942:
4669:
4604:
4536:
498:
198:
4410:
4068:
525:
4634:
4579:
22:
825:) and guillotined on 24 March. On 27 March the infantry and cavalry of the revolutionary army, for eight months active in Paris and surroundings, were finally disbanded, except their artillery. (Hanriot was denounced by the Revolutionary Tribunal as an accomplice of HĂ©bert, but seems to have been protected by Robespierre.)
1136:
were a "shapeless, mostly urban movement of the labouring poor, small craftsmen, shopkeepers, artisans, tiny entrepreneurs and the like". He further notes they were organised notably in the local political clubs of Paris and "provided the main striking-force of the revolution". Hobsbawm writes that
902:
did not stop with the execution of the King, and the
Montagnards worked hard to fulfil their mounting orders. This increased pressure from the radical masses exacerbated the ideological split between the Montagnards and the Girondins, and tensions began to grow within the convention. Eventually, by
756:
BarĂšre voiced the
Committee of Public Safety's support for the measures desired by the assembly: he presented a decree that was passed immediately, establishing a paid armed force of 6,000 men and 1,000 gunners "designed to crush the counter-revolutionaries, to execute wherever the need arises the
1007:
proclaimed: "It has been said that terror was the mainspring of despotic government. Does your government, then, resemble a despotism? Yes, as the sword which glitters in the hands of liberty's heroes resembles the one with which tyranny's lackeys are armed." Robespierre expressed a desire for
687:
army to enforce revolutionary laws. Petitioners from the sections and the
Commune appeared at the bar of the Convention at about five o'clock in the afternoon on 31 May. They demanded that a domestic revolutionary army should be raised and that the price of bread should be fixed at three
557:
Along with other
Jacobins, he urged in his magazine the creation of a revolutionary army in Paris, consisting of 20,000 men, with the goal to defend "liberty" (the revolution), maintain order in the sections, and educate the members in democratic principles; an idea he borrowed from
941:
272:
had a third way of applying pressure to achieve their demands: the police and the courts received thousands of denunciations of traitors and supposed conspirators. The height of their influence spanned roughly from the original overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 to the
757:
revolutionary laws and the measures of public safety that are decreed by the
National Convention, and to protect provisions (A force of citizen-soldiers which could go into the countryside to supervise the requisition of grain, to prevent the manoeuvres of rich
554:. He felt that the army had to become the instrument of defence of the Revolution and no longer be a threat to it. On 28 April, despite Robespierre's intensive campaign, the principle of an armed bourgeois militia was definitively enacted in the Assembly.
933:, who "effectively exercised legislative power" in situations of unrest. Otherwise, they would risk a similar uprising and their own exile, or possibly even execution. This political shift towards radicalism would soon turn into the Reign of Terror.
1192:
The term "culottes" in more recent French describes women's underpants, an article of clothing that has little or no relation to the historical culottes, but now also refers to apparent skirts that are actually split with two legs. The term
706:
only, and a fund set apart for the relatives of those defending their country and for the relief of aged and infirm. According to
Hampson, the subject is quite extraordinarily complicated and obscure. The next day all Paris was in arms.
657:
On 1 May, the crowds threatened armed insurrection if the emergency measures demanded (price control) were not adopted. On 8 and 12 May
Robespierre repeated in the Jacobin club the necessity of founding a revolutionary army consisting of
319:
especially, accused even the most radical
Jacobins of being too tolerant of greed and insufficiently universalist. From this far-left point of view, all Jacobins were at fault because all of them tolerated existing civil life and social
833:
The working class was especially hurt by a hail storm which damaged grain crops in 1788, which caused bread prices to skyrocket. While the peasants of rural France could sustain themselves with their farms, and the wealthy
334:
forces charged with physically enforcing the policies and legislation of the revolutionary government, a task that commonly included violence and the carrying out of executions against perceived enemies of the revolution.
915:âto depose many of the Girondin deputies. Jeremy Popkin writes, " surrounded the Convention, and two days later the intimidated assembly suspended twenty-nine Girondin deputies. The defeated Girondin leaders fled to the
606:
to lay down their weapons, telling them it was illegal to present a petition in arms, although their march to the
Tuileries was not banned. They invited the officials to join the procession and march along with them.
985:
believed in a complete upheaval of the government, pushing for the execution of any that were considered corrupt by the leaders, even going as far as wanting "the enemies of the republic hang-main and the
5756:
348:
when it was dangerous to be associated with anything counter-revolutionary, even public functionaries and officials actually from middle or upper-class backgrounds adopted the clothing and label of the
766:
Three months later, on 4 December, the departmental revolutionary armies (except in Paris) were banned on proposal of
Tallien. The sections lost all rights to control their delegates and officials.
344:
were seen as the truest and most authentic sons of the French Revolution, held up as living representations of the revolutionary spirit. During the height of revolutionary fervor, such as during the
181:, that is to say, without intermediaries such as members of parliament. Though ill-clad and ill-equipped, with little or no support from the middle and upper classes, they made up the bulk of the
3070:
2481:
Andrews, Richard Mowery. "Social Structures, Political Elites and Ideology in Revolutionary Paris, 1792â94: A Critical Evaluation of Albert Soboul's' Les sans-culottes parisiens en l'an II',"
4733:
1301:(11th ed.), 1911. This saying meant "ordinary patriots without fine clothes", and referred to the fancy clothes that famous patriots wore. They wore pants with cuffed, rolled up bottoms.
4432:
1014:
admired. They pushed the committee for radical changes and often found a voice with Robespierre. Their desperate desire for immediate changes and their aptitude for violence made the
177:, most of them urban labourers, served as the driving popular force behind the revolution. They were judged by the other revolutionaries as "radicals" because they advocated a
1052:
in French, refers to this idealized image and the themes associated with it. Many public figures and revolutionaries who were not strictly working class styled themselves
996:
could be used as a political weapon to get rid of enemies of the Revolution. The key to Robespierre's Terror lay in their willingness and ability to mobilize. Thus, the
1469:
5418:
738:
again invaded the convention. They demanded tougher measures against rising prices and the setting up of a system of terror to root out the counter-revolution. The
1178:
as a social class, a sort of proto-proletariat that played a central role in the French Revolution. That view has been sharply attacked by scholars who say the
664:, paid by a tax on the rich, to beat the aristocrats inside France and the convention. Every public square should be used to produce arms and pikes. On 18 May,
590:
4299:
2641:
2242:
Waller, Sally. "How Significant was the Part Played by the Crowd and the Sans Culottes?" France in Revolution, 1776â1830. Oxford: Heinemann, 2002. 162. Print.
4673:
5463:
1449:
5695:
2785:
5085:
3986:
3941:
3848:
3795:
3726:
3596:
3570:
3487:
3384:
3311:
621:
262:... campaigned for a more democratic constitution, price controls, harsh laws against political enemies, and economic legislation to assist the needy.
620:
militants from the sections led a successful assault upon the Tuileries; according to Robespierre a triumph for the "passive" (non-voting) citizens.
5393:
1184:
were not a class at all. Indeed, as one historian points out, Soboul's concept has not been used by scholars in any other period of French history.
4621:
266:
They expressed their demands through petitions of the sections presented to the assemblies (the Legislative, and Convention) by the delegates. The
2524:
Artisans and Sans-culottes: Popular Movements in France and Britain during the French Revolution. Foundations of Modern History. New York: Norton.
577:
Following the king's veto of the Assembly's efforts to raise a militia of volunteers, the reinstatement of Brissotin ministers and suppression of
362:
But by early 1794, as the bourgeois and middle-class elements of the revolution began to gain more political influence, the fervent working-class
4681:
4474:
2016:
241:
4820:
4616:
763:
and deliver them up to the vengeance of the laws)".) For that reason, twelve travelling tribunals (with moveable guillotines) were set up.
5012:
4954:
4743:
2829:
2557:
1982:
1946:
Isoni, Alessandro (2 January 2014). "'Fonder la RĂ©publique': The French National Convention and the revolutionary government (1793â94)".
1126:
were constantly on edge and fearing betrayal, which can be attributed to their violent and radical rebellion tactics. Marxist historian
5443:
4800:
4139:
386:, despite their having previously been the strongest supporters of the revolution and its government. Several important leaders of the
4566:
5398:
4850:
4753:
1494:
5796:
3020:
919:. The Montagnards were left in control of the Convention, which itself was clearly at the mercy of whoever could command the armed
4977:
2648:
5746:
4815:
4728:
4189:
1776:
History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in M.DCC.LXXXIX. to the Restoration of the Bourbons in M.DCCC.XV
4384:
5654:
5428:
5145:
2753:
4556:
4495:
4453:
4284:
2737:
2417:
2379:
2358:
1830:
1757:
1638:
1581:
1524:
5458:
5002:
4510:
3062:
4919:
4336:
4229:
3153:
535:
4209:
694:
a pound, that nobles holding senior rank in the army should be dismissed, that armouries should be created for arming the
5781:
5433:
5388:
4561:
3713:
3474:
2729:
534:
from 31 May to 2 June 1793. The scene takes place in front of the Deputies Chamber in the Tuileries. The depiction shows
4934:
4888:
675:, with a very strong Girondin majority, was set up to investigate the anarchy in the communes and the activities of the
5751:
5741:
4505:
3811:
3461:
2436:
5130:
4341:
4316:
5816:
5125:
4466:
4427:
3973:
3604:
2634:
2585:
2306:
2193:
The Appearance, Predictions and Advice of the Devil, to the National Convention of France, in the Month of Nov. 1793.
2054:
1992:
1901:
1857:
1718:
1432:
1391:
1358:
284:
4174:
2253:
893:, deeming that a trial was not necessary, and won with a slim majority. Louis XVI was executed on January 21, 1793.
514:
5821:
5811:
5120:
5027:
4361:
2837:
2777:
773:
club. The HĂ©bertists hoped that the National Convention would expel Robespierre and his Montagnard supporters. The
578:
5555:
5343:
5270:
2504:
1645:
5496:
5205:
4144:
2606:
2578:
2550:
2452:
1311:
852:
and these wealthy aristocrats; the former had a particular hostility "towards those with large private incomes."
212:
153:
114:
5338:
5235:
4825:
3819:
1847:
5826:
5731:
5333:
5110:
3803:
2941:
2793:
2263:
1215:
274:
4738:
5736:
4259:
3734:
3578:
3557:
3495:
3415:
3278:
3013:
2933:
2898:
2389:
Robespierre, Maximilien de (1958). Bouloiseau, Marc; Lefebvre, Georges; Soboul, Albert; Dautry, Jean (eds.).
611:
582:
411:
124:
4169:
4159:
2846:
979:. These revolutionaries allied themselves most readily with those in power who promised radical change. The
546:
On 27 April 1791, Robespierre opposed plans to reorganize the National Guard and restrict its membership to
5448:
5135:
5032:
4523:
4500:
4445:
4331:
4274:
3161:
3093:
1097:
4440:
3243:
5550:
5175:
5070:
4949:
4929:
4840:
4769:
4591:
4089:
3856:
3549:
3402:
2890:
2471:
539:
5373:
5225:
4239:
4134:
3372:
806:
5806:
5685:
5240:
4219:
3443:
3392:
3324:
3224:
3008:
2917:
2704:
2543:
2079:
2074:
1083:
997:
5220:
4982:
4114:
810:
5786:
5700:
5285:
5017:
4860:
4715:
4518:
4081:
3957:
3880:
3758:
3742:
550:, largely property owners. He demanded the reconstitution of the army on a democratic basis to allow
373:
186:
182:
5595:
5140:
4972:
4748:
4129:
1562:
665:
5791:
5408:
5255:
5210:
4540:
4535:
4279:
4109:
4099:
3912:
3896:
3774:
3689:
3536:
3520:
3423:
3197:
2761:
822:
4835:
2505:
The Making of the Sans-culottes: Democratic Ideas and Institutions in Paris ...by R.B. Rose (1983)
1516:
Citizen-Soldiers and Manly Warriors: Military Service and Gender in the Civic Republican Tradition
700:, the departments of State purged, suspects arrested, the right to vote provisionally reserved to
595:
197:
5801:
5260:
5215:
4924:
4805:
4482:
4304:
3928:
3835:
3503:
3319:
3262:
3177:
2882:
2721:
1157:, which sought to express the interests of the "little men" who existed between the poles of the
904:
802:
403:
229:
5265:
5160:
4214:
1223:
32:
5050:
4883:
4487:
4179:
4164:
4037:
3904:
3782:
3528:
3448:
3117:
2992:
2984:
2874:
1386:. Translated by Applewhite, Harriet; Johnson, Mary. University of Illinois Press. p. 144.
878:
638:
393:
80:
3994:
1891:
1791:
1774:
1747:
1422:
1381:
396:
they had supported. The execution of radical leader Jacques HĂ©bert spelled the decline of the
5590:
4904:
4855:
4790:
4321:
4204:
4194:
4072:
4067:
3965:
3920:
3673:
3620:
3438:
3428:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3109:
2965:
2613:
2296:
1820:
1549:
1514:
1059:
559:
356:
249:
3649:
2322:
1348:
283:
provided the principal support behind the more radical and anti-bourgeoisie factions of the
92:
5529:
5403:
5165:
4987:
4909:
4758:
4366:
4356:
4149:
3864:
3681:
3628:
3433:
3216:
672:
372:
rapidly began falling out of favour within the National Convention. It was not long before
363:
4845:
4326:
4244:
3397:
3342:
2228:
2213:
2047:
Nationality and Citizenship in Revolutionary France: The Treatment of Foreigners 1789â1799
1601:
497:
8:
5605:
5535:
5383:
5313:
5170:
5150:
5115:
5090:
5022:
4723:
4249:
3633:
3512:
3270:
3182:
2957:
2949:
2925:
2684:
2511:
Curés Sans-culottes En Province : 1789-1814. Langres: Diffusion Museé Saint-Didier.
1093:
916:
864:
860:
818:
626:
5290:
5245:
779:
did not respond, and Hanriot refused to cooperate. On 13 March HĂ©bert, the voice of the
710:
501:
5065:
4830:
4795:
4646:
4608:
4603:
4351:
4269:
4264:
4010:
4002:
3697:
3657:
3469:
3362:
3126:
3101:
3045:
3028:
2866:
2390:
1963:
1707:
1665:
1250:
1146:
1069:
874:
5413:
5230:
4992:
4865:
4422:
4376:
2713:
1245:
5642:
5575:
5565:
5545:
4651:
3949:
3888:
3872:
3665:
2745:
2599:
2566:
2528:
Woloch, Isser, and Peter McPhee. "A Revolution in Political Culture" in McPhee, ed.,
2432:
2413:
2396:
2375:
2354:
2302:
2259:
2050:
1988:
1967:
1897:
1853:
1826:
1753:
1714:
1520:
1428:
1387:
1354:
1255:
1072:
1039:
814:
518:
233:
88:
84:
5200:
4899:
3189:
3089:
3036:
2466:
838:
could still afford bread, the urban workers of France, the group that comprised the
798:
300:
5710:
5570:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5080:
5007:
4944:
4914:
4686:
4656:
4551:
4254:
4104:
4029:
3766:
3750:
3705:
3641:
3612:
3407:
3286:
3169:
3134:
2676:
2627:
2620:
1955:
1481:
720:
551:
407:
355:
as a demonstration of solidarity with the working class and patriotism for the new
237:
178:
5489:
2592:
1120:
mantra was "permanent anticipation of betrayal and treachery". The members of the
925:
battalions." Now, whoever was in control of France's destiny had to answer to the
98:
5635:
5423:
5100:
5095:
5060:
4810:
4414:
4409:
4311:
4234:
4124:
4094:
3453:
3329:
3054:
3000:
2801:
2369:
2348:
1959:
1503:, pp. 133â136, in "Robespierre, the war and its organization" by Forrest, A.
976:
835:
729:
and National Guards led by Hanriot, surrounded the convention with 160â172 guns.
586:
571:
547:
445:
421:
345:
245:
225:
166:
149:
52:
5280:
2327:
Passons de la sans-soutif de l'Upper East Side Ă la sans-culotte de Times Square
1407:
1058:
in solidarity and recognition. However, in the period immediately following the
410:, they were definitively silenced as a political force. After the defeat of the
5705:
5647:
5453:
5275:
5055:
4775:
4638:
4633:
4583:
4578:
4398:
3586:
2820:
2255:
The Sans-culottes: The Popular Movement and Revolutionary Government, 1793-1794
1350:
The Sans-Culottes: The Popular Movement and Revolutionary Government, 1793â1794
1088:
990:
to stand like the first patriots, the finisher of the law." The support of the
524:
510:
380:
turned against the radical factions of the National Convention, including the
5775:
5690:
5560:
5378:
5155:
4997:
4893:
4785:
4346:
4289:
2400:
2331:
And from no bra on the Upper East Side ... ... to no panties in Times Square.
1344:
1169:
1127:
157:
76:
5185:
1670:. Vol. 9: Discours. Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 514â515.
1137:
these were the actual demonstrators, rioters and constructors of the street
292:
5726:
5671:
5585:
5540:
5368:
5250:
5042:
4199:
4184:
4154:
1863:
856:
791:
to criticise Robespierre. On 18 March Bourdon attacked the Commune and the
713:
was ordered to march his National Guard, by this time mostly consisting of
485:
472:
377:
331:
296:
668:
proposed to examine the "exactions" and to replace municipal authorities.
402:, and with the successive rise of even more conservative governments, the
236:. They supported the abolition of all the authority and privileges of the
5580:
5438:
5328:
5105:
5075:
4224:
3544:
3337:
1240:
1219:
1162:
1158:
1004:
567:
563:
5678:
1034:
has gained currency as an enduring symbol for the passion, idealism and
136:
refers to their clothing, and through that to their lower-class status:
5484:
5323:
4939:
4294:
2769:
2486:
2285:
Eric Hobsbawm "The Age of Revolution" (St Ives, 1962; repr. 2008), p.84
2233:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2011.
1749:
Engineering the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763â1815
1486:
1035:
987:
770:
462:
185:
and were responsible for many executions during the early years of the
110:
5191:
885:
faction voted for a trial, but the radical Montagnards sided with the
641:, was appointed provisional president of the Insurrectionary Commune.
288:
248:
to ensure affordable food and other essentials, and vigilance against
5318:
4964:
4875:
4458:
3827:
1138:
882:
645:
113:", seems to have been used for the first time on 28 February 1791 by
2535:
2517:
Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution
1541:
1325:
Sans-Culottes, an eighteenth-century emblem in the French Revolution
87:, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the
5666:
5661:
5600:
5479:
5353:
4119:
1076:
962:
954:
753:
army" (in a sense, Robespierre's brain-child) was formed in Paris.
145:
139:
68:
2663:
208:
2018:
Collection complĂšte des lois, dĂ©crets d'intĂ©rĂȘe gĂ©nĂ©ral, traitĂ©s
1709:
The Making of an Insurrection: Parisian Sections and the Gironde
1145:
provided no real alternative to the bourgeois radicalism of the
420:
ceased to play any effective political role in France until the
1654:, pp. 490, 492, 514â515, 517, 543, in Tome IX, "Discours".
1454:. London: J. Watson. pp. 417â421 – via Google Books.
1235:
21:
4734:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
2212:(speech, Paris, February 1794), Internet History Sourcebooks,
1086:
at first termed the complementary days at the end of the year
859:
expressed concern for the working classes of France. When the
744:
took an especially active interest in the revolutionary army.
4668:
1424:
Goodness beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution
821:
were arrested on charges of complicity with foreign powers (
2224:
2222:
2115:
The Popular Movement and Revolutionary Government 1793-1794
1199:
has been used colloquially to mean not wearing underpants.
478:
4708:
1796:(in French). Vol. 7. Michel LĂ©vy frĂšres. p. 341.
1075:
were heavily persecuted and repressed by the likes of the
681:. On 28 May, the Paris Commune accepted the creation of a
244:, the establishment of fixed wages, the implementation of
16:
Armed working class people defending the French Revolution
4548:
1915:
1913:
1470:"Robespierre and War, a Question Posed as Early as 1789?"
1000:
leaders used speeches to gain their support. In a speech
2219:
1519:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 46, 55.
1149:; from Hobsbawm's Marxist perspective, the ideal of the
392:
and HĂ©bertists were imprisoned and executed by the very
2214:
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1794robespierre.asp
1569:
846:, suffered. In the city, the division grew between the
769:
On 4 March 1794, there were rumours of uprising in the
1910:
1800:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
1727:
1674:
1626:
723:. On 2 June 1793, a large force of supposedly 80,000
5464:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
2410:
Citizens : a Chronicle of the French Revolution
1414:
5696:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2786:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1293:
1291:
295:, and were led by populist revolutionaries such as
2429:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
2272:
1706:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
570:, he considered this even more important than the
2519:(Princeton University Press, 2008). Pp. 493.
1849:The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution
1165:, was contradictory and ultimately unrealizable.
5773:
4622:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1451:The Life and Character of Maximilian Robespierre
2368:Haydon, Colin; Doyle, William (20 April 2006).
2350:The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre
1268:
2664:Significant civil and political events by year
2493:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
2294:
1474:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
1020:a necessary group in implementing the Terror.
456:(silk knee-breeches) worn by the upper classes
2551:
1533:
1373:
218:The most fundamental political ideals of the
5717:
5676:
5652:
5633:
4617:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
2117:. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton U.P., 1980), 10.
1752:. University of Chicago Press. p. 261.
1227:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1173:
1151:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1101:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1029:
1015:
1009:
991:
980:
970:
947:
927:
920:
909:
897:
887:
868:
847:
840:
792:
786:
780:
774:
758:
748:
739:
733:
724:
714:
701:
695:
689:
682:
676:
659:
649:
632:
615:
601:
529:
504:
470:
460:
451:
443:
433:
415:
397:
387:
381:
367:
350:
339:
325:
314:
308:
278:
267:
257:
219:
202:
172:
160:
137:
131:
118:
104:
96:
41:
26:
3304:
2388:
2367:
1663:
1651:
1610:, p. 363, in "Dix Aout" by Monnier, R.
1580:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPfeiffer1913 (
1500:
1447:
863:met to discuss the fate of the former king
123:army". The word came into vogue during the
57:
4821:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
2558:
2544:
2085:Gazette Nationale ou Le Moniteur Universel
1980:
1542:"Albert Mathiez: "Robespierre.""
1187:
903:May 1793, the Montagnards worked with the
600:, the administrators of police, urged the
5086:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
4744:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
4567:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
2210:"On the Principles of Political Morality"
1852:. Harvard University Press. p. 299.
1637:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchama2014 (
1539:
1485:
1427:. Harvard University Press. p. 118.
117:in a derogatory sense, speaking about a "
5518:
2802:Nationalization of the Church properties
2098:A Short History of the French Revolution
2049:. Oxford University Press. p. 203.
2001:
1822:A Short History of the French Revolution
1812:
1575:
1420:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1297:Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Sans-culottes".
1002:On the Principles of Political Morality.
940:
523:
496:
338:During the peak of their influence, the
277:in 1794. Throughout the revolution, the
196:
20:
5747:Historiography of the French Revolution
5018:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
4729:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2346:
2044:
1948:Parliaments, Estates and Representation
1889:
1845:
1806:
1789:
1463:
1461:
1114:According to Sally Waller, part of the
828:
673:commission of inquiry of twelve members
648:, Robespierre urged the creation of a "
644:In Spring 1793, after the defection of
5774:
4754:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
4709:Other significant figures and factions
2426:
2407:
2251:
1818:
1772:
1733:
1704:
1680:
1632:
1607:
1512:
1506:
1467:
1383:Women in Revolutionary Paris 1789â1795
1343:
1096:suppressed the name when adopting the
5622:
5517:
4801:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
4707:
4557:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
4496:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
4454:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
4057:
3303:
2934:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
2662:
2565:
2539:
2491:Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds.
1981:Bouloiseau, Marc (17 November 1983).
1945:
1846:Tackett, Timothy (23 February 2015).
1779:. W. Blackwood and Sons. p. 290.
1745:
1330:
785:, had been using the latest issue of
654:army" to sweep away any conspirator.
51:
4955:Louis Marie de La RĂ©velliĂšre-LĂ©peaux
4367:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
4058:
3154:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
2530:A Companion to the French Revolution
2197:Taken from the Sans Culottes Gazette
1458:
1379:
975:created a lasting impact during the
506:chef de la section des Sans-Culottes
5623:
4562:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
1705:Slavin, Morris (9 September 1986).
1408:"Les sans-culottes â des Ecritures"
432:The distinctive costume of typical
192:
13:
5752:Influence of the French Revolution
5742:Symbolism in the French Revolution
4506:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
4467:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
2722:Convocation of the Estates General
2446:
1596:The Origins of Contemporary France
936:
877:, instead opting for an immediate
450:(long trousers) â in place of the
14:
5838:
5394:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
5126:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
4428:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
4210:François Christophe de Kellermann
3449:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
2392:Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre
1878:Soldiers of the French Revolution
1793:Histoire de la terreur, 1792â1794
1664:Robespierre, Maximilien (1957) .
1448:O'Brien, James Bronterre (1837).
1172:emphasized the importance of the
957:), compared with figures wearing
907:âwhich was, at this time, mostly
581:, the monarchy faced an abortive
171:, or long trousers, instead. The
5121:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5028:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4998:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
4889:Jean-Marie Roland de la PlatiĂšre
4667:
4632:
4602:
4577:
4534:
4408:
4285:Ădouard Mortier, Duke of TrĂ©vise
4066:
2838:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
2298:Contesting the French Revolution
2100:. (London: Routledge, 2016), 22.
1819:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2016-07-01).
1513:Snyder, Claire R. (1999-08-28).
1468:Poirot, Thibaut (January 2013).
1312:"Press in the French Revolution"
1100:(1795) and substituted the name
5797:Groups of the French Revolution
5459:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
5206:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
5131:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
4342:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
4337:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
4317:Catherine-Dominique de PĂ©rignon
4145:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
3063:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
2498:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1958),
2315:
2288:
2245:
2236:
2202:
2185:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2133:
2120:
2103:
2090:
2063:
2038:
2025:
2010:
1974:
1939:
1926:
1890:Hardman, John (25 April 1999).
1883:
1870:
1839:
1783:
1766:
1739:
1698:
1686:
1657:
1613:
1588:
1208:The first man who was called a
1141:. However, Hobsbawm maintains,
536:Marie-Jean HĂ©rault de SĂ©chelles
488:, also known as a "liberty cap"
115:Jean-Bernard Gauthier de Murnan
5732:Women in the French Revolution
5334:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
4511:Johann MĂ©szĂĄros von SzoboszlĂł
4175:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
3804:French invasion of Switzerland
2374:. Cambridge University Press.
2301:. John Wiley. pp. 95â96.
2258:. Princeton University Press.
1987:. Cambridge University Press.
1984:The Jacobin Republic 1792â1794
1441:
1400:
1317:
1304:
1232:before the word came in vogue.
1216:Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert
1:
5737:Incroyables and merveilleuses
5556:Pierre Claude François Daunou
5344:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
4475:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
4446:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
3743:Naval Engagement off Brittany
3496:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
3470:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
3279:Constitution of the Year VIII
3014:Committee of General Security
2899:National Legislative Assembly
2754:National Constituent Assembly
2485:(1985) 19#1 pp. 71â112.
2412:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1825:. Routledge. pp. 66â67.
1723:– via Internet Archive.
1544:– via www.academia.edu.
1261:
583:Demonstration of 20 June 1792
528:The uprising of the Parisian
427:
125:demonstration of 20 June 1792
5655:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
5449:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
5339:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
5236:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
5136:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
4826:Charles Malo François Lameth
4501:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
4332:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
4275:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
3475:Second Battle of Wissembourg
3162:Constitution of the Year III
2472:Resources in other libraries
1960:10.1080/02606755.2014.893715
1713:. Harvard University Press.
1693:The Cambridge Modern History
1619:Richard T. Bienvenu (1968).
1098:Constitution of the Year III
873:vehemently opposed a proper
719:, from the town hall to the
412:1795 popular revolt in Paris
330:also populated the ranks of
7:
5551:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
5176:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
5111:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
5071:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
4950:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
4935:JĂ©rĂŽme PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
4930:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
4739:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
4592:William V, Prince of Orange
3462:First Battle of Wissembourg
3419:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
3135:Closing of the Jacobin Club
3004:(27 Jun 1793 â 27 Jul 1794)
2961:(20 Sep 1792 â 26 Oct 1795)
2821:Abolition of the Parlements
2794:Women's March on Versailles
1202:
1109:
953:(left, wearing full length
540:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
10:
5843:
5782:Anti-Catholicism in France
5686:French Republican calendar
5241:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
4866:Bertrand BarĂšre de Vieuzac
4220:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
4170:Charles François Dumouriez
4160:Jacques François Dugommier
3974:League of Armed Neutrality
3807:(28 January â 17 May 1798)
3759:Battle of the Bay of CĂĄdiz
3582:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
3561:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
3225:Second Congress of Rastatt
3009:Committee of Public Safety
2996:(9 Mar 1793 â 31 May 1795)
2340:
1790:Ternaux, Mortimer (1869).
1773:Alison, Archibald (1848).
1421:Higonnet, Patrice (1998).
1084:French Republican Calendar
307:In the summer of 1793 the
144:were the fashionable silk
5701:Cult of the Supreme Being
5629:
5618:
5524:
5513:
5472:
5306:
5299:
5184:
5041:
4963:
4874:
4861:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
4767:
4716:Patriotic Society of 1789
4714:
4703:
4665:
4630:
4600:
4575:
4532:
4519:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
4441:Karl Aloys zu FĂŒrstenberg
4406:
4397:
4375:
4080:
4064:
4053:
4022:
3985:
3958:Convention of Alessandria
3940:
3847:
3794:
3725:
3595:
3569:
3486:
3383:
3310:
3299:
3255:
3244:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
3236:
3209:
3146:
3082:
2977:
2910:
2859:
2813:
2705:What Is the Third Estate?
2696:
2669:
2658:
2573:
2522:Williams, Gwyn A (1969),
2483:Journal of Social History
2467:Resources in your library
2431:. Paris: Quadrige / PUF.
2045:Rapport, Michael (2000).
1997:– via Google Books.
1906:– via Google Books.
1746:Alder, Ken (2010-04-15).
1038:of the common man of the
1028:The popular image of the
1023:
969:The mass violence of the
855:The faction known as the
492:
374:Maximilien de Robespierre
309:
187:French Revolutionary Wars
5817:18th-century revolutions
5409:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
5374:Joséphine de Beauharnais
5256:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
5226:François-Nicolas Vincent
5211:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
4385:Charles-Alexandre Linois
4280:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
4260:François Séverin Marceau
4240:François Joseph Lefebvre
4135:Jean-Ătienne Championnet
4110:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
4105:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
4100:Alexandre de Beauharnais
4090:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
3812:French Invasion of Egypt
3690:Second Battle of Bassano
3424:Battle of Kaiserslautern
3198:Conspiracy of the Equals
2891:The Constitution of 1791
2762:Storming of the Bastille
2347:Hampson, Norman (1974).
2208:Maximilien Robespierre,
1896:. Longman. p. 208.
1540:Kappelsberger, Florian.
823:William Pitt the Younger
671:As rioting persisted, a
5822:Republicanism in France
5812:18th-century rebellions
5389:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
5261:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
5221:Antoine-François Momoro
5216:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
5033:François de Neufchùteau
4983:Charles-François Lebrun
4925:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
4806:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
4682:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
4488:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
4483:Karl Mack von Leiberich
4115:Jean-Baptiste BessiĂšres
3929:Second Battle of Zurich
3820:Irish Rebellion of 1798
3666:First Battle of Bassano
3504:Second Battle of Boulou
3305:Revolutionary campaigns
3263:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
3178:Council of Five Hundred
2966:First republic declared
2902:(1 Oct 1791 â Sep 1792)
2883:Declaration of Pillnitz
2607:Constitutional monarchy
2532:(2012) pp. 435â453
2495:(1989), pp. 393â99
2427:Soboul, Albert (2005).
2295:Paul R. Hanson (2009).
2252:Soboul, Albert (1980).
2035:, p. 601, 607, 611, 617
1501:Haydon & Doyle 2006
1353:. New York: Doubleday.
1310:John Thomas Gilchrist,
1299:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1188:Modern colloquial usage
614:) 30,000 Fédérés, and
422:July Revolution of 1830
404:Thermidorian Convention
394:revolutionary tribunals
250:counter-revolutionaries
109:, which is opposed to "
5718:
5677:
5653:
5634:
5146:Prieur de la CĂŽte-d'Or
5141:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
5051:Maximilien Robespierre
4884:Jacques Pierre Brissot
4749:Emmanuel Joseph SieyĂšs
4180:Louis-Charles de Flers
4165:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
4130:Jean François Carteaux
3905:First Battle of Zurich
3868:(20 Mar â 21 May 1799)
3823:(23 May â 23 Sep 1798)
3783:Treaty of Campo Formio
3529:Glorious First of June
3457:(18 Sep â 18 Dec 1793)
3416:Expedition to Sardinia
3094:Desmoulins guillotined
3029:Assassination of Marat
3021:Fall of the Girondists
2993:Revolutionary Tribunal
2985:Execution of Louis XVI
2875:Champ de Mars massacre
2778:Abolition of Feudalism
2408:Schama, Simon (1989).
2199:. (London: N.p, 1793).
1621:The Ninth of Thermidor
1557:Cite journal requires
1380:Levy, Darline (1981).
1323:Sonenscher, M. (2008)
1228:
1210:
1195:
1180:
1174:
1168:The Marxist historian
1152:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1102:
1064:
1055:citoyens sans-culottes
1054:
1048:
1030:
1016:
1010:
992:
981:
971:
966:
948:
928:
921:
910:
898:
888:
869:
848:
841:
793:
787:
781:
775:
759:
749:
740:
734:
725:
715:
702:
696:
690:
683:
677:
666:Marguerite-Ălie Guadet
660:
650:
639:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
633:
616:
610:Early in the morning (
602:
543:
530:
521:
505:
471:
461:
452:
444:
434:
416:
398:
388:
382:
368:
351:
340:
326:
322:
315:
279:
268:
264:
258:
220:
215:
203:
173:
161:
138:
132:
119:
105:
97:
42:
36:
27:
5827:French First Republic
5591:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4856:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4836:Jean-François Rewbell
4322:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4205:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
4195:Jacques Maurice Hatry
3966:Battle of Hohenlinden
3839:(12 Oct â 5 Dec 1798)
3674:Battle of Emmendingen
3621:Battle of Castiglione
3508:(30 Apr â 1 May 1794)
3439:Battle of Hondschoote
3110:Thermidorian Reaction
3074:(throughout the year)
2847:FĂȘte de la FĂ©dĂ©ration
2773:(20 Jul â 5 Aug 1789)
2757:(9 Jul â 30 Sep 1791)
2741:(17 Jun â 9 Jul 1790)
2515:Sonenscher, Michael.
2509:Salmon, Jean (1975),
2081:The Morning Chronicle
1106:("additional days").
1103:jours complémentaires
1060:Thermidorian Reaction
944:
560:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
527:
500:
376:and the now dominant
305:
275:Thermidorian Reaction
254:
242:Roman Catholic clergy
213:Jean-Baptiste Lesueur
200:
91:in response to their
83:in late 18th-century
24:
5519:Influential thinkers
5266:Jean-François Varlet
5166:Jean-Lambert Tallien
5161:Jean Bon Saint-André
4988:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
4910:Marquis de Condorcet
4759:Nicolas de Condorcet
4524:Dagobert von Wurmser
4357:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
4300:Pierre-Jacques Osten
4215:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
4150:Louis-Nicolas Davout
4140:Chapuis de Tourville
3682:Battle of Schliengen
3629:Battle of Theiningen
3550:Battle of Aldenhoven
3434:Battle of Wattignies
3403:Battle of Neerwinden
3217:Coup of 18 Fructidor
2730:Death of the Dauphin
1224:PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
961:(right, knee length
829:Montagnard influence
732:On 4 September, the
467:(short-skirted coat)
148:of the 18th-century
93:poor quality of life
33:Louis-LĂ©opold Boilly
5606:Mary Wollstonecraft
5384:Jean Sylvain Bailly
5171:Pierre Louis Prieur
5116:Jean-Henri Voulland
5091:Jacques-Louis David
5023:Jean Joseph Mounier
4724:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4362:Belgrand de Vaubois
4250:Jean-Antoine Marbot
4190:Emmanuel de Grouchy
3995:Treaty of Lunéville
3634:Battle of Neresheim
3579:Siege of Luxembourg
3558:Siege of Luxembourg
3513:Battle of Tourcoing
3444:Siege of Bellegarde
3271:Coup of 18 Brumaire
3183:Council of Ancients
2958:National Convention
2950:September Massacres
2926:Brunswick Manifesto
2918:France declares war
2685:Assembly of Vizille
2109:Albert Soboul, The
2033:The People's Armies
1934:The People's Armies
1921:The People's Armies
1876:A. Forrest (1990),
1094:National Convention
896:The demands of the
861:National Convention
5444:Loménie de Brienne
5419:Madame de Lamballe
5354:Napoléon Bonaparte
5151:Prieur de la Marne
5066:Camille Desmoulins
4920:Marie Jean HĂ©rault
4796:Jean-Sifrein Maury
4791:Arnaud de La Porte
4647:Alexander Korsakov
4433:Count of Clerfayt
4352:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
4265:Auguste de Marmont
4120:Napoléon Bonaparte
4011:Algeciras campaign
4003:Treaty of Florence
3881:Battle of Stockach
3714:Ireland expedition
3698:Battle of Calliano
3658:Battle of Rovereto
3650:Battle of WĂŒrzburg
3102:Law of 22 Prairial
3071:Anti-clerical laws
3046:The Death of Marat
2867:Flight to Varennes
2395:(in French). PUF.
2096:Jeremy D. Popkin,
2022:, Volume 7, p. 149
1695:, Volume 8, p. 271
1594:Taine, H. (2011).
1487:10.4000/ahrf.12690
1251:Lazzaroni (Naples)
1226:were described as
1130:observes that the
1073:political factions
967:
579:non-juring priests
544:
522:
477:(a type of wooden
216:
183:Revolutionary army
53:[sÉÌkylÉt]
37:
5807:French Revolution
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5643:Cockade of France
5614:
5613:
5576:Antoine Lavoisier
5566:Benjamin Franklin
5546:Anacharsis Cloots
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5429:Louis de Breteuil
5271:Theophile Leclerc
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4652:Alexander Suvorov
4393:
4392:
4327:JĂłzef Poniatowski
4245:Ătienne Macdonald
4049:
4048:
3950:Battle of Marengo
3913:Battle of Trebbia
3897:Battle of Cassano
3889:Battle of Magnano
3873:Battle of Ostrach
3775:Battle of Neuwied
3537:Battle of Fleurus
3521:Battle of Tournay
3398:War in the Vendée
3334:Royalist Revolts
3295:
3294:
2852:
2828:Abolition of the
2746:Tennis Court Oath
2738:National Assembly
2567:French Revolution
2500:Twelve Who Ruled.
2453:Library resources
2419:978-0-394-55948-3
2381:978-0-521-02605-5
2360:978-0-7156-0741-1
2180:The Sans-culottes
2031:Cobb, R. (1987).
1932:Cobb, R. (1987),
1919:Cobb, R. (1987),
1832:978-1-315-50892-4
1759:978-0-226-01265-0
1526:978-0-7425-7353-6
1256:Lumpenproletariat
1040:French Revolution
1008:liberty that the
519:Carnavalet Museum
234:popular democracy
230:economic equality
89:French Revolution
5834:
5787:Anti-monarchists
5723:
5711:Temple of Reason
5682:
5658:
5639:
5620:
5619:
5571:Thomas Jefferson
5515:
5514:
5434:de Chateaubriand
5364:Joseph Bonaparte
5359:Lucien Bonaparte
5349:Marie Antoinette
5304:
5303:
5291:Sylvain Maréchal
5246:François Hanriot
5081:Louis Philippe I
5008:Louis Philippe I
5003:Philippe ĂgalitĂ©
4945:Olympe de Gouges
4915:Charlotte Corday
4905:Ătienne ClaviĂšre
4705:
4704:
4687:Antonio Ricardos
4672:
4671:
4657:Andrei Rosenberg
4637:
4636:
4607:
4606:
4582:
4581:
4552:Ralph Abercromby
4539:
4538:
4514:
4491:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4449:
4436:
4413:
4412:
4404:
4403:
4308:
4255:Marcellin Marbot
4078:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4059:Military leaders
4055:
4054:
4042:
4034:
4030:Treaty of Amiens
4015:
4007:
3999:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3933:
3932:(25â26 Sep 1799)
3925:
3917:
3916:(17â20 Jun 1799)
3909:
3901:
3900:(27â28 Apr 1799)
3893:
3885:
3877:
3876:(20â21 Mar 1799)
3869:
3861:
3857:Second Coalition
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3767:Treaty of Leoben
3763:
3755:
3754:(14â15 Jan 1797)
3751:Battle of Rivoli
3747:
3739:
3735:Italian campaign
3718:
3710:
3709:(15â17 Nov 1796)
3706:Battle of Arcole
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3642:Battle of Amberg
3638:
3625:
3617:
3613:Battle of Lonato
3609:
3605:Italian campaign
3583:
3562:
3554:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3479:
3478:(26â27 Dec 1793)
3466:
3458:
3420:
3412:
3408:Battle of Famars
3376:
3301:
3300:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3248:
3229:
3221:
3202:
3194:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2870:(20â21 Jun 1791)
2850:
2842:
2834:
2825:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2689:
2681:
2677:Day of the Tiles
2660:
2659:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2442:
2423:
2404:
2385:
2364:
2334:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2083:(18 August) and
2076:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1652:Robespierre 1958
1649:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1341:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1231:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1155:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1033:
1019:
1013:
995:
984:
974:
951:
931:
924:
913:
901:
891:
872:
851:
844:
796:
790:
788:Le PĂšre Duchesne
784:
778:
762:
752:
743:
737:
728:
718:
705:
699:
693:
686:
680:
663:
653:
636:
630:
622:Sulpice Huguenin
619:
605:
599:
552:passive citizens
533:
508:
502:François Hanriot
476:
466:
455:
449:
437:
419:
408:French Directory
401:
391:
385:
371:
354:
343:
329:
318:
312:
311:
282:
271:
261:
240:, nobility, and
223:
206:
193:Political ideals
179:direct democracy
176:
164:
143:
135:
122:
108:
102:
74:
71:
65:
62:
59:
55:
50:
45:
30:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5792:French radicals
5772:
5771:
5770:
5761:
5636:La Marseillaise
5625:
5624:Cultural impact
5610:
5520:
5501:
5468:
5424:Madame du Barry
5414:Catherine Théot
5404:Thérésa Tallien
5295:
5286:Gracchus Babeuf
5231:François Chabot
5188:
5180:
5101:Georges Couthon
5096:Marquis de Sade
5061:Jean-Paul Marat
5037:
4993:Bertrand BarĂšre
4959:
4870:
4851:Boissy d'Anglas
4846:Madame de Staël
4811:Antoine Barnave
4779:
4772:
4763:
4710:
4691:
4666:
4661:
4631:
4626:
4601:
4596:
4576:
4571:
4533:
4528:
4512:
4489:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4447:
4434:
4423:JĂłzsef Alvinczi
4407:
4389:
4371:
4312:Nicolas Oudinot
4302:
4235:Claude Lecourbe
4230:Charles Leclerc
4125:Guillaume Brune
4095:Pierre Augereau
4065:
4060:
4045:
4040:
4038:Treaty of Paris
4032:
4018:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3936:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3591:
3581:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3482:
3477:
3464:
3456:
3454:Siege of Toulon
3418:
3410:
3393:First Coalition
3379:
3370:
3306:
3291:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3251:
3246:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3055:Law of Suspects
3049:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3003:
3001:Reign of Terror
2995:
2987:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2855:
2840:
2832:
2823:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2781:(4â11 Aug 1789)
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2714:RĂ©veillon riots
2708:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2665:
2654:
2569:
2564:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2447:Further reading
2439:
2420:
2382:
2361:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2273:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2167:A Short History
2164:
2160:
2154:A Short History
2151:
2147:
2141:A Short History
2138:
2134:
2128:A Short History
2125:
2121:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1466:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1342:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1269:
1264:
1246:François Chabot
1205:
1190:
1112:
1092:; however, the
1049:sans-culottisme
1026:
977:Reign of Terror
939:
937:Reign of Terror
881:. The moderate
831:
721:Palais National
624:
593:
587:Sergent-Marceau
572:right to strike
566:. According to
548:active citizens
495:
430:
357:French Republic
346:Reign of Terror
313:, the Parisian
226:social equality
195:
72:
66:
63:
60:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5840:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:1790s in Paris
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5706:Cult of Reason
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5650:
5648:Flag of France
5645:
5640:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Jacques Necker
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Claire Lacombe
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:Jacques HĂ©bert
5197:
5195:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:Georges Danton
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Henri Grégoire
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Camille Jordan
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3921:Battle of Novi
3918:
3910:
3908:(4â7 Jun 1799)
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3701:(6â7 Nov 1796)
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3616:(3â4 Aug 1796)
3610:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3587:Peace of Basel
3584:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Siege of Mainz
3426:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3360:
3358:Siege of Mainz
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3190:13 Vendémiaire
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3042:
3037:Levée en masse
3034:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2942:10th of August
2939:
2931:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2835:
2826:
2824:(FebâJul 1790)
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:978-2130536055
2437:
2424:
2418:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2323:"sans-culotte"
2314:
2307:
2287:
2271:
2264:
2244:
2235:
2218:
2201:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2102:
2089:
2062:
2055:
2037:
2024:
2009:
2007:Scurr, p. 306.
2000:
1993:
1973:
1938:
1925:
1923:, p. 34â35, 48
1909:
1902:
1882:
1869:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1809:, p. 148.
1799:
1782:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1736:, p. 722.
1726:
1719:
1697:
1685:
1683:, p. 720.
1673:
1656:
1644:
1635:, p. 436.
1625:
1612:
1600:
1587:
1578:, p. 221.
1568:
1559:|journal=
1532:
1525:
1505:
1493:
1480:(1): 115â135.
1457:
1440:
1433:
1413:
1399:
1392:
1372:
1359:
1345:Soboul, Albert
1329:
1316:
1303:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1204:
1201:
1189:
1186:
1143:sans-culottism
1111:
1108:
1089:Sansculottides
1044:sans-culottism
1025:
1022:
938:
935:
905:National Guard
830:
827:
799:Jacques HĂ©bert
631:, head of the
612:10 August 1792
513:); drawing by
511:Rue Mouffetard
494:
491:
490:
489:
482:
468:
457:
429:
426:
301:Jacques HĂ©bert
287:, such as the
246:price controls
194:
191:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5839:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:Sans-culottes
5716:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Metric system
5689:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5516:
5512:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5490:Panthéon Club
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5379:Joachim Murat
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Gilbert Romme
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:de CambacérÚs
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4894:Madame Roland
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:André Chénier
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Grace Elliott
4784:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4702:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Joseph Souham
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Joachim Murat
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:André Masséna
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4041:(25 Jun 1802)
4039:
4036:
4033:(25 Mar 1802)
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4009:
4006:(18 Mar 1801)
4004:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3961:(15 Jun 1800)
3959:
3956:
3953:(14 Jun 1800)
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3927:
3924:(15 Aug 1799)
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3884:(25 Mar 1799)
3882:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3865:Siege of Acre
3863:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3836:Peasants' War
3834:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3786:(17 Oct 1797)
3784:
3781:
3778:(18 Apr 1797)
3776:
3773:
3770:(17 Apr 1797)
3768:
3765:
3762:(25 Jan 1797)
3760:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3746:(13 Jan 1797)
3744:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3685:(26 Oct 1796)
3683:
3680:
3677:(19 Oct 1796)
3675:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3645:(24 Aug 1796)
3643:
3640:
3637:(11 Aug 1796)
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3540:(26 Jun 1794)
3538:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3524:(22 May 1794)
3522:
3519:
3516:(18 May 1794)
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3499:(24 Apr 1794)
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:(13 Oct 1793)
3463:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3411:(23 May 1793)
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3282:(24 Dec 1799)
3280:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3266:(18 Jun 1799)
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3247:(11 May 1798)
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:(22 Aug 1795)
3163:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3138:(11 Nov 1794)
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3122:(28 Jul 1794)
3119:
3116:
3113:(27 Jul 1794)
3111:
3108:
3105:(10 Jun 1794)
3103:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3069:
3066:(16 Oct 1793)
3064:
3061:
3058:(17 Sep 1793)
3056:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:(23 Aug 1793)
3038:
3035:
3032:(13 Jul 1793)
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2988:(21 Jan 1793)
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2969:(22 Sep 1792)
2967:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2945:(10 Aug 1792)
2943:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2929:(25 Jul 1792)
2927:
2924:
2921:(20 Apr 1792)
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2886:(27 Aug 1791)
2884:
2881:
2878:(17 Jul 1791)
2876:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:(14 Jul 1790)
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:(12 Jul 1790)
2839:
2836:
2833:(23 Jun 1790)
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2789:(26 Aug 1789)
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2765:(14 Jul 1789)
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2749:(20 Jun 1789)
2747:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2733:(4 June 1789)
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2717:(28 Apr 1789)
2715:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2688:(21 Jul 1788)
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:Ancien RĂ©gime
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:Sans-culottes
2454:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:. Duckworth.
2352:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2308:9781405160834
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2230:Sansculottism
2225:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2111:Sans-culottes
2106:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2056:9780191543234
2052:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1994:9780521289184
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1903:9780582437555
1899:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1859:9780674736559
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1720:9780674543287
1716:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1576:Pfeiffer 1913
1572:
1564:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1434:9780674470613
1430:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1393:9780252008559
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1362:
1360:0-691-00782-9
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:sans-culottes
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:was the poet
1212:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:sans-culottes
1185:
1182:
1181:sans-culottes
1176:
1175:sans-culottes
1171:
1170:Albert Soboul
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:sans-culottes
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:sans-culottes
1129:
1128:Eric Hobsbawm
1124:
1123:sans-culottes
1118:
1117:sans-culottes
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1065:sans-culottes
1061:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1017:sans-culottes
1012:
1011:sans-culottes
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
993:sans-culottes
989:
983:
982:sans-culottes
978:
973:
972:sans-culottes
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
949:sans-culottes
943:
934:
932:
930:
929:sans-culottes
923:
922:sans-culottes
918:
914:
912:
911:sans-culottes
906:
900:
899:sans-culottes
894:
892:
890:
889:sans-culottes
884:
880:
876:
871:
870:sans-culottes
867:in 1792, the
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:
849:sans-culottes
845:
843:
842:sans-culottes
837:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
794:sans-culottes
789:
783:
782:sans-culottes
777:
776:sans-culottes
772:
767:
764:
761:
754:
751:
745:
742:
741:sans-culottes
736:
735:sans-culottes
730:
727:
726:sans-culottes
722:
717:
716:sans-culottes
712:
708:
704:
703:sans-culottes
698:
697:sans-culottes
692:
685:
684:sans-culottes
679:
678:sans-culottes
674:
669:
667:
662:
661:sans-culottes
655:
652:
647:
642:
640:
635:
634:sans-culottes
628:
623:
618:
617:sans-culottes
613:
608:
604:
603:sans-culottes
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
549:
541:
537:
532:
531:sans-culottes
526:
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
499:
487:
483:
480:
475:
474:
469:
465:
464:
458:
454:
448:
447:
441:
440:
439:
436:
435:sans-culottes
425:
423:
418:
417:sans-culottes
413:
409:
405:
400:
399:sans-culottes
395:
390:
384:
383:sans-culottes
379:
375:
370:
369:sans-culottes
365:
360:
358:
353:
352:sans-culottes
347:
342:
341:sans-culottes
336:
333:
328:
327:sans-culottes
321:
317:
310:sans-culottes
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Paris Commune
281:
280:sans-culottes
276:
270:
269:sans-culottes
263:
260:
259:sans-culottes
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
221:sans-culottes
214:
210:
205:
199:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
174:sans-culottes
170:
169:
163:
162:sans-culottes
159:
158:working class
155:
151:
147:
146:knee-breeches
142:
141:
134:
133:sans-culottes
128:
126:
121:
120:sans-culottes
116:
112:
107:
101:
100:
99:Ancien RĂ©gime
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:lower classes
78:
77:common people
70:
54:
46:
44:
43:sans-culottes
34:
29:
23:
19:
5727:Phrygian cap
5719:
5672:Bastille Day
5586:Thomas Paine
5541:Edmund Burke
5536:Beaumarchais
5530:Les LumiĂšres
5528:
5369:Joseph Fesch
5281:Pauline LĂ©on
5251:Jacques Roux
5190:
4774:
4200:Lazare Hoche
4185:Paul Grenier
4155:Louis Desaix
4014:(8 Jul 1801)
3998:(9 Feb 1801)
3969:(3 Dec 1800)
3892:(5 Apr 1799)
3693:(6 Nov 1796)
3669:(8 Sep 1796)
3661:(4 Sep 1796)
3653:(3 Sep 1796)
3624:(5 Aug 1796)
3553:(2 Oct 1794)
3532:(1 Jun 1794)
3274:(9 Nov 1799)
3220:(4 Sep 1797)
3157:(1 Apr 1795)
3127:White Terror
3120:guillotined
3097:(5 Apr 1794)
3044:
3024:(2 Jun 1793)
2894:(3 Sep 1791)
2845:
2805:(2 Nov 1789)
2797:(5 Oct 1789)
2725:(5 May 1789)
2703:
2680:(7 Jun 1788)
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2482:
2457:
2428:
2409:
2391:
2370:
2349:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2297:
2290:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1954:(1): 40â54.
1951:
1947:
1941:
1936:, p. 523â526
1933:
1928:
1920:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1864:Google Books
1862:– via
1848:
1841:
1821:
1814:
1807:Hampson 1974
1802:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1748:
1741:
1729:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1666:
1659:
1647:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1571:
1550:cite journal
1535:
1515:
1508:
1496:
1477:
1473:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1416:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1349:
1327:, p. 355â356
1324:
1319:
1306:
1298:
1211:sans-culotte
1191:
1167:
1150:
1142:
1113:
1087:
1081:
1043:
1031:sans-culotte
1027:
1001:
968:
958:
946:
926:
908:
895:
886:
854:
839:
832:
768:
765:
755:
750:sans-culotte
746:
731:
709:
670:
656:
651:sans-culotte
643:
609:
576:
556:
545:
486:Phrygian cap
431:
378:Jacobin Club
361:
337:
332:paramilitary
323:
306:
297:Jacques Roux
265:
255:
217:
204:sans-culotte
167:
129:
106:sans-culotte
40:
38:
28:sans-culotte
18:
5596:Abbé SieyÚs
5581:Montesquieu
5497:Social Club
5439:Jean Chouan
5329:Louis XVIII
5106:Roger Ducos
5076:Paul Barras
5043:Montagnards
4973:Abbé SieyÚs
4776:monarchiens
4584:Netherlands
4513:(Hungarian)
4461:(Hungarian)
4377:French Navy
4303: [
4225:Jean Lannes
4082:French Army
3860:(1798â1802)
3831:(1798â1800)
3815:(1798â1801)
3545:Chouannerie
3506:(Pyrenees)
3371: [
3338:Chouannerie
3130:(Fall 1794)
3118:Robespierre
2371:Robespierre
1893:Robespierre
1734:Schama 1989
1681:Schama 1989
1633:Schama 2014
1608:Soboul 2005
1241:Descamisado
1220:Robespierre
1163:proletariat
1159:bourgeoisie
1042:. The term
1005:Robespierre
857:Montagnards
836:aristocracy
625: [
594: [
568:Jean Jaures
564:Machiavelli
320:structures.
154:bourgeoisie
103:. The word
75:) were the
35:(1761â1845)
5776:Categories
5485:Cordeliers
5399:Talleyrand
5324:Louis XVII
5186:HĂ©bertists
4940:Jean Debry
4770:Feuillants
4399:Opposition
4295:Michel Ney
3717:(Dec 1796)
3325:Thionville
3228:(Dec 1797)
3201:(May 1796)
3193:5 Oct 1795
3170:Directoire
3050:(painting)
2953:(Sep 1792)
2937:(Jun 1792)
2770:Great Fear
2709:(Jan 1789)
2600:Revolution
2265:0691007829
1366:2011-02-17
1262:References
1139:barricades
1068:and other
1036:patriotism
988:guillotine
771:Cordeliers
463:carmagnole
438:featured:
428:Appearance
364:radicalism
293:HĂ©bertists
168:pantaloons
156:, and the
111:aristocrat
95:under the
25:Idealized
5319:Louis XVI
5314:Charles X
4965:The Plain
4876:Girondins
4816:Lafayette
4477:(Walloon)
4459:PĂĄl Kray
4435:(Walloon)
3977:(1800â02)
3828:Quasi-War
3287:Consulate
3173:(1795â99)
2628:Consulate
2621:Directory
2401:370022395
2087:(29 July)
1968:144798883
1598:. p. 298.
1077:Muscadins
998:Committee
917:provinces
879:execution
865:Louis XVI
646:Dumouriez
130:The name
5679:Panthéon
5667:Muscadin
5662:Marianne
5601:Voltaire
5480:Jacobins
5473:Factions
5013:Mirabeau
4469:(French)
3363:Jemappes
3347:Dauphiné
2830:Nobility
2642:Journals
2635:Glossary
2614:Republic
2586:Timeline
2487:in JSTOR
2178:Soboul,
2165:Popkin,
2152:Popkin,
2139:Popkin,
2126:Popkin,
1347:(1972).
1314:, p. 195
1203:See also
1161:and the
1147:Jacobins
1110:Analysis
1070:far-left
963:breeches
959:culottes
955:trousers
883:Girondin
760:Ă©goistes
484:the red
453:culottes
446:pantalon
406:and the
291:and the
238:monarchy
150:nobility
140:culottes
69:breeches
67:without
5561:Diderot
5307:Figures
5192:Enragés
4898:Father
4609:Prussia
4541:Britain
4490:(Saxon)
4448:(Swiss)
4415:Austria
2341:Sources
1880:, p. 91
1623:. p. 22
1218:; also
819:De Kock
807:Vincent
711:Hanriot
637:in the
517:in the
515:Gabriel
389:Enragés
366:of the
316:enragés
289:Enragés
209:halberd
207:with a
79:of the
61:
49:French:
5300:Others
4639:Russia
4073:France
3738:(1797)
3608:(1796)
3343:Vendée
3320:Verdun
3147:1795â6
3090:Danton
2649:Museum
2579:Causes
2455:about
2435:
2416:
2399:
2378:
2357:
2305:
2262:
2053:
1991:
1966:
1900:
1856:
1829:
1756:
1717:
1667:Ćuvres
1523:
1431:
1390:
1357:
1236:Croppy
1062:, the
1024:Legacy
815:Clootz
811:Momoro
803:Ronsin
797:army.
493:Events
481:), and
473:sabots
414:, the
232:, and
85:France
5757:Films
4674:Spain
4307:]
3375:]
3368:Namur
3353:Lille
3330:Valmy
2182:, 97.
2169:, 67.
2156:, 66.
2143:, 64.
2130:, 68.
1964:S2CID
875:trial
629:]
598:]
591:Panis
224:were
211:, by
165:wore
5189:and
4773:and
4023:1802
3987:1801
3942:1800
3849:1799
3796:1798
3727:1797
3597:1796
3571:1795
3488:1794
3385:1793
3312:1792
3256:1799
3237:1798
3210:1797
3092:and
3083:1794
2978:1793
2911:1792
2860:1791
2814:1790
2697:1789
2670:1788
2433:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2397:OCLC
2376:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1639:help
1582:help
1563:help
1521:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1222:and
1082:The
691:sous
589:and
562:and
538:and
479:clog
459:the
442:the
324:The
299:and
256:The
152:and
58:lit.
39:The
4549:Sir
2020:...
1956:doi
1482:doi
1478:371
747:A "
31:by
5778::
4305:fr
3373:fr
2329:,
2325:,
2274:^
2221:^
2195:"
2113::
1962:.
1952:34
1950:.
1912:^
1554::
1552:}}
1548:{{
1476:.
1472:.
1460:^
1332:^
1270:^
1079:.
1046:,
945:A
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
627:fr
596:fr
585:.
574:.
424:.
359:.
303:.
252:.
228:,
201:A
189:.
127:.
56:;
2559:e
2552:t
2545:v
2441:.
2422:.
2403:.
2384:.
2363:.
2311:.
2268:.
2216:.
2191:"
2065:'
2059:.
1970:.
1958::
1866:.
1835:.
1762:.
1641:)
1584:)
1565:)
1561:(
1529:.
1490:.
1484::
1437:.
1410:.
1396:.
1369:.
965:)
542:.
509:(
73:'
64:'
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
