1169:
then-Commissioner
Sanderson was hardly fond of Tibet's ways either. In light of confluent claims to sovereignty for multiple decades, there appeared to be significant confusion on the location of the actual border and it was agreed upon to have the Bhotias recognize themselves as British subjects at the earliest and stall Tibetan intrigues by themselves.However, the Bhotias hardly cared for British interests and went about defending the payment of land-taxes as a tradition, to secure their relations with Tibet. A direct proposal was also floated before the Tibetan Governor who rejected it outright. As the trade got severely affected, the Government restricted Tibet from venturing to its territories for collection of taxes but allowed them to charge the Bhotias in their own territory – of whatever form.
1251:, p. 29: then explains why: "Our case is that Barahoti is an area of about one and a half square miles. We have given the exact position of this area with reference to its latitude and longitude. The Chinese have not defined which area they mean by Wu-Je. After a good deal of arguments all that they have vouchsafed is that it is an area south of Tunjun-la about 15 kms north to south and 10 kms east to west. This does not define the exact location of the area. If the Chinese claim were conceded, the international boundary would lie south in what is undoubtedly Indian territory. The Chinese are apparently keen on a local enquiry because they will thereby be in a position to define the exact borders of the area which they are claiming."
1435:, p. 343: "It is impossible to enter Tibet from Johar without passing over three passes, the country being like a spread-out fan, with the Untadhura as the handle. Having crossed the Untadhura two passes face the traveller, the eastern being the Janti , 17,000 ft., which leads to the Kungri Bingri, 18,300 ft. If traders adopt this route, which they almost invariably do in going to Tibet, all three passes must be crossed without stopping, a journey which occupies a day and a night for goats and sheep, because there is no fuel en route and the cold is so great as seriously to affect baggage animals."
1061:
likely a tactic to map their claims. He also found out India's case to be far stronger than he had presumed, and while India had nothing to lose from accepting a southward shift of border at
Barahoti, there were far integral issues at play — China sought to reject all British maps as tools of colonial knowledge and repudiate the principle of watershed. If India conceded once, it would be hard to negotiate other border disputes. He then sought Nehru's consent to have civil officials regularly visit Barahoti, that China did not accept India's proposal to prohibit such visits.
62:
285:
92:
297:
337:, with a narrow gorge in the middle. The northwestern half of the ridge line is the Hoti ridge, separating the Niti valley and the Hoti river valley. The southeastern half is the ridge that bounds the Girthi Ganga valley. The narrow gorge between the two halves houses the Girthi Ganga river and was said to have been impassable for human travellers. The only access traditionally was over the bounding ridges via mountain passes.
162:
99:
69:
1005:. China requested India to withdraw all troops from the area. India responded that the troops were stationed at the Barahoti plain, which is "south-east of the Niti Pass and in Indian territory". India also pointed out that some Tibetan officials had attempted to enter Barahoti without proper documents. These accusations and counter-accusations would proliferate over the next three years.
997:, India had proposed to include 22 border-passes with China, including the Niti Pass, Tunjun La, Marhi La, Shalshal Pass and Kungri Bingri pass. China is believed to have objected to them and, in the end, only the Niti Pass and Kungri Bingri Pass in the vicinity of the Barahoti area were included. This left the door open for China to contest the areas below the other passes.
972:(IB) prepared a note titled "Border Disputes and Collection of Taxes by Tibetans in Garhwal District". It stated that there appeared to be a border dispute regarding the Barahoti plain. After recounting the history during the British Raj, it remarked that Tibetans appear to have reestablished a post at Barahoti in the recent years. It recounted an incident in 1951, when the
846:
policy was warmly welcomed by
Bhotias and met with success. However, that Tibet collected a variety of taxes (incl. land tax) from these areas, Lushington was soon advised to assert territorial sovereignty; he refused to tamper with "long established" customs lest it fomented a needless enmity with Tibet and affected the trade.
1077:
charges of carrying arms. Later that year, according to Indian
Government, once winter set in and Indian border posts were dismantled, two adjacent areas (on east and west) —Lapthal and Sangchamalla— were intruded by Chinese troops only for China to claim all the three places (individually) next year.
901:
However, back in the
Foreign Office, Undersecretary G. R. Irwin (and others) deemed of it to be an encroachment which ought not be tolerated and a 200 strong column of sepoys was dispatched from Sobha around early November, 1889. But by the time they reached Barahoti —late November— winter was in its
490:
In addition to the main pasture, sources also speak of the "Barahoti bowl", which appears to include the entire drainage basin of the Hoti river, which contains several smaller pastures. The
Chinese diplomats refer to it as "Wu-Je" (or Wure) and describe it as 15 km long (along the border ridge)
1030:
The next year, as the area became approachable with the advent of summer and yet simmering for dispute, Beijing proposed that a joint-expedition to these areas be mounted. It further suggested that both the sides agree to not send any troops until the cartographic dispute was resolved via diplomatic
1080:
On 23 January 1959, in a letter to Nehru, Zhou regretted the delay in arriving at a settlement about Wu-je, being hampered by the lack of on-spot investigations; he went on to refer to all relevant disputes as "minor affairs", which were impossible to avoid pending a formal delineation of boundary.
1034:
A week later India accepted the proposal but it was subject to China accepting Tunjun-la as the border. Some futile negotiations notwithstanding, neither parties budged and around
October, the investigation was dropped. However, India accepted the clause of not using forces and China affirmed it in
300:
Map 2: Dhauliganga River basin; the river cuts through the crest of the
Himalaya indicated by the glaciated ridge line (shaded light blue). Passes are marked in blue. Not marked on this map are also Mahri la & Shalshal la passes between Tunjun la & Sangcha pass, and Balcha-Dhura la between
1222:
A few months later, Nehru would again defend his choice of keeping
Barahoti undefended in winter — anybody who was stationed at Barahoti in winter, was to be cutoff from the rest of India for about seven months and such drastic measures were hardly warranted. He went on to emphasise that people do
1013:
On 28 June, India alleged that
Chinese troops were camping at Hoti without proper documents. China rejected the claims and a fortnight later, complained about twenty five Indian troops having "crossed into Wu-je" around 25 June to construct fortifications, close to their garrison. In a reply, MEA
905:
C. W. Brown, in his magnum opus on Tibetan-Bhotia trade, feels Britain to have had fundamentally misunderstood Tibet's actions. Lhasa had gone about its usual practice of vesting ordinary natives (typically two to four) from its frontier villages as messengers to declare the trading session open,
1017:
In mid-August, India noted that a Tibetan official had trespassed into Hoti to collect grazing taxes from Indian herdsmen only to meet with a refutation and counter-claims of Indian troops having crossed into Wu-je and engaging in "reconnaissance activities on the Chinese Garrison". In November,
980:
took umbrage at Indian traders setting up trade at the Hoti plain and even served them notices. The IB went on to criticize the absence of Garhwal authorities in the region and speculated that, if the Tibetans were allowed to continue their activity, they might eventually claim the territory. It
922:
to deal with these intrusions strictly, and enforce territorial claims at Barahoti. Two days later, on the basis of a letter from the local patwari (Durga Dutta), the ministry evaluated that Tibet had acknowledged British sovereignty over Barahoti, and only engaged in routine cross-border trade.
914:
In early June 1890, a few Tibetans were back at Barahoti and a picket was reestablished. To and fro discussions proliferated within the concerned ministry about tackling the issue though some doubted whether it was a cause, significant enough to pursue. However, the government soon perceived the
845:
Frontier villages in the Kumaon —that served as important conduits in the trans-Tibetan trade of Bhotias— were exempted from paying any taxes to the British authority at the behest of then-commissioner G. T. Lushington, c. late 1842. By and large a fiscal tactic to revitalise a thawed trade, the
1076:
Hardly had the talks ended, than China complained of armed Indian officials arriving in the area on July 8. India deemed it to be routine "revenue settlement operations" by Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, mounted only as a reciprocation to China sending their civil officials on 29 June but rejected the
1060:
The talks failed with Dutt highlighting, in particular, about how China refused to divulge the precise geographic coordinates of Wu-je —vaguely defined as south of Tunjun-la; ran for 15 km (north to south) and 10 km (east to west)— and instead proposed a joint-investigation, which was
1113:
In 2013, the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand told New Delhi that 37 incursion attempts had been made between 2007 and 2012 in Barahoti. In contrast, an IB note had documented 120 intrusions across 2010 and 2011. Transgressions have been reported by the Indian media almost every year. Small Hindu
1084:
In May 1959, Nehru claimed in the Lower House of Parliament that as Indian troops made to Barahoti in summer (c. a couple of weeks back), they did not spot any Chinese forces and as of then, the only inhabitants were an unarmed police party from the Uttar Pradesh Government. He emphasised that
984:
The Ministry of External Affairs however believed that the Tibetan officials's actions were due to suffering loss of revenue as the Indian traders were not using the customary trading location at Nabra in Tibet. The State Government disagreed that any "encroachment" had taken place in any area
869:
remarked the area to be claimed by Tibet, despite lying within the watershed (and falling within Britain's understanding of their boundary with Tibet). He went on to note that the native Bhotias had hardly any ideas about the precise boundaries, and found the issue unworthy of any settlement —
897:
of the adjacent Tibetan province about violations of boundary via two of the intruding Tibetans themselves (Jampal and Panda) but the letter was returned without being opened, a few days later. Soon, commissioner Erskine confirmed that a Tibetan customs-house was operating in what was British
1168:
In 1884, one major-general G.N. Channer went on a hunting trip and came across Tibet collecting land-taxes from (what was apparently) British territory. Since about 1895, he would take up this cause and repeatedly urge his higher-ups to terminate "the malpractices of the Thibetan Jongpen";
1000:
On 17 July 1954, two months after signing the agreement, China lodged an official complaint about thirty Indian troops invading into "Wu-je of the Ali area of the Tibet region of China". It claimed that they had crossed Niti Pass in order to do so, which was said to be in violation of the
1642:, pp. 18-19: 'The most ironic part of the story was that the Chinese were confused about the exact location of Wu-Je. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated: "none of our troops or personnel have crossed north of the Niti pass, as verbally mentioned by the Chinese Counsellor."'
926:
In November, the Deputy Collector of Kumaon (Dharma Nand Joshi) was sent down to convince the Serji about the alignment of international boundary along a series of mountain-passes and the watershed, running north of Barahoti. However, he was suggested to take his concerns to Lhasa.
261:. It is disputed by China, which also disputes a 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) area surrounding it. The entire disputed area also goes by the name "Barahoti", or sometimes "Barahoti–Sangchamalla–Lapthal disputed area". The entire area is on the Ganges side of the
959:
According to India, that Tibet failed to raise any objections, the principle of acquiescence applies. China rejects this interpretation. Shatra had only wished to "investigate the matter" and Tibet continued to send troops for years, implying a rejection of Bell's arguments.
1018:
India reiterated its previous claims, reemphasized that Barahoti laid 2 miles south of the pass, and blamed the Chinese for intruding into Barahoti and setting up camps close to Indian forces; it also noted that an Indian detachment had spotted Chinese Forces camping about
985:
barring the odd Tibetan tax-collectors, who nonetheless went back on persuasion. Highlighting the difficulty of arranging any meaningful defence at such remote high altitude locations, it hoped for a quick diplomatic resolution to avoid such sporadic "embarrassment".
324:
The three large pastures of Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangcha lie within this region. The region is bounded in the northeast by a continuous ridge with passes called Niti, Tunjun, Marhi, Shalshal, Balcha and Kungri Bingri, beyond which lay the "great plateau of
935:
In 1905, Charles A Sherring, a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (and Deputy Commissioner in the Indian Civil Services) toured across Western Tibet from India. He noted of Barahoti to lie in Indian territory, and the border pass at Tunjun-la.
321:. Here the ridge that might have otherwise formed the watershed, is broken through by the Girthi Ganga river and its tributaries (the Hoti and Lapthal rivers) and, therefore, the watershed is thrown to the northeast by about 10 miles. (Maps 1 and 2)
1056:
that India agree to hold a conference — it would allow a glimpse into the workings of Chinese mind on at least one border-dispute even if India were to accept the superiority of Chinese claims. Accordingly, one was held from 19 April to 3 May 1958.
1212:
A couple of months earlier, The Ministry of Defence itself had noted of such difficulties in its comments on the situation in Nilang/Jadhang. It urged the MEA to claim only those disputed territories which could be "effectively protected or
870:"geographers on both sides may left to put the boundary in their maps where they please". The following year, he would pass through Barahoti into Tibet via the Tunjun-la pass and consider it to be British territory in his maps.
923:
However, the letter was "not lucidly written" and officials proposed that a civil officer be sent to the disputed territory for dual purposes of conducting a detailed investigation as well as enforcing territorial sovereignty.
1085:
pending renewal of negotiations on a rather minor affair, the territory was being considered as a neutral zone and the government did not plan on tackling the characteristic winter aggression of China by stationing forces.
1014:
emphasised that such steps were only taken in Barahoti and expressed doubt about the exact location of Wu-je — Chinese ambassador had noted it to lie 12 miles north of Tunjun-La while Barahoti laid south of the pass.
849:
Lushington died six years later but his policies would be practised for about the next fifty years despite occasional disturbances, as at Barahoti. K. Gopalachari, an Indian officer of the Historical Division of the
772:) into Tibet. The Bhotiya traders of the Johar valley in Pithoragarh have traditionally used this route for their trade with Tibet. Some traders would also cross into the Lapthal valley via Kyungar La and reach the
1731:
1392:
1031:
channels. However, it asserted of "historical records" bearing evidence to the fact of Tunjun-la being in Chinese territory, rather than some border pass. A memorandum was submitted to these effects on 8 June.
892:
The local Patwari (Durga Dutt), unable to resist the intrusion, intimated the Commissioner of Kumaon Division who in turn, informed the Foreign Office. Also, Dutt arranged for a letter to be dispatched to the
1121:
notes that Barahoti remains a forgotten non-state space and is hardly visible in local discourse — it is primarily used by the Bhotiya tribesmen and their Tibetan counterparts as a grazing ground.
1753:
276:
Barahoti was the first location in Indian territory claimed by China in 1954. In 1960, China added Lapthal and Sangchamalla to the dispute and said that three places formed one composite area.
1035:
February 1957. Thus, no disputes would arise throughout the year. Later that year, China would again raise requests for holding a conference (followed by a joint-investigation) on Barahoti.
1819:
725:). It has two named campsites, Sangcha-talla and Sancha-malla ("lower and upper Sangcha"), the latter of which entered the Chinese nomenclature as "Barahoti–Lapthal–Sangchamalla area".
881:
Tibetan intrusions into Barahoti were first reported in June 1888 — explorer Kishan Singh observed some ten or twelve Tibetans to have set up a camp, locally known as the Guard House.
1800:
902:
peak, and Tibetans had long retreated back. Major Pulley remarked that Barahoti exhibited not a sign of life and it was hard for him to imagine a more desolate and inhabitable place.
2038:
833:
in 1737 — support that the boundary lay just north of Barahoti, in the opinion of India. In contrast, China interprets the documents to regard Barahoti (Wu-je) as part of
1408:
407:(or Yong Gad). The main pasture is on the northeastern face of the Hoti ridge. It can be crossed from the Niti valley via two passes, the Chor Hoti pass (5360m,
906:
collect due trade-taxes from a temporary outpost, and prevent non-complying (Bhotiya) traders from entering into Tibet. There was no motive to usurp territory.
253:), located in the 'middle sector' of the disputed Sino-Indian border, is a 1.5 square miles (3.9 km) sloping plain situated in the Indian state of
1118:
1068:
about how the Chinese delegation failed to provide any material evidence contrary to the "extensive documentary evidence", submitted by Indian side.
956:
about Barahoti lying within British territory; the border was claimed to pass through Tunjun-la pass and a map was provided to the same effect.
889:
A near-similar event occurred around September 1889 and they even compelled the touring Assistant Commissioner of Kumaon to withdraw to safety.
873:
In 1866, surveyor Nain Singh had noted of Lhasa's frontier-camp to be situated at Lapthal — he was interrogated about the purpose of his visit.
1137:
This map shows a ridge to the north of the Girthi Ganga river, but omits the ridge to its south. The omitted ridge is the one indicated in the
487:). The Chor Hoti pass leads to the valley of Rimkim Gad, at the bottom of which (known as Rimkhim) India currently has a border police post.
735:
1183:
1349:
688:
779:
450:
124:
591:
551:
410:
366:
1186:
had set up a camp in Barahoti running between June and September. Two members of the P.A.C. even helped them to climb Pt. 17,750.
637:
500:
1150:
It is northeast by compass direction. But sources often refer to it as "north", and the other directions in a corresponding way.
2109:
2104:
2010:
1990:
1929:
1088:
in 1960, China would claim the composite area spanning across the three places were included in '59 as disputed territories.
981:
supported the idea of the Deputy Commissioner visiting Barahoti annually with an armed escort and hoisting the Indian flag.
61:
851:
1561:
359:
pasture is a sloping plain that is said to be 1.5 square miles (3.9 km) in area. It is about 4 km southwest of
1778:
1483:"Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties: Britain's nineteenth-century Indian empire in the Kumaon Himalaya"
2114:
1374:
1310:
544:) is a large pasture towards the eastern end of the bowl. It is on the bank of the Lapthal river (or Kio Gad) in the
2083:
2077:
2073:
1842:
333:(LAC) between India and China lies on this ridge. To the southwest of the region is the ridge line mentioned in the
855:
1380:: "We skirted Bara Hoti, a bowl at about 16,000 feet between Chorhoti Pass on our side and Tanjun La on theirs."
728:
A side route from the Unta Dhura pass leads to the top of the Girthi Ganga valley, where there is a pass called
1278:
681:) is a third pasture in the bowl, northeast of Lapthal, on a tributary of a stream called Jhangu Gad below the
2051:
1159:
The extent of its contribution, amidst a spectrum of realpolitik factors, to the revitalisation is debatable.
340:
Further southwest of the region are the glaciated high ridges of Himalaya, one in the west (belonging to the
1106:
The border continue to be undemarcated in the area and the plains remain a demilitarised zone patrolled by
1456:"Territorial Evidence Offered", Delhi ISI in English to Abroad 7 January 1963, Pages P-8 through P-10, in
313:
is "a simple longitudinal range" for the most part, but its structure is a little complicated between the
91:
1179:
969:
1107:
2099:
1732:"Barahoti a disputed area, no clear demarcation which part belongs to China or India: Uttarakhand CM"
1393:"Barahoti a disputed area, no clear demarcation which part belongs to China or India: Uttarakhand CM"
289:
1254:
548:
of Kumaon. It is accessed from the Johar Valley of the Pithoragarh district via Unta Dhura (5350m,
1865:
1458:
309:(1884) states that the watershed that forms the boundary between India and Tibet in the region of
919:
915:
traders to be acting on behalf of Tibet in that they enforced certain "bonds" on natives. Brown.
17:
2039:"Whether Bara Hoti or Doka La, India must resist China's advances on ground, learn from history"
1114:
shrines, established by Indian patrol parties, have reportedly been pulled down multiple times.
330:
270:
1110:
who do not carry firearms. As per an agreement in 2005, firearms in the area are not allowed.
1919:
1288:
292:(1851); the pastures Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangcha lie in the oval shaped bowl at the right.
2119:
994:
545:
8:
1754:"Amidst India-China standoff, security agencies keeping close eye on Barahoti in U'khand"
1316:; See also "The Unnecessary Controversy of Lapthal and Sangchamalla", Claude Arpi's blog.
953:
949:
1967:
1906:
1512:
1022:
miles South of Niti Pass, in Damzan. Finally, winter brought an end to these disputes.
834:
2020:
2006:
1986:
1959:
1925:
1910:
1898:
1854:
1516:
1504:
1370:
1306:
284:
1951:
1890:
1494:
1053:
945:
866:
674:
537:
491:
and 10 km wide. Indian news reports also mention an 80 square kilometre-area.
258:
236:
1223:
not get emotionally attached to disputes that were inherited as a colonial legacy.
2000:
1980:
859:
1894:
830:
1499:
1482:
2093:
1963:
1902:
1878:
1508:
1196:
795:
781:
751:
737:
704:
690:
653:
639:
607:
593:
567:
553:
516:
502:
466:
452:
426:
412:
382:
368:
139:
126:
1801:"Chinese incursions: 10 things to know about Uttarakhand's Barahoti border"
1049:
296:
1774:
1200:
977:
349:
310:
254:
187:
1971:
1939:
1065:
345:
318:
1303:
Tibet: When the Gods Spoke – India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 3
314:
207:
202:
1955:
894:
588:), through the Girthi Ganga valley, and the Kyungar La pass (5250m,
973:
1351:
Boundary Dispute of Barahoti Bowl in Central Sector: An Assessment
177:
1921:
The Himalayan Face-Off: Chinese Assertion and the Indian Riposte
829:
Two land-deeds —one sanctioned by P'olha in 1729 and another by
266:
262:
244:
341:
167:
898:
territory, but felt no need to raise any hullaballoo over.
326:
1866:"Barahoti—On Sino-Indian Border: An Historical Appraisal"
2025:, T. G. Longstaff, Edward Arnold – via archive.org
1820:"Intelligence Bureau report exposes intrusions by China"
1587:
1585:
1544:
1542:
1266:
1438:
2080:(Himalayas), OpenStreetMap, retrieved 1 February 2022.
1708:
1696:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1609:
1597:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1539:
1725:
1723:
1779:"The case of Barahoti, the first Himalayan blunder"
1684:
1657:
1621:
1567:
1463:, United States. Central Intelligence Agency, 1963
1460:Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 5-6
1414:
1720:
1203:when it was split off from Uttar Pradesh in 2000.
2091:
1562:Three months in Upper Garhwal and adjacent Tibet
1244:
1242:
1240:
348:Group). Between the two lies the valley of the
2036:
1530:
1528:
1526:
288:Map 1: The Barahoti disputed area in a map by
1237:
1195:The Barahoti region was part of the state of
918:On 29 June the Government decided to ask the
344:Group) and one in the east (belonging to the
1859:, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
1769:
1767:
1409:View: Signs of trouble in central sector too
1263:, Chapter 2, Sec. "Boundary Question Today".
2086:, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 1 February 2022.
1876:
1747:
1745:
1534:
1523:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1343:
1341:
1272:
1184:Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary
858:, notes Barahoti to have had paid taxes to
1794:
1792:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1182:and R. Greenwood noted that, in 1951, the
1856:The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2
1764:
1564:, The Himalayan Journal, Volume 19, 1956.
1498:
1364:
1348:Ahluwalia, Vijay Kumar (5 October 2021),
1347:
2022:Western Tibet and the British Borderland
2018:
1998:
1978:
1872:, Indian Bureau of Parliamentary Studies
1852:
1742:
1480:
1467:
1444:
1432:
1369:(2 ed.), Niyogi Books, p. 98,
1338:
1332:
1284:
295:
283:
269:water divide, which is also the current
2052:"A Journey in Upper Kumaun and Garhwal"
1798:
1789:
1319:
816:) in the middle of the boundary ridge.
732:(Kingri Bingri, or Lakhur pass, 5540m,
14:
2092:
1937:
1863:
1817:
1917:
1411:, The Economic Times, 25 August 2020.
1260:
2049:
1840:
1818:Shukla, Saurabh (January 21, 2012).
1773:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1576:
1548:
1420:
1300:
1248:
1052:(Foreign Sec. of India) proposed to
1879:"The India-China Boundary Question"
1870:Parliamentary Studies, Volumes 7-10
1751:
1729:
1390:
1064:Nehru would later intimate premier
24:
2030:
1985:, University of California Press,
1481:Bergmann, Christoph (2016-01-01).
301:Sangcha pass and Kungri-Bingri la.
25:
2131:
2067:
1354:, Centre for Land Warfare Studies
2037:Chandrashekhar, R (2017-08-01).
1853:Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) ,
160:
98:
97:
90:
68:
67:
60:
1940:"Through Western Tibet in 1939"
1843:"The History of Barahoti Plain"
1834:
1811:
1633:
1554:
1487:Journal of Historical Geography
1450:
1426:
1402:
1383:
1358:
1216:
1206:
1189:
1172:
1162:
1153:
1101:
1877:Gopalachari, K. (1963-01-01).
1799:Trivedi, Anupam (2016-07-28).
1752:Jha, Prashant (21 July 2020).
1294:
1144:
1131:
249:
27:Pasture land in Chamoli, India
13:
1:
2110:Territorial disputes of China
2105:Territorial disputes of India
2019:Sherring, Charles A. (1906),
2002:War and Peace in Modern India
1230:
1043:
856:International Studies Journal
197:4,700 m (15,400 ft)
1979:Hoffmann, Steven A. (1990),
1841:Arpi, Claude (August 2020).
1096:
988:
852:Ministry of External Affairs
840:
279:
7:
1365:Daruwalla, Keki N. (2006),
1199:in 1952; it became part of
1071:
10:
2136:
1999:Raghavan, Srinath (2010),
1982:India and the China Crisis
1895:10.1177/002088176300500103
1864:Bajpai, S. C. (May 1964),
1108:Indo-Tibetan Border Police
1038:
1025:
819:
447:) and Marchauk La (5560m,
1500:10.1016/j.jhg.2015.06.015
968:In July 1952, the Indian
678:
541:
273:between India and China.
240:
201:
193:
183:
173:
155:
120:
54:
49:
42:
32:
1944:The Geographical Journal
1124:
824:
1938:Hamond, Robert (1942).
1918:Gupta, Shishir (2014),
1091:
1008:
963:
939:
930:
920:North-Western Provinces
909:
884:
876:
862:, since at-least 1815.
81:Show map of Uttarakhand
2084:Barahoti disputed area
2005:, Palgrave Macmillan,
1178:However, mountaineers
331:Line of Actual Control
302:
293:
271:Line of Actual Control
2115:China–India relations
2056:The Himalayan Journal
1883:International Studies
1783:Indian Defence Review
1391:PTI (1 August 2017),
1301:Arpi, Claude (2019),
403:) on the bank of the
299:
287:
1367:Riding the Himalayas
995:1954 trade agreement
546:Pithoragarh district
2050:Rose, Hugh (1932).
1139:Himalayan Gazetteer
970:Intelligence Bureau
954:Paljor Dorje Shatra
950:Charles Alfred Bell
796:30.8225°N 80.0700°E
791: /
752:30.6249°N 80.2127°E
747: /
705:30.7867°N 80.1924°E
700: /
654:30.7749°N 80.1722°E
649: /
608:30.6509°N 80.1588°E
603: /
568:30.5763°N 80.1725°E
563: /
517:30.7333°N 80.1333°E
512: /
467:30.8384°N 79.9085°E
462: /
427:30.7993°N 79.9151°E
422: /
383:30.8778°N 79.9810°E
378: /
335:Himalayan Gazetteer
307:Himalayan Gazetteer
140:30.8333°N 79.9667°E
136: /
1924:, Hachette India,
1758:The Times of India
1736:The Indian Express
1730:PTI (2017-08-01).
1048:In February 1958,
865:In 1848, explorer
303:
294:
2012:978-1-137-00737-7
1992:978-0-520-06537-6
1931:978-93-5009-606-2
1606:, pp. 14–15.
1551:, pp. 10–11.
1389:See for example:
214:
213:
111:Show map of India
16:(Redirected from
2127:
2100:Borders of India
2078:Nanda Devi Group
2063:
2046:
2026:
2015:
1995:
1975:
1934:
1914:
1873:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1718:
1717:, p. 21-22.
1712:
1706:
1705:, p. 20-21.
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:, p. 19-20.
1676:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1654:, p. 18-19.
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1618:, p. 17-18.
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1594:, p. 12-13.
1589:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1535:Gopalachari 1963
1532:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1317:
1315:
1298:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1273:Gopalachari 1963
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1135:
946:Simla Convention
854:writing for the
815:
814:
812:
811:
810:
808:
803:
802:
801:30.8225; 80.0700
797:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
771:
770:
768:
767:
766:
764:
763:Kungri Bingri La
759:
758:
757:30.6249; 80.2127
753:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
724:
723:
721:
720:
719:
717:
712:
711:
710:30.7867; 80.1924
706:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
680:
673:
672:
670:
669:
668:
666:
661:
660:
659:30.7749; 80.1722
655:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
627:
626:
624:
623:
622:
620:
615:
614:
613:30.6509; 80.1588
609:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
587:
586:
584:
583:
582:
580:
575:
574:
573:30.5763; 80.1725
569:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
543:
536:
535:
533:
532:
531:
529:
524:
523:
522:30.7333; 80.1333
518:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
486:
485:
483:
482:
481:
479:
474:
473:
472:30.8384; 79.9085
468:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
446:
445:
443:
442:
441:
439:
434:
433:
432:30.7993; 79.9151
428:
423:
420:
419:
418:
415:
402:
401:
399:
398:
397:
395:
390:
389:
388:30.8778; 79.9810
384:
379:
376:
375:
374:
371:
259:Chamoli district
251:
242:
166:
164:
163:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:30.8333; 79.9667
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
112:
101:
100:
94:
82:
71:
70:
64:
30:
29:
21:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2090:
2089:
2070:
2033:
2031:Further reading
2013:
1993:
1956:10.2307/1788090
1932:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1805:Hindustan Times
1797:
1790:
1772:
1765:
1750:
1743:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:Gurdial Singh,
1559:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1479:
1468:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1359:
1346:
1339:
1333:Atkinson (1981)
1331:
1320:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1119:Nayanika Mathur
1117:Anthropologist
1104:
1099:
1094:
1074:
1046:
1041:
1028:
1011:
991:
966:
942:
933:
912:
887:
879:
860:Garhwal Kingdom
843:
827:
822:
806:
804:
800:
798:
794:
793:
790:
785:
782:
780:
778:
777:
762:
760:
756:
754:
750:
749:
746:
741:
738:
736:
734:
733:
715:
713:
709:
707:
703:
702:
699:
694:
691:
689:
687:
686:
664:
662:
658:
656:
652:
651:
648:
643:
640:
638:
636:
635:
618:
616:
612:
610:
606:
605:
602:
597:
594:
592:
590:
589:
578:
576:
572:
570:
566:
565:
562:
557:
554:
552:
550:
549:
527:
525:
521:
519:
515:
514:
511:
506:
503:
501:
499:
498:
477:
475:
471:
469:
465:
464:
461:
456:
453:
451:
449:
448:
437:
435:
431:
429:
425:
424:
421:
416:
413:
411:
409:
408:
393:
391:
387:
385:
381:
380:
377:
372:
369:
367:
365:
364:
352:River. (Map 2)
282:
227:), also called
161:
159:
144:
142:
138:
135:
130:
127:
125:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
72:
45:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2069:
2068:External links
2066:
2065:
2064:
2047:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2011:
1996:
1991:
1976:
1935:
1930:
1915:
1889:(1–2): 33–42.
1874:
1861:
1850:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1810:
1788:
1777:(2017-05-19).
1763:
1741:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1581:
1566:
1553:
1538:
1522:
1466:
1449:
1447:, p. 343.
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1397:Indian Express
1382:
1375:
1357:
1337:
1318:
1311:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1188:
1171:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1073:
1070:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1010:
1007:
990:
987:
965:
962:
941:
938:
932:
929:
911:
908:
886:
883:
878:
875:
842:
839:
831:7th Dalai Lama
826:
823:
821:
818:
290:Henry Strachey
281:
278:
212:
211:
205:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
157:
153:
152:
118:
117:
104:
103:
96:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
74:
73:
66:
65:
59:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1693:, p. 20.
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1669:, p. 19.
1668:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1630:, p. 18.
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1579:, p. 12.
1578:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1445:Sherring 1906
1441:
1434:
1433:Sherring 1906
1429:
1423:, p. 31.
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1376:9788189738051
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1335:, p. 409
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1312:9789388161589
1308:
1305:, Vij Books,
1304:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1285:Hoffmann 1990
1281:
1275:, p. 35.
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1219:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1197:Uttar Pradesh
1192:
1185:
1181:
1180:Gurdial Singh
1175:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1006:
1004:
998:
996:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
937:
928:
924:
921:
916:
907:
903:
899:
896:
890:
882:
874:
871:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
847:
838:
836:
832:
817:
813:
807:Shalshal Pass
775:
774:Shalshal Pass
769:
731:
730:Kungri Bingri
726:
722:
685:pass (5338m,
684:
676:
671:
633:
629:
625:
585:
547:
539:
534:
496:
492:
488:
484:
444:
406:
400:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
291:
286:
277:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
246:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
158:
154:
149:
121:Coordinates:
119:
93:
63:
53:
48:
41:
31:
19:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2021:
2001:
1981:
1947:
1943:
1920:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1855:
1835:Bibliography
1823:
1813:
1804:
1782:
1775:Arpi, Claude
1757:
1735:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1556:
1490:
1486:
1459:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1302:
1296:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1218:
1213:controlled".
1208:
1191:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:2000–present
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1050:Subimal Dutt
1047:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1002:
999:
992:
983:
967:
958:
943:
934:
925:
917:
913:
904:
900:
891:
888:
880:
872:
864:
848:
844:
828:
773:
729:
727:
716:Balcha Dhura
683:Balcha Dhura
682:
631:
630:
497:(or Laptel,
494:
493:
489:
404:
360:
356:
354:
339:
334:
323:
306:
304:
275:
248:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
44:Pasture land
2120:Uttarakhand
2074:Kamet Group
1950:(1): 1–12.
1824:India Today
1287:, pp.
1201:Uttarakhand
867:R. Strachey
799: /
755: /
708: /
657: /
611: /
571: /
520: /
478:Marchauk La
470: /
430: /
386: /
350:Dhauliganga
311:Uttarakhand
255:Uttarakhand
188:Uttarakhand
143: /
2094:Categories
1261:Gupta 2014
1231:References
1044:Conference
1003:Panchsheel
952:intimated
835:Daba Dzong
805: (
786:80°04′12″E
783:30°49′21″N
761: (
742:80°12′46″E
739:30°37′30″N
714: (
695:80°11′33″E
692:30°47′12″N
663: (
644:80°10′20″E
641:30°46′30″N
619:Kyungar La
617: (
598:80°09′32″E
595:30°39′03″N
579:Unta Dhura
577: (
558:80°10′21″E
555:30°34′35″N
526: (
507:80°08′00″E
504:30°44′00″N
476: (
457:79°54′31″E
454:30°50′18″N
436: (
417:79°54′54″E
414:30°47′57″N
405:Hoti river
392: (
373:79°58′52″E
370:30°52′40″N
346:Nanda Devi
319:Unta Dhura
225:Hoti Plain
131:79°58′00″E
128:30°50′00″N
2043:Firstpost
1964:0016-7398
1911:154040023
1903:0020-8817
1715:Arpi 2020
1703:Arpi 2020
1691:Arpi 2020
1679:Arpi 2020
1667:Arpi 2020
1652:Arpi 2020
1640:Arpi 2020
1628:Arpi 2020
1616:Arpi 2020
1604:Arpi 2020
1592:Arpi 2020
1577:Arpi 2020
1549:Arpi 2020
1517:143141744
1509:0305-7488
1493:: 88–98.
1421:Arpi 2020
1249:Arpi 2020
1097:1963–2000
989:1953–1954
841:1842–1887
438:Chor Hoti
394:Tunjun La
361:Tunjun La
315:Niti Pass
280:Geography
221:Bara Hoti
203:Time zone
194:Elevation
1072:Disputes
993:For the
974:Dzongpen
895:governor
776:(4940m,
363:(4921m,
357:Barahoti
217:Barahoti
208:UTC+5:30
174:District
105:Barahoti
75:Barahoti
50:Barahoti
34:Barahoti
1972:1788090
1039:1958–61
1026:1956–57
944:In the
820:History
675:Chinese
665:Sangcha
632:Sangcha
538:Chinese
528:Lapthal
495:Lapthal
329:". The
237:Chinese
178:Chamoli
156:Country
18:Sangcha
2009:
1989:
1970:
1962:
1928:
1909:
1901:
1515:
1507:
1373:
1309:
677::
540::
267:Ganges
263:Sutlej
247::
245:pinyin
239::
165:
1968:JSTOR
1907:S2CID
1846:(PDF)
1513:S2CID
1289:34–35
1125:Notes
1054:Nehru
825:1700s
342:Kamet
250:Wū rè
229:Wu-Je
210:(IST)
184:State
168:India
37:Wu-Je
2076:and
2007:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1960:ISSN
1926:ISBN
1899:ISSN
1505:ISSN
1371:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1092:1962
1066:Zhou
1009:1955
978:Daba
964:1952
940:1914
931:1905
910:1890
885:1889
877:1888
355:The
327:Guge
317:and
305:The
233:Wure
1952:doi
1891:doi
1495:doi
976:of
628:).
542:拉不底
231:or
2096::
2058:.
2054:.
2041:.
1966:.
1958:.
1948:99
1946:.
1942:.
1905:.
1897:.
1885:.
1881:.
1868:,
1822:.
1803:.
1791:^
1781:.
1766:^
1756:.
1744:^
1734:.
1722:^
1659:^
1584:^
1569:^
1541:^
1525:^
1511:.
1503:.
1491:51
1489:.
1485:.
1469:^
1395:,
1340:^
1321:^
1239:^
1020:12
948:,
837:.
679:香扎
257:,
243:;
241:乌热
223:,
2062:.
2060:4
2045:.
1974:.
1954::
1913:.
1893::
1887:5
1848:.
1826:.
1807:.
1785:.
1760:.
1738:.
1519:.
1497::
1291:.
1141:.
809:)
765:)
718:)
667:)
634:(
621:)
581:)
530:)
480:)
440:)
396:)
265:–
235:(
219:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
