 288: 271: 270: 253: 252: 235: 234: 228: 190:subcaste of the 132: 126: 51: 38: 32: 31: 21: 13280: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13203: 13195: 13193: 13187: 13173:Venad (kingdom) 13123: 12887: 12721: 12587:Kottappadi Part 12443: 12080: 12037: 11639: 11595:Indian elephant 11572: 11489: 11485:Kasaragod KL-14 11470:Kozhikode KL-11 11450:Ernakulam KL-07 11435:Alappuzha KL-04 11406: 11391: 11377: 11347: 11342: 11295: 11294: 11279: 11266: 11253: 11238: 11195: 11164: 11141: 11128: 11115: 11102: 11089: 11076: 11053: 11041: 11026: 11025: 10988: 10973: 10932: 10920: 10905: 10904: 10893: 10878: 10866: 10861: 10821: 10816: 10801: 10797: 10784: 10733: 10720: 10707: 10674: 10662: 10647: 10646: 10622: 10617: 10599: 10594: 10575: 10549:(Machilipatnam) 10548: 10491: 10468: 10455: 10432: 10421:Salsette Island 10392: 10388: 10387: 10339: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10293: 10280: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10244: 10231: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10185: 10173: 10158: 10157: 10050: 9992: 9928: 9905: 9890: 9878: 9863: 9862: 9859:from the 1920s. 9827: 9790: 9771: 9756: 9746: 9713: 9702: 9688: 9637: 9582: 9551: 9538: 9514: 9502: 9469: 9457: 9446: 9433: 9432: 9417: 9404: 9391: 9378: 9365: 9352: 9339: 9324: 9303: 9280: 9257: 9244: 9243:Alcácer Ceguer 9219: 9207: 9196: 9191: 9161: 9156: 9148: 9146: 9140: 9057:Arakkal kingdom 9045: 8759: 8556: 8513: 8347: 8268: 8235: 8208: 8203: 8173: 8168: 8139:Vaniyamkulam-II 8069:Puthuppariyaram 8016:Perumanna-Klari 7862:Karuvanthuruthy 7831:Hemambika Nagar 7750: 7634:Municipal towns 7629: 7603: 7594:Chavakkad Taluk 7549: 7544: 7511:Wayback Machine 7499:Wayback Machine 7480: 7456: 7454: 7443: 7441:Further reading 7438: 7421:Hart, Henry H. 7325:Medieval Kerala 7323:P. K. S. Raja, 7304:William Logan, 7261: 7256: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7235:Wayback Machine 7223: 7219: 7208: 7201: 7192:Wayback Machine 7183: 7179: 7173:Jonathan Duncan 7170: 7166: 7160:Wayback Machine 7148: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7025: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6976: 6969: 6958: 6954: 6945: 6938: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6846: 6842: 6836:Wayback Machine 6826: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6753: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6691: 6689: 6678: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6615: 6606: 6439: 6432: 6416: 6393: 6384: 6349: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6268: 6264: 6258:Wayback Machine 6249: 6238: 6233: 6194: 6189: 6178: 6169: 6162: 6157:Wayback Machine 6148: 6129: 6120: 6103: 6099:6 February 2017 6094:Wayback Machine 6085: 6081: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5960:Wayback Machine 5951:Jung-pang Lo. " 5950: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5802: 5791: 5786:Wayback Machine 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5747: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5691: 5673: 5662: 5657:Wayback Machine 5648: 5635: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521:. CUP Archive. 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5462: 5458: 5452:Wayback Machine 5439: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5352: 5344: 5325: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5292: 5287:. Xavier Press. 5279: 5228: 5215: 5211: 5195: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5169:. Xavier Press. 5163: 5159: 5148: 5144: 5135: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4905: 4858: 4852: 4843: 4837: 4829: 4717: 4654:Bharani Tirunal 4596:Puratam Tirunal 4285:The arrival of 4211:Raja Raja Varma 4141: 4097: 4055: 4019: 3935:Portuguese Real 3783: 3737: 3708: 3706:Shahbandar Koya 3686: 3636: 3512: 3506: 3471:Fort Cranganore 3447:William Keeling 3437:The arrival of 3411: 3105:Fort Cranganore 3033:later abandoned 2748:Battle of Chaul 2665:St. Angelo Fort 2599:March–July 1504 2489:and Zamorin of 2282:The landing of 2220: 2214: 2208: 2201: 2179: 2173: 2153: 2090: 2084: 2073: 2068: 2007: 1952: 1812: 1797: 1698:of Viraraghava 1568: 1563: 1516:Estado da Índia 1392: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1375: 1370: 1235: 1211: 1171: 1122:(Thrissur) and 1112: 1016:(1901), Calicut 1007: 1006: 1005: 1003: 997: 996: 995: 994: 990: 982: 981: 980: 976: 968: 967: 966: 962: 954: 953: 952: 948: 940: 939: 938: 930: 922: 921: 920: 914: 906: 905: 904: 898: 890: 889: 888: 884: 876: 875: 874: 868: 860: 859: 858: 852: 844: 843: 842: 836: 828: 827: 826: 820: 812: 811: 810: 802: 794: 793: 792: 786: 778: 777: 776: 770: 762: 761: 760: 754: 746: 745: 744: 738: 730: 729: 728: 722: 714: 713: 712: 706: 698: 697: 696: 690: 682: 681: 680: 674: 666: 665: 664: 658: 650: 649: 648: 640: 632: 631: 630: 624: 616: 615: 614: 608: 600: 599: 598: 592: 584: 583: 582: 576: 568: 567: 566: 558: 550: 549: 548: 542: 534: 533: 532: 524: 516: 515: 514: 508: 500: 499: 498: 492: 484: 483: 482: 476: 468: 467: 466: 456: 448: 447: 446: 440: 432: 431: 430: 422: 414: 413: 412: 406: 398: 397: 396: 388: 380: 379: 378: 372: 364: 363: 362: 356: 348: 347: 346: 340: 332: 331: 330: 324: 316: 315: 314: 306: 298: 297: 296: 290: 282: 281: 280: 272: 264: 263: 262: 254: 246: 245: 244: 236: 220: 196:colonial Kerala 113:(Anglicised as 58: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13278: 13268: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13205: 13204: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13148: 13143: 13137: 13135: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12914:Chirayinkeezhu 12911: 12906: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12848:Vadakkencherry 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12729: 12727: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12632:Muzhappilangad 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12597:Padinharethara 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12449: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12409:Thrippunithura 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12374:Sreekandapuram 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12349:Perinthalmanna 12346: 12341: 12339:Pathanamthitta 12336: 12331: 12329:Parappanangadi 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12189:Karunagappalli 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12086:Municipalities 12082: 12081: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11953:Sultan Bathery 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11933:Perinthalmanna 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11753:Karunagappalli 11750: 11748:Karthikappally 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11698:Chirayinkeezhu 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11635:Papilio buddha 11632: 11629: 11624: 11621: 11616: 11613: 11608: 11605: 11600: 11597: 11592: 11589: 11587:Great hornbill 11584: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11499: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11460:Palakkad KL-09 11457: 11455:Thrissur KL-08 11452: 11447: 11442: 11440:Kottayam KL-05 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11416: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11376: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11353: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11249: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11119:Rio de Janeiro 11113: 11109: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11047: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10989:(Newfoundland) 10984: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10943: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10911: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10883: 10882: 10874: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10795: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10731: 10727: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10653: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10553: 10552: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10437: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10321: 10319: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10262: 10260: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10227: 10208: 10207: 10198: 10196: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9906:(Bandar Abbas) 9901: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9767: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9335: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9158: 9157: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8966:Padinharethara 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8941:Muzhappilangad 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8720:Sreekandapuram 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8700:Perinthalmanna 8697: 8692: 8687: 8685:Parappanangadi 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8564: 8562:Municipalities 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8544: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8474:Sultan Bathery 8471: 8466: 8464:Perinthalmanna 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8371:Chirayinkeezhu 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8206:Malabar region 8202: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8179: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8089:Thalakkulathur 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8054:Pudussery West 8051: 8046: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7991:Pantheeramkavu 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7711:Perinthalmanna 7708: 7703: 7701:Parappanangadi 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596:&Parts of 7587: 7577: 7572: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7501: 7486: 7479: 7478:External links 7476: 7475: 7474: 7463: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7369:, Delhi, 1988. 7363: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7302: 7295: 7284: 7283:, London, 1833 7277: 7270: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7239: 7217: 7199: 7177: 7164: 7135: 7094: 7062: 7042: 7023: 6999: 6987: 6967: 6952: 6936: 6919: 6906: 6880: 6867: 6860: 6840: 6820: 6813: 6790: 6773:britannica.com 6760: 6718: 6700: 6680:Robert Swell. 6672: 6652: 6613: 6437: 6430: 6391: 6347: 6334: 6308: 6295: 6262: 6236: 6192: 6176: 6160: 6127: 6101: 6079: 6066: 6053: 6034:(5): 341–413. 6015: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5964: 5941: 5923: 5909: 5899: 5887: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5844: 5831: 5818: 5809: 5789: 5770: 5738: 5708: 5689: 5660: 5633: 5618: 5592: 5583: 5574: 5565: 5551: 5534: 5527: 5507: 5495: 5482: 5469: 5456: 5402: 5376: 5350: 5323: 5308: 5290: 5226: 5216:J. A. Thorne, 5209: 5186: 5172: 5157: 5142: 4996: 4984: 4967: 4955: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4844: 4839:K. K. N. Kurup 4830: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729:No. of Zamorin 4716: 4715:Second dynasty 4713: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4580:Asvati Tirunal 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570:Krishnanatakam 4566: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4538:Krishnanatakam 4534: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4233:The visits of 4231: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150:No. of Zamorin 4140: 4137: 4126:Diogo de Couto 4096: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4054: 4051: 4018: 4015: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3994:Copper coins: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3981:Silver coins: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3931: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3896: 3889: 3888: 3877: 3874: 3863: 3862: 3851: 3848: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3635: 3632: 3505: 3502: 3459:Mughal emperor 3453:went to visit 3410: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264:September 1571 3261: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2997:Dharmapattanam 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2836:September 1510 2833: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2785:Ottoman Empire 2769: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2648:September 1505 2645: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2624:September 1504 2621: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2571: 2570:September 1503 2567: 2566: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2395:September 1500 2392: 2391: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2180: 2162: 2152: 2149: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2044:Mirza Shahrukh 2006: 2003: 1951: 1948: 1811: 1808: 1800:Duarte Barbosa 1796: 1795:Cheraman sword 1793: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1608: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1494:coast for the 1391: 1388: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1291:partners were 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1184: 1170: 1167: 1161:. The port of 1147:Tanur (Tanore) 1143:Parappanangadi 1111: 1110:Seats of power 1108: 999: 998: 992: 991: 984: 983: 978: 977: 970: 969: 964: 963: 956: 955: 950: 949: 942: 941: 932: 931: 924: 923: 916: 915: 908: 907: 900: 899: 892: 891: 886: 885: 878: 877: 870: 869: 862: 861: 854: 853: 846: 845: 838: 837: 830: 829: 822: 821: 814: 813: 804: 803: 796: 795: 788: 787: 780: 779: 772: 771: 764: 763: 756: 755: 748: 747: 740: 739: 732: 731: 724: 723: 716: 715: 708: 707: 700: 699: 692: 691: 684: 683: 676: 675: 668: 667: 660: 659: 652: 651: 642: 641: 634: 633: 626: 625: 618: 617: 610: 609: 602: 601: 594: 593: 586: 585: 578: 577: 570: 569: 560: 559: 552: 551: 544: 543: 536: 535: 526: 525: 518: 517: 510: 509: 502: 501: 494: 493: 486: 485: 478: 477: 470: 469: 458: 457: 450: 449: 442: 441: 434: 433: 424: 423: 416: 415: 408: 407: 400: 399: 390: 389: 382: 381: 374: 373: 366: 365: 358: 357: 350: 349: 342: 341: 334: 333: 326: 325: 318: 317: 308: 307: 300: 299: 292: 291: 284: 283: 274: 273: 266: 265: 256: 255: 248: 247: 238: 237: 230: 229: 223: 222: 221: 219: 216: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 64: 63: 60: 59: 55:Veloso Salgado 52: 44: 43: 40: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13277: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13202: 13190: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13161:South Malabar 13159: 13157: 13156:North Malabar 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13069:Kanjirappally 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13034:Vadasserikara 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12904:Balaramapuram 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12878:Lakkidi-Perur 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12793:Chottanikkara 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12527:Kunnamangalam 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12304:North Paravur 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12289:Neyyattinkara 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12129:Changanassery 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11898:North Paravur 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11888:Neyyattinkara 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11793:Kothamangalam 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11738:Kanjirappally 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11678:Changanassery 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11575: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Wayanad KL-12 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11374: 11369: 11367: 11362: 11360: 11355: 11354: 11351: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11289: 11282: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11256: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11236: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11189: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11094: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11051: 11050: 11044: 11037: 11033: 11020: 11017: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10930: 10929: 10923: 10916: 10912: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10888: 10881: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10672: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10654: 10641: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10620: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10551: 10547:Masulipatnam 10545: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10514: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10503:Daman and Diu 10501: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10492:(Thoothukudi) 10488: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10471: 10469:(Kodungallur) 10465: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10456:(Vasai-Virar) 10452: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10342: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10328: 10320: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10261: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10205: 10203:(Lakshadweep) 10197: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10183: 10182: 10176: 10169: 10165: 10152: 10145: 10144:Bandar-e Kong 10142: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10134:Dibba Al-Hisn 10132: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10048: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9931: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9888: 9887: 9881: 9874: 9870: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9580: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9537:Fernando Poo 9535: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9449: 9444: 9427: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9306: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9283: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9217: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9176: 9174: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9155: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9115:South Malabar 9112: 9111:North Malabar 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8906:Lakkidi-Perur 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8886:Kunnamangalam 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8710:Ramanattukara 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8580:Cherpulassery 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8064:Punnayurkulam 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881:Kunnamangalam 7879: 7877: 7876:Koottilangadi 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7859:Kannamangalam 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7802:Cheriyamundam 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721:Ramanattukara 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646:Cherpulassery 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7584:Chittur Taluk 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7547:South Malabar 7541: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7452: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7410:0-521-45880-3 7407: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7249: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7197:28 March 2013 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7003: 6994: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6861:9788177481044 6857: 6853: 6852: 6844: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6824: 6816: 6814:9780836421330 6810: 6806: 6805: 6797: 6795: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6670: 6669:0-521-45880-3 6666: 6662: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6431:9780470672914 6427: 6423: 6422: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6277:The Asian Age 6273: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6006: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5903: 5894: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5851:Desai, Z. A, 5848: 5841: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5745: 5743: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5561: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5538: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5312: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5168: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4287:Vasco da Gama 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4139:First dynasty 4136: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4023: 4014: 4010: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908:from Gujarat 3907: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868:Bay of Bengal 3865: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3765:Pizha (fines) 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588:Krishna Varma 3580: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554:forces under 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3498:Bangka Island 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463:British envoy 3460: 3457:, the fourth 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2982:December 1524 2981: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2868:February 1511 2867: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2844:November 1510 2843: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2815:November 1509 2814: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807:Battle of Diu 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:Battle of Diu 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2768:February 1509 2767: 2766: 2762: 2760:November 1508 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2730:November 1507 2729: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688:February 1506 2687: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2676:November 1505 2675: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653:Anjediva Fort 2650: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2531:November 1502 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2462:December 1501 2461: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2407:December 1500 2406: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2369:Vasco da Gama 2367: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:Malabar coast 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2284:Vasco da Gama 2276: 2268: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2242:Vasco Da Gama 2240: 2232: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1788:prayaschittam 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1721: 1719:13th century 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577:Old Malayalam 1573: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1549:(1790–1792), 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:Vasco da Gama 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1002: 937: 936: 919: 903: 873: 857: 841: 840:Pappinivattom 825: 809: 808: 791: 775: 759: 743: 727: 711: 695: 679: 663: 647: 646: 629: 613: 597: 581: 565: 564: 547: 531: 530: 513: 497: 481: 465: 463: 445: 429: 428: 411: 395: 394: 377: 361: 345: 329: 313: 312: 295: 279: 278: 261: 260: 243: 242: 227: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194:community of 193: 189: 185: 180: 176: 172: 171:South Malabar 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 125: 120: 116: 112: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87:Krishna Varma 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 41: 33: 30: 19: 13260:Royal titles 13145: 13119:Kaduthuruthy 13104:Kuravilangad 13054:Ambalappuzha 12994:Kozhencherry 12989:Kulathupuzha 12979:Pathanapuram 12959:Sasthamkotta 12863:Puthunagaram 12813:Nedumbassery 12798:Udayamperoor 12738:Vandiperiyar 12687:Vellarikundu 12647:Pappinisseri 12627:Anjarakkandy 12537:Thiruvambady 12532:Thamarassery 12472:Puthanathani 12404:Thrikkakkara 12279:Muvattupuzha 12234:Kottarakkara 12219:Kuthuparamba 12164:Irinjalakuda 12028:Vellarikundu 12008:Udumbanchola 11973:Thamarassery 11913:Pathanapuram 11878:Muvattupuzha 11873:Mukundapuram 11853:Manjeshwaram 11848:Mananthavady 11813:Kozhencherry 11798:Kottarakkara 11668:Ambalappuzha 11513:Demographics 11480:Kannur KL-13 11445:Idukki KL-06 11425:Kollam KL-02 11401: 11287: 11240:19th century 11239: 11237: 11197:18th century 11196: 11194: 11166:17th century 11165: 11163: 11055:16th century 11054: 11052: 11018: 10975:16th century 10974: 10972: 10960: 10959: 10946: 10945: 10934:15th century 10933: 10931: 10886: 10863:20th century 10862: 10860: 10818:19th century 10817: 10815: 10786:17th century 10785: 10783: 10676:16th century 10675: 10673: 10639: 10619:18th century 10618: 10616: 10596:17th century 10595: 10593: 10294:(Nagapatnam) 10214:16th century 10213: 10211: 10187:15th century 10186: 10184: 10150: 10052:17th century 10051: 10049: 10021:Tarut Island 9892:16th century 9891: 9889: 9877:Middle East 9843:Anosy Region 9820: 9792:19th century 9791: 9789: 9758:18th century 9757: 9755: 9715:17th century 9714: 9712: 9616:Saint Helena 9584:16th century 9583: 9581: 9471:15th century 9470: 9468: 9425: 9326:16th century 9325: 9323: 9221:15th century 9220: 9218: 9206:North Africa 9016:Thiruvambady 9006:Thamarassery 8976:Pappinisseri 8801:Anjarakkandy 8620:Kuthuparamba 8489:Thamarassery 8429:Mananthavady 8230: 8224: 8218: 8134:Vadanappally 7866:Kizhuparamba 7817:Edakkazhiyur 7755:Census towns 7569:Thamarassery 7490: 7468: 7455:, retrieved 7449: 7432: 7422: 7415: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7288:Keralotpatti 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7242: 7225: 7220: 7212: 7194: 7180: 7167: 7162:26 July 2013 7150: 7126:. Retrieved 7114: 7110: 7097: 7085:. Retrieved 7075:Ben Cahoon. 7057: 7033:. Retrieved 7009: 7002: 6982: 6978: 6961: 6955: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6914: 6909: 6897:. Retrieved 6883: 6875: 6870: 6850: 6843: 6823: 6803: 6781:. Retrieved 6772: 6763: 6755: 6713: 6690:. Retrieved 6675: 6660: 6655: 6643:. Retrieved 6634: 6608: 6420: 6386: 6342: 6337: 6325:. Retrieved 6311: 6303: 6298: 6286:. Retrieved 6275: 6265: 6171: 6122: 6096: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6031: 6027: 6018: 6010: 6005: 5997: 5996:Tansen Sen. 5992: 5984: 5979: 5936: 5902: 5869: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5839: 5834: 5829:pp. 526–531. 5826: 5821: 5812: 5804: 5773: 5761:. Retrieved 5751: 5729:. Retrieved 5720: 5711: 5699:. Retrieved 5680: 5677: 5627: 5621: 5609:. Retrieved 5605:the original 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5554: 5544: 5537: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5464: 5459: 5441: 5395:23 September 5393:. Retrieved 5389:the original 5379: 5345: 5311: 5283: 5221: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5175: 5160: 5145: 5137: 4977: 4970: 4948: 4897: 4893: 4874: 4869: 4862:British rule 4859: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4718: 4708: 4698:Mana Vikrama 4656:Mana Vikrama 4653: 4637: 4595: 4579: 4569: 4547: 4537: 4493:Mana Vikrama 4401:Mana Vikrama 4235:Abdur Razzak 4142: 4130: 4118: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4056: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4011: 4007: 3997:Kollam Kasu 3960:Gold coins: 3933:1 Taram = 1 3924: 3820:Persian Gulf 3795: 3784: 3738: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3645: 3624: 3620:Trichinopoly 3616: 3611: 3585: 3549: 3532: 3521: 3518:Palghat Fort 3475: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3412: 3400: 3393: 3369: 3366: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3246: 3157: 3107:is erected. 3085:Nagipattinam 3065: 3054: 3046: 3042:October 1528 3036: 3028:October 1525 3009: 2828: 2804: 2801:Indian Ocean 2735: 2669:Vijayanagara 2663:Building of 2660:October 1505 2628: 2590:January 1504 2582: 2575: 2563: 2539: 2536: 2523: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2495:Indian Ocean 2487:João da Nova 2477:between the 2472: 2469: 2466: 2451:João da Nova 2439: 2431:January 1501 2412: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2338: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2251: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2164: 2145: 2120: 2110: 2106:Wang Ta-yuan 2095: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2060: 2053: 2041: 2038: 2026:Fernão Nunes 2018:Deva Raya II 2016: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981:, in 1405). 1972: 1957: 1953: 1931: 1915: 1900: 1891:Perumpadappu 1886: 1876: 1848:Kurumbranadu 1845: 1841: 1828:Panniyankara 1825: 1824: 1821: 1817:Keralolpathi 1815: 1813: 1798: 1787: 1772: 1756: 1752: 1713: 1706: 1695: 1687: 1677: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1643: 1635: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1593:Inscription 1586: 1582: 1569: 1529: 1492:South Indian 1462:The port at 1461: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1433:Keralolpathi 1431: 1429: 1381: 1358: 1344: 1339: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1265: 1262: 1236: 1225: 1224:Presence of 1188:Asian spices 1136: 1113: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1089:Krishna Iyer 1084: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1014:Thali Temple 935:Angadippuram 934: 824:Seringapatam 807:Perumpadappu 806: 661: 643: 596:Cape Comorin 561: 528: 459: 425: 391: 309: 275: 257: 239: 162: 154: 146: 138: 114: 110: 108: 79:Mana Vikrama 29: 13099:Puthuppally 13059:Mararikulam 13049:Charummoodu 12929:Chathannoor 12788:Malayattoor 12778:Kunnathunad 12672:Cheruvathur 12667:Thrikaripur 12652:Kalliasseri 12517:Vallikkunnu 12492:Kuttippuram 12482:Angadipuram 12448:Other towns 12419:Tirurangadi 12389:Taliparamba 12354:Perumbavoor 12299:Nileshwaram 12274:Mavelikkara 12249:Kunnamkulam 12209:Kodungallur 12174:Kalamassery 12003:Tirurangadi 11958:Taliparamba 11863:Mavelikkara 11828:Kunnathunad 11823:Kunnamkulam 11773:Kodungallur 11611:Golden rain 11278:Upper Peru 11252:Cisplatina 11010:Nova Scotia 10987:Terra Nova 10576:(Sri Lanka) 10467:Cranganore 10326:(Kozhikode) 10279:Pallipuram 10064:Khor Fakkan 10017:1521?–1551? 9841:A factory ( 9379:(El Jadida) 9353:(Essaouira) 9281:(El Jadida) 9102:Kurumbranad 9097:Kolathunadu 9077:Kavalappara 9026:Vallikkunnu 8896:Kuttippuram 8856:Kalliasseri 8796:Angadipuram 8786:Anchuthengu 8764:Other towns 8745:Tirurangadi 8735:Taliparamba 8551:Thangassery 8499:Tirurangadi 8479:Taliparamba 8402:Kodungallur 8292:Lakshadweep 8254:Lakshadweep 8124:Triprangode 8109:Thenhipalam 7976:Othukkungal 7961:Ongallur-II 7906:Marutharode 7896:Kuttippuram 7886:Kuruvattoor 7835:Irimbiliyam 7787:Brahmakulam 7741:Tirurangadi 7598:Kodungallur 7582:(excluding 7351:S.F. Dale, 7237:18 May 2017 7151:India Today 7087:23 December 7010:Albuquerque 4909:Kolathunadu 4885:Tali temple 4721:Nileshwaram 4237:(1442) and 4201:Ibn Battuta 4115:(1932–1937) 4030:feudatory. 3608:Tipu Sultan 3490:Kew Letters 3194:Inquisition 2797:Spice trade 2722:August 1507 2631:Kodungallur 2616:August 1504 2578:Fort Manuel 2560:Kodungallur 2503:August 1502 2304:written by 2102:Ibn Batutah 1911:Kodungallur 1887:kurmatsaram 1883:Thirunavaya 1836:Nediyiruppu 1804:Kodungallur 1646:, Thrissur 1444:Nediyiruppu 1378:Georg Braun 1216:Ibn Batutah 1104:Punthurakon 1100:Punturakkon 1056:written by 1030:Ibn Battuta 918:Tamarassery 887:Chandragiri 563:Mount D'eli 480:Tellicherry 393:Nediyiruppu 175:Nediyiruppu 35:Zamorin of 13214:Categories 13178:Travancore 13089:Karukachal 13079:Mundakayam 13009:Mallapally 12944:Neendakara 12924:Parippally 12919:Kilimanoor 12868:Malampuzha 12843:Chelakkara 12803:Varappuzha 12773:Puthencruz 12768:Kolenchery 12717:Manjeshwar 12707:Mangalpady 12642:Cherukunnu 12602:Meenangadi 12542:Kodencheri 12424:Valanchery 12399:Thodupuzha 12394:Thiruvalla 12384:Thalassery 12284:Nedumangad 12254:Malappuram 12204:Kayamkulam 12199:Kattappana 12139:Chengannur 11988:Thodupuzha 11978:Thiruvalla 11968:Thalassery 11963:Thalapilly 11883:Nedumangad 11858:Mannarkkad 11843:Mallapally 11733:Kanayannur 11688:Chengannur 11558:Government 11006:1516–1579? 10996:1500–1579? 10983:1500–1579? 10854:Ilha Verde 10804:East Timor 10490:Tuticorin 10386:Chittagong 10292:Negapatam 10243:Cannanore 10172:South Asia 10007:1521–1529? 9976:1515–1633? 9852:from 1879. 9835:from 1753. 9727:Ziguinchor 9659:Madagascar 9493:Cape Verde 9392:(Azemmour) 9131:Parappanad 9121:Mannarghat 8951:Nelliyalam 8921:Meenangadi 8911:Malampuzha 8881:Kottappadi 8876:Kodencheri 8831:Devarshola 8821:Cherukunnu 8750:Valanchery 8730:Thalassery 8650:Mannarkkad 8640:Malappuram 8553:area only) 8543:area only) 8541:Fort Kochi 8484:Thalassery 8434:Mannarkkad 8302:Malappuram 8264:Tamil Nadu 8259:Puducherry 8241:States/UTs 8226:Malappuram 8154:Venkitangu 8129:Vadakkekad 8119:Tirunavaya 8094:Thalikulam 8021:Peruvallur 7971:Orumanayur 7956:Ongallur-I 7931:Naduvattom 7926:Muthuthala 7921:Mullassery 7901:Maranchery 7840:Iringaprom 7746:Valanchery 7681:Mannarkkad 7620:Malappuram 7575:Malappuram 7457:3 December 6288:23 January 6028:T'oung Pao 4930:References 4919:Travancore 4870:mali khana 3885:Coromandel 3818:, and the 3787:Coromandel 3634:Governance 3600:Ravi Varma 3592:Ravi Varma 3508:See also: 3478:Travancore 3467:Fort Kochi 3451:Thomas Roe 3327:Marakkar. 3284:Marakkar". 2793:Portuguese 2750:, killing 2743:March 1508 2713:April 1507 2701:March 1506 2639:March 1505 2535:December. 2511:(cartazes) 2447:March 1501 2216:See also: 2098:Marco Polo 2034:Tenasserim 1940:Tirunavaya 1918:Malappuram 1680:, Manjeri 1539:Haider Ali 1531:Travancore 1504:Portuguese 1488:South Asia 1289:sambandham 1124:Cranganore 951:Pallipuram 790:Tinnevelly 726:Tangasseri 678:Kayamkulam 662:Karimpuzha 645:Tirunavaya 580:Trivandrum 410:Malappuram 344:Coimbatore 294:Cranganore 163:Shamitihsi 143:Portuguese 111:Samoothiri 18:Samoothiri 12964:Kunnathur 12909:Kattakada 12899:Parassala 12883:Thrithala 12838:Pavaratty 12828:Puthukkad 12758:Devikulam 12622:Dharmadom 12607:Panamaram 12557:Nadapuram 12547:Balussery 12477:Kottakkal 12309:Ottapalam 12244:Koyilandy 12229:Kottakkal 12194:Kasaragod 12184:Kanhangad 12159:Guruvayur 12144:Cherthala 12134:Chavakkad 12124:Chalakudy 12104:Alappuzha 12056:Kozhikode 11903:Ottapalam 11868:Meenachil 11833:Kunnathur 11818:Kozhikode 11808:Koyilandy 11763:Kattakada 11758:Kasaragod 11708:Devikulam 11693:Cherthala 11683:Chavakkad 11673:Chalakudy 11627:Jackfruit 11533:Geography 11523:Education 11412:Districts 11280:(Bolivia) 11261:1809–1817 11254:(Uruguay) 11248:1808–1822 11225:1772–1775 11215:1772–1775 11205:1751–1772 11184:1680–1777 11174:1621–1751 11151:1536–1620 11063:1500–1822 10879:(Hengqin) 10794:1642–1975 10773:1580–1586 10763:1557–1999 10757:Larantuka 10753:1515–1859 10743:1512–1665 10694:1512–1621 10684:1511–1641 10583:1558–1573 10570:1518–1658 10560:1518–1521 10513:Mangalore 10340:(Pulicat) 10258:1659–1661 10195:1498–1545 10130:1624–1648 10080:1621–1622 10037:1588–1648 10027:1550–1551 9986:1521–1602 9956:1515–1650 9936:1515–1648 9923:1515–1622 9913:1507–1643 9900:1506–1615 9810:1885–1974 9800:1879–1974 9779:1753–1975 9772:(Mombasa) 9770:Mombassa 9766:1728–1729 9743:1687–1974 9733:1680–1961 9723:1645–1888 9703:(Mombasa) 9701:Mombassa 9697:1593–1698 9685:1588–1974 9675:1575–1975 9665:1557–1578 9655:1508–1547 9645:1506–1511 9632:1505–1512 9622:1503–1698 9612:1502–1659 9602:1501–1975 9592:1500–1630 9569:1498–1540 9559:1482–1642 9546:1482–1637 9533:1478–1778 9523:1474–1778 9511:1471–1975 9499:1470–1975 9489:1462–1975 9479:1455–1633 9412:1577–1589 9399:1515–1541 9386:1513–1541 9373:1506–1769 9360:1506–1525 9347:1506–1525 9334:1505–1541 9298:1488–1541 9275:1485–1550 9265:1471–1662 9252:1471–1550 9239:1458–1550 9229:1415–1640 9021:Thrithala 8981:Pavaratty 8971:Panamaram 8956:O' Valley 8946:Nadapuram 8871:Kavaratti 8836:Dharmadom 8816:Balussery 8670:Ottapalam 8630:Koyilandy 8625:Kottakkal 8610:Koduvally 8595:Guruvayur 8575:Chavakkad 8527:Kozhikode 8444:Ottapalam 8424:Kozhikode 8419:Koyilandy 8366:Chavakkad 8325:Ernakulam 8287:Kozhikode 8274:Districts 8220:Kozhikode 8144:Vazhayoor 8104:Thrithala 8084:Thalakkad 8044:Poolacode 8036:Ponmundam 8026:Peruvayal 8011:Perumanna 8001:Pavaratty 7981:Pallikkal 7941:Nannambra 7916:Moonniyur 7807:Cherukavu 7797:Chelembra 7792:Chelannur 7777:Ariyallur 7696:Ottapalam 7671:Kottakkal 7661:Koduvally 7656:Guruvayur 7641:Chavakkad 7615:Kozhikode 7565:Kozhikode 7561:Kozhikode 7554:Districts 7226:The Hindu 7195:The Hindu 6097:The Hindu 4817:1798–1806 4803:1788–1798 4790:1766–1788 4776:1758–1766 4762:1746–1758 4749:1741–1746 4723:in 1706. 4701:1729–1741 4687:1711–1729 4684:Vira Raya 4673:1705–1711 4659:1684–1705 4642:1671–1684 4626:1668–1671 4613:1666–1668 4600:1662–1666 4584:1658–1662 4565:1655–1658 4562:Mana Veda 4552:1648–1655 4533:1637–1648 4520:1630–1637 4508:1627–1630 4496:1617–1627 4482:1604–1617 4469:1599–1604 4456:1597–1599 4443:1588–1597 4430:1578–1588 4417:1574–1578 4404:1572–1574 4391:1560–1562 4388:Vira Raya 4377:1548–1560 4364:1540–1548 4351:1531–1540 4338:1529–1531 4325:1522–1529 4312:1513–1522 4299:1500–1513 4282:1495–1500 4269:1474–1482 4266:Mana Veda 4252:1466–1474 4230:1442–1450 4214:1402–1410 4197:1339–1347 4040:Chavakkad 4034:Calicut, 3937:(Approx.) 3859:Marakkars 3652:Koyilandy 3560:Mangalore 3556:Hyder Ali 3541:Hyder Ali 3482:Kozhikode 3180:1557–1559 3020:June 1525 2856:July 1511 2608:July 1504 2491:Kozhikode 2189:Castilian 2167:Koyilandy 1935:Kottakkal 1832:Bhagavati 1464:Kozhikode 1424:Kozhikode 1311:thavazhis 1303:swaroopam 1293:Nambudiri 1275:Nambudiri 1268:Nambudiri 1251:Kshatriya 1197:treasury. 1087:), which 376:Mangalore 328:Bangalore 277:Cannanore 218:Etymology 208:Chirackal 204:Hyder Ali 184:Koyilandy 119:Malayalam 100:Abolition 92:Formation 13109:Uzhavoor 13039:Parumala 13024:Kulanada 13019:Aranmula 13014:Kumbanad 12984:Thenmala 12974:Kadakkal 12934:Kottiyam 12833:Manaloor 12823:Kodakara 12748:Rajakkad 12733:Peermade 12637:Azhikode 12617:Peravoor 12612:Pulpally 12577:Chundale 12562:Kuttiady 12552:Perambra 12522:Olavanna 12502:Areekode 12467:Thavanur 12429:Vatakara 12369:Shoranur 12344:Payyanur 12319:Palakkad 12294:Nilambur 12269:Mattanur 12239:Kottayam 12214:Kondotty 12179:Kalpetta 12119:Attingal 12114:Angamaly 12071:Thrissur 12023:Vatakara 11993:Thrissur 11928:Peermade 11923:Payyanur 11918:Pattambi 11908:Palakkad 11893:Nilambur 11838:Kuttanad 11803:Kottayam 11783:Kondotty 11619:Karimeen 11553:Wildlife 11178:Maranhão 11155:Barbados 11000:Labrador 10777:Nagasaki 10747:Makassar 10610:Mylapore 10587:Maldives 10564:Maldives 10433:(Mumbai) 10375:Mylapore 10245:(Kannur) 9995:Muharraq 9855:Part of 9848:Part of 9838:Or 1600. 9831:Part of 9626:Zanzibar 9516:Príncipe 9504:São Tomé 9418:(Asilah) 9405:(Mehdya) 9377:Mazagan 9351:Mogador 9340:(Agadir) 9315:Graciosa 9279:Mazagan 9258:(Asilah) 9011:Thavanur 8996:Pulpally 8991:Peravoor 8986:Perambra 8961:Olavanna 8891:Kuttiady 8826:Chundale 8811:Azhikode 8806:Areekode 8755:Vatakara 8715:Shoranur 8695:Payyanur 8690:Pattambi 8675:Palakkad 8665:Nilambur 8655:Mattanur 8615:Kondotty 8605:Kalpetta 8504:Vatakara 8459:Pattambi 8454:Pandalur 8449:Palakkad 8439:Nilambur 8414:Kondotty 8319:Thrissur 8313:Palakkad 8307:Nilgiris 8164:Vylathur 8159:Venmanad 8114:Thennala 8079:Thaikkad 8059:Punnayur 8031:Pirayiri 7996:Parappur 7951:Olavanna 7936:Nanmanda 7845:Kadikkad 7827:Elavally 7767:Alamkode 7726:Shoranur 7706:Pattambi 7691:Nilambur 7666:Kondotty 7625:Palakkad 7590:Thrissur 7580:Palakkad 7507:Archived 7495:Archived 7231:Archived 7188:Archived 7156:Archived 7119:Archived 7081:Archived 7029:Archived 6899:30 March 6893:Archived 6832:Archived 6783:13 March 6777:Archived 6686:Archived 6639:Archived 6321:Archived 6282:Archived 6254:Archived 6153:Archived 6090:Archived 5956:Archived 5953:Zheng He 5782:Archived 5725:Archived 5695:Archived 5653:Archived 5611:30 March 5448:Archived 4903:See also 4121:Zamorins 4017:Military 3855:Mappilas 3791:Mappilas 3729:Mukkuvar 3537:Dindigul 3524:Palakkad 3486:Purakkad 3455:Jahangir 2799:and the 2783:and the 2455:Anjediva 2377:Mukkuvar 2365:May 1498 2141:Fei-Hsin 2112:Zheng He 1960:Palakkad 1922:Nilambur 1859:Zheng He 1749:Cardamom 1663:Undated 1610:c. 1000 1535:Purakkad 1484:Quilandy 1482:visited 1384:, 1572). 1335:Manjeri. 1307:sthanams 1296:Brahmins 1243:Samantan 1066:Sanskrit 1048:sāmūtiri 856:Colachel 774:Dindigul 742:Attingal 710:Edapally 612:Alleppey 512:Nilambur 462:Quilandy 192:Samantan 155:Samorijn 124:Sāmūtiri 13151:Malabar 13146:Zamorin 13094:Pampady 13084:Vazhoor 13074:Erumely 13029:Omallur 12954:Oachira 12949:Chavara 12939:Kundara 12858:Nemmara 12853:Alathur 12763:Adimali 12726:Central 12697:Karadka 12692:Parappa 12662:Alakode 12657:Irikkur 12582:Meppadi 12572:Vythiri 12567:Lakkidi 12512:Vengara 12507:Wandoor 12497:Karipur 12487:Mankada 12462:Edappal 12439:Varkala 12364:Punalur 12359:Ponnani 12334:Paravur 12259:Manjeri 12099:Anthoor 12033:Vythiri 12018:Varkala 11943:Punalur 11938:Ponnani 11718:Hosdurg 11703:Chittur 11658:Alathur 11603:Coconut 11577:Symbols 11563:Tourism 11548:History 11518:Economy 11508:Culture 11398:Capital 11267:(Amapá) 10948:Madeira 10834:Coloane 10711:Ternate 10454:Baçaím 10444:Ponnani 10431:Bombay 10323:Calicut 10232:(Kochi) 10230:Cochim 10140:1624?–? 10104:Libedia 10070:1621?–? 9990:Bahrain 9966:1515?–? 9940:Quriyat 9929:(Ormus) 9927:Hormuz 9649:Socotra 9638:(Kilwa) 9636:Quíloa 9596:Malindi 9550:Elmina 9539:(Bioko) 9527:Annobón 9416:Arzila 9390:Azamor 9292:Ouadane 9269:Tangier 9256:Arzila 9041:Wandoor 9036:Vythiri 9031:Vengara 8931:Minicoy 8926:Meppadi 8916:Mankada 8901:Lakkidi 8866:Karipur 8861:Kalpeni 8846:Irikkur 8841:Edappal 8791:Andrott 8776:Alathur 8771:Alakode 8705:Ponnani 8645:Manjeri 8590:Gudalur 8570:Anthoor 8509:Vythiri 8469:Ponnani 8387:Gudalur 8377:Chittur 8361:Alathur 8343:Wayanad 8149:Vengara 8074:Tanalur 8040:Pookode 8006:Perakam 7986:Paluvai 7966:Oorakam 7850:Kakkodi 7822:Edappal 7782:Beypore 7772:Alathur 7716:Ponnani 7676:Manjeri 7571:Taluks) 7306:Malabar 7259:Sources 7128:21 June 7035:21 June 6876:Malabar 6645:21 June 6609:Malabar 6327:21 June 6048:4527170 5731:21 June 5701:19 July 4289:(1498) 4241:(1444) 4218:Ma Huan 4183:8 years 4036:Ponnani 3902:Muslims 3893:Gujarat 3881:Chettis 3816:Red Sea 3806:Nature 3604:Manjeri 3526:, that 3439:British 2922:1515–17 2899:Gujarat 2885:1514–15 2861:Malacca 2310:Ponnani 2193:Genoese 2137:Ma Huan 2129:Nanking 2124:Nanking 2056:pelisse 1974:Calicut 1944:Ponnani 1926:Manjeri 1903:Beypore 1896:Ponnani 1863:Nanjing 1768:Calicut 1572:Eranadu 1512:British 1500:Chinese 1278:Brahmin 1271:Brahmin 1245:of the 1181:Chinese 1169:Calicut 1163:Beypore 1139:Calicut 1120:Trichur 1116:Ponnani 1069:samudra 1044:zomodri 1040:çamidre 979:Diamper 902:Hosdurg 872:Anjengo 628:Palghat 546:Chetwai 444:Trichur 427:Ponnani 311:Calicut 169:in the 159:Chinese 147:Samorim 115:Zamorin 71:Details 57:in 1898 37:Calicut 13168:Cochin 13044:Mannar 12969:Anchal 12783:Kalady 12753:Munnar 12743:Kumily 12712:Uppala 12702:Kumbla 12592:Muttil 12434:Vaikom 12324:Panoor 12264:Maradu 12169:Iritty 12076:Kannur 12066:Kollam 12013:Vaikom 11778:Kollam 11743:Kannur 11728:Iritty 11723:Idukki 11713:Eranad 11645:Taluks 11631:Insect 11607:Flower 11591:Animal 11568:Sports 11495:Topics 11389:Kerala 11288: 11145:Brazil 11142: 11132:Brazil 11129: 11116: 11103: 11093:Brazil 11090: 11077: 11067:Brazil 11019: 10962:Azores 10887: 10737:Tidore 10734: 10721: 10708: 10698:Maluku 10640: 10525: 10363: 10315: 10264:Quilon 10256: 10151: 10120:1624–? 10110:1624–? 10100:1623–? 10094:Khasab 10090:1623–? 10074:As Sib 10060:1620–? 10041:Matrah 9999:Manama 9960:Muscat 9950:Qalhat 9946:1515–? 9904:Gamru 9821: 9748:Bissau 9690:Cacheu 9483:Arguim 9426: 9304:(Safi) 9302:Safim 9067:Eranad 8936:Muttil 8851:Kadmat 8680:Panoor 8660:Mukkam 8600:Iritty 8585:Feroke 8532:Kannur 8410:(part) 8408:Kollam 8404:(part) 8397:Kannur 8392:Iritty 8382:Eranad 8373:(part) 8353:Taluks 8339:(part) 8333:(part) 8331:Kollam 8327:(part) 8321:(part) 8315:(part) 8309:(part) 8282:Kannur 8249:Kerala 8232:Kannur 7946:Neduva 7911:Mavoor 7855:Kalady 7686:Mukkam 7651:Feroke 7608:Cities 7600:Taluk) 7408: 7117:: 59. 7021: 6858: 6811: 6692:27 May 6667: 6428: 6046: 5687: 5525: 4866:pepper 4170:1124-? 3984:Taram 3906:Vanias 3904:, and 3887:Coast 3872:Ceylon 3845:Melaka 3843:, and 3841:Mergui 3720:Muscat 3648:Kollam 3612:jaghir 3564:Kannur 3552:Mysore 3533:fanams 3528:Mysore 3443:Kerala 3377:Bengal 3373:Jiddah 3132:move. 3050:Ceylon 2911:Hormuz 2895:Jiddah 2775:, the 2681:Kollam 2485:under 2384:padrão 2360:Event 2348:Kannur 2326:Lisbon 2314:Arabic 2133:Peking 1979:Cochin 1783:Kollam 1764:Pandya 1741:Ginger 1733:Pepper 1599:Notes 1543:Mysore 1506:, the 1502:, the 1498:, the 1474:, and 1472:Kollam 1468:Kannur 1448:Cheras 1285:thalis 1226:Chetti 1202:calico 1177:Tamils 1062:Sāmuri 360:Mysore 241:Cochin 212:Kannur 200:Eranad 139:Sāmuri 135:Arabic 13064:Aroor 13004:Ranni 12999:Konni 12892:South 12677:Bekal 12455:North 12414:Tirur 12379:Tanur 12154:Eloor 12109:Aluva 12094:Adoor 12061:Kochi 11998:Tirur 11948:Ranni 11788:Konni 11768:Kochi 11663:Aluva 11653:Adoor 11623:Fruit 11543:Ports 11538:Roads 11385:State 11106:Bahia 10844:Taipa 10767:Macau 10724:Ambon 10537:Hugli 10480:Surat 10411:Chalé 10401:Chaul 10351:Chaul 10124:Madha 10114:Kalba 10084:Qeshm 10031:Qatif 10011:Qatif 9970:Barka 9917:Sohar 9669:Accra 9364:Aguz 9233:Ceuta 8781:Amini 8740:Tirur 8725:Tanur 8537:Kochi 8494:Tirur 7871:Kodur 7736:Tirur 7731:Tanur 7122:(PDF) 7107:(PDF) 6983:JSTOR 6044:JSTOR 5763:5 May 4735:Reign 4156:Reign 3883:from 3572:Kochi 3461:, as 3137:1542 3112:1538 2915:Ormus 2519:Cairo 2357:Date 2334:Cairo 2185:Tunis 2048:Herat 1907:Tanur 1879:Perar 1777:king 1775:Chera 1760:Chola 1701:1225 1631:1102 1596:Year 1508:Dutch 1496:Arabs 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