766:
1417:
1440:) is not as rare as once believed and while it remains threatened its population is increasing. Based on very limited information, up until the 1990s it was typically believed to consist of about 300 birds. Detailed surveys conducted from 1994 to 2002 resulted in an estimate of about 525 individuals, while surveys from 2004 to 2015 estimated that the population now was above 550. Subsequent reviews have placed the Cuban sandhill crane population at around 700 birds in 2017. They inhabit dry or seasonally flooded grasslands and savannas, as well as nearby wetlands, and the remaining populations are divided into ten localities (it formerly occurred in two additional localities) in six
1316:. Since the 1990s, snow geese have eaten waste corn on which the cranes also rely prior to migration. Sandhill crane populations are also threatened by hunting. Hunting cranes is legal throughout the states of the Central Flyway, from the Dakotas and Wyoming south to Oklahoma and Texas. Nebraska is the sole state along the Central Flyway where hunting cranes is illegal. Despite losses from hunting, interspecies competition and other pressures such as habitat loss, the species has expanded its range. Since the early 2000s, the sandhill crane has expanded both its winter (nonbreeding) and breeding ranges northward, including into upstate New York. In the 21st century, parts of the
754:
722:
1260:
738:
31:
371:
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marshes, bogs, or swales, though occasionally on dry land. Females lay one to three (usually two) oval, dull brown eggs with reddish markings. Both parents incubate the eggs for about 30 days. The chicks are precocial; they hatch covered in down, with their eyes open, and able to leave the nest within a day. The parents brood the chicks for up to three weeks after hatching, feeding them intensively for the first few weeks, then gradually less frequently until they reach independence at 9 to 10 months old.
1401:
1242:
100:
1386:
308:
4753:
58:
4777:
823:
4789:
4765:
1276:
5120:
1338:—established in 1975 when fewer than 35 of the birds existed—has the biggest release program for cranes on Earth, and 90% of the cranes there were raised in captivity. The second viable egg from a two-egg nest was occasionally removed from the nests, starting in 1965, to become part of a captive flock. This breeding flock is divided between the Audubon Institute's Species Survival Center and
1247:
1244:
1243:
1246:
1304:, but their populations have recovered, with an estimated 98,000 in the region in 2018, a substantial increase over the previous year. Although sandhill cranes are not considered threatened as a species, the three southernmost subspecies are quite rare. Resident populations, not migratory birds, cannot choose secure breeding habitat. Many
1084:
Sandhill cranes are mainly herbivorous, but eat various types of food, depending on availability. They often feed with their bills down to the ground as they root around for seeds and other foods, in shallow wetlands with vegetation or various upland habitats. Cranes readily eat cultivated foods such
1058:
The two southern U.S. resident populations are somewhat more distinct. The Cuban population has been comparatively little studied, but appears to have been established on the island for a long time. They and the migratory greater sandhill cranes proper may form a group of lineages that diverged much
1230:
Sandhill cranes defend themselves and their young from aerial predators by jumping and kicking. Actively brooding adults are more likely to react aggressively to potential predators to defend their chicks than wintering birds, which most often normally try to evade attacks on foot or in flight. For
1308:
were destroyed by hunting or habitat change. The greater sandhill crane proper initially suffered most; by 1940, probably fewer than 1,000 birds remained. Populations have since increased greatly again. At nearly 100,000, they are still fewer than the lesser sandhill crane, which, at about 400,000
1137:
The chicks remain with their parents until one to two months before the parents lay the next clutch of eggs the following year, remaining with them for 10–12 months. After leaving their parents, the chicks form nomadic flocks with other juveniles and nonbreeders. They remain in these flocks until
986:
Some authorities no longer recognize
Canadian sandhill crane as a distinct subspecies, as insignificant genetic differentiation and minimal morphological differentiation exist between it and greater sandhill crane. The others can be somewhat more reliably distinguished in hand by measurements and
1133:
Sandhill cranes raise one brood per year. In nonmigratory populations, laying begins between
December and August. In migratory populations, laying usually begins in April or May. Both members of a breeding pair build the nest using plant material from the surrounding area. Nest sites are usually
1075:
Sandhill cranes are fairly social birds that usually live in pairs or family groups through the year. During migration and winter, unrelated cranes come together to form "survival groups" that forage and roost together. Such groups often congregate at migration and winter sites, sometimes in the
679:
These cranes frequently give a loud, trumpeting call that suggests a rolled "r" in the throat, and they can be heard from a long distance. Mated pairs of cranes engage in "unison calling". The cranes stand close together, calling in a synchronized and complex duet. The female makes two calls for
1460:
170 cranes), are increasing, whereas most other subpopulations appear to be stable, but some likely are too small for long-term survival and possibly are decreasing. Subsequent surveys indicate that at least the four largest subpopulation now are larger than they were in the 1994–2002 surveys.
653:. The average weight of the larger males is 4.57 kg (10.1 lb), while the average weight of females is 4.02 kg (8.9 lb), with a range of 2.7 to 6.7 kg (6.0 to 14.8 lb) across the subspecies. Sandhill cranes have red foreheads, white cheeks, and long, dark, pointed
1008:
migratory population includes the lesser sandhill cranes. The other lineages can be divided into a migratory and some indistinct clusters which can be matched to the resident subspecies. The lesser and greater sandhill cranes are quite distinct, their divergence dating to roughly 2.3–1.2
1231:
land predators such as dogs, foxes, and coyotes, they move forward, often hissing, with their wings open and bills pointed. If the predator persists, the crane stabs with its bill and kicks. They can even kill predators by piercing through the skull with their sharp beak, and even
699:
to obtain lift, they can stay aloft for many hours, requiring only occasional flapping of their wings, thus expending little energy. Migratory flocks contain hundreds of birds, and can create clear outlines of the normally invisible rising columns of air (thermals) they ride.
3164:
1940:
Gerber, B. D., J. F. Dwyer, S. A. Nesbitt, R. C. Drewien, C. D. Littlefield, T. C. Tacha, and P. A. Vohs (2020). Sandhill Crane (Antigone canadensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of
Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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1226:
has successfully killed a 3.1 kg (6.8 lb) adult sandhill crane in a stoop. In New Mexico, humans hunt them with a permit granted in a lottery draw during late fall. There are a total of 17 states that allow hunting of
Sandhill Cranes.
390:
2705:
Stys, B. (1994): Ecology and habitat protection needs of
Florida sandhill cranes on areas proposed for land conversion activities. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Nongame Wildlife Program Technical Report No. 14. Tallahassee,
668:; the average height of these birds is around 80 to 136 cm (2 ft 7 in to 4 ft 6 in). Their wing chords are typically 41.8–60 cm (16.5–23.6 in), tails are 10–26.4 cm (3.9–10.4 in), the exposed
1101:. Waste corn is useful to cranes preparing for migration, providing them with nutrients for the long journey. Among northern races of sandhill cranes, their diet is most varied, especially among breeding birds. They variously feed on
660:
Immature birds have reddish-brown upperparts and gray underparts. The juveniles do not have the characteristic red foreheads, making it possible to distinguish the children from the parents, even when they are the same height.
1472:), and poaching. Population fragmentation is also a problem, as all remaining localities are separated by distances that are greater than the largest distances non-migratory sandhill cranes are known to move.
765:
721:
2442:
Caven, Andrew J., et al. "First description of a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) actively depredating an adult
Sandhill Crane (Antigone canadensis)." Western North American Naturalist 78.2 (2018):
389:
1444:. Based on the surveys from 1994 to 2002, six of the ten known localities each are home to less than 25 Cuban sandhill cranes; the last four each are home to more than 70. The two largest, one in the
1051:, due to the recent reduction in population and range fragmentation. Until the early 20th century, the southern migratory birds occupied a much larger and continuous range. Thus, the subspecies
391:
1059:
later from a range in the southern U.S. and maybe northern Mexico, where they were resident. The southern migratory population would then represent a later re-expansion, which (re-)
737:
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987:
plumage details, apart from the size differences already mentioned. Unequivocal identification often requires location information, which is often impossible in migrating birds.
810:
boundary some 1.8 million years ago. As these ancient sandhill cranes varied as much in size as present-day birds, those
Pliocene fossils are sometimes described as new species.
1364:
In
January 2019, 25 to 30 thousand cranes (both greater and lesser subspecies) were found wintering at the Whitewater Draw State Wildlife Area near McNeal in southeast Arizona.
802:. The oldest unequivocal sandhill crane fossil is 2.5 million years old, older by half than the earliest remains of most living species of birds, primarily found from after the
1464:
Primary threats to Cuban sandhill cranes are habitat loss due to tree planting, spreading shrubs, expanding agriculture and fires, predation by non-native mammals (dogs,
2511:
753:
491:. He used the English name "The Brown and Ash-colour'd Crane". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from the
2461:
Bennett, Alan J., and Laurel A. Bennett. "Survival rates and mortality factors of
Florida sandhill cranes in Georgia." North American Bird Bander 15 (1990): 85-88.
2272:
854:
averages 5 kg (11 lb), 119 cm (47 in) in length, and has a wingspan of 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in). The southern subspecies (along with
1259:
1063:
their migratory habits independent from the northernmost birds, the geographically separated populations expanding rapidly when more habitat was available as the
2608:
2565:
Pearse AT; Krapu GL; Brandt DA; Kinzel PJ (2010). "Changes in
Agriculture and Abundance of Snow Geese Affect Carrying Capacity of Sandhill Cranes in Nebraska".
983:
no longer listed. Sandhill cranes occur in pastures, open prairies and freshwater wetlands in peninsular Florida from the Everglades to the Okefenokee Swamp.
456:. Sandhill cranes are known to frequent the edges of bodies of water. The central Platte River valley in Nebraska is the most important stopover area for the
3054:
1323:
The transplantation of wild birds and introduction of captive-reared birds into suitable low-population areas have been called viable management techniques.
2132:
1335:
2949:
5612:
2927:
3665:
2344:
2879:
5370:
3002:
3032:
2429:
Littlefield, C. D. (1995). "Sandhill crane nesting habitat, egg predators, and predator history on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon".
1416:
5422:
380:
1988:
5582:
2802:
Gálvez-Aguilera, X.; Chavez-Ramirez, C. (2010). "Distribution, Abundance, and Status of Cuban Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis nesiotes)".
850:
averages 3.46 kg (7.6 lb), 94 cm (37 in) in length, and has a wingspan of 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in). A male of
728:
3142:
3081:
2108:
704:
1400:
1764:
Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1687:
832:
683:
Sandhill cranes' large wingspans, typically 1.65 to 2.30 m (5 ft 5 in to 7 ft 7 in), make them very skilled
3060:
1883:
5541:
5321:
893:. The northern populations exist as fragmented remains in the contiguous U.S. and a large and contiguous population from Canada to
5383:
3660:
2512:"'The sandhills are coming!': Big, bugling cranes are returning to local skies, sparking spring fever in winter-weary Chicagoans"
971:) into Florida. The attempt failed, but the listing remained. The current list of endangered subspecies includes only two birds,
2452:
Ellis, David H., et al. "Golden eagle predation on experimental sandhill and whooping cranes." The Condor 101.3 (1999): 664-666.
2681:
703:
Sandhill cranes fly south for the winter. In their wintering areas, they form flocks over 10,000. One place this happens is at
2240:
3128:
2007:
1961:
1891:
5388:
5632:
1877:
1518:
area from November 1966 to December 1967 is thought to have originated from sightings of out-of-migration sandhill cranes.
1385:
2039:
2307:
2026:
Dunn, J.L. & Alderfer, J., editors. Field Guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic, Washington, D.C.
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with that of its eastern neighbor. As of 2013, about 25 breeding pairs exist in an intensively managed population. The
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2553:
2089:
1596:
3100:
5627:
5554:
5487:
5290:
1358:
5427:
2190:
2146:
5617:
5607:
5592:
5303:
5272:
3204:
1591:
870:
510:
215:
1349:
A Mississippi sandhill crane was the first bird to hatch from an egg fertilized by sperm that was thawed from a
1029:, its present breeding range was frozen year-round. Still, sandhill cranes are amply documented from fossil and
963:
The Florida sandhill crane was listed as EC or easily confused to facilitate an attempted reintroduction of the
2544:
2388:
609:
246:
2716:
5409:
5174:
1511:
1407:
2125:
5183:
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3039:. In: The cranes: Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.
1527:
1312:
Some migratory populations of sandhill cranes face population threats due to interspecies competition with
1747:. Vol. Part III. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 133, Plate 133.
5349:
4793:
3650:
2976:
2271:
Rhymer, Judith M.; Fain, Matthew G.; Austin, Jane E.; Johnson, Douglas H. & Krajewski, Carey (2001).
1738:
843:
484:
814:
may have been a prehistoric relative, or it may comprise material of a sandhill crane and its ancestor.
5110:
3432:
2883:
2764:
Caven, A.J. (28 February 2023). "An Updated Minimum Estimate of the Global Sandhill Crane Population".
2352:
1822:
1640:
898:
5587:
5559:
5492:
3347:
3337:
2636:
99:
793:, but this may be from a prehistoric relative or ancestor of sandhill cranes, and not belong in the
5637:
5597:
5313:
3673:
3655:
3120:
3049:
2839:
2273:"Mitochondrial phylogeography, subspecific taxonomy, and conservation genetics of sandhill cranes (
2270:
1326:
The Mississippi sandhill crane has lost the most range; it used to live along most of the northern
1317:
1047:
The scant differences between southern Canadian and western U.S. populations appear to result from
1033:
remains right to the modern era. Conceivably, they might be considered distinct species already, a
1025:
seemingly fragmented off a founder population of lesser sandhill cranes, because during each major
836:
1210:, roughly in descending order. Cranes of all ages can be hunted by both North American species of
3678:
3115:
1985:
1372:
1275:
5453:
3352:
5602:
5375:
5207:
5136:
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3407:
3091:
2101:
1339:
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is usually much worn and stained, particularly in the migratory populations, and looks nearly
5622:
5448:
4820:
3482:
1392:
194:
5440:
2105:
1767:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 141.
1146:
As a conspicuous ground-dwelling species, sandhill cranes are at risk from a few predators.
487:
included an illustration and a description of the sandhill crane in the third volume of his
5474:
5233:
5212:
5194:
4110:
2574:
991:
882:
449:
5336:
2737:
8:
4881:
3640:
3532:
3472:
3417:
3197:
1617:
1453:
1064:
633:
619:
550:
genera, four species, including the sandhill crane, were placed in the resurrected genus
457:
47:
5199:
3072:
2905:
2578:
2418:
Survival of juvenile greater sandhill cranes at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon
2056:
1713:
5057:
4891:
4423:
3487:
3447:
3412:
3153:
2819:
2777:
2590:
2299:
2241:"Catalogue of Fossil Birds: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes)"
2215:
2171:
1973:
1856:
1801:
1552:
1219:
859:
744:
557:
315:
94:
30:
657:. In flight, their long, dark legs trail behind, and their long necks keep straight.
5435:
5220:
5017:
4962:
4776:
4549:
4496:
4446:
3589:
3579:
3522:
3322:
3317:
3257:
2781:
2682:"Sandhill cranes bounce back from brink as migration over Illinois to peak next week"
2549:
2384:
2085:
1957:
1887:
1830:
1779:
1487:
1481:
1441:
1354:
1301:
1018:
1010:
673:
39:
2823:
2594:
2331:
2303:
1860:
1805:
1742:
5225:
5077:
4943:
4848:
4813:
4415:
3557:
3229:
2811:
2769:
2582:
2291:
2207:
2198:
2163:
2154:
1826:
1791:
1635:
1423:
1223:
1207:
552:
271:
2004:
1780:"Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae)"
1762:
5532:
5505:
5277:
4840:
4647:
4475:
3945:
3467:
3452:
3390:
3289:
3217:
3149:
3104:
2236:
2112:
2011:
1992:
676:
measure 15.5–26.6 cm (6.1–10.5 in). Wingspan is 78.7 in (200 cm).
599:
505:
171:
5466:
5414:
3109:
1907:
1375:
on their foster parents, later did not recognize other whooping cranes as their
5298:
5285:
5098:
5027:
4927:
4757:
4687:
4639:
4573:
4512:
4467:
4454:
4328:
4291:
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3916:
3753:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3477:
3462:
3357:
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3327:
3309:
3190:
3176:
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2035:
1368:
1343:
1327:
964:
910:
684:
472:
2295:
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5159:
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4695:
4679:
4602:
4594:
4428:
4226:
4076:
3963:
3921:
3721:
3713:
3635:
3599:
3517:
3441:
3269:
2860:
1758:
1626:
1542:
1530:
1515:
1503:
1305:
1203:
1167:
1048:
1014:
743:
An immature Florida sandhill crane walks along the shore of Lake Cecile near
669:
590:
586:
523:
500:
211:
67:
62:
3170:
3158:
2057:"Sandhill Crane Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
1346:. These cranes have produced offspring for annual releases into the refuge.
5124:
5047:
5037:
4998:
4852:
4836:
4781:
4525:
4370:
4186:
4024:
3972:
3844:
3805:
3574:
3562:
3552:
3542:
3239:
1796:
1662:
1538:
1445:
629:
547:
543:
534:
518:
453:
441:
429:
258:
161:
3097:
2928:"'Wow, what is that huge bird?' Sandhill crane spotted on Tantramar Marsh"
307:
5357:
5168:
4972:
4586:
4433:
4239:
4218:
4207:
4172:
4039:
4029:
3987:
3878:
3745:
3547:
3372:
3367:
3299:
3284:
3252:
2773:
1376:
906:
807:
798:
771:
Two Florida sandhill cranes at a gas station near Cape Canaveral, Florida
708:
496:
1942:
1498:
in 1991. Small groups have also been seen in parts of eastern China and
5546:
5500:
5326:
5067:
4844:
4703:
4565:
4504:
4483:
4315:
4299:
4234:
4179:
4151:
4083:
4048:
3926:
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3584:
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2219:
2175:
1331:
1313:
1297:
1187:
1094:
1022:
712:
665:
575:
492:
460:
406:
151:
5362:
3182:
1502:. In 2022, reports emerged of regular sightings of sandhill cranes in
1253:
A huge flock at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
785:
histories of any extant bird. A 10-million-year-old crane fossil from
5246:
4872:
4663:
4618:
4407:
4200:
4117:
4101:
4090:
4000:
3936:
3895:
3594:
3395:
3382:
3362:
3262:
3172:
Música de las Grullas: Una historia natural de las grullas de América
2815:
2586:
1491:
1469:
1350:
1122:
1060:
1034:
1030:
1005:
997:
568:
111:
5130:
2548:(Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 85, plate 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
2381:
Sandhill and Whooping Cranes: Ancient Voices over America's Wetlands
2211:
2188:
2167:
5526:
5251:
5153:
4631:
4361:
4336:
4282:
4193:
4165:
4055:
4019:
4011:
3993:
3888:
3873:
3857:
3604:
3567:
3400:
2564:
1495:
1465:
894:
803:
786:
759:
Sandhill crane in flight at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge
542:
study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was
445:
131:
2538:
Archibald, George W. & Meine, Curt (1996): 7. Sandhill Crane.
1379:, and unsuccessfully tried to pair with sandhill cranes, instead.
822:
5238:
4541:
4394:
4273:
4158:
4124:
4062:
3883:
3737:
3729:
3422:
3294:
3279:
1507:
1199:
1179:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1026:
878:
790:
696:
646:
437:
433:
425:
4835:
3086:
1371:
in reintroduction schemes. This failed when the whooping cranes
1309:
individuals continent-wide, is the most plentiful extant crane.
4982:
4671:
4610:
4386:
4378:
4307:
4247:
4131:
4069:
3952:
3619:
3614:
3492:
3132:
2542:
Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.):
1499:
1232:
1215:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1147:
1110:
1106:
1001:
902:
782:
715:. An annual Sandhill Crane Festival is held there in November.
589:, 1758) – northeast Siberia through Alaska and north Canada to
121:
5461:
4557:
4344:
3907:
2801:
1211:
1195:
1171:
1151:
1114:
1090:
994:
794:
692:
650:
514:
513:, he placed the sandhill crane with herons and cranes in the
84:
78:
1865:. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. p. xxiii.
842:
Sandhill cranes vary considerably in size (much of which is
4533:
3900:
3863:
3833:
3247:
3213:
3136:
1526:
In 2023 the “Mississippi sandhill crane” was featured on a
1222:. Additionally, there is a report that even a much smaller
1163:
1159:
1155:
1086:
890:
688:
654:
141:
2837:
Riddiford, Nick (1983). "Sandhill Crane: new to Britain".
1831:"Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin"
1777:
1138:
they form breeding pairs between two and seven years old.
556:
that had originally been erected by the German naturalist
4655:
3512:
3274:
3098:
Alamosa/Monte Vista/Baca National Wildlife Refuge Complex
3031:
Meine, Curt D. & Archibald, George W. (eds.) (1996).
3082:
The Nature Conservancy's Species Profile: Sandhill Crane
2191:"A New Species of Crane from the Pliocene of California"
2500:. Animal Diversity Web. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.
1778:
Krajewski, C.; Sipiorski, J.T.; Anderson, F.E. (2010).
727:
Sandhill crane in flight at the Llano Seco Unit of the
2858:
Ellis, Pete (1991). "The Sandhill Crane in Shetland".
2659:"Sandhill Cranes Successfully Nest in the Adirondacks"
2407:. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 29. Bloomfield Hills, MI.
1615:
1367:
Sandhill cranes have been tried as foster parents for
1190:, the most serious predators of chicks are reportedly
602:, 1925) – south Canada and west, central United States
5108:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2740:. Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
916:
Six subspecies have been recognized in recent times:
664:
The sexes look alike. Sizes vary among the different
3050:
International Crane Foundation's Sandhill Crane page
2189:
Miller, Alden H. & Sibley, Charles Gald (1942).
1821:
532:
The sandhill crane was formerly placed in the genus
522:. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the
3804:
3110:
Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
2416:Littlefield, C. D., & Lindstedt, S. M. (1992).
2135:
18 January 2008 at Wikiwix. Version of 2003-DEC-31.
1336:
Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
672:are 6.9–16 cm (2.7–6.3 in) long, and the
3087:National Audubon Society, Rowe Sanctuary, Nebraska
2788:
1641:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692078A188597759.en
3092:Sandhill Crane Migration on Nebraska Platte River
2766:Platte River Natural Resource Reports Forthcoming
2485:Ecology of Rocky Mountain greater sandhill cranes
2349:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission
5574:
3143:Sandhill Crane Migrations Revealed by Satellites
2942:
2372:
2370:
2235:
1506:, on the Atlantic coast of Canada. The mythical
1265:A baby Mississippi sandhill crane is weighed at
645:Adults are gray overall; during breeding, their
2836:
2144:
1956:, John B. Dunning Jr. (ed.). CRC Press (1992),
1547:. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the
1320:have seen an extensive rebound of the species.
436:. The common name of this bird refers to their
3159:Sandhill cranes breeding and biology in Alaska
3094:– Viewing Sites Info & Maps, Photos, Video
3078:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
3003:"Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species"
1995:. Seattleaudubon.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
4821:
3198:
2882:. Xinhuanet. 12 February 2012. Archived from
2399:
2397:
2367:
2080:Quantic, Diane Dufva; Hafen, P. Jane (2003):
1976:. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
1510:, a humanoid creature reportedly seen in the
1486:Sandhill cranes occasionally reach Europe as
1296:In the 1930s, sandhill cranes were generally
1044:, which would include the other populations.
358:
3712:
2759:
2757:
2755:
1879:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2880:"Sandhill cranes seen in E China's Jiangsu"
2857:
2464:
2423:
2231:
2229:
2147:"Some Pliocene birds from Oregon and Idaho"
1855:
905:. These cranes are rare vagrants to China,
817:
729:Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex
546:. In the resulting rearrangement to create
4828:
4814:
3205:
3191:
2639:. National Audubon Society. 9 January 2015
2394:
2182:
2138:
1286:
705:Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
432:of North America and extreme northeastern
306:
56:
29:
5613:Native birds of the Western United States
2950:"Monster Bird With Red Eyes May Be Crane"
2830:
2752:
2679:
2383:, University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln,
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2022:
2020:
1795:
1639:
1291:
858:) are intermediate, roughly according to
833:George C. Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary
4869:
2609:"Status and harvests of Sandhill Cranes"
2226:
2126:The Biogeography of the Sandhill Crane (
1757:
821:
781:Sandhill cranes have one of the longest
3212:
2074:
1875:
1737:
846:) and in migratory habits. A female of
5575:
2968:
2558:
2534:
2532:
2509:
2255:
2017:
909:, and Japan and very rare vagrants to
499:. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist
5135:
5134:
4809:
3697:
3186:
3179:, Enrique Weir, & Karine Gil-Weir
3055:Audio file of cranes "unison calling"
2974:
2851:
2763:
2637:"113th CBC New York Regional Summary"
2040:Cranes of the World: Sandhill Crane (
1943:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sancra.01
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1882:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1837:. International Ornithologists' Union
1817:
1815:
1521:
1494:in April 1981, and the second was in
1436:The Cuban sandhill crane (subspecies
1330:coast, and its range was once nearly
707:, 100 mi (160 km) south of
471:), with up to 450,000 of these birds
5304:89b7dcd6-52d5-4a1b-9074-143e9894ca02
4764:
3063:at Florida Museum of Natural History
2975:Palma, Bethania (25 November 2016).
2699:
2245:Bulletin of the Florida State Museum
2118:
1862:Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie
5583:IUCN Red List least concern species
4788:
3139:) with Range Map at bird-stamps.com
2956:. Associated Press. 1 December 1966
2529:
2490:
1947:
1869:
1744:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
1627:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1000:data shows two major lineages. The
489:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
13:
5097:15 living species in four genera (
3025:
2768:. International Crane Foundation.
1925:
1812:
1549:National Grasslands Visitor Center
1490:. The first British record was on
1182:feed on young cranes and eggs. In
369:
14:
5649:
3666:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
3043:
1954:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1597:Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge
5118:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4752:
4751:
4642:(New World vultures and condors)
2616:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2084:. University of Nebraska Press.
2046:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln
2014:, International Crane Foundation
1835:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
1537:set, based on a photograph from
1415:
1399:
1384:
1359:endangered species recovery plan
1281:A human feeding a sandhill crane
1274:
1258:
1240:
1040:and the greater sandhill crane,
776:
764:
752:
736:
720:
405:Problems playing this file? See
387:
98:
2995:
2920:
2898:
2872:
2730:
2709:
2673:
2661:. Tupper Lake. 3 September 2016
2651:
2629:
2601:
2503:
2477:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2410:
2337:
2325:
2095:
2049:
2029:
1998:
1979:
1967:
1900:
1849:
1616:BirdLife International (2021).
1592:Grulla National Wildlife Refuge
865:Three subspecies are resident:
632:& Zappey, 1905) – Cuba and
5350:sandhill-crane-grus-canadensis
3698:
3067:Sandhill Crane Species Account
2567:Journal of Wildlife Management
2545:Handbook of Birds of the World
1771:
1751:
1731:
1706:
1680:
1655:
1609:
1578:are listed in CITES Appendix I
1565:
1357:, as part of this subspecies'
640:
232:Antigone canadensis canadensis
38:Adult (front) and juvenile in
1:
2804:Wilson Journal of Ornithology
2738:"Crane Population Management"
2474:. Winchester Press, New York.
1718:birdtrail.outdoornebraska.gov
1602:
1457:
1449:
1408:Jonathan Dickinson State Park
612:, 1794) – Georgia and Florida
241:Antigone canadensis pratensis
3167:at VIREO (Drexel University)
3165:Sandhill crane photo gallery
3069:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3007:United States Postal Service
2717:"Mississippi Sandhill Crane"
1572:Antigone canadensis nesiotes
1528:United States Postal Service
1353:state. This occurred at the
1141:
943:Mississippi sandhill crane,
483:In 1750, English naturalist
254:Antigone canadensis nesiotes
7:
5633:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4706:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2124:Volz, Becky Lauren (2003):
1585:
1475:
1452:120 cranes) and another on
1128:
1070:
687:birds, similar in style to
529:, and cited Edwards' work.
478:
10:
5654:
4568:(cormorants and relatives)
3661:Extinct species since 1500
1479:
899:Southwestern United States
279:Antigone canadensis rowani
266:Antigone canadensis tabida
5516:
5143:
5095:
4996:
4941:
4918:
4909:
4860:
4747:
4698:(kingfishers and rollers)
4630:
4585:
4552:(albatrosses and petrels)
4524:
4495:
4466:
4445:
4436:(swifts and hummingbirds)
4418:(nightjars and relatives)
4406:
4369:
4360:
4327:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4268:
4242:(pheasants and relatives)
4217:
4141:
4100:
4038:
4010:
3986:
3962:
3935:
3856:
3843:
3800:
3773:
3769:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3628:
3531:
3431:
3381:
3308:
3238:
3225:
3061:Sandhill Crane Bird Sound
1876:Jobling, James A (2010).
1634:: e.T22692078A188597759.
1576:Antigone canadensis pulla
950:Canadian sandhill crane,
680:every one from the male.
321:
314:
305:
291:Antigone canadensis pulla
228:
223:
200:
193:
95:Scientific classification
93:
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
4597:(seriemas and relatives)
4576:(pelicans and relatives)
3152:Documentary produced by
3121:Internet Bird Collection
2470:Walkinshaw, L. H. 1973.
2403:Walkinshaw, L. H. 1949.
2145:Miller, Loye H. (1944).
2115:. Retrieved 2008-JAN-16.
2111:17 November 2010 at the
1558:
1391:Florida sandhill crane,
1318:Midwestern United States
956:Greater sandhill crane,
937:Florida sandhill crane,
837:Ladner, British Columbia
818:Subspecies and evolution
571:word for "from Canada".
5628:Birds described in 1758
4690:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4605:(falcons and relatives)
2908:. 人間福報. 6 February 2020
2483:Drewien, R. C. (1973).
2431:Northwestern Naturalist
2296:10.1023/A:1012203532300
2010:13 October 2012 at the
1688:"Lesser Sandhill Crane"
1431:
1287:Status and conservation
1079:
1055:may well be abandoned.
1013:, some time during the
920:Lesser sandhill crane,
897:. These migrate to the
826:Lesser sandhill crane (
5618:Native birds of Alaska
5608:Birds of the Caribbean
5593:Birds of North America
4674:(trogons and quetzals)
4486:(cranes and relatives)
3756:(emus and cassowaries)
3646:Glossary of bird terms
3458:Confuciusornithiformes
3116:"Sandhill crane media"
2680:O'Connell, Patrick M.
2102:The Nature Conservancy
1797:10.1525/auk.2009.09045
1692:kachemakbaybirders.org
1340:White Oak Conservation
1292:Mainland North America
1267:White Oak Conservation
926:Cuban sandhill crane,
871:Gulf Coast of the U.S.
839:
789:is said to be of this
540:molecular phylogenetic
374:
5449:Paleobiology Database
4515:(kagu and sunbittern)
4478:(gulls and relatives)
3483:Songlingornithiformes
3448:Omnivoropterygiformes
3161:at christyyuncker.com
2284:Conservation Genetics
2082:A Great Plains Reader
1393:Ocala National Forest
825:
622:, 1972) – Mississippi
563:The specific epithet
373:
352:(Linnaeus, 1758)
5299:Fauna Europaea (new)
4337:Phoenicopteriformes
3103:11 June 2013 at the
2977:"Mothman About Town"
2774:10.2139/ssrn.4373522
1991:19 July 2011 at the
1829:, eds. (July 2021).
1663:"Appendices | CITES"
1170:and mammals such as
465:great sandhill crane
5175:Antigone canadensis
5040:or Eurasian crane (
4882:Black crowned crane
4308:Mesitornithiformes
4302:(doves and pigeons)
3636:Families and orders
3498:Ichthyornithiformes
3473:Patagopterygiformes
3148:2 June 2019 at the
3057:at savingcranes.org
2579:2010JWMan..74..479P
2496:Harris, M. (2000).
2472:Cranes of the world
2405:The Sandhill Cranes
2313:on 20 February 2012
1857:Reichenbach, Ludwig
1620:Antigone canadensis
1454:Isla de la Juventud
1220:American alligators
634:Isla de la Juventud
421:Antigone canadensis
382:Antigone canadensis
328:Linnaeus, 1758
204:Antigone canadensis
48:Conservation status
5058:Black-necked crane
4892:Grey crowned crane
4650:(eagles and hawks)
4550:Procellariiformes
4455:Opisthocomiformes
4424:Steatornithiformes
3651:List by population
3488:Hongshanornithidae
3413:Evolution of birds
3154:Oregon Field Guide
2686:chicagotribune.com
2510:Schoenberg, Nara.
2036:Johnsgard, Paul A.
1825:; Donsker, David;
1553:Wall, South Dakota
1535:Endangered Species
1522:In popular culture
1406:Sandhill crane at
840:
745:Kissimmee, Florida
558:Ludwig Reichenbach
495:area of Canada by
475:through annually.
375:
261:& Zappey, 1905
186:A. canadensis
5570:
5569:
5436:Open Tree of Life
5137:Taxon identifiers
5106:
5105:
5091:
5090:
5018:Red-crowned crane
4963:White-naped crane
4905:
4904:
4803:
4802:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4536:(loons or divers)
4505:Phaethontiformes
4497:Phaethontimorphae
4447:Opisthocomiformes
4416:Caprimulgiformes
4356:
4355:
4345:Podicipediformes
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
3982:
3981:
3765:
3764:
3722:Struthioniformes
3590:Waterfowl hunting
3523:Gastornithiformes
3518:Aepyornithiformes
3508:Lithornithiformes
3073:Sandhill Crane –
3033:"Sandhill Crane (
2498:"Grus canadensis"
2345:"Sandhill Cranes"
2277:; Aves: Gruidae)"
2061:allaboutbirds.org
1962:978-0-8493-4258-5
1893:978-1-4081-2501-4
1827:Rasmussen, Pamela
1714:"Sandhill Cranes"
1482:Cranes in Britain
1355:Audubon Institute
1302:Mississippi River
1248:
1208:great horned owls
1019:Early Pleistocene
1011:million years ago
947:– ESA: endangered
731:, California, USA
444:, on the edge of
392:
365:
364:
336:Miller, 1910
296:
287:
283:
275:
262:
250:
237:
88:
71:
40:Sarasota, Florida
5645:
5588:Antigone (genus)
5563:
5562:
5550:
5549:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5518:Ardea canadensis
5509:
5508:
5496:
5495:
5483:
5482:
5470:
5469:
5457:
5456:
5444:
5443:
5431:
5430:
5418:
5417:
5415:NHMSYS0000530385
5405:
5404:
5392:
5391:
5379:
5378:
5366:
5365:
5353:
5352:
5340:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5216:
5215:
5203:
5202:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5132:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5078:Demoiselle crane
4916:
4915:
4912:(typical cranes)
4867:
4866:
4863:(crowned cranes)
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4767:
4766:
4755:
4754:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4680:Leptosomiformes
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4648:Accipitriformes
4643:
4622:
4621:(perching birds)
4614:
4606:
4598:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4542:Sphenisciformes
4537:
4516:
4508:
4487:
4479:
4476:Charadriiformes
4458:
4437:
4419:
4398:
4390:
4387:Musophagiformes
4382:
4367:
4366:
4348:
4340:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4243:
4230:
4008:
4007:
4004:
3997:
3910:
3903:
3867:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3771:
3770:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3558:Bird collections
3513:Dinornithiformes
3418:Darwin's finches
3408:Origin of flight
3348:Seabird breeding
3338:Sexual selection
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3125:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2954:Gettysburg Times
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2816:10.1676/09-174.1
2799:
2786:
2785:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2587:10.2193/2008-539
2562:
2556:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2351:. Archived from
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2306:. Archived from
2281:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2237:Brodkorb, Pierce
2233:
2224:
2223:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2099:
2093:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1908:"Sandhill Crane"
1904:
1898:
1897:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1613:
1579:
1569:
1459:
1451:
1424:British Columbia
1419:
1403:
1388:
1278:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1224:peregrine falcon
922:A. c. canadensis
848:A. c. canadensis
828:A. c. canadensis
768:
756:
740:
724:
583:A. c. canadensis
578:are recognised:
527:Ardea canadensis
469:A. c. canadensis
452:on the American
394:
393:
372:
353:
345:
344:Marsh, 1872
337:
329:
325:Ardea canadensis
310:
294:
286:Walkinshaw, 1965
285:
281:
269:
257:
244:
236:(Linnaeus, 1758)
235:
206:
103:
102:
82:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5638:Holarctic birds
5598:Birds of Canada
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5512:
5506:Grus-canadensis
5504:
5499:
5491:
5486:
5478:
5473:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5447:
5439:
5434:
5426:
5421:
5413:
5408:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5382:
5374:
5369:
5361:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5320:
5312:
5310:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5211:
5206:
5200:Grus_canadensis
5198:
5193:
5187:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5145:Grus canadensis
5139:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5099:List of species
5087:
4992:
4937:
4932:L. leucogeranus
4911:
4901:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4834:
4804:
4799:
4711:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4688:Bucerotiformes
4682:(cuckoo-roller)
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4640:Cathartiformes
4626:
4620:
4612:
4611:Psittaciformes
4604:
4596:
4581:
4575:
4574:Pelecaniformes
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4520:
4514:
4513:Eurypygiformes
4506:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4441:
4435:
4417:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4352:
4346:
4338:
4323:
4317:
4316:Pterocliformes
4309:
4301:
4252:
4241:
4228:
4213:
4137:
4096:
4034:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3958:
3931:
3908:
3901:
3861:
3860:
3848:
3847:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3754:Casuariiformes
3747:
3746:Apterygiformes
3739:
3731:
3723:
3700:
3685:
3656:Lists by region
3624:
3534:
3527:
3468:Chaoyangiformes
3453:Jeholornithidae
3427:
3391:Origin of birds
3377:
3358:Brood parasites
3304:
3234:
3221:
3211:
3150:Wayback Machine
3114:
3105:Wayback Machine
3075:Grus canadensis
3046:
3035:Grus canadensis
3028:
3026:Further reading
3023:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3009:. 19 April 2023
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2856:
2852:
2835:
2831:
2800:
2789:
2762:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2563:
2559:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2516:Chicago Tribune
2508:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2395:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2355:on 4 April 2019
2343:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2279:
2275:Grus canadensis
2269:
2256:
2234:
2227:
2212:10.2307/1364260
2193:
2187:
2183:
2168:10.2307/1364248
2149:
2143:
2139:
2128:Grus canadensis
2123:
2119:
2113:Wayback Machine
2100:
2096:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2042:Grus canadensis
2034:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2012:Wayback Machine
2003:
1999:
1993:Wayback Machine
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1874:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1820:
1813:
1776:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1739:Edwards, George
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1533:as part of the
1524:
1484:
1478:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1369:whooping cranes
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1241:
1235:can be killed.
1218:, and possibly
1144:
1131:
1082:
1073:
981:A. c. pratensis
939:A. c. pratensis
875:A. c. pratensis
860:Bergmann's rule
831:
820:
779:
772:
769:
760:
757:
748:
741:
732:
725:
643:
636:(Isle of Pines)
606:A. c. pratensis
506:Systema Naturae
481:
412:
411:
403:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:USFWS Recording
395:
388:
385:
376:
370:
351:
349:Grus canadensis
343:
335:
327:
293:
284:
268:
256:
243:
234:
219:
208:
202:
189:
97:
89:
72:
61:
57:
50:
24:Sandhill crane
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
5651:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5551:
5538:
5522:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5497:
5484:
5471:
5458:
5445:
5432:
5419:
5406:
5393:
5380:
5367:
5354:
5341:
5337:sandhill-crane
5331:
5318:
5308:
5295:
5286:Fauna Europaea
5282:
5269:
5256:
5243:
5230:
5217:
5204:
5191:
5180:
5165:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5128:
5127:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5065:
5062:G. nigricollis
5055:
5045:
5035:
5028:Whooping crane
5025:
5015:
5012:G. carunculata
5004:
5002:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4953:Sandhill crane
4949:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4928:Siberian crane
4924:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4878:
4876:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4696:Coraciiformes
4693:
4685:
4677:
4672:Trogoniformes
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:Passeriformes
4616:
4608:
4603:Falconiformes
4600:
4595:Cariamiformes
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4558:Ciconiiformes
4555:
4547:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4468:Cursorimorphae
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4333:
4331:
4329:Mirandornithes
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4300:Columbiformes
4296:
4294:
4292:Columbimorphae
4285:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4227:Meleagridinae
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4145:
4143:Odontophoridae
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4005:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:Stictonettinae
3919:
3917:Dendrocygninae
3914:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3870:
3868:
3851:
3838:
3795:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3702:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:Notable birds
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3620:Egg collecting
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Hesperornithes
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Ambiortiformes
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Enantiornithes
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3177:Paul Johnsgard
3168:
3162:
3156:
3140:
3126:
3112:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3044:External links
3042:
3041:
3040:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
2994:
2967:
2941:
2919:
2906:"沙丘鶴迷航台灣 轟動鳥界"
2897:
2886:on 11 May 2014
2871:
2850:
2829:
2810:(3): 556–562.
2787:
2751:
2729:
2708:
2698:
2672:
2650:
2628:
2600:
2573:(3): 479–488.
2557:
2528:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2393:
2366:
2336:
2332:Species Report
2324:
2290:(3): 203–218.
2254:
2225:
2206:(3): 126–127.
2181:
2137:
2117:
2106:Sandhill Crane
2094:
2073:
2048:
2028:
2016:
2005:Sandhill Crane
1997:
1986:Sandhill Crane
1978:
1974:Sandhill Crane
1966:
1946:
1924:
1899:
1892:
1868:
1848:
1811:
1790:(2): 440–452.
1770:
1759:Linnaeus, Carl
1750:
1730:
1705:
1694:. 1 April 2018
1679:
1654:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1523:
1520:
1512:Point Pleasant
1477:
1474:
1438:A. c. nesiotes
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1344:Yulee, Florida
1328:Gulf of Mexico
1306:subpopulations
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1143:
1140:
1130:
1127:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
992:control region
973:A. c. nesiotes
969:Grus americana
965:whooping crane
961:
960:
954:
948:
941:
935:
928:A. c. nesiotes
924:
911:Western Europe
887:A. c. nesiotes
819:
816:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
763:
761:
758:
751:
749:
742:
735:
733:
726:
719:
642:
639:
638:
637:
626:A. c. nesiotes
623:
613:
603:
593:
485:George Edwards
480:
477:
416:sandhill crane
402:
396:
386:
379:
378:
377:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
355:
354:
346:
338:
330:
319:
318:
312:
311:
303:
302:
298:
297:
288:
276:
263:
251:
247:F. A. A. Meyer
238:
226:
225:
221:
220:
209:
198:
197:
191:
190:
183:
181:
177:
176:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
77:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5650:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:Birds of Cuba
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5126:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5100:
5094:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5022:G. japonensis
5019:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5008:Wattled crane
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4957:A. canadensis
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4796:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:Strigiformes
4654:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4507:(tropicbirds)
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4429:Podargiformes
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:Cuculiformes
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:Macrocephalon
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3964:Anseranatidae
3961:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:Tinamiformes
3736:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:Palaeognathae
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Pigeon racing
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:Archaeopteryx
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2929:
2923:
2907:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2868:(9): 322–323.
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:Birding World
2854:
2847:(3): 105–109.
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:British Birds
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2739:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2638:
2632:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2554:84-87334-20-2
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:Johnsgard PA.
2373:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2090:0-8032-3802-9
2087:
2083:
2077:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Forever stamp
1529:
1519:
1517:
1516:West Virginia
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:New Brunswick
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:American mink
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:genetic drift
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:G. canadensis
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Late Pliocene
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
988:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
955:
953:
949:
946:
942:
940:
936:
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
834:
829:
824:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:Fossil record
767:
762:
755:
750:
746:
739:
734:
730:
723:
718:
717:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
656:
652:
648:
635:
631:
627:
624:
621:
617:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
591:Baffin Island
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
577:
572:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
530:
528:
525:
524:binomial name
521:
520:
516:
512:
511:tenth edition
508:
507:
502:
501:Carl Linnaeus
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
458:nominotypical
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
410:
408:
384:
383:
361:
360:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
322:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
300:and see text
295:Aldrich, 1972
292:
289:
280:
277:
273:
267:
264:
260:
255:
252:
248:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
227:
222:
217:
213:
207:
205:
199:
196:
195:Binomial name
192:
188:
187:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
80:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5623:Wading birds
5517:
5144:
5081:
5072:G. paradisea
5071:
5061:
5051:
5048:Hooded crane
5041:
5038:Common crane
5032:G. americana
5031:
5021:
5011:
4997:
4987:A. rubicunda
4986:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4931:
4920:Leucogeranus
4919:
4896:B. regulorum
4895:
4885:
4871:
4861:Balearicinae
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4666:(mousebirds)
4664:Coliiformes
4534:Gaviiformes
4526:Aequornithes
4434:Apodiformes
4395:Otidiformes
4371:Otidimorphae
4318:(sandgrouse)
4240:Phasianinae
4206:
4199:
4192:
4187:Odontophorus
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4025:Oreophasinae
3971:
3951:
3944:
3849:(waterfowls)
3845:Anseriformes
3595:Cockfighting
3580:Conservation
3575:Bird feeding
3563:Birdwatching
3553:Ornithomancy
3493:Gansuiformes
3440:
3433:Fossil birds
3323:Intelligence
3171:
3119:
3074:
3034:
3011:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:the original
2874:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2807:
2803:
2765:
2742:. Retrieved
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2603:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2543:
2539:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2380:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:the original
2348:
2339:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2287:
2283:
2274:
2251:(3): 99–220.
2248:
2244:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2162:(1): 25–32.
2159:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2120:
2097:
2081:
2076:
2066:30 September
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2000:
1981:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1834:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1631:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1543:
1539:Joel Sartore
1534:
1525:
1485:
1463:
1446:Zapata Swamp
1437:
1435:
1377:conspecifics
1366:
1363:
1348:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1300:east of the
1295:
1229:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1083:
1074:
1065:last ice age
1057:
1053:A. c. rowani
1052:
1046:
1042:G. pratensis
1041:
1037:
990:Analysis of
989:
985:
980:
977:A. c. rowani
976:
972:
968:
962:
958:A. c. tabida
957:
952:A. c. rowani
951:
944:
938:
934:: endangered
927:
921:
915:
886:
874:
866:
864:
856:A. c. rowani
855:
852:A. c. tabida
851:
847:
841:
827:
812:Grus haydeni
811:
797:
780:
702:
682:
678:
663:
659:
644:
625:
615:
605:
596:A. c. tabida
595:
582:
573:
569:modern Latin
564:
562:
551:
548:monophyletic
544:polyphyletic
533:
531:
526:
517:
504:
503:updated his
488:
482:
468:
464:
454:Great Plains
442:Platte River
440:such as the
420:
419:
415:
413:
404:
381:
356:
348:
341:Grus proavus
340:
332:
324:
299:
290:
278:
272:J. L. Peters
265:
253:
240:
231:
203:
201:
185:
184:
172:
18:
5358:iNaturalist
5169:Wikispecies
4977:A. antigone
4973:Sarus crane
4886:B. pavonina
4794:WikiProject
4704:Piciformes
4587:Australaves
4566:Suliformes
4484:Gruiformes
4339:(flamingos)
4248:Tetraoninae
4219:Phasianidae
4208:Rhynchortyx
4173:Dactylortyx
4040:Megapodidae
4030:Penelopinae
3988:Galliformes
3730:Rheiformes
3724:(ostriches)
3674:individuals
3548:Ornithology
3535:interaction
3290:Preen gland
2691:21 November
2665:22 February
2643:22 February
2621:2 September
1912:iNaturalist
1823:Gill, Frank
1076:thousands.
945:A. c. pulla
907:South Korea
867:A. c. pulla
808:Pleistocene
709:Albuquerque
641:Description
616:A. c. pulla
497:James Isham
224:Subspecies
81:Appendix II
5577:Categories
5501:Xeno-canto
5068:Blue crane
5052:G. monacha
4845:Gruiformes
4544:(penguins)
4397:(bustards)
4235:Perdicinae
4180:Dendrortyx
4152:Callipepla
4084:Megapodius
4049:Aepypodius
3927:Tadorninae
3909:true geese
3740:(tinamous)
3699:Neornithes
3610:Pheasantry
3585:Aviculture
3353:Incubation
3343:Lek mating
3175:(2014) by
2987:18 January
2981:Snopes.com
2930:. CBC News
2433:, 137–143.
2389:0803234961
2317:9 December
1841:14 October
1672:14 January
1603:References
1480:See also:
1470:feral pigs
1332:parapatric
1314:snow geese
1298:extirpated
1188:California
1150:, such as
1123:amphibians
1095:cottonseed
1023:Glaciation
713:New Mexico
666:subspecies
610:Meyer, FAA
600:Peters, JL
576:subspecies
565:canadensis
493:Hudson Bay
461:subspecies
407:media help
333:Grus minor
282:(disputed)
152:Gruiformes
5533:Q28114136
4873:Balearica
4613:(parrots)
4457:(hoatzin)
4408:Strisores
4389:(turacos)
4381:(cuckoos)
4310:(mesites)
4229:(turkeys)
4201:Philortyx
4118:Agelastes
4111:Acryllium
4102:Numididae
4091:Talegalla
4001:gamebirds
3994:landfowls
3973:Anseranas
3937:Anhimidae
3896:Anserinae
3679:fictional
3401:dinosaurs
3396:Theropoda
3383:Evolution
3328:Migration
3310:Behaviour
2960:21 August
2912:18 August
2782:257304092
2334:. fws.gov
1667:cites.org
1647:3 January
1544:Photo Ark
1492:Fair Isle
1466:mongooses
1442:provinces
1410:, Florida
1373:imprinted
1351:cryogenic
1142:Predators
1035:monotypic
1031:subfossil
1006:subarctic
998:haplotype
560:in 1853.
473:migrating
450:Sandhills
428:of large
180:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
5527:Wikidata
5462:Species+
5402:22692078
5376:11118377
5239:59009046
5213:22692078
5208:BirdLife
5154:Wikidata
5082:G. virgo
4967:A. vipio
4944:Antigone
4758:Category
4632:Afroaves
4560:(storks)
4362:Passerea
4347:(grebes)
4283:Columbea
4194:Oreortyx
4166:Cyrtonyx
4056:Alectura
4020:Cracinae
4012:Cracidae
3889:Oxyurini
3879:Aythyini
3874:Anatinae
3858:Anatidae
3605:Falconry
3568:big year
3423:Seabirds
3333:Foraging
3280:Feathers
3146:Archived
3101:Archived
2983:. Snopes
2934:25 April
2824:86701226
2595:85089032
2521:10 March
2443:216-220.
2304:13628428
2239:(1967).
2133:Archived
2109:Archived
2038:(1983).
2008:Archived
1989:Archived
1917:25 April
1859:(1853).
1806:85412892
1761:(1758).
1741:(1750).
1723:18 April
1586:See also
1496:Shetland
1488:vagrants
1476:Vagrancy
1426:, Canada
1200:raccoons
1129:Breeding
1119:reptiles
1105:, small
1071:Behavior
1004:and the
895:Beringia
804:Pliocene
787:Nebraska
697:thermals
695:. Using
587:Linnaeus
553:Antigone
538:, but a
509:for the
479:Taxonomy
446:Nebraska
357:and see
316:Synonyms
212:Linnaeus
173:Antigone
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
5547:4408490
5327:2474953
5160:Q503804
5042:G. grus
4910:Gruinae
4853:Gruidae
4847:·
4770:Commons
4274:Neoaves
4159:Colinus
4125:Guttera
4063:Eulipoa
3884:Mergini
3748:(kiwis)
3732:(rheas)
3543:Ringing
3368:Hybrids
3363:Nesting
3318:Singing
3295:Plumage
3270:Dactyly
3240:Anatomy
3230:Outline
3220:: Aves)
2744:21 June
2722:21 June
2575:Bibcode
2379:(2011)
2359:14 June
2220:1364260
2176:1364248
1508:Mothman
1233:coyotes
1216:bobcats
1192:coyotes
1180:racoons
1176:coyotes
1168:raptors
1164:jaegers
1148:Corvids
1111:insects
1107:mammals
1103:berries
1099:sorghum
1067:ended.
1061:evolved
1027:ice age
979:, with
883:Georgia
879:Florida
869:of the
791:species
685:soaring
670:culmens
647:plumage
620:Aldrich
567:is the
438:habitat
434:Siberia
426:species
424:) is a
274:, 1925)
249:, 1794)
168:Genus:
162:Gruidae
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
66: (
5560:882949
5493:422601
5454:105730
5441:257929
5389:176177
5363:508048
5334:GNAB:
5311:FEIS:
5273:EURING
5265:100796
5252:GRUSCA
5188:sancra
5111:Portal
4983:Brolga
4849:family
4837:Cranes
4782:Portal
4658:(owls)
4132:Numida
4070:Leipoa
3953:Chauna
3946:Anhima
3641:Genera
3615:Imping
3533:Human
3373:Colony
3300:Vision
3285:Flight
3133:Canada
3129:Stamps
3013:11 May
2890:18 May
2822:
2780:
2593:
2552:
2387:
2302:
2218:
2199:Condor
2174:
2155:Condor
2088:
1960:
1890:
1804:
1698:28 May
1500:Taiwan
1212:eagles
1206:, and
1196:ravens
1184:Oregon
1152:ravens
1121:, and
1115:snails
1097:, and
1002:Arctic
903:Mexico
885:, and
844:clinal
783:fossil
693:eagles
463:, the
5555:WoRMS
5488:WoRMS
5428:40820
5371:IRMNG
5291:96754
5260:EUNIS
5226:3HFDD
5125:Birds
4841:order
3902:swans
3864:ducks
3834:fowls
3629:Lists
3253:Brain
3218:class
3214:Birds
3131:(for
2820:S2CID
2778:S2CID
2612:(PDF)
2591:S2CID
2311:(PDF)
2300:S2CID
2280:(PDF)
2216:JSTOR
2194:(PDF)
2172:JSTOR
2150:(PDF)
2092:p. 84
1802:S2CID
1559:Notes
1172:foxes
1160:gulls
1156:crows
1091:wheat
995:mtDNA
795:genus
689:hawks
674:tarsi
655:bills
651:ochre
630:Bangs
574:Five
519:Ardea
515:genus
430:crane
259:Bangs
85:CITES
79:CITES
5542:GBIF
5480:7768
5467:7937
5423:NCBI
5397:IUCN
5384:ITIS
5322:GBIF
5314:grca
5278:4360
5247:EPPO
4999:Grus
3275:Eggs
3263:milk
3258:Crop
3248:Beak
3137:Cuba
3015:2023
2989:2017
2962:2011
2936:2022
2914:2021
2892:2013
2746:2013
2724:2013
2693:2017
2667:2017
2645:2017
2623:2019
2550:ISBN
2523:2020
2385:ISBN
2361:2019
2319:2018
2086:ISBN
2068:2020
1958:ISBN
1919:2024
1888:ISBN
1843:2021
1725:2023
1700:2022
1674:2022
1649:2023
1632:2021
1574:and
1468:and
1432:Cuba
1186:and
1178:and
1154:and
1087:corn
1080:Diet
975:and
901:and
891:Cuba
881:and
799:Grus
691:and
535:Grus
414:The
359:text
216:1758
142:Aves
5475:TSA
5410:NBN
5345:IBC
5234:EoL
5221:CoL
5195:ADW
5184:ABA
2812:doi
2808:122
2770:doi
2706:FL.
2583:doi
2540:In:
2292:doi
2208:doi
2164:doi
1792:doi
1788:127
1784:Auk
1636:doi
1551:in
1541:'s
1422:In
1342:in
1085:as
1017:or
932:ESA
889:of
877:of
448:'s
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3118:.
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2843:.
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2806:.
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2776:.
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2247:.
2243:.
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2214:.
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2170:.
2160:46
2158:.
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1800:.
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1630:.
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1555:.
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1458:c.
1450:c.
1361:.
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1021:.
930:–
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4985:(
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