972:
50:
173:
370:
production) and cattle-raising, while the mountain settlements experienced increased prosperity through their investment in crafts and commerce, and their organization into communal guilds. This prosperity was expressed in the growth of fairs and markets in the region's urban centres.
378:
took over control of
Thessaly, and consolidated his rule after 1808, when he suppressed a local uprising. His heavy taxation, however, ruined the province's commerce, and coupled with the outbreak of the plague in 1813, reduced the population to some 200,000 by 1820. When the
483:. At the time it was part of the Rumeli Eyalet and divided into four sub-provinces: the Trikala (Τirhala) vilayet, the Larisa (Yenisehir) vilayet, the Fanari (Fenâr) vilayet and the Agrafa (Ağrafa) vilayet. The capital was the city of Trikala.
1051:
292:(died 1484) rather than a regular province. Turahan and his heirs brought in settlers from Anatolia (the so-called "Konyalis", or "Koniarides" in Greek, since most were from the region around
961:
1146:
1416:
269:
in successive waves, in 1386/7, the mid-1390s, and again after 1414/23, and the conquest was not completed until 1470. Trikala itself fell probably in 1395/6 (although
148:
1036:
1166:
1466:
1371:
1021:
1451:
1411:
991:
1271:
296:) to repopulate the sparsely inhabited area, and soon, Muslim settlers or converts dominated the lowlands, while the Christians held the mountains around the
1476:
1086:
954:
1261:
1026:
1006:
1331:
1296:
1201:
1141:
1276:
1216:
1471:
1341:
1161:
1181:
1406:
1206:
1096:
1091:
1196:
1106:
1461:
947:
336:
418:
period, Thessaly experienced an increased concentration of the arable land by a few magnates, who reduced their tenant farmers to virtual
933:
315:
Thessaly was generally peaceful, but did see the occasional conflict. Thus in 1570 the
Venetians raided the region of Fenarbekir (
265:
In the mid-14th century, Thessaly had been ruled by
Serbian and Greek lords and enjoyed great prosperity. It was conquered by the
838:
Rumeli und Bosna, geographisch beschrieben, von
Mustafa ben Abdalla Hadschi Chalfa. Aus dem Türkischen übersetzt von J. v. Hammer
760:
695:
391:
mountains as well as the western mountains around
Fenarbekir, but they were swiftly suppressed by the Ottoman armies under
720:
655:
426:
103:
746:
681:
480:
407:
900:
868:
799:
922:
M. Delibaşi, M. Arikan, "Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i
Tirhala I", Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2001, pp. 26–27
350:
The 17th century saw the progressive weakening of the
Ottoman central government, and the replacement of the
300:. Banditry was endemic, and led to the creation of the first state-sanctioned Christian autonomies known as
49:
971:
433:. The last Ottoman census, carried out in 1877/8, listed 250,000 inhabitants and 2,500 buildings for the
919:
N. Beldiceanu, P. Nasturel, "La
Thessalie entre 1454/55 et 1506", Byzantion LIII (1983) pp. 104–156
863:]. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, 13 (in German). Reichert. pp. 74–75, 78.
526:), and Fenarbekir. In the 18th century, the capital was transferred from Tirhala to Yenişehir, and the
1456:
737:
672:
380:
324:
320:
289:
895:]. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, 13 (in German). Reichert. pp. 74, 75.
1116:
361:
208:
1236:
822:
54:
Central Greece in the early 19th century, showing the sanjak of
Tirhala ("Trikhala") in the centre
1046:
430:
406:, Greek nationalist agitation continued, with further revolts in 1841, 1854 and again during the
818:
Memoirs on the Ionian
Islands, Considered in a Commercial, Political, and Military Point of View
939:
925:
M. Kiel, "Das Türkische Thessalien. Etabliertes Geschichtsbild versus Osmanischen Quellen", in
794:]. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, 13 (in German). Reichert. p. 59.
1401:
339:, who claimed the Byzantine throne. The local Greeks also rose up in various areas during the
276:
The newly conquered region was initially the patrimonial domain of the powerful marcher-lord (
1396:
1121:
375:
328:
996:
392:
1381:
1251:
1226:
1186:
396:
1336:
1076:
257:, a process which began at the end of the 14th century and ended in the mid-15th century.
8:
1356:
1241:
1231:
1111:
1066:
1041:
816:
1316:
1281:
1221:
1131:
1126:
1101:
741:
676:
1311:
1031:
1421:
1351:
1326:
1321:
1301:
1291:
1211:
1081:
1056:
1001:
896:
884:
864:
852:
841:(in German). Vienna: Verlag des Kunst- und Industrie-Comptors. 1812. pp. 99–105.
795:
783:
756:
691:
586:
403:
153:
1136:
471:
covered a much larger area than today’s Thessaly region, since it included areas of
1366:
1306:
1286:
1266:
1191:
1156:
1016:
1011:
729:
664:
316:
297:
1246:
270:
1386:
1361:
1346:
1256:
1071:
1061:
836:
725:
660:
552:
540:
476:
366:
system in the lowlands, which were mainly concerned with agriculture (especially
1391:
1176:
1171:
979:
733:
668:
226:
218:
36:
21:
1445:
487:
462:
388:
266:
240:
344:
253:. It was established after the conquest of Thessaly by the Ottomans led by
600:
594:
576:
568:
562:
556:
544:
534:
491:
466:
456:
444:
434:
411:
359:
351:
301:
285:
277:
254:
238:
230:
212:
499:
340:
249:. Its name derives from the Turkish version of the name of the town of
1151:
515:
303:
593:). However, in 1867, it was re-merged with the Ioannina Eyalet as a
279:
610:
523:
519:
440:
413:
246:
166:
543:(at the latest by 1846). Around 1854/55, it appears as a separate
929:, publ. R. Lauer, P. Schreiner, Göttingen 1996, pp. 145 –146
606:
570:
561:
in its own right. Initially it probably encompassed only the old
511:
503:
419:
332:
250:
67:
63:
969:
439:, with a total population for Thessaly (including the region of
975:
546:
472:
384:
367:
309:
232:
191:
32:
590:
582:
507:
447:) estimated at 285,000 Greeks, 40,000 Turks and 40,000 Jews.
353:
293:
551:, but the source is unclear. In 1856 it became part of the
493:
425:
Thessaly remained in Ottoman hands until 1881, when it was
410:. At the same time, despite the progressive reforms of the
347:
of 1770, but these insurrections were swiftly suppressed.
555:, but in the 1863–1867 period, it certainly became an
308:
s, the earliest and most notable of which was that of
934:Γη και γεωργοί της Θεσσαλίας κατά την Τουρκοκρατίαν
927:
Die Kultur Griechenlands in Mittelalter und Neuzeit
475:that today belong to the administrative regions of
719:
654:
599:, which is listed in 1877 as having the following
539:reforms of the 1840s, Tirhala became part of the
383:broke out in 1821, Greek risings occurred in the
1443:
1467:States and territories established in the 1390s
814:
648:
646:
1452:States and territories disestablished in 1881
955:
778:
776:
774:
772:
713:
711:
709:
707:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
1477:1881 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
821:. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. p.
585:), ceded from the Salonica Eyalet, Preveze (
335:), and the second at the instigation of the
829:
402:After the establishment of the independent
1472:1390s establishments in the Ottoman Empire
962:
948:
769:
747:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
717:
704:
682:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
623:
498:s (districts): Tirhala itself, Palatmina (
450:
48:
755:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 539–540.
690:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 420–422.
486:According to the 17th-century geographer
845:
652:
609:, Tirhala, Çatalca, Golos and Karadiğe (
1462:Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in Europe
319:), and failed Greek uprisings occurred
1444:
883:
851:
808:
782:
273:claims it happened as early as 1390).
943:
889:Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches
857:Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches
788:Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches
530:itself was often called accordingly.
893:The Provinces of the Ottoman Empire
861:The Provinces of the Ottoman Empire
792:The Provinces of the Ottoman Empire
465:. In the tax census of 1454/5, the
443:, which remained Ottoman until the
343:of 1684–1699, and again during the
13:
913:
815:de Vaudoncourt, Guillaume (1816).
14:
1488:
66:(Tirhala), from the 18th century
1147:İstolni Belgrad (Székesfehérvár)
970:
589:), a new province, and Avlonya (
575:(provincial year-book) adds the
490:, the province encompassed nine
171:
146:
877:
718:Yerolimpos, Alexandra (2000).
408:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
1:
936:, Volos 1912, pp. 33–59.
616:
455:For most of its history, the
245:) encompassing the region of
601:
595:
577:
569:
567:of Tirhala, but the 1864/65
563:
557:
545:
535:
492:
479:and the eastern portions of
467:
457:
435:
412:
360:
352:
302:
278:
239:
231:
213:
7:
1432:Modern names in parentheses
1417:Zağra-i Atik (Stara Zagora)
288:(died 1456) and of his son
10:
1493:
653:Savvides, Alexios (2000).
374:After 1780, the ambitious
323:and 1612, the first under
260:
1430:
987:
381:Greek War of Independence
325:Dionysius the Philosopher
222:
187:
125:
121:
117:
113:
100:
90:
86:
78:
74:
58:
47:
42:
31:
18:
1052:Değirmenilk ve Mesentûri
605:s: Yenişehir, Alasonya,
92:• Ottoman conquest
1252:Yeni Pazar (Novi Pazar)
502:), Yenişehir i-Fenari (
451:Administrative division
429:under the terms of the
331:of Yenişehir i-Fenari (
223:λιβάς/σαντζάκι Τρικάλων
214:Sancak-i/Liva-i Tirhala
1207:Modava (Moldova Veche)
997:Alaca Hișar (Kruševac)
1357:Semendire (Smederevo)
427:handed over to Greece
376:Ali Pasha of Ioannina
1402:Vulçitrin (Vushtrri)
1372:Temeşvar (Timișoara)
1227:Karadağ (Montenegro)
1127:Inebahti (Naupaktos)
1122:Hersek (Herzegovina)
1117:Gümülcine (Komotini)
1102:Gelibolu (Gallipoli)
397:Mahmud Dramali Pasha
70:(Yenişehir i-Fenari)
1242:Niğbolu (Nicopolis)
992:Adrianople (Edirne)
461:formed part of the
393:Mehmed Reshid Pasha
329:metropolitan bishop
225:) was second-level
1422:İzvornik (Zvornik)
1317:Selanik (Salonica)
1212:Midilli (Mytilene)
1437:
1436:
1322:İşkodra (Scutari)
1047:Dedeağaç/Dimetoka
762:978-90-04-11211-7
697:978-90-04-11211-7
404:Kingdom of Greece
201:Sanjak of Tirhala
197:
196:
183:
182:
179:
178:
159:
158:
154:Medieval Thessaly
104:Cession to Greece
19:Sanjak of Tirhala
1484:
1457:Ottoman Thessaly
1337:Serfiğe (Servia)
1327:Segedin (Szeged)
1132:Yanya (Ioannina)
974:
964:
957:
950:
941:
940:
907:
906:
881:
875:
874:
849:
843:
842:
833:
827:
826:
812:
806:
805:
780:
767:
766:
742:Heinrichs, W. P.
723:
715:
702:
701:
677:Heinrichs, W. P.
658:
650:
604:
598:
580:
574:
566:
560:
550:
538:
497:
470:
460:
438:
431:Treaty of Berlin
417:
365:
358:system with the
357:
307:
298:Thessalian plain
283:
244:
236:
224:
216:
175:
174:
163:
162:
150:
149:
143:
142:
127:
126:
52:
16:
15:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1392:Vize/Tekfürtaği
1287:Pojega (Požega)
1007:Andıra (Andros)
983:
968:
916:
914:Further reading
911:
910:
903:
885:Birken, Andreas
882:
878:
871:
853:Birken, Andreas
850:
846:
835:
834:
830:
813:
809:
802:
784:Birken, Andreas
781:
770:
763:
734:Bosworth, C. E.
716:
705:
698:
669:Bosworth, C. E.
651:
624:
619:
553:Ioannina Eyalet
541:Salonica Eyalet
453:
263:
209:Ottoman Turkish
172:
147:
106:
93:
53:
22:Ottoman Turkish
20:
12:
11:
5:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Üsküp (Skopje)
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:Sirem (Syrmia)
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Görice (Korçë)
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
985:
984:
980:Ottoman Empire
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
938:
937:
930:
923:
920:
915:
912:
909:
908:
901:
876:
869:
844:
828:
807:
800:
768:
761:
738:van Donzel, E.
726:Bearman, P. J.
703:
696:
673:van Donzel, E.
661:Bearman, P. J.
621:
620:
618:
615:
481:Central Greece
452:
449:
337:Duke of Nevers
262:
259:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
169:
160:
157:
156:
151:
139:
138:
133:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
71:
60:
56:
55:
45:
44:
40:
39:
37:Ottoman Empire
29:
28:
26:Liva-i Tirhala
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Yanova (Ineu)
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Sakız (Chios)
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
981:
977:
973:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
935:
932:D. Tsopotos,
931:
928:
924:
921:
918:
917:
904:
902:3-920153-56-1
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
872:
870:3-920153-56-1
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
840:
839:
832:
824:
820:
819:
811:
803:
801:3-920153-56-1
797:
793:
789:
785:
779:
777:
775:
773:
764:
758:
754:
750:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:Bianquis, Th.
727:
722:
714:
712:
710:
708:
699:
693:
689:
685:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Bianquis, Th.
662:
657:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
622:
614:
612:
608:
603:
597:
592:
588:
584:
579:
573:
572:
565:
559:
554:
549:
548:
542:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
518:), Alasonya (
517:
514:), Velestin (
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
495:
489:
488:Hajji Khalifa
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
464:
463:Rumeli Eyalet
459:
448:
446:
442:
437:
432:
428:
423:
421:
416:
415:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
372:
369:
364:
363:
356:
355:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
281:
274:
272:
271:Evliya Çelebi
268:
267:Ottoman Turks
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
242:
235:
234:
228:
220:
215:
210:
206:
202:
193:
190:
188:Today part of
186:
170:
168:
165:
164:
161:
155:
152:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
99:
95:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
46:
41:
38:
34:
30:
27:
23:
17:
1439:
1376:
1277:Peçuy (Pécs)
1197:Lipova/Lipva
1012:Berat/Avlona
926:
892:
888:
879:
860:
856:
847:
837:
831:
817:
810:
791:
787:
752:
745:
687:
680:
581:s of Golos (
532:
527:
522:), Döminek (
510:), Çatalca (
485:
454:
424:
401:
373:
349:
345:Orlov Revolt
314:
275:
264:
204:
200:
198:
136:Succeeded by
135:
130:
25:
1237:Nakşa Berre
445:Balkan Wars
286:Turahan Bey
255:Turahan Bey
131:Preceded by
62:Originally
43:1395/6–1881
1446:Categories
1187:Kyustendil
1167:Kırklareli
1137:İpek (Peć)
617:References
533:After the
500:Platamonas
341:Morean War
229:province (
1152:Karli-Eli
1087:Esztergom
982:in Europe
751:Volume X:
721:"Tirḥāla"
686:Volume X:
656:"Tesalya"
516:Velestino
506:), Golo (
321:in 1600/1
304:armatolik
1332:Senturin
1297:Pristina
1282:Pljevlja
1222:Monastir
1202:Mezistre
1142:Islimiye
1022:Beçkerek
887:(1976).
855:(1976).
786:(1976).
744:(eds.).
679:(eds.).
611:Karditsa
536:Tanzimat
524:Domeniko
520:Elassona
441:Elassona
414:Tanzimat
290:Ömer Bey
247:Thessaly
167:Thessaly
1397:Voynuks
1377:Tirhala
1352:Sjenica
1342:Silivri
1302:Prizren
1292:Preveza
1272:Pançova
1162:Kesriye
1082:Elbasan
1077:Eğriboz
1057:Delvina
1037:Çingene
1002:Albania
978:of the
976:Sanjaks
587:Preveza
571:salname
512:Farsala
504:Larissa
420:serfdom
389:Olympus
362:chiflik
333:Larissa
261:History
251:Trikala
227:Ottoman
205:Trikala
102:•
79:History
68:Larissa
64:Trikala
59:Capital
35:of the
1307:Rhodes
1267:Pakrac
1262:Orşova
1192:Lemnos
1157:Kavala
1097:Filibe
1092:Fenlak
1067:Durrës
1042:Çirmen
1027:Çakova
1017:Bosnia
899:
867:
798:
759:
740:&
694:
675:&
607:Irmiye
596:sanjak
578:sanjak
564:sanjak
558:eyalet
547:eyalet
528:sanjak
477:Epirus
473:Pindos
468:sanjak
458:sanjak
436:sanjak
385:Pelion
368:cotton
327:, the
317:Fanari
310:Agrafa
280:uç bey
233:sanjak
192:Greece
96:1395/6
82:
33:Sanjak
1412:Yörük
1387:Vidin
1362:Sofia
1347:Siroz
1257:Ohrid
1232:Morea
1217:Mohaç
1107:Golos
1072:Drama
1062:Dibra
1032:Çanad
891:[
859:[
790:[
724:. In
659:. In
591:Vlora
583:Volos
508:Volos
354:timar
294:Konya
219:Greek
1182:Küle
1177:Klis
1172:Krka
897:ISBN
865:ISBN
796:ISBN
757:ISBN
692:ISBN
602:kaza
494:kaza
395:and
387:and
241:liva
199:The
109:1881
1247:Niş
823:147
753:T–U
688:T–U
613:).
237:or
203:or
1448::
771:^
749:.
736:;
732:;
728:;
706:^
684:.
671:;
667:;
663:;
625:^
422:.
399:.
312:.
284:)
221::
217:;
211::
24::
963:e
956:t
949:v
905:.
873:.
825:.
804:.
765:.
700:.
207:(
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