Seaboard Air Line Railroad

523:

collectively known as the "Seaboard Air-Line System." The name initially had no legal authority, although that changed as Robinson continued to extend southward. The first known official use of "Seaboard Air Line" appeared when the system was pushing towards Atlanta. It had already acquired the Georgia, Carolina & Northern Railway which intended to reach that city from Monroe, North Carolina. Construction began in 1887 and was completed as far as Inman Park, east of Atlanta, by 1892. However, an ordinance prevented it from reaching the city directly. To circumvent this issue the Seaboard Air Line Belt Railroad (SALB) was chartered in 1892 to build an 8-mile branch and a connection with the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis at Howells. From there the SALB utilized trackage rights over the Dixie Line to reach the downtown area. Just prior to this event Robinson would link Rutherfordton and Wilmington, North Carolina via Charlotte and Hamlet by acquiring the Carolina Central Railroad in 1883. Rail service between these cities opened in 1887.

47: 1463: 542: 2005: 1680: 908: 720: 2396: 1021: 1220:, the railroad set about modernizing its equipment with new steam freight locomotives and new and rebuilt passenger cars. In 1942, to cut expenses, the SAL abandoned a 27-mile section of its then only 15-year-old Fort Myers-Naples extension between South Fort Myers and Naples, along with sections of two other little-used branch lines from the extension. By aggressive marketing and technological innovations that drew travelers to the line, such as the highly popular 2241: 193: 1129: 899: 56: 2330:

books and attracted so much support that it was able to donate entire libraries to deserving schools. Heard was named Seaboard's Superintendent Traveling Libraries in 1901. By 1910, books were being circulated from Rose Hill to 35 community libraries and 150 school libraries; by 1912, the Seaboard library system comprised 18,000 books and 38,000 magazines. A number of publications came from the

863:. In 1883, Reed reorganized the Florida Transit Company as the Florida Transit and Peninsular Railroad. Then, in 1884, Reed brought both the Florida Central and Western and the Florida Transit and Peninsular under the umbrella of a single entity, the Florida Railway and Navigation Company, which instantly became the largest railroad in Florida. In 1886, the company was reorganized as the 634: 767:. In January 1899, the Williams syndicate offered to purchase a majority of shares in the Seaboard and Roanoke, which included controlling interests in each of the affiliated companies and subordinated railroads in the Seaboard Air Line system. Although a New York syndicate of various stockholders headed by 2806:

Harris, Robert B., "The life of Major James Henry Dooley" (1936). Honors Theses.Paper 262. pp9-10 "In 1889 he was one of the organizers and directors of the great Seaboard Airline Company" "During the years 1900, 1901, and 1902, Mr. Dooley was chairman of the executive council of the Seaboard Airline

981:

Unfortunately, the new 2,600-mile railroad did not prosper as expected in its early years. Thomas Fortune Ryan, who had opposed the Williams syndicate when it purchased the controlling interests in the various Seaboard companies, succeeded in assuming control of the railroad in 1904. Ryan's policies,

731:

As important as the route to the major railroad hub of Atlanta was, access to Florida resorts and markets would be even more important to the railroad's success in years to come. In the last two decades of the 19th century, the pieces of the route to Florida began to fall into place. Between 1885 and

479:

The R&G takeover also gave the P&R control of the Raleigh & Augusta Air-Line Railroad which the former road controlled. This was the first time "Air Line" appeared as part of a Seaboard predecessor. The R&AA-L began as the Chatham Railroad, chartered by the state on February 14, 1855

1815:

Heavyweight, winter-season only, all-Pullman, New York to Tampa/St. Petersburg, and West Palm Beach, later to Miami as well. The most luxurious SAL train of its time, introduced to entice wealthy tourists and businessmen to Florida during the land-boom era, its deluxe features included fresh flowers

889:

This direct entrée into Florida did not escape the notice of John Skelton Williams and his financial backers. In April 1899, only two months after assuming formal control of the various railroads in the Seaboard system, the Williams syndicate purchased a majority stock interest in the FC&P for $

484:

in the county of Chatham, and the City of Raleigh or some point on the North Carolina Railroad." The project was riddled with delays and finally reorganized as the Raleigh & Augusta Air-Line in 1871. It eventually reached Hamlet in 1877 which in later years was a major SAL terminal point. With a

1562:

refers to trains consisting of passenger cars with all-steel construction, considered a great improvement in safety over the all-wooden or wood-and-steel cars of the 19th century. By 1910, nearly all major railroads were replacing their wooden passenger fleets with cars of heavyweight construction.

2383:

Seaboard continued to transport books to small towns and libraries in need across the region until 1955, leaving behind new libraries scattered among small communities across the Southeast. The library system never charged fees for late or lost books. Its collection of books was donated to schools

1266:

signaling across most of its system, generating further savings of time and money, as well as improved safety. However, like all American railroads, Seaboard saw a decline in revenues, especially in passenger traffic, from the 1950s into the 1960s, in the face of growing competition from airlines,

835:— was consolidated in 1870. Meanwhile, in 1871, the Florida Railroad was reorganized as the Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Company. Through two new subsidiaries, the Peninsular Railroad and the Tropical Florida Railroad, the Atlantic, Gulf and West India opened two new lines, one running to 1567:

Note: The history of train names on various Seaboard routes is complex, with some being temporarily replaced or discontinued for a year or two, then brought back, perhaps on a somewhat different routing (e.g., to both coasts of Florida or to only one); the following is merely a rough guide to the

2329:

noted that the donations "enabled to send the boxes in all directions. Quantities of books have been given and the rooms at Rose Hill, which were used as a distributing headquarters, are now overcrowded". By the turn of the century, the Seaboard library system boasted a collection of over 2,500

990:, a Seaboard director and member of the railroad's executive committee, who had assisted Williams in forming the corporation, was appointed one of the receivers, and was subsequently named chairman. In 1912, Warfield — who was the uncle of the Baltimore-born Wallis Warfield Simpson, the future 517:

after the Civil War, and tried to work with African American legislators to acquire (and rebuild) railroads further South. As it had before the Civil War, Virginia paid millions to get railroads rebuilt and commerce moving through its cities. Charges of corruption against Scott, and resentment

522:

violence centered on railroads through interior North and South Carolina. Together the R&G, P&R, and R&AA-L formed the backbone of the future Seaboard Air Line. Moncure Robinson's son John M. Robinson acquired financial control of the trio in 1875. As a marketing tactic they were

1953:

Coach and Pullman cars, New York – Tampa/Miami. Connections in Washington to New York and Boston. Connections in Washington to New York and Boston. The route was cut back to Jacksonville, Florida as the southern terminus by Seaboard Coast Line in February 1968, and later discontinued in

1188:

Warfield died in October 1927 and was succeeded by Legh R. Powell, who had worked his way up on the financial side of the railroad. The railroad was in an unfortunate position due to being geographically sandwiched in the South between two well-to-do rivals, the

771:

bitterly opposed the deal, control of all of the railroad properties comprising the Seaboard system was formally transferred to the Williams syndicate in February 1899. Immediately, Williams and his financial backers sought to expand into the Florida market.

485:

route that now extended through North Carolina the three roads offered a competitive network serving several important cities. The South was also blossoming into an industrial giant in the area of cotton, agriculture/farming, textiles, and manufacturing.

858:

acquired the Atlantic, Gulf and West India and its subsidiaries and reorganized them as the Florida Transit Company. The following year, Reed acquired the JP&M along with its subsidiary, the Florida Central, both of which he combined together as the

977:

in 1907, which became the primary diesel shops after 1948. Rather than build any other heavy back shops, the Seaboard chose to equip several major roundhouse terminals to handle medium repairs in addition to the usual "running" repairs on locomotives.

591:'s trans-Atlantic flight in 1927, Seaboard Air Line shares actually attracted some investor curiosity because of the name's aviation-related connotations; only after noticing that Seaboard Air Line was actually a railroad did investors lose interest. 1197:. In addition, Warfield's expansion down the west coast of Florida was seen as an unnecessary extravagance due to the presence of the ACL in the same area. In December 1930, the Seaboard again entered bankruptcy following the collapse of the 1933:

Heavyweight coach cars and lightweight Pullman cars, New York – St.Petersburg/Miami. The route was cut back to Columbia, South Carolina as the southern terminus by Seaboard Coast Line by in 1968, and the train was not continued by Amtrak in

1286:(SCL). The seeming redundancy of the name stems from combining the most common short forms of the two railroads' names: the public and the railroads themselves for many years had referred to SAL as "Seaboard" and ACL as "Coast Line." 2372:

Heard worked to establish twelve "McKinley libraries" in 1902, dedicated to "the characteristics and high ideals so exemplified in the life and purposes of McKinley". The traveling library system won a gold medal award at the 1907

1965:

Although competing railroads in the South were reluctant to make the capital investments needed to streamline their passenger car fleets, Seaboard led the way in 1939 and soon the other roads began to follow. Two of the routes, the

1438:

The Seaboard and Roanoke acquired a controlling interest in the steamship company in 1851, providing valuable northward connections from the docks at Norfolk for the railroad's passenger and freight business. Control passed to the

2300:, who donated $ 1,000 towards the effort. Thus began in 1898 the Seaboard Airline Railway Free Traveling Library System; due to his support, Heard sometimes referred to the program as the "Andrew Carnegie Free Traveling Library". 919:

was incorporated, comprising 19 railroads in which it owned all or most of the capital stock. Williams was the first president of the new corporation, which advertised its north–south route as the "Florida-West India Short Line."

2082:

Streamliner, coach and Pullman cars, New York – Birmingham via Athens and Atlanta. The train was cut back to Washington – Atlanta only by January 1969, then to Richmond – Atlanta only by May, and finally discontinued October 15,

1044:

With an influx of tourists traveling to rapidly developing Florida, the Seaboard enjoyed a prosperous decade in the 1920s. In 1924, Warfield, now president and CEO of the railroad, began building a 204-mile extension, called the

1482:

The SAL had a cooperative relationship with the Southern Railway for traffic to the western part of the upper South and the Midwest. For example, the Southern's timetables listed SAL routes for train destinations south of

2031:

to serve Florida, New York to Tampa/St. Petersburg and Miami. Trains continued beyond Tampa to Sarasota and Venice. Preserving its reputation as "one of the finest in the country," the train retained its round-ended

2117:

As the underdog in its competition with the wealthier Atlantic Coast Line, Seaboard often strove to bolster its passenger revenues by offering innovative services. Seaboard was the first Florida railroad to:

434:. By 1853, the Raleigh and Gaston had connected with the Seaboard and Roanoke at Weldon, thus offering travelers through service on the 176-mile route from Portsmouth to Raleigh. Both railroads were built to 630:. When the R&G and its subsidiary fell into financial straits in 1873, the Seaboard's president, John M. Robinson, acquired financial control of them, becoming president of all three railroads in 1875. 1548:, with one section going to Tampa and west coast points, and the other going to Miami. Northbound, the process was reversed, with west and east coast sections joining at Wildwood to continue their journey. 902:

Two early logos used in advertising by the Seaboard, from about 1900 and 1916, respectively. These foreshadow the design of the famous "Through the heart of the South" logo, displayed at the top of this

1573:

Before the Cross-Florida Extension from Coleman to West Palm Beach was completed in 1925 (and extended to Miami in 1927), Seaboard trains for cities on the Atlantic side of Florida were handled by the

1443:

in 1901, but in 1922, with S. Davies Warfield as its president, the Old Bay Line became a wholly owned subsidiary of the SAL. In that same year, Warfield was named president of the Seaboard as well.

1357:

Corporation on November 1, 1980, but continued to operate as separate railroads. The Family Lines name and logo were dropped when all of the Family Lines merged on December 29, 1982, to form the

480:(from the 1877 booklet, "History Of The Raleigh & August Air-Line Railroad" compiled by Walter Clark, Attorney At Law) to build a rail line, "...between Deep River, at or near the Coalfields, 1700:

Heavyweight coaches and Pullmans. This train carried passengers from Cincinnati and other Midwest points to the Gulf Coast resort cities of Tampa, St. Petersburg, Venice, and Naples. Handled by

626:, and paying stockholders an annual dividend of 8 percent for many years. In 1871, the Raleigh and Gaston acquired the Raleigh and Augusta Air-Line Railroad, which, however, reached only to 1115:

in January 1926, and by December 1926, the line was open for freight. From January 7 though January 9, 1927, Warfield took a large faction of dignitaries on a special run of the luxurious

955:

railroads. In 1903, the FC&P, which had been controlled through stock ownership and operated separately under a lease agreement, was formally consolidated within the Seaboard.

1099:

Warfield, however, was not content with what seemed to be a complete Seaboard system in Florida, and at the end of 1925, announced two new extensions, one from West Palm Beach to

2380:

Heard died in 1919, after which her daughter Susan took over management as head librarian until her death on April 7, 1934; Susan's husband James Y. Swift then filled the role.

3683:

Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society, September 8, 2009 – includes details of commencement and discontinuance of service of SAL trains handled by the Pennsy

396:. After a couple of months of horse-drawn operation, the first locomotive-pulled service on this line began on September 4, 1834, with a twice-daily train from Portsmouth to 472:) gauge favored by most other railroads in the South; therefore, cars of both roads could run on the entire route, eliminating the need for travelers or freight to make a 1239:

In May 1945, all of the Seaboard properties were sold under foreclosure at an auction sale to bondholders for $ 52 million. In 1946, the railroad was reorganized as the

1454:, was merged into the Old Bay Line. Due to the decline of business with the rise of interstate highways and air travel, the steamship company was liquidated in 1962. 1816:

and fresh fish for the dining car, a library car and observation car, and a club car with a barber and shower bath. The OBS was later immortalized in a very famous

5531: 5056: 2512:

Richard White, The Republic for which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age 1865–1896 (Oxford University Press 2017) pp. 225–226

1271:. In 1960 SAL reported 9910 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 484 million passenger-miles, not including Gainesville Midland and Tavares & Gulf. 5633: 5371: 2414: 1274:

As a strategic move to reduce costs and counter the competition of airlines and trucking companies, merger with the parallel system of Seaboard's chief rival,

5581:

meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.

5638: 513:

to work against the conglomeration of railroads reorganized by Thomas A. Scott, who had moved up the ranks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, took control of the

882:. Thus, when the FC&P finished construction in late 1893, it had 1,000 miles of rail and a new "air line" extending straight from a connection with the 5041: 1065:, which Warfield planned to make the new southern headquarters of the Seaboard. The extension was constructed in record time, and opened in January 1925. 4865: 973:

shops in 1903 resulted in the plant being upgraded and modernized. To serve the southern section of the system, new shops were built on the west side of

994:– became the majority stock owner of the Seaboard. By 1915, the railroad had recovered. However, along with most other U.S. railroads, the Seaboard was 557:

was a common term for the shortest distance between two points: a straight line drawn through the air (or on a map), ignoring natural obstacles (i.e., "

2285: 1910:

Heavyweight coach cars and lightweight Pullman cars, Jacksonville – New Orleans via Tallahassee, Pensacola and Mobile. Handled jointly by SAL and the

5653: 4665: 4430: 5566: 4470: 4435: 1557: 493:

The American Civil War devastated railroads, particularly in former Confederate territories including Virginia and North Carolina. After the war,

5618: 5366: 4152: 5648: 1149: 1121:, beginning at Arcadia and proceeding south to Naples, then doubling back over to the east coast and proceeding south from West Palm Beach to 572:

The Seaboard never owned an airplane. In 1940 the railroad proposed the creation of "Seaboard Airlines," but this idea was struck down by the

253:

At the end of 1925 SAL operated 3,929 miles of road, not including its flock of subsidiaries; at the end of 1960 it reported 4,135 miles. The

5561: 5556: 5526: 5451: 5076: 4795: 3732: 2409: 1708:. North of Cincinnati, Pullmans handled by other railroads provided through sleeping-car service to and from Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland. 1530: 1440: 944: 886:

in South Carolina into Jacksonville, resulting in not only a saving of several hours of travel time, but also connecting New York and Tampa.

685:, ran from Atlanta to the Seaboard Road's depot and wharf at Portsmouth, where passengers could transfer to steamships for direct passage to 2532: 5516: 5301: 5066: 4700: 4680: 2008:

Main routes of the Seaboard in the early postwar era, showing through passenger service handled by other railroads to offline destinations.

514: 426:

had begun construction on November 1, 1836, with the first scheduled service between its endpoints beginning on March 21, 1840. After the

247: 5643: 5341: 5336: 1177: 969:

Upon formation, the Seaboard inherited multiple repair shop sites from predecessor railroads, most of which were obsolete. A fire at the

828: 781: 599:

The railroads' prosperous operations of the 1850s, hauling passengers as well as valuable cargos of cotton, tobacco and produce from the

1342:. However, the Family Lines name was merely a marketing strategy, and all the railroads remained separate legal and operating entities. 1236:

alone turned a profit of over $ 8 million, nearly as much as the deficit of the whole railroad had been in the Depression year of 1933.

5206: 5186: 5141: 5091: 4996: 4855: 4565: 4026: 713: 2251: 5613: 5608: 5506: 5446: 5246: 5011: 4935: 4810: 4715: 4705: 4495: 1165: 952: 756: 1568:

names of some of the major year-round trains Seaboard offered. Consult sources listed at the end of this article for exact details.

5411: 5271: 5081: 4966: 4710: 4510: 4353: 4177: 3020: 1169: 650:

name for marketing purposes, combining the nicknames of the two principal roads. In 1889, the Seaboard leased the still-unfinished

17: 2561: 5461: 5281: 5021: 4875: 4485: 4400: 2331: 2292:, to have the company transport books to every railroad stop; these small libraries came to be called "S.A.L. Magundi Clubs". St. 2061:

Streamliner, coach and Pullman cars, New York to Tampa/St. Petersburg and Miami. Still in Amtrak service, with updated equipment.

1732: 1536:

Prior to the completion of Seaboard's Cross-Florida extension from Coleman to West Palm Beach (1925) and on to Miami (1926), the

959: 864: 637:

Map of the Seaboard Air-Line System in 1896, showing connecting routes prior to the 1900 amalgamation into a single corporation.

5486: 5431: 5361: 5256: 5251: 5176: 5111: 5071: 4971: 4730: 4675: 4520: 4505: 4500: 741: 651: 321: 254: 1262:

in the postwar period, the Seaboard dieselized all of its mainline trains by 1953. In the same decade, the railroad installed

5536: 5331: 5126: 5121: 5031: 4880: 4835: 4755: 4720: 4405: 4358: 4338: 3998: 3984: 3926: 3901: 3882: 3790: 2979: 2919: 2803: 2667: 1077: 1046: 1003: 549:": Seaboard Air Line Railway advertisement illustrating the "quickest train service via the shortest route" to Florida, 1902. 1649:, to Atlanta, in the early 1920s it began operating as a through service from Washington to Birmingham. It was renamed the 5521: 5416: 5291: 5156: 4785: 4640: 4580: 4555: 4525: 4515: 4348: 924:, veteran of several rail mergers in the South, helped organize the SAL and served as chairman of SAL's executive council. 860: 832: 706: 3693: 2140:

In the mid-20th century Seaboard was one of a few railroads that gave names to its main freight trains. Among these were:

947:

from Washington to Richmond; and by the Seaboard from Richmond to Tampa, an arrangement that lasted until the creation of

759:, a Savannah-to-Montgomery route, was bought by a syndicate that included the Richmond bankers John L. Williams and Sons. 716:

completed the laying of track from Norlina to Richmond, thereby providing an all-Seaboard route from Atlanta to Richmond.

5603: 5598: 5441: 5286: 5226: 5201: 5181: 4991: 4850: 4780: 4760: 4145: 5628: 5623: 5436: 5261: 5211: 5101: 4986: 4915: 4328: 3908:

Reprint of 1966 edition. The classic, authoritative history of the company, thickly detailed and profusely illustrated.

1487:, the gateway hub for trains from the Midwest and the Northeast to Florida destinations, examples being the Southern's 1217: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1025: 646:

By 1881, the Seaboard and Roanoke, the Raleigh and Gaston, and others were operating as a coordinated system under the

243: 196:

Postcard illustrating the allure of streamliner travel to Florida, along with the "citrus" paint scheme used on SAL's

5511: 5466: 5231: 5216: 5196: 5171: 5116: 4765: 4695: 4630: 4605: 4530: 4395: 3974: 3964: 3944: 3862: 3847: 3837: 3826: 3424: 3399: 3351: 3326: 3301: 3276: 2951: 2542: 1911: 301: 4895: 4294: 2662:

Turner, Gregg M. (2008) A Journey into Florida Railroad History. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.

1974:

are still operating today; they are the sole survivors of the once-vast market of long-distance Florida trains. The

5471: 5421: 5321: 5131: 5016: 4805: 951:

in 1971. On July 1, 1900, the Seaboard formally assumed operation of the Georgia and Alabama, the FC&P and the

3378: 5501: 5481: 5456: 5051: 5006: 5001: 4635: 4615: 4445: 4370: 4343: 2316: 2106:

at Hamlet, North Carolina. Ferries would transport passengers between Norfolk and Portsmouth. Coach only by 1968.

1323: 463: 404: 381: 5406: 5401: 5266: 5191: 5146: 4905: 4885: 4840: 4660: 4650: 4625: 4610: 4570: 4560: 4425: 4138: 4082: 4019: 3842:

Griffin, William E Jr. "Seaboard Air Line Railroad, The Route of Courteous Service." TLC Publishing, 1999

3579: 3440: 3207: 3182: 2430: 1803: 1424: 1414: 1279: 1132:

1936 system map of SAL's Florida operations, showing extension of routes into South Florida built in the 1920s.

1117: 883: 870:

In late 1892, the FC&P began construction of a new line running north from a junction near Jacksonville to

809: 622:

Prosperity returned after the war, with the efficiently managed Seaboard Road showing a profit even during the

573: 2208: 5426: 5351: 5221: 4981: 4770: 4740: 4575: 4550: 4460: 4420: 4415: 4375: 3711: 1881:

All-coach, New York – Birmingham via Athens, Georgia and Atlanta. Name dropped on April 24, 1955, though the

1817: 1517:

that Seaboard operated during the first half of the 20th century, some of which were continued by successors

855: 412: 1727:

Heavyweight coaches and Pullmans. From 1924 to 1929, this train carried the first and only transcontinental

5491: 5166: 5161: 5151: 5061: 5046: 4830: 4815: 4750: 4585: 4480: 4385: 4333: 4289: 4257: 4212: 4207: 2424: 2419: 2261: 1447: 1283: 1275: 1206: 1190: 1161: 1015: 702: 408: 340: 227: 223: 143: 2102:

Streamliner, coach and Pullman cars, Portsmouth, Virginia – Jacksonville, Florida, forwarding cars to the

1540:

handled SAL trains from Jacksonville to Miami. Thereafter, Seaboard split most major southbound trains at

966:, the largest center of iron and steel production in the South, and a valuable endpoint for the Seaboard. 5096: 4860: 4735: 4670: 4490: 4440: 4390: 2877: 2847: 2817: 2774: 2744: 2714: 2684: 2616: 2586: 1683:

Exterior view in 2007 of the 5-double-bedroom-buffet Sun Lounge car Hollywood Beach, now privately owned.

1489: 1263: 1085: 764: 669:

During its heyday in the 1890s, the system prided itself on offering excellent passenger service between

577: 423: 380:

The complex corporate history of the Seaboard began on March 8, 1832, when its earliest predecessor, the

74: 2946:

Turner, Gregg M. (1999) Railroads of Southwest Florida. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.

1368:

Transportation. Subsequently, the Chessie System was merged into CSX Transportation on August 31, 1987.

1226:

streamliner, introduced in 1939, Seaboard managed to regain its financial footing. The economic boom of

5476: 5386: 5356: 5136: 4925: 4600: 4545: 4410: 4108: 3606: 3508: 2443: 2049: 1574: 1537: 1484: 1327: 1301: 1058: 991: 690: 674: 360: 352: 344: 1808:, November 21, 1925 – April 26, 1953; due to wartime restrictions, did not run in the years 1942–1945. 1172:

and Fort Myers. In April 1927, Warfield completed a push of the Miami extension even further south to

565:

in their titles to suggest that their routes were shorter than those of competing roads: see list at

403:

By June 1837 the railroad was completed to Weldon, where a connection was made with the tracks of the

5276: 5106: 4910: 4890: 4745: 4690: 4595: 4590: 4380: 4252: 4197: 4012: 3832:

Goolsby Larry, "Seaboard Air Line Passenger Service, The Streamlined Era." TLC Publishing, 2011

3571: 3517: 1268: 797: 659: 3171:

Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society, September 8, 2009, accessed October 25, 2012

2562:"Classic Trains Magazine – Railroading History, Train Travel, Steam Locomotives – Fallen Flags: P-S" 5316: 5296: 5086: 4945: 4940: 4825: 4725: 4281: 4262: 4244: 4229: 3449: 2358: 2346: 1315: 1209:

in Norfolk, Virginia—which would oversee the railroad for the next 14½ years—appointed Powell as a

1137: 1054: 1029: 879: 749: 600: 286: 262: 2994: 1794:

coaches: St. Petersburg-Tampa, Tampa-West Lake Wales, West Lake Wales-Miami, sleepers: Tampa-Miami

5346: 5326: 5311: 4870: 4535: 4475: 4201: 4004: 3757:; type "Seaboard" in the search box to bring up Seaboard advertisements from the 1940s and 1950s. 3727: 3620: 2354: 1987: 1779: 1701: 1451: 1194: 481: 348: 329: 282: 258: 31: 3979:

Turner, Gregg M. "A Journey into Florida Railroad History" University Press of Florida. 2008.

3717:- Lengthy report of judicial findings on the insolvency and reorganization of the railroad, 1943 5391: 5236: 4976: 4645: 4364: 4234: 2325: 2164: 1646: 1645:

Heavyweight coaches and Pullmans. Originally a connecting train from the main-line junction of

1600: 995: 745: 724: 678: 655: 627: 498: 393: 325: 309: 305: 230:. Predecessor railroads dated from the 1830s and reorganized extensively to rebuild after the 46: 5396: 5036: 4900: 4845: 4775: 4620: 3912: 3795: 2337:

In a 1901 special edition titled "Free Traveling Libraries", Seaboard's promotional magazine

2284:

met with and persuaded the vice president and general manager of Seaboard Air Line Railroad,

2224: 1995: 1526: 1495: 1377: 974: 936: 785: 760: 270: 197: 5376: 5241: 4455: 4094: 3783: 3776: 2451: 2374: 2070: 1731:

in the United States, a Pullman from Jacksonville to Los Angeles via a connection with the

1467: 1331: 1081: 970: 875: 817: 604: 588: 502: 385: 333: 297: 117: 2804:

http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1258&context=honors-theses

518:

against northern and black workers led to volatile situations in many areas. Eruptions of

384:

was chartered by the legislatures of Virginia and North Carolina to build a railroad from

8: 4655: 3805: 2315:

to establish business agreements and request donations, and then back to Georgia via the

2257: 1661:

in 1911. With the addition of air-conditioned cars on April 28, 1935, it was renamed the

1518: 1432: 1346: 1335: 1104: 1073: 1062: 963: 768: 686: 317: 277:

bringing travelers to the Sunshine State. From Jacksonville, Seaboard rails continued to

3767: 3737: 3680: 3168: 3049: 3036: 2227:

and Hialeah Yard, Miami, covering a distance of over 1,000 miles in less than 30 hours.

1462: 1076:, which provided a direct route from Tampa to West Palm Beach. Warfield also leased the 962:, purchased the previous year, completed construction and extended the Atlanta route to 748:. In 1895, the Seaboard took control of the Palmetto Railway and extended the tracks to 4224: 3871: 3754: 3521: 2565: 2281: 2220: 2212: 2004: 1998: 1501: 1475: 1395: 1173: 987: 928: 801: 789: 694: 611:, during which bridges and tracks of both railroads were destroyed at various times by 541: 427: 411:). In 1846, after suffering financial difficulties, the P&R was reorganized as the 239: 231: 1072:, which allowed time-sensitive trains to bypass congested Jacksonville, and built the 4920: 4217: 4130: 3994: 3980: 3970: 3960: 3940: 3922: 3897: 3878: 3858: 3843: 3833: 3822: 3575: 3420: 3395: 3347: 3322: 3297: 3272: 3138: 3096: 2975: 2947: 2915: 2663: 2538: 1541: 1435:, carrying mail and freight as well as passengers and vehicles on the overnight run. 1428: 1255: 1198: 871: 848: 733: 566: 558: 536: 506: 397: 266: 235: 200: 3742: 3545: 3367: 5381: 5306: 4800: 4161: 3602: 3016: 2362: 2350: 2342: 2312: 2154: 1705: 1679: 1545: 1319: 1307: 1259: 1202: 1136:

Warfield had the West Palm Beach architectural firm of Harvey & Clarke, led by

1112: 1089: 1050: 940: 911:

Preferred share of the Seaboard Air Line Railway Company, issued 19. February 1926

793: 737: 670: 663: 616: 608: 494: 313: 274: 3969:

Turner, Gregg. "A Short History of Florida Railroads" Arcadia Publishing. 2003

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published an assortment of letters written by notable figures including President

2040:

took over operation in 1971. Still in Amtrak service today with updated equipment.

4930: 4790: 3916: 3654: 3596: 2401: 2366: 2323:

across six states along the way. Her overall efforts were so successful that the

2297: 2033: 1991: 1514: 1506:

Additionally, the Southern and the SAL railroads pooled their operations for the

1358: 1289:

On May 1, 1971, SCL turned over all its passenger operations to the newly formed

1108: 921: 813: 339:

In the first half of the 20th century, Seaboard, along with its main competitors

3939:. MBI Publishing Company, (SAL history is summarized on pp. 32–34.) 1995 3037:

TRAINS Magazine – Railroad News, Web Cam, Railroading Video – CSX Transportation

501:

organized the Seaboard Inland Air Line to connect Georgia and South Carolina to

5026: 4961: 4685: 4465: 2885: 2855: 2825: 2782: 2752: 2722: 2692: 2624: 2594: 1737: 1350: 1100: 932: 844: 840: 836: 510: 473: 458: 290: 278: 212: 183: 113: 109: 92: 78: 3959:

Turner, Gregg M. " Railroads of Southwest Florida." Arcadia Publishing. 1999

222:

that existed from April 14, 1900, until July 1, 1967, when it merged with the

5592: 4540: 4101: 3686: 2437: 2304: 2015: 1466:

A postcard view of the bar lounge in one of Seaboard's unique, glass-roofed "

1339: 1295: 1232: 1222: 983: 623: 389: 1986:

constituted Seaboard's widely advertised and very popular "Silver Fleet" of

1533:

from Washington to Richmond; and by Seaboard from Richmond to points south.

907: 218:), which styled itself as "The Route of Courteous Service", was an American 192: 5496: 4192: 3681:

Baer, Christopher T. "Named Trains of the PRR Including Through Services,"

1728: 1227: 1210: 1069: 824: 763:, a son of John L. Williams, became president of the line, renaming it the 719: 519: 84: 3800: 3169:

Baer, Christopher T. "Named Trains of the PRR Including Through Services,"

1621:, carrying coaches and Pullmans; on December 12, 1941, it was renamed the 1020: 2308: 2230: 2028: 999: 584: 509:). They worked with Confederate general turned Republican political boss 155: 3676:

Atlantic Coast Line & Seaboard Air Line Railroads Historical Society

3595:

Greathouse, Charles H. (1900). "Development of Agricultural Libraries".

3525: 3503: 2200:

Seaboard also had a number of fast, high-priority freight trains called

1061:. Some 35 miles northwest of West Palm Beach, the extension ran through 1790:

bus: St. Petersburg – West Lake Wales, train: West Lake Wales – Miami;

805: 612: 546: 3651:

The Official History of Elbert County, 1790–1935: Supplement 1935–1939

1603:, New York to both coasts of Florida; on January 1, 1903, renamed the 982:

however, proved disastrous for the Seaboard's finances. Following the

898: 363:

and carried southern timber, minerals and produce, especially Florida

296:

Other important Seaboard routes included a line from Jacksonville via

4075: 2460: 2320: 2027:

Initially an all-coach train (Pullman sleepers added in 1941), first

1898: 1744: 1471: 1057:, which for almost thirty years had been the exclusive domain of the 701:, running in daily service between Atlanta and Washington, using the 3855:

Through the Heart of the South: The Seaboard Air Line Railroad Story

2196:, train # 96 & # 95, Charlotte, N.C. to Monroe, N.C. and return. 2153:, Miami to Richmond and Tampa to Richmond (joined into one train at 1474:

used on other railroads were too tall for the low clearances on the

4301: 4270: 1839:

Heavyweight coaches and Pullmans, New York to Florida; renamed the

1128: 1037: 740:, had built southward from Hamlet, North Carolina, on the Seaboard 723:

Seaboard depot and hotel, about 1915, at the important junction of

219: 105: 4034: 3953:

The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 3: Southeast and Western Regions

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Links to pictures of all three Sun Lounge cars built for Seaboard

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