1093:
1210:(CBS) service called that currently operates at a rate of 0.016 CBS excreta-handling professionals (collection and processing) per household. Assuming an 86% increase in efficiency brought about by increases in scale and customer density, if latrine-using households instead adopt CBS, this would yield a replacement ratio of two CBS excreta handlers per manual excavator. Furthermore, based on urban Nord Department latrine users, the equivalent sanitation coverage, provided by CBS services, would support over 500 safe excreta-handling livelihoods. An additional 100 plus livelihoods would be created if CBS was extended to the 20% of Haitian households who currently lack sanitation altogether. Thus, a transition to CBS would replace unsafe labor conditions with safe and reliable livelihoods and potentially increase employment opportunities while dramatically reducing exposure to sanitation workers. These changes would lift multiple community members from circumstances undermining the human right to sanitation, as well as safe and dignified employment. Many previous international efforts to improve the working conditions of manual excavators have been deemed unsuccessful and abandoned. While political systems may lack the enforcement resources to protect independent workers, CBS services provide a structure compatible with safety monitoring and worker protection, and confer dignity to employees. CBS is gaining recognition around the world, and recent research has taken on the question of scaling these operations and integrating them with inclusive sanitation planning. From a systems perspective, the social benefit of a stable and increased employment base in the community is created by CBS expansion."
1199:"A 2018 report estimated that the sanitation system of the Port-au-Prince, Haiti metropolitan area supports 270 manual excavation livelihoods. Based on the population and household density of this metropolitan area, proportion of the regional urban population using latrines, and a conservative latrine-emptying frequency of 4.5 years. we estimate a ratio of 0.001 manual emptying professionals per latrine-using household. Furthermore, reports of manual excavators' team structure and working hours indicate an average team of three to four professionals working for two to three nights per latrine emptied. Assuming 2.5 professionals per team and the population of urban Nord Department using latrines, we estimate 42,000 manual pit-emptying exposure events per year; and with 16 h per job, this translates to over 800,000 annual hours of direct exposure by manual emptying professionals in the urban areas of the Nord Department.
540:
813:
33:
3852:
873:
3876:
3864:
1092:
897:, although this figure can vary widely between states. As of 2022, the salary in New York could range between $ 47,371 and $ 89,339. For instance, the state of New York provides total annual wages of up to $ 91,336 for sanitation workers after 20 years of service. In 2020, some sanitation workers in New York City earned up to $ 300,000 as a result of shortage in staff and boosted pay due to
523:
486:) without mechanical equipment and without personal protective equipment. These workers are "scooping out feces from âdryâ latrines and overflowing pits". They are usually working in the informal labour sector and are commonly referred to as "informal sanitation workers". They have weak legal protection results from working informally and do not follow
1147:
An estimate in 2018 put the number of "sanitation workers" in India at 5 million (with 2 million working in high-risk conditions), and 50% of them being women. Typically, women are involved in the containment process since it requires fewer technical skills and a lower degree of technology, resulting
1044:
is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa and the majority of the population live in informal, peri-urban settlements. Various organizations in Lusaka attempt to make sanitation workers more visible and create more recognition and respect for them. They also aim to design projects and processes
737:
The main approaches used to improve the situation of sanitation workers in developing countries include the reform of policy, legislation and regulation to acknowledge and professionalize the sanitation workforce. Furthermore, operational guidelines to mitigate the occupational risks of all types of
99:
Sanitation workers are essential in maintaining safe sanitation services in homes, schools, hospitals, and other settings and protecting public health but face many health risks in doing so, including from exposure to a wide range of biological and chemical agents. Additionally, they may be at risk
1048:
Pit latrine emptiers empty the toilet pits and septic tanks in communities. They enter inspection holes and sewers to fix or unblock them and then transport the fecal waste to treatment plants, while maintaining the sanitation facilities. If septic tanks and pit latrines are not emptied regularly,
1155:
is used historically for a subsection of sanitation workers. The official definition in Indian law is "manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of, or otherwise handling, human excreta in an insanitary latrine or in an open drain or pit". The practice has officially been banned since 1993 but still
551:
Sanitation workers provide a critical public service, essential for our daily lives and the environment. Yet their working conditions expose them to the worst consequences of poor sanitation such as debilitating infections, injuries, social stigma and even death every day. The challenges faced by
502:
While the definition of sanitation workers encompasses a vast line of services, the number of sanitation workers globally is difficult to estimate because they often have multiple jobs or are categorized with other sectors (e.g., solid waste and healthcare facility management). Also, sanitation
1068:
Bangladesh has sanitation workers in formal arrangement as well as informal arrangement (called "sweepers"). There are an estimated 5 to 6 million sweepers in
Bangladesh. They use only basic tools, often without PPE. The informal âsweepersâ in Bangladesh face financial and job insecurities,
964:
to underscore their importance in the fight against COVID-19. They often had higher workloads than before. They might have had a higher risk of infection due to "the presence of the viruses in fecal sludge and sewage". However, as of 2022 there was "little if any evidence to date of actual
637:
infections ". The review also showed "an increase in adverse gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions associated with sanitation work". A few studies found some "adverse musculoskeletal and mental/social impacts". With regards to mortality, there was "inconsistent evidence on mortality".
526:
525:
530:
529:
524:
493:
Informal workers provide "manual emptying services to households, particularly where inaccessible to trucks and to the most vulnerable households". They are not registered or legally recognized, and often work without any protection, facing discrimination and stigma.
531:
641:
Governmental policies and other efforts can work together to mitigate these risks. There are research gaps in characterizing the health risks of sanitation workers in three main areas: "low-income countries, among women and those under informal employment".
632:
It is difficult to estimate the burden of disease for sanitation workers. A systematic literature review with 65 studies showed the following: "There was an increased risk of adverse health across a range of outcomes. This is especially true in the case of
2382:
127:
Sanitation work can be grouped into formal employment and informal employment. Sanitation workers face many challenges. These relate to occupational safety and health (diseases related to contact with the excreta; injuries; the dangers of working in
2626:
Shepard, J., Stevens, C. & Mikhael, G. 2017. The World Can't Wait for Sewers: Advancing
Container-Based Sanitation Businesses as a Viable Answer to the Global Sanitation Crisis. Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor; EY, p.11. Available from:
2380:
Sklar, R. & Faustin, C. 2017 Pit
Latrines or Container Based Toilets? A Cost-Benefit Analysis Comparing Two Approaches to Improving Sanitation Access in Urban Areas of HaĂŻti (Haiti Priorities). Copenhagen Consensus Center. Available from:
674:
Sanitation workers in developing countries are typically poorly and irregularly paid. This applies in particular to those who are employed on temporary or informal terms, as is common for many low grade jobs. Workers are also vulnerable to
528:
623:
The safety of sanitation workers is influenced by: Design and construction of the toilet or other piece of sanitation infrastructure, pressure by the customer or by the employer, as well as materials and equipment available to do the job.
757:, medical and maternity benefits (for women staff), safety equipment, respect and security of employment must be addressed. Overall, a "positive perception of sanitation workers in government as well as civil society" would be helpful.
1049:
waste flows into the groundwater, contaminating the environment and surrounding water supplies. The response from society towards pit emptiers is "stigmatized, lowly, and invalid" despite the importance of the work that they do.
910:
In
Tanzania, a casual laborer offering cleaning services (e.g., maintenance of toilet, occasional cleaning of drains and sewers) earns around 120,000 TSh per month ($ 52). A daily laborer employed for the assistance of a
2383:
https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/copenhagen_consensus_center_pit_latrines_or_container_based_toilets_a_cost_benefit_analysis_comparing_two_approaches_to_improving_sanitation_access_in_urban_areas_of_haiti_2017.pdf
1129:, are employed to clean open spaces, collect solid waste, and clean open drains and public toilets. Another commonly used term is "Pourakarmikas" which includes manual scavengers, sewer workers, sanitation workers.
3662:
574:
Occupational safety and health issues for sanitation workers include: diseases related to contact with the excreta; injuries related to the physical effort of extracting and transporting the waste, including
590:(PPE) and no or minimal formal training. Physical and medical conditions directly associated with sanitation work that is carried out unsafely can include: "headaches, dizziness, fever, fatigue, asthma,
1033:
under their WASH SDG Programme and the Lusaka Water and
Sanitation Company (LWSC) under a project known as the Lusaka Sanitation Programme (LSP) supported by international organizations including the
2418:
Neiburg, F. & Nicaise, N. 2011 Garbage. Stigmatization, Commerce, Politics (DĂ©chets. Stigmatisations, Commerces, Politiques). Interuniversity
Institute for Research and Development, Rio de Janeiro.
459:. Sanitation workers who are employed by the government usually have comparatively good infrastructure, tools and personal protective equipment (PPE), and face only moderate health and safety risks.
466:
are usually performed by formal government workers or private companies, whereas the unclogging of household sewer connections is performed by private companies and informal sanitation workers.
2429:
602:, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, schistosomiasis, eye and skin burn and other skin irritation, musculoskeletal disorders (including back pain), puncture wounds and cuts, blunt force".
527:
1498:
1337:
2223:
1542:
1966:
Walters, Vicky (January 2, 2019). "Parenting from the 'Polluted' Margins: Stigma, Education and Social (Im)Mobility for the
Children of India's Out-Casted Sanitation Workers".
559:
In the case of India, the work of sanitation workers (especially those without formal employment contracts) has been described as: Drudgery, dangerous, dirty and dehumanizing.
1084:
The permanent workers have more secure positions than the informal workers, with a guaranteed income and other benefits, such as membership in the government emptiersâ union.
1015:, the third largest city in South Africa), there are "approximately 100 pit emptiers on any given day through 15 private contractors, plus 800 municipal sanitation workers".
136:
attached to sanitation work. Sanitation workers are at an increased risk of becoming ill from waterborne diseases. To reduce this risk and protect against illness, such as
1035:
2102:
1809:
88:. Another definition is: "The moment an individualâs waste is outsourced to another, it becomes sanitation work." Some organizations use the term specifically for
1038:, have been working on projects to "legalize and make sanitation workers more visible and create the recognition and respect that they so rightfully deserve."
907:
In South Africa, public-sector sanitation workers are paid almost double compared to formal private-sector employees who are usually on a minimum wage only.
240:: people who collect solid waste and take it to a transfer station, landfill, or incinerator. People who work with excreta management are usually known as
999:
In South Africa, sanitation work is mostly formalized. The different types of sanitation work are carried out via different arrangements in South Africa:
455:
Sanitation workers work in different types of employment situations. They are either government-employed workers, workers of private service providers or
2170:
3657:
562:
The five hidden dangers for people working as sanitation workers include health hazards, discrimination, psychological problems, low wages and lack of
579:; injuries related to cuts from non-fecal waste (e.g. glass or needles) disposed of down the toilet. There are also the general dangers of working in
3647:
2681:
2081:
983:
2299:
904:
Sanitation worker salaries in Zambia range from 870 ZMK ($ 42) per month as their minimum salary to 2,480 ZMK ($ 124) per month as maximum salary.
804:
Technology must match the needs of the workers. Workers are more likely to wear protective gear if they are given a choice of suitable clothing.
1879:
703:
discrimination, where children of sanitation workers often struggle to escape the vicious cycle of limited opportunities and sanitation work.
3902:
1144:
exist to reduce caste-based discrimination in India, but so far have proven to be ineffective due to increased deaths of sanitation workers.
1923:
994:
2201:
3697:
1203:
1063:
1897:
1030:
860:. The municipal emptying of pail toilets continued in Australia into the second half of the twentieth century; these were known as
1045:
that improve their working environment and conditions, and help to provide the required investments to support their enterprises.
3730:
3702:
2742:
1586:
928:(SDGs) of the United Nations. The working conditions of sanitation workers relate to "end poverty in all its forms everywhere" (
3707:
3023:
1338:
Lived
Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India
3765:
3672:
2202:"Container-based sanitation in urban Haiti: how can it improve human rights as a component of citywide inclusive sanitation?"
1024:
120:, sanitation workers are "more vulnerable due to unregulated or unenforced environmental and labor protections, and lack of
3755:
1105:
51:) is a person responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying the equipment or technology at any step of the
2394:
1769:
1573:
1560:
1524:
1433:
1293:
3712:
3276:
2864:
1880:"Some sanitation workers in NYC earned nearly $ 300,000 last year as staff shortages and snowstorms boosted overtime pay"
1008:
2011:"Health issues of sanitation workers in a town in Karnataka: Findings from a lay health-monitoring study (Short Report)"
535:
A short video shedding light on the unsafe and undignified working conditions of many sanitation workers in India (2018)
503:
workers in developing countries are often informally employed which makes it difficult to determine how many there are.
2780:
691:
sanitation workers often face social stigma and discrimination. This is especially true when sanitation is linked to a
17:
3770:
3296:
2879:
2153:
2126:
2062:
187:
2640:
Russel, Kory C.; Hughes, Kelvin; Roach, Mary; Auerbach, David; Foote, Andrew; Kramer, Sasha; Briceño, RaĂșl (2019).
1852:
710:, which hinders workersâ social inclusion, their opportunities to shift careers, and social mobility. Furthermore,
1469:"Sweeping the Streets of the Neoliberal City: Racial and Class Divisions among New York City's Sanitation Workers"
1369:
Oza, Hemali Harish; Lee, Madison
Gabriella; Boisson, Sophie; Pega, Frank; Medlicott, Kate; Clasen, Thomas (2022).
3413:
3041:
3018:
1782:
1742:
1543:
Assessment of the Health, Safety and
Dignity of Sanitation Workers in Dar es Salaam, Dodoma and Arusha, Tanzania
221:
Another definition is: "The moment an individualâs waste is outsourced to another, it becomes sanitation work."
3868:
3687:
3637:
3449:
3346:
3107:
3008:
2921:
1307:
941:
937:
933:
929:
553:
487:
167:
148:
121:
2628:
924:
Improving the working conditions of sanitation workers is also important for reaching at least four of the 17
513:
An estimate in 2018 put the number of "sanitation workers" in India at 5 million, and 50% of them being women.
3880:
3520:
3291:
925:
774:
739:
587:
37:
2143:
1756:
765:
To reduce this risk and protect against illness, measures have been proposed for occupational health: Basic
132:, legal and institutional issues, as well as social and financial challenges. One of the main issues is the
3385:
3112:
2564:"Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti"
2116:
655:
151:. Much of the current literature on sanitation workers focuses on the conditions in developing countries.
2562:
Tilmans, Sebastien; Russel, Kory; Sklar, Rachel; Page, Leah; Kramer, Sasha; Davis, Jennifer (April 2015).
3532:
3425:
3336:
3149:
3137:
3046:
2735:
2507:
2306:
143:
The working conditions, legal status, social aspects etc. are vastly different for sanitation workers in
539:
170:, Target 6.2 ("safely managed sanitation for all") cannot be achieved. It is important to safeguard the
3602:
3527:
3432:
2968:
1207:
3907:
3724:
3719:
3587:
3286:
2993:
2951:
2915:
2822:
2010:
1619:
1224:
253:
241:
195:
2492:
2285:
510:
There are an estimated 5 to 6 million "sweepers" (a term used for sanitation workers) in Bangladesh.
3562:
3261:
2973:
2869:
2331:
2200:
VanRiper, Froggi; Russel, Kory C.; Tillias, Daniel; Tilt, Jenna; Laporte, Jessica (March 1, 2022).
2508:"The Last Mile Challenge: Evaluating the Effects of Customer Density and Delivery Window Patterns"
718:
to evade the working conditions are common among some sanitation workers in developing countries.
108:. These risks are exacerbated under conditions of poverty, illness, poor nutrition, poor housing,
3833:
3760:
3592:
1219:
833:
374:
215:
163:
738:
sanitation work are required. This includes standard operating procedures, enforcement of laws,
292:
Types of work and occupations along the sanitation chain (based on but with further additions)
3856:
3828:
3607:
3331:
2817:
2728:
2035:
257:
1371:"Occupational health outcomes among sanitation workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
198:
from 2019 defines "sanitation workers" to include toilet cleaners and caretakers in domestic,
3813:
3597:
3132:
3033:
2926:
2775:
2479:
2272:
1141:
1137:
696:
277:
93:
2099:
The Employment Of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993
1468:
210:
and other fecal sludge handlers; those who clean sewers and manholes; and those who work at
3788:
3572:
3437:
3403:
3351:
3176:
3171:
3117:
3073:
2963:
2901:
2790:
2785:
2575:
1834:
1631:
1382:
849:
700:
463:
423:
1436:. BORDA, Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂŒr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn, Germany
777:(PPE) and be trained on how to use it (i.e. goggles, face mask, overalls, gloves, boots);
8:
3912:
3798:
3793:
3567:
3366:
3356:
3191:
2800:
2455:
1434:
The Heroes behind Sanitation - An insight into faecal sludge management workers in Zambia
606:
355:
105:
2579:
1712:
1635:
1386:
812:
3420:
3003:
2852:
2604:
2563:
2523:
2467:
1991:
1924:
The Heroes behind Sanitation-An insight into faecal sludge management workers in Zambia
1655:
1405:
1370:
651:
576:
321:
249:
244:
or environmental specialists. The importance of sanitation workers in the struggle for
144:
117:
2537:
2356:
3582:
3577:
3505:
3454:
3228:
3208:
3156:
3127:
3095:
3013:
2906:
2874:
2770:
2663:
2609:
2591:
2471:
2149:
2122:
2036:"Treat Sanitation Workers Like Health Workers, Pay Them At Least Rs 20,000 Per Month"
1995:
1983:
1674:
1659:
1647:
1620:"Sanitation workers at the frontline: work and vulnerability in response to COVID-19"
1410:
1152:
1122:
1116:
953:
936:); "ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all" (
29:
Person who is responsible for the cleaning and maintaining of a sanitation technology
1715:
Occupational Safety and Health Branch of the Labour Department, Hong Kong Government
721:
Sanitation workers, particularly those in information employment who manually empty
654:, sanitation workers often have to work with weak legal protection, missing or weak
236:
In the United States, the term "sanitation worker" tends to be used exclusively for
3747:
3500:
3459:
3271:
3246:
3058:
2988:
2832:
2653:
2599:
2583:
2519:
2459:
2258:
2250:
2213:
1975:
1639:
1480:
1400:
1390:
627:
413:
211:
59:
sector. More broadly speaking, sanitation workers may also be involved in cleaning
36:
Sanitation workers carrying out manual pit emptying (in Durban, South Africa) with
32:
1979:
1871:
1643:
1523:
Ramamoorthy, R., Pandey, K. D., Rajakuma, D. S., Ramasamy, N., Sharma, R. (2018).
1196:
The following is analysis from VanRiper et al. about sanitation workers in Haiti:
228:, it is not surprising that there are various definitions of "sanitation worker".
3808:
3510:
3313:
3306:
3241:
3181:
3063:
3053:
2983:
2956:
2941:
2896:
2886:
2837:
2395:"Emergency excreta disposal standards and options for Haiti - Resources âą SuSanA"
2098:
1177:
1170:
659:
591:
563:
456:
407:
342:
288:
The types of work that sanitation workers carry out is shown in the table below.
273:
237:
89:
2247:"Looking Beyond Government-Led Delivery of Water Supply and Sanitation Services"
1576:. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) secretariat at GIZ, Eschborn, Germany
1395:
3495:
3281:
3218:
3203:
3186:
3144:
2946:
2827:
1186:
1182:
1126:
753:
Motivated staff are needed to keep cities clean and functioning. Concerns like
707:
580:
400:
325:
129:
101:
85:
60:
893:
Sanitation workers typically earn an average monthly salary of $ 2,226 in the
742:(PPE) for all aspects of sanitation work. A third approach is to build strong
3896:
3803:
3682:
3490:
3464:
3341:
3301:
3266:
3256:
3236:
2978:
2936:
2911:
2859:
2847:
2842:
2751:
2717:- a 5-month long study of sanitation workers across India carried out in 2017
2667:
2658:
2641:
2595:
2587:
1987:
1651:
1070:
894:
841:
790:
726:
610:
599:
479:
475:
199:
133:
113:
2009:
Rangamani, Sukanya; Bheemappa Obalesha, Kannamedi; Gaitonde, Rakhal (2015).
1561:
Protecting the health, safety, and dignity of sanitation workers in Tanzania
932:) ; "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages" (
3823:
3251:
3100:
3090:
3068:
2998:
2891:
2805:
2629:
https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-2756-7-1490187791.pdf
2613:
1941:
1725:
1699:
1414:
853:
770:
747:
722:
663:
556:, legal and institutional issues, financial insecurity, and social issues.
365:
245:
159:
155:
109:
68:
2642:"Taking Container-Based Sanitation to Scale: Opportunities and Challenges"
2218:
1740:
100:
of injury from heavy labor, poor and prolonged postures and positions and
3818:
3515:
3213:
3122:
3085:
2082:"Technology's impingement on the urban female sanitation worker in India"
1574:
Where there are no Sewers - Photoessays on Sanitation Work in Urban India
1097:
1004:
857:
837:
829:
798:
794:
778:
743:
634:
586:
Many sanitation workers in developing countries work without any form of
544:
483:
384:
335:
207:
203:
81:
76:
2709:
1484:
832:
were used. The current term for the safe collection of human excreta is
3444:
3166:
2506:
Boyer, Kenneth K.; Prud'homme, Andrea M.; Chung, Wenming (March 2009).
2263:
2148:(2nd ed.). Coconut Creek, Florida: Educa Vision Inc. p. 149.
2054:
1772:. Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, Bremen, Germany
1294:
Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment
966:
957:
898:
711:
225:
183:
52:
1898:"Sanitation Worker Average Salary in Zambia 2020 - The Complete Guide"
154:
Those workers who maintain and empty on-site sanitation systems (e.g.
3542:
3361:
2931:
2812:
1841:. Law Enforcement Service Systems Inc. & CivilServiceSuccess.com.
825:
817:
754:
715:
676:
462:
For example, the tasks of unclogging of the main sewers or operating
140:, safety measures should be put in place for workers and employers.
2246:
55:
chain. This is the definition used in the narrower sense within the
3408:
3161:
2795:
2765:
2008:
1190:
1000:
845:
261:
191:
137:
72:
2682:"How cost analysis dispels myths about container-based sanitation"
2463:
2254:
2118:
A Promise in Haiti: A Reporter's Notes on Families and Daily Lives
2079:
872:
3080:
2430:"Haitian cities : actions for today with an eye on tomorrow"
2121:. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. p. 81.
1741:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (September 29, 2020).
1587:"Health, safety and dignity of sanitation workers | WASH Matters"
912:
782:
766:
688:
605:
Sanitation workers are at an increased risk of becoming ill from
595:
316:
276:, also referred to a bin man, garbage collector, etc. deals with
171:
2720:
2714:
1306:
Akhilesh, Abhinav; Mehta, Meera; Juneja, Zara (April 10, 2020).
628:
Estimating occupational health outcomes among sanitation workers
543:
Sanitation workers carrying out unsafe manual pit emptying of a
3375:
1700:
Working with sewage - The health hazards: A guide for employers
1175:
In Haiti, sanitation workers in the informal sector are called
1041:
1012:
956:, sanitation workers in some countries have been designated as
877:
92:, whereas others exclude the workers involved in management of
2086:
Harvard's Kennedy School of Government's Gender Policy Journal
1073:. Many live in segregated "sweeper colonies", which are often
248:
is seen in the 1968 labor strike of the sanitation workers of
3537:
1743:"Guidance for Controlling Potential Risks to Workers Exposed"
1133:
1111:
1078:
861:
786:
692:
617:
2538:"People practicing open defecation (% of population) | Data"
1446:
848:) relied on frequent emptying, performed by workers driving
3663:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
3469:
1827:
1810:"Dangers, health risks faced by sanitation workers exposed"
1074:
64:
56:
2171:"Port-Au-Prince: A City Of Millions, With No Sewer System"
1110:âSanitation workersâ can be used as a translation for the
609:. One specific disease that concerns workers in sewers is
354:
Municipalities, government, and private offices cleaning (
2639:
2199:
1942:"Giving a shit | Sanitation and Hygiene in Lusaka Zambia"
1375:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
773:
etc.); sanitation workers should be provided with proper
614:
432:
Wastewater and sludge handling at sewage treatment plants
2505:
1308:"How can we support sanitation workers during COVID-19?"
202:, and institutional settings; those who empty pits from
1853:"12 Things New Yorkers Should Know About Their Garbage"
474:
In many developing countries, informal workers collect
2561:
2427:
2063:"A Failed Attempt to Create an Equally Sanitary India"
1081:(low-caste Hindus) and Christian and Muslim Bengalis.
231:
1618:
Salve, Pradeep S.; Jungari, Suresh (August 2, 2020).
1036:
German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH
1003:
is carried out by public sanitation workers, whereas
112:, migration, drug and alcohol abuse, discrimination,
2454:
Bank, World; ILO; WaterAid; WHO (November 1, 2019).
2428:
Lozano-Gracia, Marisa; Garcia Lozano, Nancy (eds.).
2080:
CS Sharada Prasad and Seema Thomas (July 29, 2020).
1922:
Lanz K, Bieri S, Fankhauser L (September 29, 2020).
1745:– via Department of Health and Human Services.
1525:
Desludging Operators in Tiruchirappalli: An Overview
1189:
is one of the largest cities in the world without a
1921:
1305:
1148:in employment as school toilet and drain cleaners.
915:
emptier earns around 210,000 TSh per month ($ 91).
2456:"Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers"
2453:
1783:"Dirty Job Shows Why Cholera Still Kills in Haiti"
1340:. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India
552:sanitation workers can be categorized as follows:
2103:Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
1726:Confined spaces - A brief guide to working safely
1368:
1204:Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL)
984:Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa
645:
569:
3894:
2332:"The DHS Program - Haiti: Standard DHS, 2016-17"
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1132:Sanitation workers in India are "overwhelmingly
1007:is contracted out to the private sector. In the
283:
2142:Vilsaint, FĂ©quiĂšre; Berret, Jean-Evens (2005).
1527:. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, India
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
947:
876:Garbage collectors from the Hysacam company in
497:
2141:
2736:
2710:Sanitation Workers Knowledge and Learning Hub
2195:
2193:
2191:
732:
260:, brought together both waste collectors and
177:
96:(rubbish, trash) sector from its definition.
1617:
1237:
1292:World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019).
995:Water supply and sanitation in South Africa
3698:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2743:
2729:
2188:
1968:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1675:"5 Hidden Dangers Sanitation Workers Face"
940:); and "decent work and economic growth" (
699:and Bangladesh. This stigma can result in
3658:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3648:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2657:
2603:
2262:
2217:
1939:
1757:Leptospirosis (Weilâs Disease and Hardjo)
1404:
1394:
1064:Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh
836:. Towns with sanitation systems based on
760:
725:and pit latrines, are often subjected to
166:systems. Without sanitation workers, the
2114:
2060:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1091:
1031:SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
871:
811:
538:
521:
31:
3703:Health departments in the United States
1965:
1673:Philipp, Jennifer (February 11, 2022).
1672:
1466:
669:
224:Since there are various definitions of
14:
3895:
3708:Council on Education for Public Health
1807:
1432:Sperandeo, L., Srinivasan, S. (2020).
867:
478:from certain types of toilet (such as
450:
3766:Professional degrees of public health
3673:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
2724:
2162:
2061:Akhilesh, Pragya (January 18, 2022).
2018:The National Medical Journal of India
1877:
1736:
1734:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1421:
1029:In Zambia, organizations such as the
1025:Water supply and sanitation in Zambia
3903:Cleaning and maintenance occupations
3863:
3756:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
2244:
2168:
1499:"Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike!"
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1106:Water supply and sanitation in India
687:In developing countries, low-grade,
506:Estimates at country level include:
3875:
3024:Workers' right to access the toilet
2865:Human right to water and sanitation
2226:from the original on March 25, 2023
1136:, and are in fact from âscavenging
972:
469:
232:Regional differences in terminology
24:
2646:Frontiers in Environmental Science
2524:10.1002/j.2158-1592.2009.tb00104.x
2305:. November 6, 2015. Archived from
2092:
1775:
1731:
1604:
1566:
1548:
1530:
856:now used to pump out septage from
706:There can be implicit or explicit
662:and few policies protecting their
174:and health of sanitation workers.
25:
3924:
3297:Commercial determinants of health
2750:
2703:
2245:Bank, World (December 12, 2017).
2145:English Haitian Creole Dictionary
1878:Duffy, Kate (December 13, 2021).
1759:. Health and Safety Executive UK.
1728:, Health and Safety Executive UK.
1713:Safety Guide for Work in Manholes
1702:, Health and Safety Executive UK.
1343:
1325:
816:Street sweeper with hand cart in
188:International Labour Organization
3874:
3862:
3851:
3850:
2880:National public health institute
2169:Knox, Richard (April 13, 2012).
1940:Sperandeo, Lior (July 9, 2020).
1768:Eales, K., Blackett, I. (2019).
1159:
682:
267:
238:municipal solid waste collectors
90:municipal solid waste collectors
3277:Open-source healthcare software
3019:Sociology of health and illness
2674:
2633:
2620:
2555:
2530:
2499:
2447:
2421:
2412:
2387:
2374:
2349:
2324:
2292:
2238:
2135:
2108:
2073:
2028:
2002:
1959:
1933:
1915:
1890:
1845:
1801:
1762:
1749:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1666:
1579:
1572:Ray, I., Prasad, CS S. (2018).
1125:", but also people who work as
988:
919:
864:and the workers were dunnymen.
824:In European history the terms "
429:Sewage treatment plant cleaning
348:Community/public toilet keeping
3638:Caribbean Public Health Agency
3450:Sexually transmitted infection
3347:Statistical hypothesis testing
3108:Occupational safety and health
3009:Sexual and reproductive health
2922:Occupational safety and health
1517:
1491:
1460:
1439:
1312:India Development Review (IDR)
1299:
828:collectors" or "nightmen" and
646:Legal and institutional issues
613:, spread through contact with
570:Occupational safety and health
554:occupational safety and health
488:occupational health and safety
383:Mechanical emptier (including
168:Sustainable Development Goal 6
122:occupational health and safety
116:and societal neglect. In many
13:
1:
3292:Social determinants of health
2512:Journal of Business Logistics
1980:10.1080/00856401.2019.1556377
1644:10.1080/13549839.2020.1792430
1296:. World Bank, Washington, DC.
1230:
1057:
926:Sustainable Development Goals
775:personal protective equipment
740:personal protective equipment
695:-based structure, such as in
656:standard operating procedures
588:personal protective equipment
517:
284:Types of work and occupations
38:personal protective equipment
3352:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
3113:Human factors and ergonomics
2568:Environment and Urbanization
948:Impacts of Covid-19 pandemic
746:and associations to protect
583:, including lack of oxygen.
498:Number of sanitation workers
7:
3533:Good manufacturing practice
3337:Randomized controlled trial
2715:Sanitation Workers in India
1929:(Report) – via BORDA.
1839:www.civilservicesuccess.com
1473:Journal of Workplace Rights
1396:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113907
1213:
547:in Korogocho slums in Kenya
464:wastewater treatment plants
218:plants and disposal sites.
162:) contribute to functional
10:
3929:
3603:Theory of planned behavior
3528:Good agricultural practice
3433:Public health surveillance
3325:epidemiological statistics
2969:Public health intervention
1208:container-based sanitation
1168:
1103:
1061:
1022:
992:
981:
807:
733:Approaches for improvement
424:Wastewater treatment plant
178:Definition and terminology
3846:
3781:
3740:
3725:World Toilet Organization
3720:World Health Organization
3627:
3616:
3553:
3478:
3394:
3322:
3287:Public health informatics
3227:
3032:
2994:Right to rest and leisure
2823:Globalization and disease
2758:
1711:Labour Department (2006)
1467:Benelli, Natalie (2011).
1225:Memphis sanitation strike
1018:
1009:municipality of eThekwini
977:
884:
254:Memphis sanitation strike
3771:Schools of public health
3563:Diffusion of innovations
3262:Health impact assessment
2974:Public health laboratory
2870:Management of depression
2659:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00190
2588:10.1177/0956247815572746
1591:washmatters.wateraid.org
1563:(policy brief). WaterAid
1164:
1087:
3834:Social hygiene movement
3761:Doctor of Public Health
3593:Social cognitive theory
3395:Infectious and epidemic
3177:Fecalâoral transmission
2115:Curnutte, Mark (2011).
1220:Fecal sludge management
1077:-like. They tend to be
1052:
834:fecal sludge management
769:practices for workers (
375:Fecal sludge management
242:environmental engineers
212:sewage treatment plants
164:fecal sludge management
3829:Germ theory of disease
3608:Transtheoretical model
2487:Cite journal requires
2280:Cite journal requires
1902:www.salaryexplorer.com
1770:FSM5 - Thematic Papers
1503:Memphis Public Library
1101:
1096:Sanitation workers in
881:
821:
761:Operational guidelines
548:
536:
351:School toilet cleaning
258:Martin Luther King Jr.
216:fecal sludge treatment
40:
3713:Public Health Service
3598:Social norms approach
3588:PRECEDEâPROCEED model
3034:Preventive healthcare
2927:Pharmaceutical policy
2776:Chief Medical Officer
2219:10.2166/h2oj.2022.037
1835:"NYC Sanitation Exam"
1104:Further information:
1095:
1062:Further information:
1023:Further information:
993:Further information:
982:Further information:
889:Examples by country:
875:
852:, a precursor to the
815:
542:
534:
278:municipal solid waste
264:maintenance workers.
149:high income countries
35:
3789:Sara Josephine Baker
3688:Public Health Agency
3573:Health communication
3438:Disease surveillance
3404:Asymptomatic carrier
3386:Statistical software
3074:Preventive nutrition
2902:Medical anthropology
2791:Environmental health
1069:discrimination, and
965:transmission of the
670:Financial insecurity
652:developing countries
397:Mechanical transport
145:developing countries
118:developing countries
3799:Carl Rogers Darnall
3794:Samuel Jay Crumbine
3568:Health belief model
3421:Notifiable diseases
3357:Regression analysis
3192:Waterborne diseases
2781:Cultural competence
2580:2015EnUrb..27...89T
2312:on November 6, 2015
1789:. December 28, 2016
1636:2020LoEnv..25..627S
1505:. February 12, 1968
1485:10.2190/WR.16.3-4.l
1387:2022IJHEH.24013907O
1181:, which comes from
868:Society and culture
679:in many countries.
607:waterborne diseases
451:Types of employment
442:Mechanical disposal
371:Desludging operator
356:commercial cleaning
297:Toilet/containment
293:
106:psychosocial stress
3397:disease prevention
3332:Caseâcontrol study
3004:Security of person
2853:Health care reform
2542:data.worldbank.org
1151:In India the term
1140:â". Programs like
1102:
969:virus via waste".
882:
822:
549:
537:
322:Restroom attendant
291:
41:
18:Sanitation workers
3890:
3889:
3842:
3841:
3752:Higher education
3583:Positive deviance
3578:Health psychology
3554:Health behavioral
3481:safety management
3455:Social distancing
3229:Population health
3209:Smoking cessation
3157:Pharmacovigilance
3128:Injury prevention
3096:Infection control
3014:Social psychology
2964:Prisoners' rights
2907:Medical sociology
2875:Public health law
2771:Biological hazard
2105:, Govt. of India.
1624:Local Environment
1559:WaterAid (2022).
1153:manual scavengers
1123:manual scavengers
1117:safai karamcharis
1001:sewer maintenance
958:essential workers
954:Covid-19 pandemic
701:intergenerational
577:falls from height
532:
448:
447:
309:End use/Disposal
272:More commonly, a
252:, Tennessee: The
45:sanitation worker
16:(Redirected from
3920:
3908:Waste collection
3878:
3877:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3853:
3748:Health education
3625:
3624:
3479:Food hygiene and
3460:Tropical disease
3272:Infant mortality
3247:Community health
3123:Controlled Drugs
3059:Health promotion
2989:Right to housing
2833:Health economics
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2042:. April 22, 2020
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:Business Insider
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1546:
1541:WaterAid (2022)
1539:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1479:(3â4): 453â474.
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1366:
1341:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1011:(which includes
973:Country examples
820:, Sweden in 1905
729:for their work.
533:
470:Informal workers
457:informal workers
394:Manual transport
294:
290:
147:versus those in
21:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3838:
3809:Margaret Sanger
3777:
3736:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3555:
3549:
3521:Safety scandals
3480:
3474:
3396:
3390:
3324:
3318:
3314:Social medicine
3307:Race and health
3242:Child mortality
3223:
3182:Open defecation
3064:Human nutrition
3054:Family planning
3042:Behavior change
3028:
2984:Right to health
2897:Maternal health
2887:Health politics
2838:Health literacy
2754:
2749:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2504:
2500:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1616:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1367:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1238:
1233:
1216:
1173:
1171:Bayakou (trade)
1167:
1162:
1127:street sweepers
1121:This includes "
1108:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1027:
1021:
997:
991:
986:
980:
975:
962:corona warriors
950:
922:
887:
870:
810:
763:
735:
685:
672:
660:law enforcement
648:
630:
592:gastroenteritis
581:confined spaces
572:
564:social security
522:
520:
500:
472:
453:
439:Manual disposal
408:pumping station
343:domestic worker
341:Domestic work (
286:
274:waste collector
270:
256:, supported by
234:
180:
130:confined spaces
102:confined spaces
49:sanitary worker
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3860:
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3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
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3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
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3700:
3692:
3691:
3690:
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3677:
3676:
3675:
3667:
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3665:
3660:
3652:
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3650:
3642:
3641:
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3631:
3629:
3622:
3617:Organizations,
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
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3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3323:Biological and
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3282:Multimorbidity
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3219:Vector control
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:School hygiene
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Sanitary sewer
3184:
3179:
3174:
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2518:(1): 185â201.
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2206:H2Open Journal
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1185:. The capital
1183:Haitian Creole
1169:Main article:
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708:discrimination
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3683:Health Canada
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3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Relative risk
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Health equity
3300:
3298:
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3294:
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3290:
3288:
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3265:
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3260:
3258:
3257:Global health
3255:
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3238:
3237:Biostatistics
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3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
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2979:Right to food
2977:
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2912:Mental health
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2885:
2881:
2878:
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2860:Housing First
2858:
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2848:Health system
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:Health policy
2841:
2839:
2836:
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2752:Public health
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2623:
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2593:
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2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:(1): 89â104.
2573:
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2539:
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2525:
2521:
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2464:10.1596/32640
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2031:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1951:September 29,
1947:
1943:
1936:
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1907:September 29,
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1596:September 29,
1592:
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1347:
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1336:PRIA (2019):
1333:
1331:
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1243:
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1205:
1202:In contrast,
1200:
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1172:
1160:Other regions
1157:
1154:
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1142:Swachh Bharat
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1124:
1120:
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927:
914:
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906:
903:
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896:
895:United States
892:
891:
890:
879:
874:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:"honeywagons"
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
814:
805:
802:
800:
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791:typhoid fever
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784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
758:
756:
751:
749:
748:worker rights
745:
741:
730:
728:
727:social stigma
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
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690:
683:Social issues
680:
678:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
643:
639:
636:
625:
621:
619:
616:
612:
611:Leptospirosis
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
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560:
557:
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541:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
495:
491:
489:
485:
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477:
476:human excreta
467:
465:
460:
458:
441:
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409:
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353:
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318:
315:
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313:
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308:
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296:
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289:
281:
279:
275:
268:Related terms
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
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222:
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217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
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152:
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146:
141:
139:
135:
134:social stigma
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
114:social stigma
111:
107:
104:, as well as
103:
97:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
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70:
69:public spaces
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
19:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3824:Radium Girls
3819:Typhoid Mary
3506:Microbiology
3376:
3368:
3252:Epidemiology
3196:
3150:Organization
3101:Oral hygiene
3091:Hand washing
3069:Healthy diet
2999:Right to sit
2892:Labor rights
2689:. Retrieved
2685:
2676:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2622:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:
2532:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2480:cite journal
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2361:washdata.org
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2294:
2273:cite journal
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2209:
2205:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2117:
2110:
2094:
2085:
2075:
2066:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2004:
1974:(1): 51â68.
1971:
1967:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1935:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1808:SciDev.Net.
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1724:HSE (2013).
1720:
1707:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:
1627:
1623:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
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1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1441:
1378:
1374:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:sewer system
1176:
1174:
1150:
1146:
1131:
1115:
1109:
1083:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1028:
1005:pit emptying
998:
989:South Africa
961:
951:
923:
920:Global goals
888:
858:septic tanks
854:vacuum truck
838:pail closets
830:gong farmers
823:
803:
779:vaccinations
764:
752:
736:
723:septic tanks
720:
705:
686:
673:
666:and health.
649:
640:
631:
622:
604:
585:
573:
561:
558:
550:
505:
501:
492:
484:pit latrines
473:
461:
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366:Vacuum truck
287:
271:
246:human rights
235:
223:
220:
208:septic tanks
204:pit latrines
182:A report by
181:
160:septic tanks
156:pit latrines
153:
142:
126:
98:
82:water drains
80:
48:
44:
42:
26:
3881:WikiProject
3621:and history
3501:Engineering
3214:Vaccination
3086:Food safety
2691:October 11,
2547:October 11,
2439:October 11,
2404:October 11,
2366:October 11,
2341:October 11,
2316:October 11,
2264:10986/28997
1755:HSE (n.d.)
1698:HSE (2011)
1206:operates a
1156:continues.
1098:Pondicherry
952:During the
799:hepatitis B
795:hepatitis A
771:handwashing
635:hepatitis A
545:pit latrine
490:standards.
410:maintenance
387:desludging)
385:septic tank
336:pit latrine
334:Latrine or
303:Conveyance
110:child labor
94:solid waste
3913:Sanitation
3897:Categories
3634:Caribbean
3511:Processing
3445:Quarantine
3367:Student's
3167:Sanitation
2801:History of
2686:www.ey.com
2434:World Bank
1814:SciDev.Net
1447:"Waste360"
1381:: 113907.
1231:References
1058:Bangladesh
967:SARS-CoV-2
899:snowstorms
880:, Cameroon
755:fair wages
712:alcoholism
566:coverage.
518:Challenges
406:Sewer and
306:Treatment
226:sanitation
184:World Bank
53:sanitation
3814:John Snow
3741:Education
3731:Full list
3619:education
3543:ISO 22000
3496:Chemistry
3409:Epidemics
3362:ROC curve
3172:Emergency
2952:Radiation
2932:Pollution
2916:Ministers
2813:Euthenics
2668:2296-665X
2596:0956-2478
2472:212915688
2300:"Ihsi.ht"
2046:April 23,
1996:150965777
1988:0085-6401
1857:cbcny.org
1660:221178372
1652:1354-9839
1509:March 18,
1452:March 18,
1317:April 23,
846:outhouses
826:nightsoil
818:Stockholm
689:unskilled
677:extortion
300:Emptying
3857:Category
3556:sciences
3491:Additive
3162:Safe sex
3133:Medicine
3047:Theories
2818:Genomics
2796:Eugenics
2786:Deviance
2766:Auxology
2614:26097288
2230:June 11,
2224:Archived
2180:July 30,
2067:The Wire
2040:The Wire
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1793:July 30,
1415:34942466
1214:See also
960:or even
650:In many
426:operator
416:cleaning
403:cleaning
368:operator
338:cleaning
331:Sweeping
262:sewerage
192:WaterAid
138:diarrhea
3869:Commons
3782:History
3679:Canada
3654:Europe
3138:Nursing
3118:Hygiene
3081:Hygiene
2806:Liberal
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2605:4461065
2576:Bibcode
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1632:Bibcode
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913:cesspit
862:dunnies
808:History
783:tetanus
767:hygiene
658:, weak
600:typhoid
596:cholera
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3669:India
3644:China
3516:Safety
3197:Worker
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1138:castes
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1079:dalits
1042:Lusaka
1019:Zambia
1013:Durban
978:Africa
885:Income
878:Douala
781:(e.g.
744:unions
664:rights
377:worker
200:public
84:, and
73:sewers
3694:U.S.
3538:HACCP
3487:Food
3379:-test
3371:-test
2957:Light
2942:Water
2468:S2CID
2357:"JMP"
2310:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
1992:S2CID
1927:(PDF)
1656:S2CID
1165:Haiti
1112:Hindi
1088:India
942:SDG 8
938:SDG 6
934:SDG 3
930:SDG 1
787:polio
697:India
693:caste
618:urine
401:Sewer
77:storm
65:parks
3470:WASH
3426:List
3414:List
2947:Soil
2693:2022
2664:ISSN
2610:PMID
2592:ISSN
2549:2022
2493:help
2441:2022
2406:2022
2368:2022
2343:2022
2318:2022
2286:help
2232:2023
2182:2017
2150:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2048:2020
1984:ISSN
1953:2020
1909:2020
1865:2020
1821:2020
1795:2017
1686:2022
1648:ISSN
1598:2020
1511:2020
1454:2020
1411:PMID
1319:2020
1075:slum
1053:Asia
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714:and
482:and
214:and
194:and
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2937:Air
2654:doi
2600:PMC
2584:doi
2520:doi
2460:doi
2259:hdl
2251:doi
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