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herself, but she gave no information beyond what she thought of her torturers. Before she was to be transferred to
Damascus for further torture, she asked permission to return to her home in Zichron Yaakov to change her blood-stained clothes. While there, she managed to shoot herself with a pistol
252:
spy organization. Aaronsohn oversaw operations in
Palestine of the spy ring and passed information to British agents offshore. Sometimes she travelled widely through Ottoman territory collecting information useful to the British, and brought it directly to them in Egypt. In 1917, her brother
345:
Aaronsohn was the first example of a "secular, active death of a Jewish-Zionist woman for the nation, unprecedented in both religious martyrdom and in the
Zionist tradition established in Palestine." Annual pilgrimages to her tomb in Zikhron's cemetery started in 1935. After the
220:. She testified to seeing hundreds of bodies of Armenian men, women, children, and babies; sick Armenians being loaded onto trains; with the dead being tossed out and replaced by the living. After her trip to Haifa, any allusions to Armenians upset her greatly. According to
317:
as saying that Sarah pleaded with him, "For heaven's sake, put an end to my life. I beg you, kill me…I can't suffer any longer…." Instead, Dr. Yaffee administered morphine. She died on 9 October 1917. In her last letter, she expressed her hope that her activities in
305:, Aaronsohn shot herself in the mouth on Friday 5 October 1917. "Even this did not end the torment of Sarah Aaronsohn. While the bullet destroyed her mouth and severed her spinal cord, it missed her brain. For four days she lingered in agony." In
257:, expecting hostilities from Ottoman authorities; but Aaronsohn returned to Zichron Yaakov to continue Nili activities. Nili developed into the largest pro-British espionage network in the Middle East, with a network of about 40 spies.
200:
where
Aaronsohn was born. Encouraged by her brother Aaron, she studied languages and was fluent in Hebrew, Yiddish, Turkish and French, had reasonable command of Arabic and taught herself English. On 31 March 1914, she was married in
337:. However, refusing a Jewish burial for her was unpopular. As a compromise, a small fence was placed around her grave in the cemetery (symbolically removing her grave from the surrounding hallowed ground).
732:
781:
670:
872:
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surrounded
Zichron Yaakov and arrested numerous people, including Aaronsohn. Her captors tortured her father in front of her. She endured four days of
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of 1967, the memory of
Aaronsohn and of Nili became a part of Israel's cult of heroism, officially recognized by the
192:. Her parents were Zionists from Romania who had come to Ottoman Palestine as some of the first settlers of the
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857:
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209:; but the marriage was an unhappy one and she returned home to Zichron Yaakov in December 1915.
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232:
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Aaronsohn's Maps: The Untold Story of the Man Who Might Have
Created Peace in the Middle East
653:
short text summarizing book by Dvora Omer "Sarah, Hero of Nili" or "Sarah
Aharonson, Heroine"
205:
to Haim
Abraham, an older and affluent merchant from Bulgaria, and lived briefly with him in
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8:
363:
351:
285:
241:
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122:
636:
Lawrence In Arabia: War, deceit, imperial folly and the making of the Modern Middle East
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785:
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409:
381:
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217:
128:
224:, Aaronsohn decided to assist British forces as a result of what she had witnessed.
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Sarah
Aaronsohn's (right) and her mother's graves at the Zikhron cemetery in Israel
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521:"Armenian Genocide Research – The First World War : A Complete History"
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Aaronsohn, her sister Rivka Aaronsohn, and her brothers Aaron Aaronsohn and
747:
687:
405:
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310:
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744:
Spies in Palestine: Love, Betrayal and the Heroic Life of Sarah Aaronsohn
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would bring nearer the realization of a national home for the Jews in
162:
265:
778:
The Woman Who Fought an Empire: Sarah Aaronsohn and Her Nili Spy Ring
206:
368:
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197:
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In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century
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213:
16:
Jewish spy working for the British in World War I (1890–1917)
319:
282:
249:
143:
150:
147:
816:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia,
297:
concealed under a tile in the bathroom. According to
168:. She is often referred to as the "heroine of Nili."
281:
carrying a message to the British and decrypted the
253:
Alexander urged her to remain in British-controlled
640:(First ed.). New York & Canada: Doubleday.
142:; 5 January 1890 – 9 October 1917) was a member of
633:
333:, Aaronsohn was denied a traditional burial in a
829:
490:
488:
701:A Spy For Freedom: The Story of Sarah Aaronsohn
592:Historical dictionary of Israeli intelligence
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873:Suicides by firearm in Mandatory Palestine
494:
443:"Sarah Aaronsohn – Jewish Women's Archive"
244:, with their friend (and fiancé of Rivka)
31:
437:
435:
433:
431:
354:and celebrated in children's literature.
898:World War I spies for the United Kingdom
631:
614:. Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, p. 175.
264:
231:
227:
175:
830:
428:
404:
260:
853:Ashkenazi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
651:https://www.ithl.org.il/page_14448%7C
499:. Berghahn Books. pp. 274–275.
495:Bartov, Omer; Mack, Phyllis (2001).
13:
883:Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
767:(2005, Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
660:
216:, Aaronsohn witnessed part of the
14:
914:
863:People of Romanian-Jewish descent
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188:, which at the time was part of
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807:Sarah Aaronsohn (izkor.gov.il)
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236:Feinberg and Aaronsohn in 1916
180:Aaronsohn with Abraham in 1914
1:
391:
750:(2016, Counterpoint Press)
572:The Banality of Indifference
212:On her way from Istanbul to
184:Sarah Aaronsohn was born in
171:
7:
868:People from Zikhron Ya'akov
594:. Scarecrow Press. p. xix.
357:
10:
919:
888:Women in war in West Asia
728:(1959, The Hogarth Press)
574:. Routledge. pp. 179–80.
414:. Boston: Little, Brown.
340:
196:and were founders of the
110:
102:
94:
68:
39:
30:
23:
632:Anderson, Scott (2013).
590:Kahana, Ephraim (2006).
313:quotes the diary of Dr.
818:Jewish Women's Archive)
733:Sarah, the Hero of Nili
711:(1984, Lodestar Books)
673:(2007, Harcourt Inc.)
331:Jewish views on suicide
273:In September 1917, the
810:Prof. Billie Melman,
784:(2018, Potomac Books)
690:(1989, Little, Brown)
610:Srodes, James (2016).
270:
237:
181:
472:www.danielabraham.net
268:
235:
228:Pro-British espionage
179:
893:Women in World War I
858:Female wartime spies
823:MyJewishLearning.com
570:Auron, Yair (2001).
551:www.think-israel.org
527:on 28 September 2007
782:Gregory J. Wallance
364:Balfour Declaration
261:Torture and suicide
248:formed and led the
242:Alexander Aaronsohn
123:Alexander Aaronsohn
848:20th-century spies
671:Patricia Goldstone
612:Spies in Palestine
307:Spies in Palestine
303:Lawrence in Arabia
288:. In October, the
271:
238:
182:
161:, and a sister of
903:Zionist activists
679:978-0-15-101169-8
386:978-965-482-889-5
380:, 2009 (Hebrew).
246:Avshalom Feinberg
218:Armenian genocide
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129:Avshalom Feinberg
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684:Heroes of Israel
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378:Nava Macmel-Atir
277:intercepted her
153:working for the
131:(brother in-law)
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35:
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878:Torture victims
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761:A Strange Death
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661:Further reading
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335:Jewish cemetery
329:Because of the
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166:Aaron Aaronsohn
140:Sarah Aaronsohn
117:Aaron Aaronsohn
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80:Zikhron Ya'akov
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72:October 9, 1917
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54:Zikhron Ya'akov
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50:January 5, 1890
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25:Sarah Aaronsohn
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796:External links
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790:978-1612349435
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756:978-1619026131
741:
740:(1967; Hebrew)
729:
722:The Nili Spies
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620:978-1619026131
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600:978-0810855816
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580:978-0765808813
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547:"Think-Israel"
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468:"Haim Abraham"
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374:Ot me-Avshalom
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301:, in his book
299:Scott Anderson
279:carrier pigeon
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186:Zichron Yaakov
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688:Chaim Herzog
683:
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554:. Retrieved
550:
541:
529:. Retrieved
525:the original
515:
496:
475:. Retrieved
471:
462:
450:. Retrieved
446:
410:
400:
344:
328:
324:Eretz Israel
315:Hillel Yaffe
311:James Srodes
306:
302:
272:
239:
222:Chaim Herzog
211:
194:First Aliyah
183:
146:, a ring of
139:
138:
74:(1917-10-09)
18:
838:1890 births
805:שרה אהרנסון
802:(in Hebrew)
726:Anita Engle
477:12 December
352:Labor Party
348:Six-Day War
159:World War I
95:Nationality
832:Categories
738:Dvora Omer
392:References
163:agronomist
103:Occupation
46:1890-01-05
705:Ida Cowan
556:5 October
531:5 October
452:5 October
172:Biography
125:(brother)
119:(brother)
408:(1989).
358:See also
290:Ottomans
275:Ottomans
207:Istanbul
447:jwa.org
369:Zionism
294:torture
198:moshava
155:British
98:Ottoman
788:
771:
754:
715:
694:
677:
618:
598:
578:
503:
418:
384:
341:Legacy
148:Jewish
111:Family
255:Egypt
214:Haifa
203:Atlit
151:spies
786:ISBN
769:ISBN
752:ISBN
713:ISBN
707:and
692:ISBN
675:ISBN
616:ISBN
596:ISBN
576:ISBN
558:2017
533:2017
501:ISBN
479:2020
454:2017
416:ISBN
382:ISBN
320:Nili
286:code
283:Nili
250:Nili
144:Nili
69:Died
40:Born
780:by
763:by
746:by
736:by
724:by
703:by
686:by
669:by
376:by
157:in
106:Spy
834::
549:.
487:^
470:.
445:.
430:^
326:.
309:,
86:,
82:,
60:,
56:,
814:(
622:.
560:.
535:.
509:.
481:.
456:.
424:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
