509:
341:
261:
1228:
521:
418:
457:. In strategic terms, Darius must have seen that some Scythian-type peoples extended from Ukraine all the way to what is modern-day Uzbekistan, forming a continuum of dangerous nomadic raiders. Furthermore, control of the Black Sea recognized no international divisions. The Persians and the Greeks (many of whom lived in the Persian Empire, while another number lived in the Greek colonies in what is nowadays southern Ukraine) had a common interest in seeking to control the source of Scythian exports of gold, grain, hides, and furs. As Fol and Hammond further state,
402:
333:
112:
103:
79:
630:
states that their refusal to submit to Persia was due to such factors as the authoritarian power of the kings, the widespread hatred of foreigners (IV.76.1), and the ordinary man's belief that what brought him and his tribe honour was the killing of enemies. The various
Scythian tribes co-operated with each other, winning support of other neighboring peoples as well. In that regard, they showed more of a sense of a community than the Greek city-states were to show through much of the subsequent
304:, where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army. Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, mostly in what is modern-day Ukraine, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler
1267:
29:
355:
540:
Darius inflicted widespread damage on the
Scythians and their allies, weakened the prestige of the Royal Scythians especially, and upset the balance of power among the various peoples of the region. But because he failed to bring the Scythians to battle, he was unable to secure any territorial gains
308:
to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius, unless the
Persians found and desecrated the graves of the Scythians' forefathers. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose. Despite the evading tactics of
629:
The
Scythian campaign was decisive in that the Persians abandoned the attempt to subjugate the European Scythians. Herodotus was correct in his assessment that the Scythians owed their escape to their mobility, their lack of inhabited centres, and the skill of their mounted archers. He furthermore
313:, the tactics of the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and damage to their loyal allies. The fact is thus that Darius held the initiative. As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off of the land.
392:
were continued by the
Scythians, they had failed however completely, though Darius had failed too as still he wasn't able to bring it to a direct confrontation. He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces.
238:
tactic. However, the
Persians conquered much of their cultivated lands and damaged their allies, forcing the Scythians to respect the Persian force. Darius halted the advance to consolidate his gains, and built a defence line.
541:
and he did not even complete the building of the forts at what could have been a frontier. The campaign was little more than an expensive stalemate. As winter now had come, Darius did not return to attack, and marched towards
568:
was of the opinion that the
Persian expedition had instead successfully annexed Scythia, and that the Scythians were able to free themselves only in 496 BC, when the Achaemenids lost all their European territories due to the
388:. He had failed to bring the Scythians to a direct battle, and until he did so he did not have much reason to secure the conquered territories. The initiative still lay with him. As the tactics of evading Darius' army and
373:
state, this evidently was as far eastwards as Darius intended to go, at least for the time being. After chasing the
Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. In his
380:, Herodotus states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the
1194:
729:
713:
697:
252:; almost no Persian sources exist, and no Scythian ones. As a result, it is difficult to know for sure how much of Herodotus's account is accurate.
488:
Though
Herodotus does not mention the season of the year, as Fol and Hammond write, it is possible to infer it, knowing that if Darius marched from
2017:
230:
The
Scythians managed to avoid a direct confrontation with the Persian army due to their mobile lifestyle and lack of any settlement (except
1966:
476:
While some have supposed that the reason for Darius' invasions was merely to destroy the Scythian lands, the erection of a bridge over the
1216:
617:. Other Ionians mentioned as being involved included Aiaces of Samos, Laodamas of Phocaea, Aristagoras of Cymae, Daphnis of Abydos,
2012:
1527:
366:
1256:
508:
461:, a Greek doctor at the Persian court ca. 400 BC, wrote that before the invasion of Darius into the European Scythian lands a
369:, where he built "eight great forts, some eight miles distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence. As A. Fol and
2027:
1224:
1176:
1114:
1031:
923:
892:
816:
797:
778:
2037:
2032:
1683:
1840:
1835:
1532:
1142:
1062:
741:
469:
named Ariaramnes had crossed the Black Sea to the north, raiding the European Scythian regions with a fleet of thirty
2002:
1251:
960:
1023:
The Outline of History: Volume 1 (Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading): Prehistory to the Roman Republic
480:
contradicts this; his superior fleet could have easily shipped the troops over as the Scythians had no navy at all.
1597:
1449:
1134:
668:
621:
of Lampsacus, Herophantus of Parium, Metrodorus of Proconnesus, Aristagoras of Cyzicus, and Ariston of Byzantium.
2022:
1209:
1281:
748:
1049:
976:
1488:
1688:
1626:
496:
in May, and mustered his forces on the European side in June. Thus, he may have started to go beyond the
445:
to the north-east Mediterranean formed a compact area with mutual economic interests between Scythians,
2007:
1743:
1385:
1202:
1054:
2057:
2047:
1631:
1076:
340:
203:, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the
1191:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 10 - IV Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, pp 66–67
1678:
1514:
1360:
260:
2042:
1729:
1637:
1555:
1324:
1950:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1246:
653:
1914:
1583:
1434:
1129:
950:
553:
376:
248:
520:
1976:
1590:
1444:
1380:
663:
417:
8:
1894:
1772:
1736:
1345:
1080:
176:
401:
1942:
1908:
1884:
1827:
1576:
1542:
1291:
1106:
1088:
648:
631:
513:
212:
552:
authority perhaps remained after Darius withdrew, for the "Scythians across the Sea" (
1900:
1889:
1651:
1645:
1611:
1604:
1507:
1232:
1227:
1172:
1138:
1110:
1084:
1058:
1027:
956:
744:
549:
438:
344:
188:
128:
82:
1072:
565:
1971:
1922:
1767:
1701:
1670:
1659:
1618:
1569:
1500:
1429:
1390:
1164:
1153:
473:, returning with Scythian men and women, including the brother of a Scythian king.
370:
137:
1806:
309:
the Scythians, Darius' campaign was so far relatively successful. As presented by
2052:
1997:
1936:
1762:
1715:
1481:
1403:
1166:
1021:
525:
454:
332:
1664:
1562:
1522:
1475:
1459:
1410:
1375:
1370:
561:
533:
389:
285:
281:
235:
200:
1053:. Vol. 10: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean. Cambridge, UK:
111:
102:
78:
1991:
1851:
1548:
1365:
1297:
1286:
673:
570:
410:
1098:
598:
196:
1439:
1102:
952:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
470:
381:
305:
142:
1165:
Woolf, Alex; Steven Maddocks; Richard Balkwill; Thomas McCarthy (2004),
215:
and the Black Sea. The campaigns took place in parts of what is now the
1845:
1792:
1396:
1332:
610:
594:
477:
466:
396:
268:, in preparation for the Scythian campaign. 19th century illustration.
1454:
1124:
618:
606:
586:
493:
446:
422:
310:
301:
293:
277:
273:
265:
243:
204:
192:
132:
123:
115:
89:
1266:
1858:
1799:
529:
406:
348:
316:
While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured
184:
146:
106:
28:
1865:
1352:
1338:
949:
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).
643:
458:
450:
442:
354:
317:
297:
231:
220:
216:
180:
564:
as one of the peoples the king conquered outside of Persia, and
162:
Mostly infantry; 80,000 after Darius' return to Asia (Herodotus)
1821:
1304:
658:
602:
542:
497:
462:
434:
426:
385:
321:
289:
224:
208:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
742:"The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia"
242:
Practically everything that is known of this campaign is from
1928:
1311:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
614:
590:
582:
234:), while the Persians suffered losses due to the Scythians'
1813:
880:
489:
1077:"Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians"
823:
512:
Achaemenid king fighting hoplites, seal and seal holder,
405:
Achaemenid soldiers fighting against either Scythians or
264:
Junction of the Ionian fleet and the Persian army at the
899:
804:
524:"Scythian across the Sea", depicted as a soldier of the
1026:(illustrated ed.), Barnes & Noble Publishing,
997:
985:
948:
930:
911:
1107:
Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique
754:
324:, one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it.
766:
397:
Further reasons behind the invasion past the Danube
785:
327:
33:Map of the European Scythian campaign of Darius I
1989:
1019:
1210:
1967:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
1171:(illustrated ed.), Marshall Cavendish,
1160:, vol. 7, New York: Columbia University
581:Allied groups to the Scythians included the
922:sfn error: no target: CITEREFChaliand2004 (
891:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoardman2012 (
815:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeckwith2009 (
425:preserve the bridge of Darius I across the
1217:
1203:
955:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
545:, towards his firmly secured territories.
27:
1123:
905:
1151:
1071:
1046:
1003:
991:
936:
917:
886:
874:
810:
777:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWoolf2004 (
760:
519:
507:
492:in spring 513 BC, he would have reached
416:
400:
353:
339:
331:
259:
54:the Balkans, Ukraine and southern Russia
796:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoss2004 (
483:
1990:
365:Darius ordered a halt at the banks of
1198:
772:
358:Map of the world based on Herodotus'
284:. Darius conquered large portions of
2018:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire
791:
1095:Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples
1020:Ross, William; H. G. Wells (2004),
165:Unknown number of Scythian horsemen
13:
1841:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1185:
576:
320:, the large fortified city of the
16:Achaemenid expedition into Scythia
14:
2069:
1090:Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs
429:river. 19th century illustration.
199:-speaking people who had invaded
1265:
1226:
1135:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
669:First Persian invasion of Greece
556:: 𐎿𐎣𐎠𐏐𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹𐏐𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹,
110:
101:
77:
1168:Exploring Ancient Civilizations
969:
942:
328:Towards the end of the campaign
255:
2013:Ancient history of the Balkans
1282:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
734:
718:
702:
686:
336:Darius crossing the Bosphorus.
1:
1538:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1450:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
1050:The Cambridge Ancient History
679:
624:
528:circa 480 BCE on the tomb of
347:at its greatest extent under
173:Scythian campaign of Darius I
22:Scythian campaign of Darius I
2028:Wars involving the Scythians
1528:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1489:Battle of the Persian Border
1047:Boardman, John, ed. (1982).
503:
433:The whole area from central
7:
1689:Wars of Alexander the Great
637:
10:
2074:
2038:Ancient history of Romania
2033:Ancient history of Ukraine
1744:Battle of the Persian Gate
1386:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1055:Cambridge University Press
1013:
207:as they lived between the
1959:
1877:
1781:
1755:
1632:Wars of the Delian League
1468:
1422:
1323:
1274:
1263:
1239:
1152:Shahbazi, Shapur (1996),
740:Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev.
156:
95:
71:
37:
26:
21:
2003:6th-century BC conflicts
1684:Second conquest of Egypt
1515:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1361:Palace of Darius in Susa
1836:Districts of the Empire
1638:Battle of the Eurymedon
1556:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1533:First conquest of Egypt
179:into parts of European
2023:6th century BC in Iran
1951:Seven Achaemenid clans
1723:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
1709:Siege of Halicarnassus
1695:Battle of the Granicus
654:History of the Balkans
558:Sakā tayaiya paradraya
537:
517:
430:
414:
362:
351:
337:
269:
96:Commanders and leaders
1679:Great Satraps' Revolt
1598:Destruction of Athens
1584:Battle of Thermopylae
1435:Old Persian cuneiform
554:Old Persian cuneiform
523:
511:
420:
413:impression (drawing).
404:
357:
343:
335:
263:
1977:Cappadocian calendar
1591:Battle of Artemisium
1496:Lydian-Persian Wars
1445:Behistun Inscription
1257:History of democracy
1158:Encyclopedia Iranica
1154:"Darius I the Great"
1109:. pp. 115–130.
1057:. pp. 239–243.
664:Achaemenid Macedonia
484:Date of the invasion
288:, even crossing the
1773:Peace of Antalcidas
1737:Battle of Gaugamela
1346:Gate of All Nations
1097:] (in French).
889:, pp. 239–243.
877:, pp. 239–243.
560:) are mentioned at
384:and headed towards
292:to wage war on the
272:Darius crossed the
177:military expedition
1627:Babylonian revolts
1577:Battle of Marathon
1543:Greco-Persian Wars
1292:Achaemenid coinage
649:History of Ukraine
632:Greco-Persian Wars
538:
518:
514:Cimmerian Bosporus
431:
415:
363:
352:
338:
270:
187:, the king of the
2008:History of Europe
1985:
1984:
1652:Battle of Cyzicus
1646:Peloponnesian War
1612:Battle of Plataea
1605:Battle of Salamis
1508:Battle of Thymbra
1381:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1233:Achaemenid Empire
1178:978-0-7614-7456-2
1116:978-3-774-92415-4
1081:Reverdin, Olivier
1033:978-0-7607-5866-3
345:Achaemenid Empire
300:with his general
296:. Darius invaded
278:Bosphorus Straits
191:, in 513 BC. The
189:Achaemenid Empire
169:
168:
129:Strattis of Chios
83:Achaemenid Empire
67:
66:
2065:
2058:Darius the Great
2048:Ancient Bulgaria
1972:Xanthian Obelisk
1945:
1931:
1917:
1903:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1830:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1768:Peace of Callias
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1702:Siege of Miletus
1697:
1673:
1671:Battle of Cnidus
1660:Battle of Cunaxa
1654:
1640:
1621:
1619:Battle of Mycale
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1570:Siege of Eretria
1565:
1558:
1551:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1501:Battle of Pteria
1491:
1484:
1430:Achaemenid music
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:Tombs at Xanthos
1355:
1348:
1341:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1269:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1161:
1148:
1120:
1068:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
982:
973:
967:
966:
946:
940:
934:
928:
927:
915:
909:
903:
897:
896:
884:
878:
872:
821:
820:
813:, p. 68-69.
808:
802:
801:
789:
783:
782:
770:
764:
758:
752:
738:
732:
722:
716:
706:
700:
690:
500:in late August.
371:N. G. L. Hammond
138:Coes of Mytilene
114:
105:
81:
39:
38:
31:
19:
18:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2062:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1955:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1899:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1826:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1777:
1763:Earth and water
1751:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1716:Battle of Issus
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1669:
1650:
1636:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1487:
1482:Battle of Hyrba
1480:
1464:
1418:
1409:
1404:Nereid Monument
1402:
1395:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1270:
1261:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1188:
1186:Further reading
1179:
1145:
1137:. p. 352.
1117:
1085:Nenci, Giuseppe
1073:Harmatta, János
1065:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
975:
974:
970:
963:
947:
943:
935:
931:
921:
916:
912:
908:, pp. 352.
904:
900:
890:
885:
881:
873:
824:
814:
809:
805:
795:
790:
786:
776:
771:
767:
759:
755:
739:
735:
723:
719:
707:
703:
691:
687:
682:
640:
627:
579:
577:Involved groups
526:Achaemenid army
506:
486:
399:
330:
282:bridge of boats
258:
223:, and southern
149:
145:
136:
131:
127:
122:
118:
109:
90:Royal Scythians
85:
63:Persian victory
55:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Ancient Russia
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1782:Administration
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1665:Corinthian War
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1563:Battle of Lade
1559:
1552:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Battle of Opis
1520:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1476:Persian Revolt
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1460:Cyrus Cylinder
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:Tomb of Payava
1407:
1400:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Naqsh-e Rostam
1373:
1371:Persian column
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1162:
1149:
1144:978-0375712715
1143:
1127:, ed. (2015).
1121:
1115:
1069:
1064:978-0521228046
1063:
1044:
1032:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:, p. 128.
996:
984:
968:
961:
941:
929:
910:
906:Herodotus 2015
898:
879:
822:
803:
794:, p. 291.
784:
775:, p. 686.
765:
753:
733:
717:
701:
684:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
639:
636:
626:
623:
578:
575:
566:János Harmatta
562:Naqsh-e Rustam
534:Naqsh-e Rustam
505:
502:
485:
482:
421:The Greeks of
398:
395:
390:scorched earth
329:
326:
286:Eastern Europe
257:
254:
236:scorched earth
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
157:Units involved
154:
153:
151:Unnamed others
140:
120:Ionian allies:
98:
97:
93:
92:
87:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:Chapar Khaneh
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:Siege of Gaza
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:Ionian Revolt
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Tomb of Cyrus
1364:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:Apadana hoard
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Oxus Treasure
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1130:The Histories
1126:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1005:
1004:Harmatta 1999
1000:
994:, p. 67.
993:
992:Boardman 1982
988:
980:
979:
972:
964:
962:9781107016521
958:
954:
953:
945:
939:, p. 45.
938:
937:Shahbazi 1996
933:
925:
920:, p. 16.
919:
918:Chaliand 2004
914:
907:
902:
894:
888:
887:Boardman 2012
883:
876:
875:Boardman 1982
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
818:
812:
811:Beckwith 2009
807:
799:
793:
788:
780:
774:
769:
763:, p. 41.
762:
761:Shahbazi 1996
757:
750:
746:
743:
737:
731:
727:
721:
715:
711:
705:
699:
695:
689:
685:
675:
674:Gog and Magog
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
633:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
572:
571:Ionian Revolt
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:Some form of
546:
544:
535:
531:
527:
522:
515:
510:
501:
499:
495:
491:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
424:
419:
412:
411:Cylinder seal
408:
403:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
372:
368:
361:
356:
350:
346:
342:
334:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
262:
253:
251:
250:
249:The Histories
245:
240:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
91:
88:
86:Ionian allies
84:
80:
76:
75:
70:
62:
59:
58:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1537:
1325:Architecture
1167:
1157:
1128:
1094:
1089:
1048:
1037:, retrieved
1022:
999:
987:
978:DNa - Livius
977:
971:
951:
944:
932:
913:
901:
882:
806:
787:
768:
756:
736:
725:
720:
709:
704:
693:
688:
628:
599:Melanchlaeni
580:
557:
547:
539:
487:
475:
471:penteconters
432:
375:
364:
359:
315:
271:
256:The campaign
247:
241:
229:
197:East Iranian
172:
170:
150:
126:the Athenian
119:
72:Belligerents
1895:Mithridatic
1440:Old Persian
1247:Family tree
1103:Switzerland
724:Herodotus,
708:Herodotus,
692:Herodotus,
382:Volga River
306:Idanthyrsus
143:Idanthyrsus
1992:Categories
1915:Cappadocia
1909:Ariarathid
1885:Achaemenid
1846:Royal Road
1793:Pasargadae
1397:Harpy Tomb
1333:Persepolis
1099:Vandœuvres
773:Woolf 2004
749:9004282157
680:References
625:Assessment
611:Sauromatae
595:Androphagi
478:Hellespont
467:Cappadocia
213:Don Rivers
135:of Miletus
1890:Pharnacid
1878:Dynasties
1822:Satrapies
1788:Capitals
1756:Diplomacy
1455:Ganjnameh
1125:Herodotus
792:Ross 2004
726:Histories
710:Histories
694:Histories
619:Hippoclus
607:Gelonians
587:Agathyrsi
504:Aftermath
494:Chalcedon
447:Thracians
441:and from
423:Histiaeus
377:Histories
360:Histories
311:Herodotus
302:Megabazus
294:Scythians
274:Black Sea
266:Bosphorus
244:Herodotus
205:Black Sea
193:Scythians
133:Histiaeus
124:Miltiades
116:Megabazus
1923:Lygdamid
1859:Angarium
1800:Ecbatana
1252:Timeline
1087:(eds.).
1075:(1999).
638:See also
530:Xerxes I
455:Iranians
407:Sogdians
349:Darius I
280:using a
246:'s book
195:were an
185:Darius I
147:Scopasis
107:Darius I
50:Location
1960:Related
1943:Armenia
1937:Orontid
1866:Angarum
1828:Armenia
1807:Babylon
1469:Warfare
1423:Culture
1353:Tachara
1339:Apadana
1240:History
1039:28 July
1014:Sources
730:4.136.2
714:4.143.3
698:4.136.2
644:Scythia
550:Persian
459:Ctesias
451:Ionians
443:Ukraine
439:Georgia
318:Gelonos
298:Scythia
276:at the
232:Gelonus
221:Ukraine
217:Balkans
181:Scythia
2053:Skudra
1998:513 BC
1901:Pontus
1305:Danake
1175:
1141:
1113:
1061:
1030:
959:
747:
659:Gherla
613:, and
605:&
603:Budini
543:Thrace
498:Danube
463:satrap
453:, and
435:Thrace
427:Danube
386:Thrace
322:Budini
290:Danube
225:Russia
209:Danube
175:was a
60:Result
45:513 BC
1929:Caria
1312:Daric
1093:[
1079:. In
615:Getae
591:Neuri
583:Tauri
367:Oarus
201:Media
1814:Susa
1173:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1041:2011
1028:ISBN
957:ISBN
924:help
893:help
817:help
798:help
779:help
751:p 70
745:ISBN
490:Susa
211:and
171:The
42:Date
1275:Art
532:at
465:of
449:or
437:to
183:by
1994::
1156:,
1133:.
1105::
1101:,
1083:;
825:^
728:,
712:,
696:,
634:.
609:,
601:,
597:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
573:.
409:.
227:.
219:,
1218:e
1211:t
1204:v
1147:.
1119:.
1067:.
981:.
965:.
926:)
895:)
819:)
800:)
781:)
536:.
516:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
