Pinniped - Knowledge

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but physical fights are usually not very violent, and are mostly limited to early in the season. Individuals also return to the same territorial site each breeding season. In certain species, like the Steller sea lion and northern fur seal, a dominant male can maintain a territory for as long as 2–3 months. Females can usually move freely between territories and males are unable to coerce them, but in some species such as the northern fur seal, South American sea lion and Australian sea lion, males can successfully keep females in their territories with threatening displays and even violence. In some phocid species, like the harbor seal, Weddell seal and bearded seal, the males establish "maritories" and patrol and defend the waters bordering female haul-out areas, waiting for a female to enter. These are also maintained by vocalizations. The maritories of Weddell seal males include entries to female breathing holes in the ice.

3542: 2795: 3090: 3797: 4007:(MMPA). Since that year, California sea lion populations have risen to 250,000. These animals began exploiting more man-made environments, like docks, for haul-out sites. Many docks are not designed to withstand the weight of several resting sea lions. Wildlife managers have used various methods to control the animals, and some city officials have redesigned docks so they can better resist sea lion use. Inland-living New Zealand sea lions face unique human conflicts such as road mortality and run-ins with human infrastructure. Seals also conflict with fisherman. In 2007, MMPA was amended to permit the lethal removal of sea lions from 2670: 2741: 3615: 16157: 3198: 3171:. The former behavior is typical when hunting non-schooling fish, immobile or sluggish invertebrates and endothermic prey. Solitary foraging species usually hunt in coastal or shallow water. An exception to this is the northern elephant seal, which hunts deep in the open ocean for fish. In addition, walruses feed solitarily but are often near other walruses in small or large groups. For large schools of fish or squid, pinnipeds such as certain otariids hunt cooperatively in large groups, locating and herding their prey. Some species, such as California and 554:, seals are more flexible and agile. Otariids primarily use their front limbs to propel themselves through the water, while phocids and walruses primarily use their hind limbs for this purpose. Otariids and walruses have hind limbs that can be pulled under the body and used as legs on land. By comparison, terrestrial locomotion by phocids is more cumbersome. Otariids have visible external ears, while phocids and walruses lack these. Pinnipeds have well-developed senses—their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have an advanced 3398: 3761: 3288: 3331: 214: 2329: 3699: 3449: 2208: 3042: 2600: 2889: 3526:, chugging and knocking are some examples of the calls produced underwater. When warning other seals, the calls may be pronounced by "prefixes" and "suffixes". The underwater vocals of Weddell seals can last 70 seconds, which is long for a marine mammal call. Some calls have about seven rhythm patterns and could be categorized as "songs". Similar calls have been recorded in other Antarctic seals and in bearded seals. In some pinniped species, there appear to be regional 3389:

with. When a female elephant seal or grey seal is mounted by an unwanted male, she tries to resist and get away. This commotion attracts other males to the scene, and the most dominant will take over and mate with female himself. Dominant female elephant seals stay in the center of the colony where they in the domain of a more dominant male, while marginal females are left with subordinates. Female Steller sea lions may solicit their territorial males for mating.

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1,500 m (4,900 ft) and for over an hour. The dives of otariids tend to be shorter and less deep. They typically last 5–7 minutes with average depths to 30–45 m (100–150 ft). However, the New Zealand sea lion has been recorded diving to a maximum of 460 m (1,510 ft) and have submerged for as long as 12 minutes. The diet of walruses does not require them to dive very deep or very long. Pinnipeds generally live 25–30 years.

2505: 2340: 3884: 3255: 2401: 2129: 15602: 3323:, since ice is less stable than solid land. Hence polygyny tends to be weaker in ice-breeding species. An exception to this is the walrus, whose distribution of food forces females closer together. Pinnipeds that breed on fast ice tend to cluster together more than those that breed on drift ice. Seals that breed on ice tend to have little or no sexual dimorphism. In Antarctic seals, there is some size bias in favor of females. Walruses and 2570:. Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke. Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limb bones of otariids are reduced in length, giving them less resistance at the elbow joint as the flippers flap; the hind-flippers maneuver them. Phocids and walruses swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side, while their fore-flippers are mainly used for maneuvering. Some species 15615: 3308:

wait for them. The males stay on land to monopolize females; and may fast for months as they would lose their position if they went to feed at sea. Polygynous species also tend to be extremely sexual dimorphic in favor of males. This dimorphism manifests itself in larger chests and necks, longer canines and denser fur—all traits that equip males for combat. Larger males have more blubber and thus more energy reserves for fasting.

2516: 375: 15609: 3483: 2926: 3351: 3719:, object to keeping marine mammals in captivity. They state that the exhibits could not be large enough to house animals that have evolved to be migratory, and a pool could never replace the size and biodiversity of the ocean. They also state that the tricks performed for audiences are "exaggerated variations of their natural behaviors" and distract the people from the animal's unnatural environment. 2047: 156: 3984:. In 2010 and 2011, sea ice in the Northwest Atlantic was at or near an all-time low and harp seals as well as ringed seals that bred on thin ice saw increased death rates. In the Antarctic, the decreased duration and extent of the sea ice and nutrient availability could potentially reduce the survival of Weddell seal pups and may have important implications for population 3962: 2900:; small veins surround arteries transporting blood from the body core, capturing heat from them. While blubber and fur keep the seal warm in water, they can also overheat the animal when it is on land. To counteract overheating, many species cool off by covering themselves in sand. Monk seals may even dig up the cooler layers. The northern fur seal cools off by 3793:

more modern technology and are profiting more from seal products in the marketplace. Some anthropologists argue that the term "subsistence" should also apply to these activities, as long as they are local in scale. More than 100,000 phocids (especially ringed seals) as well as around 10,000 walruses are harvested annually by native hunters.

3215:. To subdue and kill seals, orcas strike them with their heads or tails—the latter causing them to fly in the air—or simply bite into them and rip them apart. They are typically hunted by groups of 10 or fewer whales, but they are occasionally hunted by larger groups or by lone individuals. All age classes may be targeted, but pups most of all. Large 3550:

pinnipeds. Visual displays also occur: Ross seals resting on the ice will show the stripes on their chests and bare their teeth to a perceived threat, while swimming Weddell seals will make an S-shaped posture to intimidate rivals under the ice. Male hooded seals use their inflatable nasal membranes to display to and attract females.

2771:, pinnipeds do not sweep their whiskers over an object when examining it, but can protract the hairs forward while holding them steady, maximizing their detection. The vibrissa's angle relative to the flow seems to be the most important contributor to detection ability. The whiskers of some otariids grow quite long—those of the 3812:

protect female seals and restrict the hunting season. Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, Antarctic fur seals may have reached their pre-harvesting numbers. The northern elephant seal nearly went extinct in the late 19th century, with only a small population remaining on

3231:. Sharks usually attack by ambushing them from below. Injured seals that escape are usually able to recover from their wounds. Otariids that have been targeted in the hindquarters are more likely to survive, while phocids are more likely to survive with forequarters injures. Pinnipeds are also preyed on by terrestrial and 3832:

Canada permits the hunting of harp seals. This has been met with controversy and debate. Proponents of seal hunts insist that the animals are killed humanely and the white-coated pups are not taken, while opponents argue that it is irresponsible to kill harp seals as they are already threatened by declining habitat.

3017:. Some species also rest on man-made structures built along the coast or offshore. Pinnipeds may move further from the water using sand dunes or vegetation, or even rocky cliffs. New Zealand sea lions may travel to forests 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the ocean. In polar regions, seals haul out on to both 3594:

For sea lions used in entertainment, trainers toss a ball at the animal or simply place the object on its nose, so it will eventually understand the behavior desired. A sea lion may need a year of training before it can publicly perform. Its long-term memory allows it to perform a trick after as much

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Interspecific predation among pinnipeds does occur. The leopard seal is known to prey on many other species, especially the crabeater seal. Leopard seals typically target crabeater pups, particularly from November to January. Older crabeater seals commonly bear scars from failed leopard seal attacks;

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protects species within the Antarctic and surrounding waters, but allows restricted hunting of crabeater seals, leopard seals and Weddell seals. Weddell seal hunting is forbidden between September and February if the animal is older than a year, to ensure healthy population growth. The Government of

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as an important industry throughout history. Harvested species included harp seals, hooded seals, Caspian seals, elephant seals, walruses and all species of fur seal. After the 1960s, the harvesting of seals decreased substantially as an industry after the Canadian government implemented measures to

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Some modern exhibits have a pool with artificial haul-out sites and a rocky background, while others have seals housed in shelters located above a pool which they can jump into. More elaborate exhibits contain deep pools that can be viewed underwater with rock-mimicking cement as haul-out areas. The

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Non-vocal communication is not as common in pinnipeds as in cetaceans. Nevertheless, when they feel threatened, hauled-out harbor seals and Baikal seals may slap themselves with their flippers to create a warning sound. Teeth chattering, hisses and exhalations are also made as aggressive warnings by

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where females can bask and give birth and contain valuable resources such as shade, tide pools or access to water. Territories are usually marked by natural barriers, and some may be fully or partially underwater. Males defend their territorial boundaries with threatening vocalizations and postures,

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vibrations. Vocals are produced both in air and underwater; the former are more common among otariids and the latter among phocids. Antarctic seals are noisier on land or ice than Arctic seals due to the absence of polar bears. Male vocals are usually deeper than those of the females. Vocalizations

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For otariids and some phocids like the harbor seal, mothers fast and nurse their pups for a few days at a time. In between nursing bouts, the females forage at sea while the young stay behind onshore. If there is enough food close to shore, a female can be gone for as little as a day, but otherwise

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and commercial hunting: subsistence hunters depend on seal products for survival. National and international authorities have given special treatment to aboriginal hunters since their methods of killing are seen as more sustainable and smaller in scope. However indigenous people have recently used

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including sneakiness, harassment of females or even coordinated disruption of the colony. Female pinnipeds do appear to have some choice in mates, particularly in lek-breeding species like the walrus, but also in elephant seals where the males try to dominate all the females that they want to mate

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and most otariids. Land-breeding pinnipeds prefer to mate on islands where there are fewer land predators. Suitable islands are in short supply and tend to be crowded. Since the land they breed on is fixed, females return to the same sites for many years. The males arrive earlier in the season and

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plane like the limbs of land mammals. Otariids create momentum by laterally swaying their heads and necks. Sea lions have been recorded climbing up flights of stairs. Phocids lack the ability to walk on their hind-flippers, and must flop and wriggle their bodies forward as their fore-flippers keep

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Male pinnipeds generally play little role in raising the young. Male walruses may help inexperienced young as they learn to swim, and have even been recorded caring for orphans. When a group is threatened, all the adults may protect the young. Male California sea lions have been observed to help

3437:". Mother pinnipeds have different strategies for maternal care and lactation. Phocids such as elephant seals, grey seals and hooded seals have a lactation period that lasts days or weeks, during which they fast and nurse their pups on land or ice. The milk of these species consists of up to 60% 2363:

and genitals can withdraw into the body. Seals are unique among carnivorans in that their orbital walls are mostly shaped by the maxilla and are not contained by certain facial bones. Compared to land carnivores, pinnipeds have fewer teeth, which are pointed and cone-shaped. They are adapted for

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of 100 females. Grey seal males usually place themselves among a cluster of females whose members may change over time, while males of some walrus populations guard female herds. Male ringed, crabeater, spotted and hooded seals follow and defend nearby females and mate with them when they reach

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and vocalizations. Lekking may also exist among California sea lions, South American fur seals, New Zealand sea lions and harbor seals. In some species, including elephant seals, grey seals and non-lekking walruses, males will try to lay claim to the desired females and defend them from rivals.

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typically dives for no more than 15 minutes and 400 m (1,300 ft) deep, but can dive for as long as 73 minutes and reach 600 m (2,000 ft) deep. Northern elephant seals often dive 350–650 m (1,100–2,100 ft) for as long as 20 minutes. They can also dive

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it can last up to three years. Pups of these species are weaned at heavier weights than their phocid counterparts, but the latter grow quicker. Walruses are unique in that mothers nurse their young at sea. Young pinnipeds typically start swimming on their own and some species can even swim as

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waters have no seals. Monk seals and some otariids live in tropical and subtropical waters. Seals usually require cool, nutrient-rich waters with temperatures lower than 20 °C (68 °F). Even in more tropical climates, lower temperatures and biological productivity may be provided by

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a species is: highly polygynous species like elephant seals are extremely sexually dimorphic, while less polygynous species have males and females that are closer in size, or, in the case of Antarctic seals, females are moderately bigger. Males of sexually dimorphic species also tend to have

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of pinnipeds have ten times more nerve connections, allowing them to effectively detect vibrations in the water. These vibrations are generated, for example, when a fish swims through water. Detecting vibrations is useful when the animals are foraging, and may add to or even replace vision,

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Pinnipeds lessen the chance of predation by gathering in groups. Some species are capable of inflicting damaging wounds on their attackers with their sharp canines. Adult walruses are particularly risky prey for polar bears. When out at sea, northern elephant seals dive out of the reach of

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in dim light. This is reduced in bright light as the retracted pupil decreases the ability of the lens and the cornea to refract (bend) light. Polar living seals like the harp seal have corneas that are adapted to the bright light that reflects off snow and ice. As such, they do not suffer

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over vast distances, particularly in response to environmental changes. Elephant seals are at sea for most of the year and there are vast distances between their breeding and molting sites. The northern elephant seal is one of farthest mammalian migraters, traveling 18,000–21,000 km

3303:. Of the 33 species, 20 breed on land, and the remaining 13 breed on ice. Species that breed on land are usually polygynous, as females gather in large aggregations and males are able to mate with them as well as defend them from rivals. Polygynous species include elephant seals, 2311:. The lineage of the modern walrus may have spread from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic through the Caribbean and Central American Seaway 8–5 mya, and then back to the North Pacific via the Arctic 1 mya, or to the Arctic and subsequently the North Atlantic during the 3354: 3270:

a 1977 study found that 75% of a sample of 85 individual crabeaters had these scars. Walruses, despite being specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, occasionally prey on Arctic seals. They kill their prey with their long tusks and eat their blubber and skin.

2737:—found that the sea lion was best adapted for airborne hearing, the elephant seal for underwater hearing and the harbor seal was equally adapted for both. Although pinnipeds have a fairly good sense of smell on land, it is useless under water as their nostrils are closed. 3711:

most popular captive pinniped is the California sea lion, due to its trainability and adaptability. Other commonly kept species include the grey seal and harbor seal. Larger animals like walruses and Steller sea lions are much less common. Some organizations, such as the

2733:. In air, hearing is somewhat reduced in pinnipeds compared to many terrestrial mammals. While their airborne hearing sensitivity is generally weaker than humans', they still have a wide frequency range. One study of three species—the harbor seal, California sea lion and 2222:

The ancestors of the Otarioidea and Phocidea diverged around 25 mya. Phocids are known to have existed for at least 15 million years, and molecular evidence supports a divergence of the Monachinae and Phocinae lineages around this time. The fossil genera

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and seven species (one now extinct) of sea lion are known to exist, while two genera and nine species of fur seal exist. While sea lions and fur seals have historically been considered separate subfamilies (Otariinae and Arctocephalinae respectively), genetic and

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in seals (including delayed implantation) typically lasts a year. For most species, birthing takes place in spring and summer. Usually, single pups are born; twins are rare and have high mortality rates. Pups of most species are born relatively developed and

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noted in his seminal work on domestication that seals were a spectacular example of an animal that would most likely never be domesticated, despite their friendliness, survivability and "desire for comfort", because they serve no practical use for humans.

3355: 2204:. They also were sexually dimorphic and may have been capable of swimming with both or either pair of flippers. They are grouped with modern pinnipeds, but there is debate as to whether they are more closely related to phocids or to otariids and walruses. 8420:) was common in the past around the coast of the Japanese Archipelago, but declined rapidly after the 1930s from overhunting and increased competition with commercial fisheries. The last record in Japan was a juvenile, captured in 1974 off the coast of 2912:

Pinnipeds spend many months at a time at sea, so they must sleep in the water. Scientists have recorded them sleeping for minutes at a time while slowly drifting downward in a belly-up orientation. Like other marine mammals, seals sleep in water with

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and canine teeth as well as thicker fur and manes. Though more polygynous species tend to be sexually dimorphic, some evidence suggests that size differences between the sexes originated due to ecological differences, with polygyny developing later.

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can reach 41 cm (16 in). Walruses have the most vibrissae, at 600–700 individual hairs. These are important when searching for prey along the bottom. In addition to foraging, whiskers may also play a role in navigation;

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Pinnipeds can move around on land, though not as well as terrestrial animals. Otariids and walruses are capable of turning their hind-flippers forward and under the body so they can "walk" on all fours. The fore-flippers move along a

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Almost all pinnipeds have fur coats, the exception being the walrus, which is only sparsely covered. Even some fully furred species (particularly sea lions) are less furry than land mammals. Fur seals have lush coats consisting of an

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particularly in darkness. Harbor seals can follow hydrodynamic paths made by other animals minutes earlier, similar to a dog following a scent trail, and even to discriminate the size and type of object responsible for the trail.

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have been recorded eating harbor seals, northern fur seals and California sea lions, particularly pups and small adults. New Zealand sea lions feed on pups of some fur seal species, and the South American sea lion may prey on

3538:, while pups respond by squawking. Contact calls are particularly important for otariid mothers returning from sea. Other vocalizations produced by seals include grunts, rasps, rattles, creaks, warbles, clicks and whistles. 4019:, believing that the animals competed with commercial fisheries. Scientific studies found that culling fur seals would actually have a negative effect on the fishing industry, and the culling option was dropped in 1993. 3562:

study, a single California sea lion was able to demonstrate an understanding of symmetry, transitivity and equivalence; a second seal was unable to complete the tasks. They demonstrate the ability to understand simple

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The eyes of pinnipeds are relatively large for their size and are positioned near the front of the head. Only the smaller eyes of the walruses are located on each side of the head; since they forage at the bottom for

3441:, allowing the young to grow quickly. Each day until they are weaned, northern elephant seal pups gain 4 kg (9 lb). Some pups gain weight more quickly than others by stealing extra milk from other mothers. 2543:. Seals are more agile and flexible, and some otariids, such as the California sea lion, can make dorsal turns as the back of their heads can touch their hind flippers. Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing 1994:. Like otariids, walruses can walk on land with their hind limbs. When moving in water, the walrus relies on its hind limbs for locomotion, while its forelimbs are used for steering. Also, it has no outer ears. The 3776:. Originally, seals were merely hit with clubs during haul-out. Eventually, more lethal weapons were used, like spears and harpoons. They were also trapped in nets. The use of firearms in seal hunting during the 3666:, who sometimes transformed into a seal. It was believed that marine mammals, including seals, came from her severed fingers. In modern culture, pinnipeds are thought of as cute, playful and comical figures. 2829:. The heart of a seal is moderately flattened to allow the lungs to deflate. The trachea is flexible enough to collapse under pressure. During deep dives, any remaining air in their bodies is stored in the 2483:) to 25 times (elephant seal) the body length. The length of the intestine may be an adaptation to frequent deep diving, allowing for more room in the digestive tract for partially digested food. An 633:

and nurse their young for a relatively short period of time while others take foraging trips at sea between nursing bouts. Walruses are known to nurse their young while at sea. Seals produce a number of

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of southeastern North America represent the earliest members of Monachinae and Phocinae respectively. Both lineages may have originated in the North Atlantic, and likely reached the Pacific via the

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Kruger, O.; Wolf, J. B. W.; Jonker, R. M.; Hoffman, J. I.; Trillmich, F. (2014). "Disentangling the contribution of sexual selection and ecology to the evolution of size dimorphism in pinnipeds".

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Phocids are known as true or "earless" seals. These animals lack outer ears and cannot position their hind-flippers to move on land, making them more cumbersome. This is because of their massive

3352: 3190:, using its tongue to suck the meat of a bivalve out of the shell. While pinnipeds mostly hunt in the water, South American sea lions are known to chase down penguins on land. Some species may 3575:

or logically. In 2011, a captive California sea lion named Ronan was recorded bobbing its head in synchrony to musical rhythms. This "rhythmic entrainment" was previously seen only in humans,

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can completely deflate during deeper dives. While land mammals generally cannot empty their lungs, pinnipeds can reinflate their lungs even after respiratory collapse. The middle ear contains

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This term typically excludes the walrus in everyday English. In science, it is also sometimes restricted to the "true" seals of the family Phocidae. This article uses it for all pinnipeds.

1912:. These animals swim mainly using their well-developed fore-flippers. They can also "walk" on land by shifting their hind-flippers forward under the body. The front end of an otariid's 2359:

Pinnipeds have streamlined, spindle-shaped bodies with small or non-existent ear flaps, rounded heads, short muzzles, flexible necks, limbs modified into flippers and small tails. The

2150:, closely resembled modern pinnipeds; it was adapted to an aquatic life with flippers and a flexible spine. Its teeth were more like land predators in that they were more adapted for 1866:

to families and genera, described North American species and provided synopses of species in other parts of the world. In 1989, Annalisa Berta and colleagues proposed the unranked

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Pinnipeds have two pairs of flippers on the front and back, the fore-flippers and hind-flippers. Their elbows and ankles are not externally visible. Pinnipeds are not as fast as

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stored in their blood and muscles. This allows them to stay submerged for long periods of time while still having enough oxygen. Deep-diving species such as elephant seals have

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in Arctic Canada. It resembled a modern otter, but shows evidence of quadrupedal swimming—retaining a form of aquatic locomotion that led to those employed by modern pinnipeds.

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so that they can detect and escape from predators, as well as surface for air without fully waking. When they are asleep on land, both sides of their brain go into sleep mode.

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of Otariidae and Odobenidae split around 20 mya. The earliest fossil records of otariids are in North Pacific and dated to around 11 mya. Early fossil genera include

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occurs in these fasting species; while most northern elephant seal mothers nurse their own pups and reject nursings from alien pups, some do accept alien pups with their own.

3859:, as many as 100 seals were slaughtered in one night. The species was considered to be already extinct by the mid-nineteenth century until a small colony was found near the 3499:

are particularly important during the breeding seasons. Dominant male elephant seals display their status and power with "clap-threats" and loud drum-like calls that may be

661:. Seals have been depicted in various cultures worldwide. They are commonly kept in captivity and are even sometimes trained to perform tricks and tasks. Once relentlessly 2872:

that represent up to 20% of their body weight. When diving, they reduce their heart rate, and blood flow is mostly restricted to the heart, brain and lungs. To keep their

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surface-hunting orcas and white sharks. In the Antarctic, which lacks terrestrial predators, pinniped species spend more time on the ice than their Arctic counterparts.

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shield swimming pups from predators. Males can also pose threats to the safety of pups, particularly during fights. Pups of some species may be abducted, assaulted and

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is a major predator of Arctic seals and walruses, particularly pups. Bears may seek out seals, or simply wait for them to come by. Other terrestrial predators include

2698:. Flexible eye movement has been documented in seals. The walrus can project its eyes out from its sockets in both a forward and upward direction due to its advanced 8888: 3895:(IUCN) recognizes 36 pinniped species. With the Japanese sea lion and the Caribbean monk seal recently extinct, ten more are considered at risk. They are ranked as: 3674:

Pinnipeds can be found in facilities around the world, as their size and playfulness make them popular attractions. Seals have been kept in captivity since at least

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showing relationships among the living pinnipeds, found in Berta, Churchill and Boessenecker (2018). The Southern Hemisphere eared seal clade is not fully resolved.

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Although pinnipeds are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They spend most of their lives in water, but

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Pinnipeds keep warm by having large, thick bodies, insulating blubber and fur, and fast metabolism. Also, the blood vessels in their flippers are adapted for

2464:. It can constitute as much as 50% of a pinniped's mass. Newborn pups have a thin layer of blubber, but some species compensate for this with thick lanugos. 7049:

Lidgard, D. C.; Boness, D. J.; Bowen, W. D.; McMillan, J. I. (2005). "State-dependent male mating tactics in the grey seal: the importance of body size".

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Siniff, D. B.; Bengtson, J. L. (1977). "Observations and hypotheses concerning the interactions among crabeater seals, leopard seals, and killer whales".

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Grant R, Wieskotten S, Wengst N, Prescott T, Dehnhardt G (2013). "Vibrissal touch sensing in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): how do seals judge size?".

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drastically increased the number of killings. Pinnipeds are typically hunted for their meat and blubber. The skins of fur seals and phocids are made into

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with a rope to the diver's leg. Navy officials say that the sea lions can do this in seconds, before the enemy realizes what happened. Organizations like

2950:. Only monk seals live in waters that generally lack these features. The Caspian seal and Baikal seal are found in large landlocked bodies of water (the 2860:

line the inside of the trunk and limbs, allowing for greater oxygen storage during diving. As with other diving mammals, pinnipeds have large amounts of

609:), though the degree of polygyny varies with the species. The males of land-breeding species tend to mate with a greater number of females than those of 3828: 3490:

Pinnipeds can produce a number of vocalizations. While most vocals are audible to the human ear, Weddell seals have been recorded in Antarctica making

2460:, that is particularly thick in phocids and walruses. Blubber serves both to keep the animals warm and to provide energy and nourishment when they are 2009:

and flatter heels. In water, true seals rely on the side-to-side motion of their hind-flippers and lower body to move forward. The phocid's skull has

8156: 3903:": Hawaiian monk seal, Mediterranean monk seal, Galápagos fur seal, Australian sea lion, New Zealand sea lion, Caspian seal, and Galápagos sea lion). 3530:

or even individual variations in vocalizations. These differences are likely important for territorial males becoming accustomed to their neighbors (

3069:(11,000–13,000 mi). Otariids tend to migrate less than phocids, especially tropical species. Traveling seals may reach their destination using 15246: 4670:

Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M. R.; Tedford, R. H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia".

629:. Pups are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear almost all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers of some species 2166:, suggesting that this physical characteristic may have been an important driver of pinniped evolution. A closer relative of extant pinnipeds was 15369: 15256: 15178: 14909: 14899: 8892: 2479:; the large intestine is comparatively short and only slightly wider than the small intestine. Small intestine lengths range from 8 times ( 2448:

pups conceals them in their Arctic environment. Several species have clashing patterns of light and dark pigmentation. All fully furred species

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Lavigne, D. (2003). "Marine mammals and fisheries: The role of science in the culling debate". In Gales, N.; Hindell, M.; Kirkwood, R. (eds.).

3892: 3186:, such as crabeater seals, allow water to leak out as they swallow their planktonic food. The walrus is unique in that it consumes its prey by 2245: 686: 15978: 15846: 15804: 15329: 15289: 15115: 15105: 14959: 14045: 8186: 6162:

Miller, N. J.; Postle, A. D.; Orgeig, S.; Koster, G.; Daniels, C. B. (2006b). "The composition of pulmonary surfactant from diving mammals".

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Garrott RA, Rotella JJ, Siniff DB, Parkinson CL, Stauffer GE (2012). "Environmental variation and cohort effects in an Antarctic predator".

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Johnson, W. M.; Karamanlidis, A. A.; Dendrinos, P.; de Larrinoa, P. F.; Gazo, M.; González, L. M.; Güçlüsoy, H.; Pires, R.; Schnellmann, M.

16108: 15462: 15055: 15031: 14816: 8806:

Frans, Veronica F.; Augé, Amélie A.; Fyfe, Jim; Zhang, Yuqian; McNally, Nathan; Edelhoff, Hendrik; Balkenhol, Niko; Engler, Jan O. (2022).

2024:. A 2006 molecular study supports the division of phocids into two monophyletic subfamilies: Monachinae, which consists of elephant seals, 16035: 15520: 14793: 7612: 5578:"The reason why feathered fins require a lot of space and compete fiercely among their peers is actually due to their unique pelvic fins" 2283:

of Oregon—date to 18–16 mya. These primitive walruses had normal sized canines and fed on fish instead of mollusks. Later taxa like

8862: 8403: 7807: 2571: 16385: 16082: 15677: 15429: 15359: 14837: 14744: 7738: 7143:

Boness, D. J.; Anderson, S. S.; Cox, C. R. (1982). "Functions of female aggression during the pupping and mating season of grey seals,

3875:

and competition from fisheries drastically decreased the population in the 1930s. The last recorded individual was a juvenile in 1974.

7543: 2154:. Its hind-flippers may have allowed it to walk on land, and it probably did not leave coastal areas as much as its modern relatives. 15958: 8329: 6457:"Quantifying apart what belongs together: A multi-state species distribution modelling framework for species using distinct habitats" 4384: 9083: 8402:. Japan Integrated Biodiversity Information System. Red Data Book (in Japanese). Ministry of the Environment (Japan). Archived from 4253:. Miscellaneous publications (Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (U.S.)). Washington: Government Printing Office. 3522:

The Weddell seal has perhaps the most extensive vocal repertoire, producing both airborne and underwater sounds. Trilling, gluping,

16269: 14648: 8465: 5662:

Kastak, D.; Schusterman, R. J. (1998). "Low-frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: Methods, measurements, noise, and ecology".

4003:

Some species have become so numerous that they conflict with local people. In the United States, pinnipeds are protected under the

3367:

are known to exist among some populations of walruses. These males gather near female herds and try to attract them with elaborate

3319:

in the water—a few land-breeding species also mate in water. Females of these species tend to be more spaced out and there is less

4863:"Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates" 3686:

noted during the 19th century that wild seals show considerable affection for humans and stated that they are second only to some

2805:

To dive, a pinniped must first exhale much of the air out of its lungs and shut its nostrils and throat cartilages to protect the

16295: 5022:"Variance in male reproductive success and sexual size dimorphism in pinnipeds: testing an assumption of sexual selection theory" 4610:"Phocid seal leptin: Tertiary structure and hydrophobic receptor binding site preservation during distinct leptin gene evolution" 3376:

via displays and fights, with the highest ranking males having a near monopoly on reproductive success. An alpha male can have a

3930:

is a significant cause of mortality in seals and other marine mammals. Species commonly entangled include California sea lions,

3746:

believe that such operations put the animals in danger. The Navy insists that the sea lions are removed once their job is done.

2379:. Overall, they tend to be larger than other carnivores. Several species have male-biased sexual dimorphism that depends on how 6350:"Symmetrical serotonin release during asymmetrical slow-wave sleep: Implications for the neurochemistry of sleep–waking states" 5021: 9058: 9035: 9012: 8974: 8955: 8927: 8273: 8059: 7491: 7174:

Reiter, J.; Panken, K. J.; Le Boeuf, B. J. (1981). "Female competition and reproductive success in northern elephant seals".

6807: 6232: 6092: 4943: 4231: 4109: 16300: 8102: 2444:, which serves to counter the effects of self-shadowing caused by light shining over the ocean water. The pure white fur of 7681:

Opzeeland, I. V.; Parijs, S. V.; Bornemann, H.; Frickenhaus, S.; Kindermann, L.; Klinck, H.; Plötz, J.; Boebel, O. (2010).

4004: 2789: 8896: 5818:

Miersch, L.; Hanke, W.; Wieskotten, S.; Hanke, F. D.; Oeffner, J.; Leder, A.; Brede, M.; Witte, M.; Dehnhardt, G. (2011).

9144: 8094: 6798:

Cappozzo, H. L. (2001). "New perspectives on the behavioural ecology of pinnipeds". In Evans, P. G.; Raga, J. A. (eds.).

5267: 3977: 3712: 8808:"Integrated SDM database: Enhancing the relevance and utility of species distribution models in conservation management" 8395: 3950:

and have large reserves of blubber. Lactating mothers can pass the toxins on to their young. These pollutants can cause

3541: 8784: 8164: 4549:

Hassanin, A.; Veron, G.; Ropiquet, A.; van Vuuren, B. J.; Lécu, A.; Goodman, S. M.; Haider, J.; Nguyen, T. T. (2021).

3194:

for reasons not understood. Though they can drink seawater, pinnipeds get most of their fluid intake from their food.

2937:

Living pinnipeds are widespread in cold oceanic waters; particularly in the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the

10514: 8993: 7411: 3466:

newborns. Young may wait days or weeks before entering the water; elephant seals start swimming weeks after weaning.

3182:, a prolific predator of penguins, is known to violently shake its prey to death. Complex serrations in the teeth of 3137: 8589:

Ferguson, Steven H.; Young, Brent G.; Yurkowski, David J.; Anderson, Randi; Willing, Cornelia; Nielsen, Ole (2017).

6348:

Lapierre, J. L.; Kosenko, P. O.; Kodama, T.; Peever, J. H.; Mukhametov, L. M.; Lyamin, O. I.; Siegel, J. M. (2013).

16347: 8591:"Demographic, ecological, and physiological responses of ringed seals to an abrupt decline in sea ice availability" 8360: 2524:(top) and California sea lion swimming. The former swims with its hind-flippers, the latter with its fore-flippers. 5867:

Hyvärinen H. (1989). "Diving in darkness: whiskers as sense organs of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis)".

2125:

fossils have been found in lake deposits, suggesting that seal ancestors were originally adapted for fresh water.

2020:, nasal bones with a pointed tip in the back and a non-existent supraorbital foramen. The hip has a more converse 16156: 10858: 6211: 4250:

History of North American pinnipeds, a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America

3727: 2539:(9–28 km/h; 6–17 mph) compared to around 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph) for several species of 1860:

History of North American pinnipeds, a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America

6455:

Frans, Veronica F.; Augé, Amélie A.; Edelhoff, Hendrik; Erasmi, Stefan; Balkenhol, Niko; Engler, Jan O. (2018).

16188: 9095: 7483: 3534:) and mothers and pups who need to remain in contact on crowded beaches. Female seals emit a "pulsed, bawling" 2914: 2041: 7507:

Campagna, C.; Le Boeuf, B. J.; Cappozzo, J. H. (1988). "Pup abduction and infanticide in southern sea lions".

7100:

Cox, C. R.; Le Boeuf, B. J. (1977). "Female incitation of male competition: A mechanism in sexual selection".

16308: 13076: 4327:

Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M. (2007). "Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships".

3421:

for weeks or months. Delayed implantation allows the female to wait until conditions are right for birthing.

2729:

The pinniped ear is adapted for hearing underwater, where it can hear sound frequencies of up to 70,000

17: 3519:-like calls when attempting to attract females, these are amplified underwater with inflatable throat sacs. 42: 14641: 6597:

Roffe, T. J.; Mate, B. R. (1984). "Abundances and feeding habits of Pinnipeds in the Rogue River, Oregon".

4430: 4411: 3943: 3073:, water and wind currents, solar and lunar positions and the temperature and chemical makeup of the water. 2794: 2385: 488:(the earless seals, or true seals), with 34 extant species and more than 50 extinct species described from 8128: 2301:

had longer canines on both the upper and lower jaw. The familiar long upper tusks developed in the genera

13067: 10270: 7322:

Riedman, M. L.; Le Boeuf, B. J. (1982). "Mother-pup separation and adoption in northern elephant seals".

3609: 3385: 2062: 1835: 566:, under the skin to keep warm in cold water, and, other than the walrus, all species are covered in fur. 309: 8757: 3327:

are unique among ice-breeding species in that they have pronounced sexual dimorphism in favor of males.

14532: 14188: 5595:

Hanke, F. D.; Hanke, W.; Scholtyssek, C.; Dehnhardt, G. (2009). "Basic mechanisms in pinniped vision".

3985: 3765: 2271:

lineage and then the rest, which colonized the Southern Hemisphere. The earliest fossils of Odobenidae—

213: 12554: 6083:

Renouf, D. (1991). "Sensory reception and processing in Phocidae and Otariidae". In Renouf, D. (ed.).

4082: 2648:'s is more horizontal. Compared to deep-diving elephant seals, the iris of shallower species, such as 1639: 16352: 11393: 3070: 2428:, young pups have thicker coats than adults. The individual hairs on the coat, known collectively as 2239:. Phocines mainly stayed in the Northern Hemisphere, while the monachines diversified southward. The 562:

or vibrissae. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or

38: 8499:

Laidre, K. L.; Stirling, I.; Lowry, L. F.; Wiig, Ø.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Ferguson, S.H. (2008).

3089: 2562:

When swimming, otariids rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to

2192:

lived 23–10 mya in the North Pacific. They had long skulls that with large orbits, interlocked

2077:

origin. A 2021 genetic study found that pinnipeds are more closely related to musteloids. Pinnipeds

635: 14451: 14346: 13085: 11375: 11103: 11070: 11046: 10867: 10119: 4015:. In the 1980s and 1990s, South African politicians and fishermen demanded that brown fur seals be 3839:

has been killed and exploited by European settlers and their descendants since 1494, starting with

3583:. Adult male elephant seals can recognize each other's vocalizations by remembering the rhythm and 8807: 8190: 4827:

Boessenecker, R. W.; Churchill, M. (2018). "The last of the desmatophocid seals: a new species of

4551:"Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes" 3863:

in 1866. Seal killings continued, and the last reliable report of the animal alive was in 1952 at

2158:

was likely more of a fore-flipper swimmer, but could probably swim with either pair. One species,

16122: 14634: 14113: 13094: 12825: 12518: 12453: 11835: 11411: 10884: 10406: 9137: 8098: 4248: 4057: 3997: 3951: 3821: 3738:, the animals have been trained to swim behind divers approaching a U.S. naval ship and attach a 3716: 3276: 3172: 2897: 2405: 2236: 1950: 1707: 1481: 1299: 674: 493: 16339: 15601: 9086:. Department of Fisheries. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 16209: 14337: 14089: 13902: 13778: 13390: 13372: 13200: 12894: 12885: 12527: 11265: 10057: 7635: 4831:

from the upper Miocene of Washington, USA, and a revision of the taxonomy of Desmatophocidae".

3981: 3405:

Except for the walrus, which has five- to six-year gaps between births, female pinnipeds enter

2834: 2734: 2669: 2452:; the process of which may be quick or gradual depending on the species. Seals have a layer of 2376: 2350: 1257: 1242: 665:

by commercial industries for their products, seals are now protected by international law. The

539: 172: 15614: 8263: 6301:"Three-dimensional resting behaviour of northern elephant seals: Drifting like a falling leaf" 4099: 3954:, and decreased fertility and immunity to infectious diseases. Other man-made threats include 3796: 2017: 1998:

of the jaw is well developed and the back of the nasal bones are horizontal. In the feet, the

16390: 16334: 16326: 14514: 13769: 13751: 13742: 13733: 13218: 13209: 12581: 11351: 11342: 11333: 11282: 11220: 11202: 11193: 11130: 11079: 10917: 10908: 9345: 8866: 8549: 7834: 3817: 3471: 3461:

may be at sea for as long as three weeks. Lactation in otariids may last 6–11 months; in the

3373: 2371:

Pinnipeds range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 45 kg (100 lb)

1958: 1940:; the latter typically being smaller, with pointier snouts, longer fore-flippers and heavier 1571: 14626: 12536: 12432: 9118:. Pinniped Cognition & Sensory Systems Laboratory. University of California, Santa Cruz. 8288: 7781: 3462: 1692: 1441: 16256: 16247: 16129: 14355: 14256: 14215: 13929: 13440: 13168: 12494: 11559: 11309: 11300: 11256: 11211: 10834: 10340: 10075: 9901: 8920:

Marine Mammals: Fisheries, Tourism and Management Issues: Fisheries, Tourism and Management

8819: 8714: 8657: 8512: 7863:) can keep the beat: Motor entrainment to rhythmic auditory stimuli in a non vocal mimic". 7697: 7555: 6468: 6037: 5779: 5766:

Schusterman, R. J.; Kastak, D.; Levenson, D. H.; Reichmuth, C. J.; Southall, B. L. (2000).

5671: 4679: 4621: 4562: 4277: 4178: 3919: 3840: 3559: 3410: 3339: 3316: 3026: 2723: 2556: 1966: 1925: 1921: 1518: 614: 590: 555: 180: 7542:

Cziko, Paul A.; Munger, Lisa M.; Santos, Nicholas R.; Terhune, John M. (1 December 2020).

5403:

English, A. W. (2009). "Limb movements and locomotor function in the California sea lion (

4388: 4362: 3860: 3614: 3076:

Pinnipeds may dive during foraging or to avoid predators. When foraging, for example, the

8: 14595: 14541: 14313: 13760: 13646: 13628: 13473: 13322: 13227: 12477: 12423: 12172: 11914: 11905: 11169: 10442: 10424: 10279: 10128: 9631: 9087: 8290: 7680: 3955: 3836: 3789: 3197: 3168: 3061: 2986: 2699: 2637: 2609: 2480: 2453: 2346: 2240: 1962: 1670: 1503: 1426: 670: 658: 643: 534:

Seals range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 45 kg (100 lb)

11665: 8823: 8718: 8661: 8516: 8501:"Quantifying the sensitivity of Arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change" 7701: 7559: 6472: 6041: 5783: 5675: 4755: 4722: 4683: 4625: 4566: 4281: 4191: 4182: 4166: 3397: 16380: 16375: 14410: 13637: 13159: 12849: 12572: 12545: 11808: 11550: 11402: 10505: 10397: 10297: 10237: 9622: 9558: 9235: 9130: 9098:. Pinniped Ecology Applied Research Laboratory. Oregon State University. Archived from 9047: 8843: 8738: 8683: 8625: 8590: 7937: 7888: 7773: 7524: 7347: 7339: 7191: 7125: 7117: 7023: 6984: 6753: 6614: 6494: 6374: 6349: 6325: 6300: 6187: 6060: 6025: 6003: 5919: 5894:

Dehnhardt, G. (2001). "Hydrodynamic trail-following in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)".

5880: 5844: 5819: 5731: 5706: 5620: 5577: 5519: 5420: 5259: 5089: 4889: 4862: 4809: 4703: 4644: 4609: 4585: 4550: 4434: 4309: 4293: 4204: 3931: 3907: 3900: 3844: 3453: 3343: 3178:

Seals typically swallow their food whole, and will rip apart prey that is too big. The

2853: 2818: 2806: 2772: 2703: 2591:

pushing against the ground. Phocids can move faster on ice, as they are able to slide.

2484: 2380: 1863: 1839: 1624: 1602: 1314: 678: 618: 606: 497: 208: 7187: 7048: 4101:

Science Terms Made Easy: A Lexicon of Scientific Words and Their Root Language Origins

3824:

was extirpated from much of the Mediterranean and its current range is still limited.

3409:

shortly after they give birth, and can thus produce pups every year. All species have

2467:

The simple stomach of pinnipeds is typical of carnivores. Most species have neither a

16321: 16183: 15987: 15608: 15309: 14735: 14289: 14206: 13986: 13482: 13449: 12373: 11880: 11602: 11384: 11238: 11112: 10996: 10349: 10179: 10137: 10084: 9864: 9846: 9604: 9054: 9031: 9008: 8989: 8970: 8951: 8923: 8847: 8835: 8730: 8669: 8630: 8612: 8571: 8530: 8269: 8055: 7980: 7929: 7880: 7777: 7765: 7682: 7613:"Having a big nose: Structure, ontogeny, and function of the elephant seal proboscis" 7581: 7573: 7487: 7407: 7031: 6960: 6803: 6486: 6379: 6330: 6228: 6179: 6088: 6065: 5995: 5960: 5911: 5849: 5797: 5736: 5687: 5612: 5511: 5286: 5228: 5081: 4939: 4894: 4801: 4760: 4742: 4695: 4649: 4590: 4344: 4301: 4227: 4208: 4196: 4105: 3996:

saw major decreases over a 20-year study, during which scientists measured increased

3887:

Harp seal pup. This ice-living species is vulnerable to the effects of climate change

3868: 3663: 3580: 3531: 3368: 3220: 2942: 2842: 2662:, a reflecting layer that increases sensitivity by reflecting light back through the 2488: 2409: 2163: 1954: 1375: 774: 666: 622: 547: 543: 8703:"The Effects of Global Climate Variability in Pup Production of Antarctic Fur Seals" 8687: 7941: 7892: 7195: 7129: 6988: 6958: 6498: 6347: 6191: 6007: 5624: 5523: 5093: 4813: 4438: 4313: 3851:

because they evolved with little pressure from terrestrial predators and were thus "

3760: 3287: 492:. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, 16044: 14568: 14401: 13679: 13109: 12399: 12181: 11931: 11121: 11020: 10804: 10795: 10379: 10170: 10161: 9955: 9946: 9504: 8827: 8722: 8673: 8665: 8620: 8602: 8561: 8520: 7919: 7872: 7826: 7757: 7705: 7627: 7563: 7516: 7443: 7351: 7331: 7183: 7156: 7109: 7058: 7015: 6976: 6921:

Dubzinski, K. M.; Thomas, J. A.; Gregg, J. D. "Communication in marine mammals" in

6745: 6606: 6476: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6320: 6312: 6224: 6220: 6171: 6055: 6045: 5987: 5950: 5923: 5903: 5876: 5839: 5831: 5787: 5726: 5718: 5679: 5604: 5501: 5416: 5320: 5276: 5218: 5073: 5044: 5036: 4884: 4874: 4840: 4791: 4750: 4734: 4707: 4687: 4639: 4629: 4580: 4570: 4426: 4336: 4285: 4264:

Berta, A.; Ray, C. E.; Wyss, A. R. (1989). "Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped,

4186: 3939: 3872: 3813: 3500: 3271: 3065: 3045: 2929:

Walrus on ice off Alaska. This species has a discontinuous distribution around the

2579: 2437: 1851: 1843: 1404: 694: 586: 394: 164: 7718: 6961:"Mating tactics and mating system of an aquatic-mating pinniped: the harbor seal, 6023: 4721:

Lyras, G. A.; Werdelin, L; van der Geer, B. G. M.; van der Geer, A. A. E. (2023).

4548: 4167:"The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses" 15724: 15647: 14882: 14853: 14586: 14577: 14505: 14460: 14122: 14072: 14063: 13938: 13884: 13828: 13697: 13670: 13563: 13381: 13340: 13305: 13050: 12113: 11826: 11793: 11784: 11291: 11029: 10478: 9928: 9855: 9813: 9549: 9354: 9288: 9265: 6050: 5594: 4634: 4575: 3864: 3852: 3723: 3679: 3659: 3494:

calls underwater. In addition, the vocals of northern elephant seals may produce

3377: 3300: 3211:

Pinnipeds themselves are subject to predation. Most species are preyed on by the

3205: 3187: 3160:

and southern elephant seal, and the bearded seal and walrus, which specialize on

2982: 2947: 2838: 2822: 2740: 2658: 2548: 2476: 2472: 2189: 2185: 2013: 1909: 1870: 1847: 437: 326: 291: 278: 16313: 6299:

Mitani, Y.; Andrews, R. D.; Sato, K.; Kato, A.; Naito, Y.; Costa, D. P. (2009).

4844: 4340: 4289: 3330: 3291:

Harbor seals on sandy beach. This species breeds on land but mates in the water.

3053: 2612:

mollusks. A seal's eye is suited for seeing both underwater and in air. Most of

2368:

of other carnivorans. The walrus has unique tusks which are long upper canines.

15704: 15219: 14716: 14559: 14478: 14280: 14027: 13920: 13893: 12946: 12563: 12163: 12027: 11710: 11247: 11229: 11160: 10771: 10762: 10364: 10325: 9279: 9191: 9023: 7859:

Cook, F.; Rouse, A.; Wilson, M.; Reichmuth, M. (2013). "A California sea lion (

7830: 6886:

Odell, D. K. "The Fight to Mate: Breeding strategy of California sea lions" in

6175: 5704: 4738: 4012: 3993: 3935: 3691: 3683: 3145: 2970: 2938: 2873: 2719: 2687: 2674: 2652:

and California sea lions, does not change much in size between contraction and

2633: 2621: 2588: 2583: 2544: 2433: 2389: 2213: 2193: 1983: 1556: 1186: 756: 698: 7924: 7908:"Northern elephant seals memorize the rhythm and timbre of each others voices" 7907: 7448: 7431: 6980: 5991: 5608: 16369: 16091: 15837: 15784: 15145: 14823: 14523: 14419: 14392: 14018: 13716: 13661: 13183: 13127: 12868: 12509: 11964: 11526: 10691: 10658: 10460: 10451: 10388: 10288: 10246: 10098: 9691: 8839: 8734: 8616: 8575: 8566: 8498: 7769: 7577: 6490: 6024:

Murphy, T.C.; Eberhardt, W.C.; Calhoun, B.H.; Mann, K.A.; Mann, D.A. (2013).

4746: 4200: 3989: 3927: 3698: 3622: 3588: 3568: 3448: 3442: 3296: 3183: 2930: 2857: 2814: 2432:, can trap heat from sunlight and keep the pup warm. Pinnipeds are typically 2360: 2279: 2207: 2197: 2101: 2096: 1971: 457: 113: 11148: 10960: 8831: 8678: 7808:"Sequence, syntax, and semantics: Responses of a language-trained sea lion ( 7520: 7062: 7019: 6481: 6456: 5939:"Tracking of biogenic hydrodynamic trails in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)" 5907: 5309:"Transitions from drag-based to lift-based propulsion in mammalian swimming" 4879: 4326: 3041: 2961:

As a whole, pinnipeds can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats, mostly

2328: 16232: 16024: 15942: 15764: 15670: 15410: 15389: 15212: 15205: 14942: 14919: 14807: 14758: 14751: 14550: 14496: 14197: 13965: 13911: 13688: 13587: 13142: 13118: 12937: 12928: 12748: 12715: 12638: 12599: 12009: 11991: 11853: 11725: 11184: 10585: 10548: 10433: 10415: 9828: 9774: 9700: 9378: 9122: 8634: 8550:"Can ice breeding seals adapt to habitat loss in a time of climate change?" 8534: 8421: 7933: 7884: 7585: 6383: 6334: 6316: 6183: 6069: 5999: 5964: 5915: 5853: 5835: 5801: 5740: 5722: 5616: 5515: 5325: 5308: 5232: 5085: 4898: 4805: 4764: 4699: 4653: 4594: 4348: 4305: 4165:

Berta, Annalisa; Churchill, Morgan; Boessenecker, Robert W. (30 May 2018).

3781: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3703: 3675: 3535: 3504: 3201: 3179: 3161: 3077: 2869: 2826: 2798: 2777: 2691: 2645: 2599: 2552: 2251: 2168: 2078: 2074: 2061:(descended from two ancestral lines), with walruses and otariids sharing a 2058: 2021: 2010: 1995: 1987: 1913: 1902: 1878: 1162: 1147: 963: 932: 820: 662: 651: 639: 594: 461: 361: 7905: 7506: 7035: 5691: 5290: 5281: 3958:

by oil and gas exploitation, encroachment by boats, and underwater noise.

3788:. There is a distinction made between the subsistence hunting of seals by 2888: 2849:, which reduces skeletal muscle fatigue during intense physical activity. 1905:

species of pinnipeds, and more than 50 fossil species of pinnipedimorphs.

16282: 16241: 15853: 15814: 15734: 15486: 15419: 15380: 15339: 15156: 15045: 15021: 14870: 14164: 13355: 13272: 13245: 12994: 12908: 12840: 12766: 12757: 12724: 12682: 12647: 12364: 12257: 12089: 11629: 11541: 11449: 11094: 10667: 10487: 10152: 10066: 10049: 10026: 9989: 9873: 9837: 9682: 9471: 9326: 9205: 5260:"Swimming in the California sea lion: morphometrics, drag and energetics" 4669: 3923: 3915: 3800: 3324: 3244: 3224: 3149: 3125: 3105: 3057: 2994: 2990: 2955: 2951: 2846: 2714:

is thick enough to withstand the pressures of diving. Seals also secrete

2649: 2617: 2567: 2536: 2521: 2372: 2312: 2285: 2225: 2070: 2029: 1941: 1042: 978: 908: 893: 842: 746: 601:

and other seals. Walruses are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling

570: 535: 520: 453: 445: 88: 7858: 6298: 4691: 2547:. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they have smooth networks of 657:

The meat, blubber and skin of pinnipeds have traditionally been used by

16274: 16098: 15969: 15923: 15864: 15825: 15794: 15754: 15744: 15714: 15688: 15663: 15656: 15632: 15560: 15439: 15399: 15349: 15319: 15299: 15236: 15188: 15138: 15126: 15095: 14971: 14772: 14695: 14373: 13619: 13550: 13537: 13504: 13290: 13028: 12788: 12336: 12313: 12199: 12190: 12139: 12104: 12080: 11844: 11743: 11692: 11638: 11620: 11593: 11500: 11450: 10849: 10822: 10750: 10733: 10496: 10469: 10315: 10219: 10203: 10039: 9919: 9759: 9595: 9462: 9254: 9222: 9206: 8742: 8702: 8607: 7761: 7568: 7528: 7343: 7335: 7121: 7027: 6757: 6618: 5049: 4297: 4125: 4008: 3947: 3883: 3843:

himself. The seals were easy targets for organized sealers, fishermen,

3777: 3731: 3495: 3491: 3364: 3320: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3191: 3117: 3113: 3010: 3006: 2966: 2861: 2830: 2722:

to protect their eyes. As in many mammals and birds, pinnipeds possess

2629: 2421: 2365: 2303: 2273: 2261: 2231: 2151: 2147: 2082: 2025: 2006: 1982:. This animal is noticeable from its larger size (exceeded only by the 1917: 1894: 1886: 1783: 1105: 682: 626: 516: 504: 465: 347: 340: 333: 133: 98: 16287: 8525: 8500: 7710: 7610: 7173: 7142: 6405:

Lavinge, D. M.; Kovacs, K. M.; Bonner, W. N. "Seals and Sea lions" in

5955: 5938: 5937:

Schulte-Pelkum N, Wieskotten S, Hanke W, Dehnhardt G, Mauck B (2007).

5936: 5824:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Hammond JA, Hauton C, Bennett KA, Hall AJ (2012). Nikolaidis N (ed.).

3254: 2504: 2339: 15903: 15893: 15503: 15496: 15479: 15226: 15198: 15168: 15085: 15065: 15011: 14999: 14765: 14701: 14689: 14304: 14239: 13852: 13792: 13578: 13399: 13014: 13006: 12955: 12805: 12691: 12673: 12387: 12221: 12054: 11896: 11862: 11674: 11366: 10640: 10110: 9586: 9154: 8133: 7876: 5792: 5767: 5683: 5506: 5489: 4778:

Cullen, T. M.; Fraser, D.; Rybczynski, N.; Shroder-Adams, C. (2014).

4723:"Fossil brains provide evidence of underwater feeding in early seals" 4720: 3969: 3965: 3848: 3773: 3572: 3427: 3422: 3304: 3157: 3129: 3109: 3098: 3022: 2865: 2810: 2752: 2695: 2663: 2653: 2445: 2417: 2400: 2393: 2201: 2143: 2128: 1999: 1890: 1882: 1855: 1825: 1362: 1210: 1057: 1011: 546:. They have streamlined bodies and four limbs that are modified into 528: 512: 508: 473: 265: 225: 196: 138: 82: 16203: 8948:

Return to the Sea: The life and evolutionary times of marine mammals

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but can also be found in fresh water. They feed largely on fish and

16226: 16115: 16071: 16008: 15774: 15530: 15472: 15272: 15038: 14786: 14677: 14001: 13464: 13281: 13257: 12618: 12468: 12414: 12350: 12345: 12148: 12018: 11767: 11758: 11656: 11611: 11491: 11324: 11061: 10970: 10939: 10899: 10786: 10718: 10626: 10617: 9937: 9733: 9486: 9369: 9336: 9185: 9173: 9099: 7113: 6959:

Boness, D. J.; Bowen, D.; Buhleier, B. M.; Marshall, G. J. (2006).

5707:"High olfactory sensitivity for dimethyl sulphide in harbour seals" 4777: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3972:, Poland. Pinnipeds and humans may compete for space and resources. 3914:

Pinnipeds face various threats. They are unintentionally caught in

3651: 3508: 3312: 3133: 3030: 3018: 3014: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2532: 2425: 2291: 2267: 2114: 1937: 1933: 1898: 1889:(known as dog-like carnivorans). Of the three extant families, the 807: 797: 610: 574: 559: 501: 485: 481: 477: 245: 128: 123: 108: 103: 93: 75: 71: 7002:

Leboeuf BJ (1972). "Sexual behavior in the Northern Elephant seal

6026:"Effect of Angle on Flow-Induced Vibrations of Pinniped Vibrissae" 5765: 16261: 15876: 15450: 14830: 14383: 14230: 14104: 13819: 13331: 12661: 12127: 11683: 11647: 11514: 11482: 11466: 10979: 10682: 10261: 9742: 9649: 9567: 9495: 9437: 9414: 9307: 4409: 3856: 3816:. It has since recolonized much of its historic range, but has a 3808: 3639: 3634: 3628:

Various human cultures have for millennia depicted pinnipeds. In

3527: 3434: 3406: 3121: 2962: 2768: 2707: 2563: 2540: 2515: 2461: 2457: 2441: 2177: 2091: 1929: 690: 630: 602: 598: 563: 551: 374: 143: 118: 8701:

Forcada, Jaume; Trathan, P. N.; Reid, K.; Murphy, E. J. (2005).

6828: 6277: 6241: 6210:

Costa, D. P. (2007). "Diving physiology of marine vertebrates".

6140: 5158: 4952: 4780:"Early evolution of sexual dimorphism and polygyny in Pinnipeda" 4143: 3482: 2925: 750: 15883: 14683: 14671: 14487: 14434: 14179: 13867: 13601: 12321: 11982: 11817: 11574: 11011: 9783: 9709: 9658: 9640: 9613: 9534: 9396: 9179: 9167: 9115: 3946:

tend to accumulate in these animals since they are high in the

3687: 3655: 3647: 3584: 3576: 3564: 3418: 3414: 3360:

Male northern elephant seals fighting for dominance and females

3240: 3094: 2998: 2711: 2702:

and absence of an orbital roof. The seal eye is durable as the

2682: 2641: 2625: 2613: 2429: 2375:

to the 5 m (16 ft) and 3,200 kg (7,100 lb)

2173: 2086: 1979: 1945: 1790: 538:

to the 5 m (16 ft) and 3,200 kg (7,100 lb)

489: 469: 255: 235: 188: 8588: 8050:

Larson, S. (1999). "Seal and Sea lion". In Bell, C. E. (ed.).

8020:"Seals as Humans—Ideas of Anthropomorphism and Disneyfication" 5705:

Kowalewsky, S.; Dambach, M.; Mauck, B.; Dehnhardt, G. (2006).

4263: 2364:

holding onto slippery prey rather than shearing meat like the

1932:

that are divided in the front. Otariids consist of two types:

15510: 14656: 14469: 14328: 14271: 14144: 13947: 13804: 13431: 13413: 13036: 12706: 11955: 11940: 10601: 9892: 9387: 8647: 8157:"The Real Navy Seals – and Sea Lions and Dolphins and Whales" 7999: 7805: 7321: 5977: 3785: 3629: 3618: 3523: 3486:

Walrus males are known to use vocalizations to attract mates.

3248: 3216: 3153: 3141: 3002: 2978: 2877: 2730: 2715: 2587:

them stable. In some species, the fore-flippers may act like

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or to avoid aquatic predators. Several species are known to

2755:

senses. Compared to terrestrial mammals, the moustache-like

1862:. In this publication, he traced the history of names, gave 155: 15537: 13843: 12739: 12064: 12000: 9673: 9405: 9263: 8305: 8068: 6940: 6840: 6816: 6779: 6661: 5817: 5100: 4964: 4510: 4016: 3743: 3643: 3516: 3512: 3258: 3212: 2974: 2449: 2105:, which lived in the same period in Europe, was similar to 2066: 1991: 647: 605:. Male pinnipeds typically mate with more than one female ( 582: 418: 8965:

Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2006).

8245: 8243: 8230: 8228: 8226: 7257: 7255: 7253: 6769: 6767: 6578: 6566: 6542: 6530: 5146: 4224:

Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses: A Review of the Pinnipedia

4164: 3976:

Species that live in polar habitats are vulnerable to the

3827:

Several species of pinniped continue to be exploited. The

3658:—seals that could change into humans and walk on land. In 2989:, both continental and island. In non-polar regions, they 2985:. Pinnipeds also use a number of terrestrial habitats and 2559:

are absent, so their fur can be streamlined as they swim.

2073:. However, morphological and molecular evidence support a 11973: 11582: 9910: 7985:

Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies

7906:

Mathevon, N; Casey, C; Reichmuth, C; Charrier, I (2017).

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appear to use them to detect breathing holes in the ice.

2388:, such as larger or more prominent heads, necks, chests, 723: 449: 409: 403: 8700: 8462:"Persistent organic pollutants in the marine food chain" 7960: 7541: 6424: 6118: 6116: 5631: 5547: 5545: 5456: 5454: 5427: 5119: 5117: 5115: 4607: 4498: 4450: 4448: 3961: 1986:), nearly hairless skin, flattened snout and long upper 8969:. Evolutionary Biology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. 8240: 8223: 8054:. Vol. 3. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1148–50. 7948: 7645: 7456: 7358: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7250: 7238: 7214: 7202: 7069: 6928: 6764: 6717: 6705: 6649: 6554: 6454: 5487: 5063: 4860: 4087:(in Latin). Sumptibus C. Salfeld. pp. 138–39. 3342:. Otariid males gain access to females by establishing 3338:

Adult male pinnipeds have several strategies to ensure

2825:

that probably fill with blood during dives, preventing

1838:

was the first to recognize the pinnipeds as a distinct

500:(descended from one ancestor). Pinnipeds belong to the 7406:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 263. 6637: 6625: 5471: 5469: 5369: 5333: 5239: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5019: 4998: 4431:

10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0032:C>2.0.CO;2

2880:

that dissipates some of the energy of each heartbeat.

9021: 8480: 8382: 8217: 7668: 7377: 6922: 6900: 6899:

Campagna, C. "Aggressive behavior, intraspecific" in

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Younger or subdominant male pinnipeds may attempt to

2089:. Fossil animals representing basal lineages include 1897:

are grouped in the superfamily Otarioidea, while the

424: 412: 406: 16104: 16060: 16050: 16020: 15993: 15954: 15919: 15909: 15899: 15889: 15872: 15834: 15810: 15800: 15790: 15780: 15770: 15760: 15750: 15740: 15730: 15720: 15710: 15700: 15644: 15526: 15516: 15492: 15468: 15458: 15435: 15425: 15395: 15365: 15355: 15345: 15335: 15325: 15315: 15305: 15295: 15285: 15252: 15242: 15232: 15194: 15184: 15174: 15164: 15134: 15111: 15101: 15091: 15081: 15071: 15061: 15051: 15027: 15017: 15007: 14984: 14955: 14915: 14905: 14895: 14866: 14804: 14732: 12804: 10200: 7432:"The evolution of reproductive systems in pinnipeds" 7383: 7226: 5345: 5182: 4933: 3219:

are another major predator of pinnipeds—usually the

3025:. Some even den underneath the ice, particularly in 2632:

does not change between air and water. The vascular

2057:

One popular hypothesis suggested that pinnipeds are

1908:

Otariids are also known as eared seals due to their

1842:

unit; in 1811 he gave the name Pinnipedia to both a

759: 689:. Besides hunting, pinnipeds also face threats from 531:), having diverged about 50 million years ago. 421: 415: 400: 7611:Sanvito, S.; Galimberti, F.; Miller, E. H. (2007). 6265: 6128: 5466: 5357: 5129: 4934:Karleskin, G.; Turner, R. L.; Small, J. W. (2009). 3642:shepherds a colony of seals. In northern Scotland, 3381:estrus. These may be lone females or small groups. 2845:. In addition, seals can tolerate large amounts of 2833:and trachea, which prevents them from experiencing 2491:are divided into lobes and filter out excess salt. 2487:is absent in seals. As in most marine mammals, the 673:have become extinct in the past century, while the 397: 9046: 8863:"As sea lion populations grow, conflicts increase" 8805: 8435:"Taxonomy search: Phocidae, Otarridae, Odobenidae" 6802:. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 243. 4419:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3829:Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals 3591:was trained to imitate human speech and laughter. 1901:belong to the superfamily Phocoidea. There are 34 8964: 8189:. U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program. Archived from 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6283: 6247: 6146: 5207:: Turning performance of an unstable body design" 5164: 4958: 4080: 650:-like calls of walruses and the complex songs of 16367: 10600: 8268:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 315. 7548:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 7544:"Weddell seals produce ultrasonic vocalizations" 5772:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5664:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2790:Physiology of underwater diving § Pinnipeds 2081:from other caniforms 50 million years ago ( 2032:; and Phocinae, which consists of all the rest. 8893:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 7473: 7471: 6797: 6698:Weller, D. W. "Predation on marine mammals" in 4861:Nyakatura, K; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. (2012). 3311:Other seals, like the walrus and most phocids, 3175:, will hunt alongside sea birds and cetaceans. 1953:evidence has refuted this, indicating that the 8547: 8088:"The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity" 8017: 7743:) is capable of forming equivalence relations" 7429: 6906: 6873:Mesnick, S. L.; Ralls, K. "Mating systems" in 6157: 6155: 5930: 5402: 5057: 4991:Ralls, K.; Mesnick, S. "Sexual dimorphism" in 4771: 4410:Deméré, T. A.; Berta, A.; Adam, P. J. (2003). 3910:": northern fur seal, hooded seal, and walrus. 3893:International Union for Conservation of Nature 3784:, and the tusks of walruses have been used as 3372:Elephant seal males, in particular, establish 687:International Union for Conservation of Nature 14642: 11464: 9305: 9138: 9049:The Pinnipeds: Seals, sea lions, and walruses 8459: 8265:Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation 8261: 8255: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4665: 4663: 4171:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 3690:among wild animals in their easy tamability. 3299:of pinnipeds varies from extreme polygyny to 2644:pupil is typically pear-shaped, although the 745:. The common name "seal" originates from the 9152: 8889:"Endangered Salmon Predation Prevention Act" 8126: 7477: 7468: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6209: 5866: 5020:Gonzalez-Suarez, M.; Cassini, M. H. (2014). 4856: 4854: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4246: 4097: 3871:was common around the Japanese islands, but 3867:. The IUCN declared it extinct in 1996. The 3587:. In the 1970s, a captive harbor seal named 3503:by the proboscis. Male otariids have strong 3036: 2259:lineage split the earliest, followed by the 9084:"Pinnipeds: Seals, sea lions, and walruses" 8917: 8778: 8464:. United Nations University. Archived from 8350: 8323: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8154: 7425: 7423: 6893: 6152: 5971: 5813: 5811: 5490:"Adaptive features of aquatic mammals' eye" 5306: 5302: 5300: 5200: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4104:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 157. 3140:diets, a few are specialists. Examples are 3112:. As a whole, they mostly feed on fish and 2920: 2656:. Seals are able to see in darkness with a 1978:Odobenidae has only one living member: the 731: 714: 23: 14649: 14635: 9325: 9145: 9131: 8860: 8755: 8381:Duffield, D. A. "Extinction, specific" in 8353:"Canada seal hunt begins amid controversy" 8216:Reeves, R. "Hunting of marine mammals" in 8129:"Sea lions called to duty in Persian Gulf" 8049: 7727:, pp. 325–326, 329–330, 332, 334–335. 7401: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6685: 6082: 5860: 5398: 5396: 4976: 4660: 4412:"Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography" 3386:achieve reproductive success in other ways 2981:. The Baikal seal is the only exclusively 1854:reviewed the world's pinnipeds in an 1880 617:vary between defending females, defending 373: 154: 24: 15559: 13548: 10037: 9220: 9096:"Pinniped Research Lab (PEARL) home page" 9007:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 9002: 8983: 8677: 8624: 8606: 8565: 8524: 8074: 8005: 7981:"Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals" 7966: 7923: 7709: 7683:"Acoustic ecology of Antarctic pinnipeds" 7663:Thomas, J. A.; Terhune, J. "Weddell seal 7567: 7447: 6887: 6596: 6480: 6406: 6390: 6373: 6324: 6164:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 6059: 6049: 5954: 5893: 5887: 5843: 5791: 5730: 5505: 5324: 5280: 5222: 5194: 5048: 4888: 4878: 4851: 4833:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4795: 4754: 4643: 4633: 4584: 4574: 4522: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4257: 4226:. Stanford University Press. p. 52. 4190: 4091: 3571:, though they only rarely used the signs 3084: 2318: 11894: 8781:"Shocking new idea for sea lion control" 8541: 8205: 7806:Gisiner, R.; Schusterman, R. J. (1992). 7420: 7042: 6800:Marine Mammals: Biology and Conservation 6294: 6292: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6019: 6017: 5808: 5297: 5257: 5251: 4905: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4221: 3960: 3922:and accidentally swallow fishing hooks. 3882: 3795: 3759: 3697: 3613: 3540: 3481: 3447: 3396: 3349: 3329: 3286: 3282: 3253: 3196: 3088: 3056:lifestyle; they are mostly aquatic, but 3040: 2924: 2887: 2793: 2739: 2668: 2603:Light reflection on an elephant seal eye 2598: 2399: 2206: 2127: 2045: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 14940: 10968: 9731: 9252: 9044: 8548:Stenson, G. B.; Hammill, M. O. (2014). 8439:The IUCN Red List of Threatened species 8311: 8249: 8234: 8045: 8043: 8018:Sigvaldadóttir, Sigurrós Björg (2012). 7954: 7737:Schusterman, R. J.; Kastak, D. (1993). 7724: 7651: 7598: 7462: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7244: 7208: 7087: 7075: 7001: 6946: 6934: 6852: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6785: 6773: 6723: 6711: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6584: 6572: 6548: 6536: 6511: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6259: 6122: 6107: 5753: 5649: 5637: 5551: 5536: 5460: 5445: 5433: 5393: 5387: 5375: 5351: 5245: 5188: 5176: 5152: 5123: 5106: 4970: 4516: 4504: 4454: 4387:. Paleobiology Database. Archived from 4084:Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium 3662:, they are associated with the goddess 3567:and commands when taught an artificial 2892:Northern elephant seal resting in water 59:Taxonomic group of semi-aquatic mammals 14: 16368: 14061: 12297: 4601: 3878: 3678:and their trainability was noticed by 3392: 16208: 16207: 16172: 15630: 14714: 14630: 13535: 12992: 12296: 11448: 10583: 10024: 9204: 9126: 8945: 8486: 7389: 7364: 7309: 7261: 7232: 7220: 6560: 6289: 6271: 6198: 6134: 6014: 5475: 5363: 5339: 5140: 5007: 4460: 4329:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3515:. Male walruses are known to produce 2969:, deep waters near offshore islands, 2941:. By contrast, the consistently warm 2856:of pinnipeds is large and elaborate; 2783: 709:The name "pinniped" derives from the 597:, feed on large vertebrates, such as 577:or to avoid ocean predators, such as 550:. Though not as fast in the water as 511:; their closest living relatives are 8040: 7480:Walker's Marine Mammals of the World 4920:Berta, A. "Pinnipedia, overview" in 4385:"Superfamily Phocoidea Smirnov 1908" 4005:Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 3595:as three months of non-performance. 2767:Unlike terrestrial mammals, such as 2574:out of the water, and "ride" waves. 2471:nor a clear demarcation between the 755:, which is in turn derived from the 621:that attract females and performing 10515:South African small-spotted genet ( 9022:Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; 8758:"Sea lions take over Ventura docks" 8383:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 8326:"Canada's harp seal hunt kicks off" 8218:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 8095:Humane Society of the United States 7978: 7669:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 7378:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 7324:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6969:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6923:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 6901:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 6875:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 6700:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 6525:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 5980:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 5820:"Flow sensing by pinniped whiskers" 5565:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 5313:Integrative and Comparative Biology 5268:The Journal of Experimental Biology 4993:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 4922:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 4537:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 4493:Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009 4363:"Superfamily Otarioidea Lucas 1899" 4192:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009 3978:effects of climate change on oceans 3772:Humans have hunted seals since the 3713:Humane Society of the United States 2883: 2690:. Pinnipeds appear to have limited 2176:19–15 mya. As in modern seals, the 2109:but more aquatic. The braincase of 56: 14715: 9053:. University of California Press. 8950:. University of California Press. 8460:Metchalfe, C. (23 February 2012). 6599:The Journal of Wildlife Management 5881:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb05008.x 5488:Mass, A. M.; Supin, A. Y. (2007). 5421:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02274.x 4491:Berta, A. "Pinniped evolution" in 3764:Men killing northern fur seals on 3598: 3251:, which mostly target the young. 2535:, typically swimming at 5–15 57: 16402: 16386:Extant Chattian first appearances 10859:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 9068: 8783:. The Daily World. Archived from 8127:Leinwand, D. (27 February 2003). 7865:Journal of Comparative Psychology 7819:Journal of Comparative Psychology 6087:. Chapman and Hall. p. 373. 5203:"Maneuverability by the sea lion 4938:. Cengage Learning. p. 328. 3968:on beach occupied by humans near 3938:. Pinnipeds are also affected by 3722:California sea lions are used in 3334:Northern fur seal breeding colony 3167:Pinnipeds may hunt solitarily or 2117:to hunt, like modern seals. Both 701:and conflicts with local people. 468:(whose only living member is the 16155: 15613: 15607: 15600: 10584: 9030:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. 8922:. Csiro Publishing. p. 41. 8911: 8881: 8854: 8812:Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8799: 8772: 8749: 8694: 8670:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19673.x 8641: 8582: 8492: 8453: 8427: 8418:Zalophus californianus japonicus 8398:Zalophus californianus japonicus 8388: 8375: 8344: 8317: 8282: 8179: 8148: 8120: 8101:. pp. 3, 18. Archived from 8080: 8052:Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos 8011: 7972: 7899: 7852: 7799: 7730: 7674: 7657: 7604: 7535: 7500: 7395: 7376:Mann, J. "Parental behavior" in 7370: 7315: 7167: 7136: 7093: 6995: 6952: 6880: 6791: 6729: 6461:Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5768:"Why pinnipeds don't echolocate" 4050: 4038: 3790:indigenous peoples of the Arctic 3477: 3433:Pinniped milk has "little to no 2876:stable, phocids have an elastic 2551:in their skin that may increase 2514: 2503: 2338: 2327: 2146:/early Miocene (24–22 mya) 2113:shows evidence that it used its 1881:. Pinnipeds belong to the order 659:indigenous peoples of the Arctic 393: 212: 86: 12993: 10025: 9116:"Pinniped Laboratory home page" 8939: 6590: 6517: 6448: 6341: 6284:Berta, Sumich & Kovacs 2006 6248:Berta, Sumich & Kovacs 2006 6147:Berta, Sumich & Kovacs 2006 6076: 5943:Journal of Experimental Biology 5759: 5698: 5655: 5588: 5570: 5557: 5481: 5211:Journal of Experimental Biology 5165:Berta, Sumich & Kovacs 2006 4959:Berta, Sumich & Kovacs 2006 4927: 4820: 4714: 4542: 4403: 4377: 4355: 3728:U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program 3669: 3553: 2809:. The airways are supported by 2555:and cut through the water. The 2069:; and phocids sharing one with 613:. Male pinniped strategies for 16189:List of fossil pinnipedimorphs 15631: 13536: 9028:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 9003:MacDonald, David, ed. (2001). 8895:. 26 July 2012. Archived from 8861:Sheets, B. (3 February 2012). 8554:ICES Journal of Marine Science 7690:Marine Ecology Progress Series 7484:Johns Hopkins University Press 6523:Forcada, J. "Distribution" in 6366:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2603-12.2013 6225:10.1002/9780470015902.a0004230 5563:Lavigne, D. M. "Harp seal" in 4936:Introduction to Marine Biology 4320: 4240: 4215: 4177:(1). Annual Reviews: 203–228. 4118: 4074: 4029: 3401:Harbor seal mother nursing pup 2751:Pinnipeds have well-developed 2042:List of fossil pinnipedimorphs 13: 1: 10271:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 9076:"Seal Conservation home page" 8891:. Northwest Regional Office, 8351:Gillies, R. (23 March 2009). 7812:) to novel sign combinations" 7188:10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80002-4 6213:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 4535:Kastelein, R. A. "Walrus" in 4068: 3603: 2628:has a flattened center where 2494: 2386:secondary sex characteristics 1920:, with a large and flattened 14533:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 14189:North American river otter ( 13077:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 10131:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 9078:. Seal Conservation Society. 8984:Dickenson, Victoria (2016). 8865:. Herald Net. Archived from 8779:Bruscas, A. (27 July 2012). 8756:French, C. (10 April 2013). 8324:Noronha, C. (4 April 2010). 8187:"Frequently Asked Questions" 7090:, pp. 209–210, 212–215. 6051:10.1371/journal.pone.0069872 4635:10.1371/journal.pone.0035395 4576:10.1371/journal.pone.0240770 4222:Scheffer, Victor B. (1958). 2817:, and the chest muscles and 2035: 1969:are more closely related to 1924:. An extra spine splits the 1873:to contain the fossil genus 1274:(elephant seals) 704: 496:evidence supports them as a 7: 11394:Somalian slender mongoose ( 9005:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 8155:Kreider, R. (31 May 2011). 7620:Canadian Journal of Zoology 7149:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6354:The Journal of Neuroscience 5597:Experimental Brain Research 4341:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.019 4290:10.1126/science.244.4900.60 4130:Online Etymology Dictionary 3807:Commercial sealing rivaled 3768:, Alaska, in the mid-1890s. 3610:List of fictional pinnipeds 3579:and other birds possessing 2142:, a fossil species of late 1836:Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger 768: 10: 16407: 14347:Asian small-clawed otter ( 13086:American hog-nosed skunk ( 13068:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 11376:Angolan slender mongoose ( 11071:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 10120:Small-toothed palm civet ( 9045:Riedman, Marianne (1990). 8328:. NBC News. Archived from 7831:10.1037/0735-7036.106.1.78 7404:The Behaviour of Pinnipeds 6176:10.1016/j.resp.2005.08.001 4739:10.1038/s42003-023-05135-z 4081:Illiger, J. K. W. (1811). 4047:, book IV, verses 404–413. 3988:. Antarctic fur seals in 3753: 3749: 3607: 3136:. While most species have 2787: 2039: 1961:to other otariids and the 772: 542:. Several species exhibit 16216: 16179: 16173: 16168: 16153: 16081: 16034: 16016: 16007: 15977: 15968: 15950: 15941: 15863: 15833: 15824: 15696: 15687: 15643: 15639: 15626: 15597: 15555: 15449: 15409: 15379: 15281: 15270: 15155: 15125: 14998: 14980: 14969: 14951: 14929: 14891: 14880: 14862: 14851: 14803: 14731: 14727: 14723: 14710: 14666: 14432: 14381: 14372: 14326: 14302: 14269: 14252: 14228: 14177: 14160: 14143: 14114:Saharan striped polecat ( 14102: 14085: 14044: 13999: 13982: 13973: 13964: 13865: 13841: 13817: 13800: 13791: 13714: 13659: 13617: 13600: 13576: 13559: 13544: 13531: 13503: 13462: 13429: 13412: 13353: 13303: 13270: 13253: 13244: 13181: 13140: 13107: 13095:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 13048: 13027: 13005: 13001: 12988: 12924: 12907: 12866: 12838: 12826:Mediterranean monk seal ( 12821: 12787: 12737: 12704: 12669: 12660: 12634: 12617: 12598: 12555:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 12519:South American fur seal ( 12507: 12490: 12466: 12454:South American sea lion ( 12449: 12412: 12395: 12386: 12362: 12334: 12312: 12308: 12292: 12256: 12229: 12220: 12161: 12135: 12126: 12102: 12078: 12063: 12052: 11953: 11927: 11879: 11836:South American gray fox ( 11806: 11780: 11756: 11739: 11724: 11709: 11572: 11539: 11522: 11513: 11480: 11460: 11444: 11412:Common slender mongoose ( 11364: 11322: 11278: 11182: 11156: 11147: 11092: 11059: 11042: 11009: 10992: 10959: 10938: 10897: 10885:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 10880: 10847: 10830: 10821: 10784: 10758: 10749: 10732: 10716: 10680: 10654: 10639: 10615: 10596: 10592: 10579: 10547: 10543: 10407:Crested servaline genet ( 10362: 10323: 10314: 10259: 10233: 10218: 10196: 10150: 10106: 10097: 10048: 10033: 10020: 9988: 9890: 9826: 9809: 9800: 9772: 9755: 9722: 9671: 9584: 9547: 9530: 9521: 9484: 9460: 9451: 9435: 9367: 9334: 9321: 9301: 9248: 9231: 9216: 9200: 9162: 7925:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.035 6981:10.1007/s00265-006-0242-9 5992:10.1007/s00359-013-0797-7 5609:10.1007/s00221-009-1793-6 4845:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx098 3934:, northern fur seals and 3734:and enemy divers. In the 3545:Sea lion balancing a ball 3192:swallow stones or pebbles 3132:(warm-blooded) prey like 3093:California sea lion with 3037:Behavior and life history 2915:half of their brain awake 2594: 2436:, and are darker colored 1975:than to other sea lions. 1787: 1705: 1690: 1683: 1668: 1661: 1637: 1622: 1615: 1600: 1593: 1569: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1516: 1501: 1494: 1479: 1472: 1439: 1424: 1417: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1373: 1366: 1356: 1312: 1297: 1290: 1255: 1240: 1233: 1208: 1184: 1160: 1145: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1116: 1109: 1055: 1040: 1033: 1009: 976: 961: 954: 930: 906: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 840: 833: 818: 811: 801: 791: 381: 372: 350:(fur seals and sea lions) 322: 317: 209:Scientific classification 207: 163:Clockwise from top left: 162: 153: 66: 14470:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 14338:African clawless otter ( 14090:African striped weasel ( 13903:Yellow-throated marten ( 13779:Formosan ferret-badger ( 13483:Western mountain coati ( 13474:Eastern mountain coati ( 13391:Western lowland olingo ( 13373:Eastern lowland olingo ( 13201:Southern spotted skunk ( 12895:Southern elephant seal ( 12886:Northern elephant seal ( 12676:Pagophilus groenlandicus 11453:("dog-like" carnivorans) 11266:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 10887:Mungotictis decemlineata 9762:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 9209:("cat-like" carnivorans) 8946:Berta, Annalisa (2012). 8416:"The Japanese sea lion ( 7979:Jøn, A. Asbjørn (1998). 7739:"A California sea lion ( 6837:, pp. 184–188, 196. 4022: 3952:gastrointestinal cancers 3277:South American fur seals 3173:South American sea lions 2921:Distribution and habitat 2907: 2426:species that live on ice 2406:South American sea lions 2002:protrude in the middle. 1331:(monk seals) 39:latest accepted revision 14515:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 13770:Burmese ferret-badger ( 13752:Chinese ferret-badger ( 13743:Bornean ferret badger ( 13734:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 13219:Eastern spotted skunk ( 13210:Western spotted skunk ( 12940:Leptonychotes weddellii 12582:Subantarctic fur seal ( 12528:Australasian fur seal ( 11352:Black-footed mongoose ( 11334:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 11283:White-tailed mongoose ( 11221:Indian brown mongoose ( 11203:Short-tailed mongoose ( 11194:Small Indian mongoose ( 11131:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 11104:Alexander's kusimanse ( 11080:Common dwarf mongoose ( 11047:Pousargues's mongoose ( 10909:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 10868:Grandidier's mongoose ( 10122:Arctogalidia trivirgata 9346:Sunda clouded leopard ( 8832:10.1111/2041-210X.13736 8505:Ecological Applications 8293:. monachus-guardian.org 8099:World Animal Protection 8027:Selasetur Working Paper 7665:Leptonychotes weddellii 7521:10.1163/156853988X00188 7449:10.1093/beheco/10.5.612 7430:Cassini, M. H. (1999). 7102:The American Naturalist 7020:10.1163/156853972X00167 7004:Mirounga angustirostris 6482:10.1111/2041-210X.12847 5908:10.1126/science.1060514 5258:Feldkamp, S.D. (1987). 4880:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12 4365:. Paleobiology Database 3998:sea surface temperature 3822:Mediterranean monk seal 3717:World Animal Protection 3621:seal sculptures at the 3247:and various species of 3048:in water and at haulout 2898:countercurrent exchange 2681:On land, pinnipeds are 2582:plane, rather than the 2237:Central American Seaway 1708:South American fur seal 1640:Juan Fernández fur seal 1482:South American sea lion 1300:Mediterranean monk seal 761: 751: 675:Mediterranean monk seal 585:. Seals mainly live in 364:(true or earless seals) 14356:Congo clawless otter ( 14259:Hydrictis maculicollis 14257:Spotted-necked otter ( 14216:Southern river otter ( 14167:Pteronura brasiliensis 13930:European pine marten ( 13441:South American coati ( 13169:Palawan stink badger ( 12495:New Zealand sea lion ( 11560:Japanese raccoon dog ( 11257:Crab-eating mongoose ( 11212:Indian grey mongoose ( 10835:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 10646:(bone-crushing hyenas) 10341:Central African oyan ( 9902:Chinese mountain cat ( 8567:10.1093/icesjms/fsu074 8291:"Monk Seal Fact Files" 8262:Beckman D. W. (2012). 7861:Zalophus californianus 7810:Zalophus californianus 7741:Zalophus californianus 6317:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0719 6085:Behaviour of Pinnipeds 5836:10.1098/rstb.2011.0155 5723:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0380 5405:Zalophus californianus 5205:Zalophus californianus 4727:Communications Biology 3973: 3888: 3804: 3769: 3730:, including detecting 3707: 3625: 3546: 3487: 3457: 3402: 3361: 3335: 3292: 3262: 3261:hunting a Weddell seal 3208: 3184:filter-feeding species 3101: 3085:Foraging and predation 3060:to breed, molt, rest, 3049: 2934: 2893: 2835:decompression sickness 2802: 2748: 2735:northern elephant seal 2678: 2604: 2412: 2377:southern elephant seal 2351:southern elephant seal 2319:Anatomy and physiology 2219: 2136: 2063:recent common ancestor 2054: 1916:protrudes between the 1877:and modern seals as a 1834:The German naturalist 1258:Northern elephant seal 1243:Southern elephant seal 732: 715: 540:southern elephant seal 185:Arctocephalus forsteri 173:southern elephant seal 16335:Paleobiology Database 14661:and their stem-allies 14596:Back-striped weasel ( 14542:Black-footed ferret ( 14314:Smooth-coated otter ( 14092:Poecilogale albinucha 13761:Javan ferret-badger ( 13647:Sumatran hog badger ( 13629:Northern hog badger ( 13323:Crab-eating raccoon ( 13228:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 12949:Lobodon carcinophagus 12685:Histriophoca fasciata 12478:Australian sea lion ( 12424:California sea lion ( 12173:American black bear ( 11915:Black-backed jackal ( 11906:Side-striped jackal ( 11746:Chrysocyon brachyurus 11170:Long-nosed mongoose ( 10443:Rusty-spotted genet ( 10280:Large-spotted civet ( 10129:Sulawesi palm civet ( 10058:Owston's palm civet ( 9632:Andean mountain cat ( 8511:(2 Suppl): S97–S125. 8424:, northern Hokkaido." 8036:on 15 September 2016. 8029:(107). Archived from 7478:Nowak, R. M. (2003). 7063:10.1093/beheco/ari023 5494:The Anatomical Record 5282:10.1242/jeb.131.1.117 4247:Allen, J. A. (1880). 4098:Elias, J. S. (2007). 3964: 3886: 3818:population bottleneck 3799: 3763: 3724:military applications 3701: 3617: 3608:Further information: 3544: 3485: 3451: 3400: 3374:dominance hierarchies 3359: 3333: 3290: 3283:Reproductive behavior 3257: 3200: 3156:specialists like the 3092: 3044: 2928: 2891: 2797: 2743: 2724:nictitating membranes 2672: 2620:around the spherical 2602: 2403: 2210: 2188:. The extinct family 2180:or upper jaw bone of 2131: 2049: 2040:Further information: 1850:. American zoologist 1572:Subantarctic fur seal 1350:(earless seals) 773:Further information: 593:; a few, such as the 573:to mate, give birth, 432:), commonly known as 356:Superfamily Phocoidea 14411:Long-tailed weasel ( 13989:Lyncodon patagonicus 13638:Greater hog badger ( 13160:Sunda stink badger ( 12850:Hawaiian monk seal ( 12573:Guadalupe fur seal ( 12546:Antarctic fur seal ( 12537:Galápagos fur seal ( 12433:Galápagos sea lion ( 11551:Common raccoon dog ( 11403:Cape gray mongoose ( 11343:Jackson's mongoose ( 11303:Paracynictis selousi 11294:Cynictis penicillata 10918:Durrell's vontsira ( 10506:Giant forest genet ( 10298:Large Indian civet ( 10238:Small Indian civet ( 9847:Sunda leopard cat ( 9623:Southern tiger cat ( 9559:African golden cat ( 9236:African palm civet ( 8869:on 21 September 2013 8787:on 21 September 2013 8363:on 21 September 2013 8332:on 21 September 2013 8108:on 30 September 2018 7750:Psychological Record 7671:, pp. 1217–1219 7601:, pp. 328, 335. 6738:Journal of Mammalogy 5326:10.1093/icb/36.6.628 5307:Fish, F. E. (1996). 5201:Fish, F. E. (2003). 5109:, pp. 3, 68–70. 4995:, pp. 1005–1011 4539:, pp. 1212–1216 4519:, pp. 3, 82–83. 4061:, book IX, XV:41–43. 3920:commercial fisheries 3841:Christopher Columbus 3702:Captive sea lion at 3560:match-to-sample task 3411:delayed implantation 3340:reproductive success 3148:, crustacean-eating 2973:and even freshwater 2557:hair erector muscles 2440:and lighter colored 2184:intersects with the 2162:, exhibited notable 1967:New Zealand sea lion 1926:supraspinatous fossa 1922:supraorbital foramen 1519:New Zealand sea lion 644:California sea lions 615:reproductive success 611:ice breeding species 591:marine invertebrates 460:. They comprise the 181:New Zealand fur seal 14454:M. aistoodonnivalis 14290:Hairy-nosed otter ( 14207:Neotropical otter ( 13987:Patagonian weasel ( 13450:White-nosed coati ( 12650:Cystophora cristata 12641:Erignathus barbatus 12374:Northern fur seal ( 12151:Helarctos malayanus 11787:Atelocynus microtis 11494:U. cinereoargenteus 11385:Egyptian mongoose ( 11312:Rhynchogale melleri 11310:Meller's mongoose ( 11301:Selous's mongoose ( 11285:Ichneumia albicauda 11239:Collared mongoose ( 11113:Angolan kusimanse ( 10997:Liberian mongoose ( 10350:West African oyan ( 10249:Civettictis civetta 10180:Golden palm civet ( 10138:Masked palm civet ( 10113:Arctictis binturong 10087:Hemigalus derbyanus 10085:Banded palm civet ( 10076:Hose's palm civet ( 9865:Rusty-spotted cat ( 9024:Thewissen, J. G. M. 8824:2022MEcEv..13..243F 8719:2005Ecol...86.2408F 8662:2012Oikos.121.1027G 8517:2008EcoAp..18S..97L 8314:, pp. 112–113. 8008:, pp. 106–109. 7840:on 19 November 2018 7702:2010MEPS..414..267V 7560:2020ASAJ..148.3784C 7402:Renouf, D. (2012). 6949:, pp. 212–215. 6849:, pp. 187–188. 6825:, pp. 178–179. 6788:, pp. 180–183. 6670:, pp. 161–162. 6587:, pp. 166–168. 6575:, pp. 144–145. 6551:, pp. 172–175. 6539:, pp. 256–257. 6473:2018MEcEv...9...98F 6042:2013PLoSO...869872M 5784:2000ASAJ..107.2256S 5676:1998ASAJ..103.2216K 5155:, pp. 253–255. 4973:, p. 162, 164. 4692:10.1038/nature07985 4684:2009Natur.458.1021R 4626:2012PLoSO...735395H 4567:2021PLoSO..1640770H 4282:1989Sci...244...60B 4183:2018AREPS..46..203B 3982:declines in sea ice 3956:habitat destruction 3932:Hawaiian monk seals 3879:Conservation issues 3837:Caribbean monk seal 3417:does not enter the 3393:Birth and parenting 3116:, but also consume 2811:cartilaginous rings 2700:extraocular muscles 2481:California sea lion 2347:California sea lion 2160:Enaliarctos emlongi 1963:Australian sea lion 1778:(eared seals) 1671:Antipodean fur seal 1504:Australian sea lion 1427:California sea lion 691:accidental trapping 671:Caribbean monk seal 587:marine environments 29:Page version status 14569:European polecat ( 14402:Colombian weasel ( 14052:(African polecats) 13680:Caucasian badger ( 13608:(Eurasian badgers) 13058:(hog-nosed skunks) 12795:("southern seals") 12694:Halichoerus grypus 12625:("northern seals") 12497:Phocarctos hookeri 12402:Eumetopias jubatus 12400:Steller sea lion ( 12182:Asian black bear ( 11932:African wild dog ( 11886:(wolf-like canids) 11163:Atilax paludinosus 11122:Common kusimanse ( 11049:Dologale dybowskii 11021:Gambian mongoose ( 10805:Western falanouc ( 10796:Eastern falanouc ( 10765:Cryptoprocta ferox 10670:Parahyaena brunnea 10425:Johnston's genet ( 10380:Abyssinian genet ( 10332:(African linsangs) 10240:Viverricula indica 10171:Brown palm civet ( 10162:Asian palm civet ( 10069:Cynogale bennettii 10060:Chrotogale owstoni 9956:European wildcat ( 9947:Black-footed cat ( 9537:Leptailurus serval 9505:Asian golden cat ( 9271:(Asiatic linsangs) 8988:. Reaktion Books. 8899:on 15 October 2011 8608:10.7717/peerj.2957 8468:on 22 October 2019 8385:, pp. 402–404 8220:, pp. 585–588 7762:10.1007/BF03395915 7569:10.1121/10.0002867 7486:. pp. 80–83. 7436:Behavioral Ecology 7380:, pp. 830–835 7336:10.1007/BF00300063 7145:Halichoerus grypus 7051:Behavioral Ecology 6925:, pp. 260–268 6890:, pp. 172–173 6877:, pp. 712–718 6702:, pp. 923–931 6563:, pp. 70, 78. 6527:, pp. 316–321 6409:, pp. 147–155 5869:Journal of Zoology 5584:. 28 October 2017. 5567:, pp. 542–546 5409:Journal of Zoology 4924:, pp. 881–884 4495:, pp. 861–866 4266:Enaliarctos mealsi 3974: 3889: 3820:. Conversely, the 3805: 3770: 3708: 3626: 3547: 3488: 3463:Galápagos fur seal 3458: 3454:Antarctic fur seal 3403: 3369:courtship displays 3362: 3336: 3293: 3263: 3209: 3104:All pinnipeds are 3102: 3071:geomagnetic fields 3052:Pinnipeds have an 3050: 2983:freshwater species 2935: 2894: 2854:circulatory system 2827:middle ear squeeze 2803: 2784:Diving adaptations 2773:Antarctic fur seal 2749: 2704:corneal epithelium 2679: 2605: 2413: 2220: 2211:Reconstruction of 2137: 2055: 2018:entotympanic bones 1693:Galápagos fur seal 1625:Guadalupe fur seal 1603:Antarctic fur seal 1442:Galápagos sea lion 1315:Hawaiian monk seal 679:Hawaiian monk seal 498:monophyletic group 476:(the eared seals: 201:Halichoerus grypus 169:Eumetopias jubatus 35: 16363: 16362: 16322:Open Tree of Life 16210:Taxon identifiers 16201: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16184:List of pinnipeds 16164: 16163: 16151: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16139: 16138: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15622: 15621: 15595: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15551: 15550: 15547: 15546: 15266: 15265: 14847: 14846: 14736:Amphicynodontidae 14624: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14587:Siberian weasel ( 14578:American ermine ( 14506:Japanese weasel ( 14461:Mountain weasel ( 14445: 14368: 14367: 14154: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14123:Striped polecat ( 14073:Marbled polecat ( 14055: 14040: 14039: 14012: 13960: 13959: 13939:Japanese marten ( 13885:American marten ( 13878: 13736:M. cucphuongensis 13727: 13710: 13709: 13698:European badger ( 13671:Japanese badger ( 13611: 13564:American badger ( 13527: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13423: 13382:Northern olingo ( 13366: 13341:Cozumel raccoon ( 13316: 13240: 13239: 13194: 13153: 13061: 13042: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12958:Ommatophoca rossi 12931:Hydrurga leptonyx 12918: 12915:(Antarctic seals) 12888:M. angustirostris 12879: 12862: 12861: 12828:Monachus monachus 12815: 12798: 12783: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12628: 12611: 12594: 12593: 12456:Otaria flavescens 12445: 12444: 12356: 12324:Odobenus rosmarus 12288: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12239: 12216: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12114:Spectacled bear ( 12072: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12040: 12039: 11888: 11875: 11874: 11794:Crab-eating fox ( 11785:Short-eared dog ( 11733: 11718: 11705: 11704: 11587: 11529:Otocyon megalotis 11473: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11292:Yellow mongoose ( 11143: 11142: 11030:Banded mongoose ( 10999:Liberiictus kuhni 10953: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10817: 10816: 10743: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10648: 10609: 10575: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10479:Servaline genet ( 10398:Bourlon's genet ( 10373: 10334: 10310: 10309: 10192: 10191: 10164:P. hermaphroditus 10016: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10007: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9929:African wildcat ( 9886: 9885: 9856:Flat-headed cat ( 9796: 9795: 9580: 9579: 9517: 9516: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9355:Clouded leopard ( 9314: 9289:Spotted linsang ( 9273: 9238:Nandinia binotata 9060:978-0-520-06497-3 9037:978-0-12-373553-9 9014:978-0-7607-1969-5 8976:978-0-12-088552-7 8957:978-0-520-27057-2 8929:978-0-643-06953-4 8526:10.1890/06-0546.1 8275:978-0-7637-7350-2 8077:, pp. 59–61. 8061:978-1-57958-174-9 7918:(15): 2352–2356. 7711:10.3354/meps08683 7493:978-0-8018-7343-0 7367:, pp. 77–78. 7312:, pp. 76–77. 7264:, pp. 76–78. 7223:, pp. 75–76. 7155:(10): 2270–2278. 6809:978-0-306-46573-4 6682:, pp. 31–32. 6433:, pp. 94–95. 6234:978-0-470-01617-6 6094:978-0-412-30540-5 5956:10.1242/jeb.02708 5949:(Pt 5): 781–787. 5902:(5527): 102–104. 5830:(1581): 3077–84. 5640:, pp. 3, 49. 5436:, pp. 11–12. 5224:10.1242/jeb.00144 5078:10.1111/evo.12370 5041:10.1111/mam.12012 5010:, pp. 73–74. 4945:978-0-495-56197-2 4797:10.1111/evo.12360 4678:(7241): 1021–24. 4507:, pp. 68–70. 4233:978-0-8047-0544-8 4111:978-0-313-33896-0 3944:Organic chemicals 3869:Japanese sea lion 3861:Yucatán Peninsula 3766:Saint Paul Island 3532:dear enemy effect 3357: 3272:Steller sea lions 3221:great white shark 3046:Steller sea lions 2843:nitrogen narcosis 2410:sexual dimorphism 2218:family Odobenidae 2172:, which lived in 2164:sexual dimorphism 1955:northern fur seal 1885:and the suborder 1832: 1831: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1800: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1650: 1649: 1582: 1581: 1529: 1528: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1376:Northern fur seal 1344: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1325: 1324: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1267: 1221: 1220: 1197: 1196: 1173: 1172: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1022: 1021: 998: 997: 989: 988: 943: 942: 919: 918: 775:List of pinnipeds 667:Japanese sea lion 544:sexual dimorphism 386: 385: 313: 193:Odobenus rosmarus 47:29 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 16398: 16356: 16355: 16343: 16342: 16330: 16329: 16317: 16316: 16314:NHMSYS0021036334 16304: 16303: 16291: 16290: 16278: 16277: 16265: 16264: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16237: 16236: 16235: 16205: 16204: 16170: 16169: 16159: 16106: 16062: 16052: 16022: 16014: 16013: 15995: 15975: 15974: 15956: 15948: 15947: 15921: 15911: 15901: 15891: 15874: 15836: 15831: 15830: 15812: 15802: 15792: 15782: 15772: 15762: 15752: 15742: 15732: 15722: 15712: 15702: 15694: 15693: 15646: 15641: 15640: 15628: 15627: 15617: 15611: 15605: 15604: 15557: 15556: 15528: 15518: 15494: 15470: 15460: 15437: 15427: 15397: 15367: 15357: 15347: 15337: 15327: 15317: 15307: 15297: 15287: 15279: 15278: 15254: 15244: 15234: 15196: 15186: 15176: 15166: 15136: 15113: 15103: 15093: 15083: 15073: 15063: 15053: 15029: 15019: 15009: 14986: 14978: 14977: 14957: 14949: 14948: 14938: 14937: 14917: 14907: 14897: 14889: 14888: 14868: 14860: 14859: 14806: 14734: 14729: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14712: 14711: 14651: 14644: 14637: 14628: 14627: 14560:Malayan weasel ( 14479:Steppe polecat ( 14452:Sichuan weasel ( 14444: 14443: 14439: 14379: 14378: 14316:L. perspicillata 14281:Eurasian otter ( 14158: 14157: 14153: 14152: 14148: 14059: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14049: 14028:Greater grison ( 14011: 14010: 14006: 13980: 13979: 13971: 13970: 13921:Nilgiri marten ( 13894:Pacific marten ( 13877: 13876: 13872: 13798: 13797: 13781:M. subaurantiaca 13726: 13725: 13724:(ferret-badgers) 13721: 13615: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13605: 13557: 13556: 13546: 13545: 13533: 13532: 13427: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13417: 13365: 13364: 13360: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13251: 13250: 13193: 13192: 13191:(spotted skunks) 13188: 13152: 13151: 13147: 13060: 13059: 13055: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13032: 13003: 13002: 12990: 12989: 12947:Crabeater seal ( 12922: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12912: 12878: 12877: 12876:(elephant seals) 12873: 12852:N. schauinslandi 12819: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12792: 12667: 12666: 12632: 12631: 12627: 12626: 12622: 12615: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12603: 12564:Brown fur seal ( 12539:A. galapagoensis 12426:Z. californianus 12393: 12392: 12360: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12340: 12310: 12309: 12302: 12294: 12293: 12238: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12142:Melursus ursinus 12133: 12132: 12076: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12061: 12060: 12028:Ethiopian wolf ( 11892: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11737: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11722: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11603:Blanford's fox ( 11586: 11579: 11520: 11519: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11469: 11462: 11461: 11454: 11446: 11445: 11248:Ruddy mongoose ( 11230:Javan mongoose ( 11161:Marsh mongoose ( 11154: 11153: 11133:C. platycephalus 10966: 10965: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10828: 10827: 10772:Malagasy civet ( 10756: 10755: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10613: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10581: 10580: 10545: 10544: 10372: 10369: 10333: 10330: 10321: 10320: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10198: 10197: 10104: 10103: 10046: 10045: 10035: 10034: 10022: 10021: 9816:Otocolobus manul 9807: 9806: 9729: 9728: 9605:Geoffroy's cat ( 9528: 9527: 9458: 9457: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9332: 9331: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9310: 9303: 9302: 9280:Banded linsang ( 9272: 9269: 9261: 9260: 9250: 9249: 9229: 9228: 9218: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9201: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9091: 9090:on 19 July 2014. 9079: 9064: 9052: 9041: 9018: 8999: 8980: 8961: 8934: 8933: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8713:(9): 2408–2417. 8698: 8692: 8691: 8681: 8679:2060/20110022991 8656:(7): 1027–1040. 8645: 8639: 8638: 8628: 8610: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8569: 8560:(7): 1977–1986. 8545: 8539: 8538: 8528: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8392: 8386: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8359:. Archived from 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8238: 8232: 8221: 8214: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8163:. Archived from 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8107: 8092: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8024: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7927: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7877:10.1037/a0032345 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7839: 7833:. Archived from 7816: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7780:. Archived from 7747: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7687: 7678: 7672: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7641:on 3 March 2016. 7640: 7634:. Archived from 7617: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7571: 7554:(6): 3784–3796. 7539: 7533: 7532: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7475: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7427: 7418: 7417: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7176:Animal Behaviour 7171: 7165: 7164: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7046: 7040: 7039: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6904: 6903:, pp. 18–22 6897: 6891: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6605:(4): 1262–1274. 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6484: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6360:(6): 2555–2561. 6345: 6339: 6338: 6328: 6296: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6218: 6207: 6196: 6195: 6159: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6053: 6021: 6012: 6011: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5958: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5793:10.1121/1.428506 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5734: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5684:10.1121/1.421367 5670:(4): 2216–2228. 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5603:(3–4): 299–311. 5592: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5509: 5507:10.1002/ar.20529 5485: 5479: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5400: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5342:, p. 62–64. 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5264: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5072:(5): 1485–1496. 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4996: 4989: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4903: 4902: 4892: 4882: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4799: 4790:(5): 1469–1484. 4775: 4769: 4768: 4758: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4637: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4578: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4458: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4194: 4162: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4062: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4033: 3940:marine pollution 3891:As of 2021, the 3873:overexploitation 3853:genetically tame 3814:Guadalupe Island 3358: 2965:water, but also 2884:Thermoregulation 2673:Frontal view of 2518: 2507: 2477:large intestines 2454:subcutaneous fat 2404:Male and female 2342: 2331: 1852:Joel Asaph Allen 1686: 1685: 1664: 1663: 1618: 1617: 1596: 1595: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1497: 1496: 1475: 1474: 1420: 1419: 1405:Steller sea lion 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1293: 1292: 1236: 1235: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1036: 1035: 957: 956: 887: 886: 880: 879: 873: 872: 866: 865: 859: 858: 836: 835: 814: 813: 804: 803: 794: 793: 784: 783: 779: 778: 764: 754: 744: 741: 738: 735: 729: 726: 721: 718: 695:marine pollution 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 377: 308: 217: 216: 177:Mirounga leonina 165:Steller sea lion 158: 148: 85: 72:Latest Oligocene 70:Temporal range: 64: 63: 21: 16406: 16405: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16359: 16351: 16346: 16338: 16333: 16325: 16320: 16312: 16307: 16299: 16294: 16286: 16281: 16273: 16268: 16260: 16255: 16246: 16245: 16240: 16231: 16230: 16225: 16212: 16202: 16193: 16175: 16160: 16135: 16077: 16030: 16003: 15964: 15929: 15859: 15820: 15725:Kamtschatarctos 15683: 15648:Desmatophocidae 15635: 15618: 15599: 15575: 15543: 15445: 15405: 15375: 15275: 15262: 15151: 15121: 14994: 14974: 14965: 14945: 14934: 14925: 14885: 14883:Pinnipediformes 14876: 14856: 14854:Pinnipedimorpha 14843: 14799: 14719: 14706: 14662: 14655: 14625: 14604: 14580:M. richardsonii 14524:European mink ( 14441: 14440: 14438: 14428: 14420:American mink ( 14393:Amazon weasel ( 14364: 14322: 14298: 14265: 14248: 14224: 14173: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14131: 14098: 14081: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14036: 14019:Lesser grison ( 14008: 14007: 14005: 13995: 13956: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13861: 13837: 13813: 13787: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13706: 13655: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13596: 13572: 13553: 13540: 13519: 13491: 13458: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13408: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13349: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13299: 13266: 13236: 13203:S. angustifrons 13190: 13189: 13187: 13177: 13150:(stink badgers) 13149: 13148: 13146: 13136: 13128:Striped skunk ( 13103: 13097:C. semistriatus 13057: 13056: 13054: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13023: 13017:Ailurus fulgens 12997: 12964: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12903: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12858: 12834: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12775: 12733: 12700: 12656: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12590: 12503: 12486: 12462: 12441: 12408: 12382: 12349: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12304: 12300: 12272: 12252: 12235: 12234: 12208: 12157: 12122: 12098: 12069: 12067: 12057: 12036: 11965:Golden jackal ( 11949: 11923: 11885: 11883: 11871: 11802: 11796:Cerdocyon thous 11776: 11752: 11730: 11728: 11715: 11713: 11701: 11666:Rüppell's fox ( 11580: 11578: 11568: 11553:N. procyonoides 11535: 11527:Bat-eared fox ( 11509: 11474: 11470: 11456: 11452: 11420: 11405:H. pulverulenta 11360: 11318: 11274: 11241:U. semitorquata 11196:U. auropunctata 11178: 11139: 11088: 11055: 11038: 11005: 10988: 10950: 10948: 10943: 10942: 10926: 10893: 10876: 10843: 10837:Galidia elegans 10813: 10780: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10726: 10721: 10700: 10692:Spotted hyena ( 10676: 10659:Striped hyena ( 10645: 10643: 10635: 10606: 10604: 10588: 10563: 10523: 10461:Aquatic genet ( 10452:Pardine genet ( 10389:Angolan genet ( 10370: 10368: 10358: 10343:P. richardsonii 10331: 10329: 10306: 10289:Malayan civet ( 10255: 10247:African civet ( 10223: 10222: 10212: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10188: 10146: 10093: 10078:Diplogale hosei 10042: 10029: 10004: 9964: 9882: 9822: 9802: 9792: 9768: 9751: 9724: 9718: 9692:Eurasian lynx ( 9667: 9576: 9543: 9523: 9513: 9480: 9453: 9445: 9440: 9423: 9363: 9315: 9311: 9297: 9270: 9257: 9244: 9225: 9212: 9208: 9196: 9158: 9151: 9114: 9105: 9103: 9094: 9082: 9074: 9071: 9061: 9038: 9026:, eds. (2009). 9015: 8996: 8977: 8958: 8942: 8937: 8930: 8916: 8912: 8902: 8900: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8859: 8855: 8804: 8800: 8790: 8788: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8754: 8750: 8727:10.1890/04-1153 8699: 8695: 8646: 8642: 8587: 8583: 8546: 8542: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8458: 8454: 8444: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8409: 8407: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8357:Huffington Post 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8193:on 19 June 2013 8185: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8048: 8041: 8033: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7912:Current Biology 7904: 7900: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7814: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7745: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7632:10.1139/z06-193 7615: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7540: 7536: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7172: 7168: 7161:10.1139/z82-293 7141: 7137: 7108:(978): 317–35. 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7047: 7043: 7000: 6996: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6920: 6907: 6898: 6894: 6885: 6881: 6872: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6765: 6750:10.2307/1379341 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6611:10.2307/3801787 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6404: 6391: 6346: 6342: 6305:Biology Letters 6297: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6216: 6208: 6199: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6081: 6077: 6022: 6015: 5976: 5972: 5935: 5931: 5892: 5888: 5865: 5861: 5816: 5809: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5711:Biology Letters 5703: 5699: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5593: 5589: 5582:Aquatic Mammals 5576: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5378:, pp. 7–8. 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5305: 5298: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5248:, pp. 3–4. 5244: 5240: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5130: 5122: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5062: 5058: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5006: 4999: 4990: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4906: 4859: 4852: 4825: 4821: 4776: 4772: 4719: 4715: 4668: 4661: 4606: 4602: 4561:(2): e0240770. 4547: 4543: 4534: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4461: 4453: 4446: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4391:on 9 March 2016 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4325: 4321: 4276:(4900): 60–62. 4262: 4258: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4220: 4216: 4163: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4058:Natural History 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4025: 3980:, particularly 3936:brown fur seals 3881: 3865:Serranilla Bank 3758: 3752: 3680:Pliny the Elder 3672: 3660:Inuit mythology 3612: 3606: 3601: 3599:Human relations 3556: 3480: 3413:, in which the 3395: 3350: 3301:serial monogamy 3285: 3235:predators. The 3206:emperor penguin 3188:suction feeding 3164:invertebrates. 3146:crabeater seals 3087: 3039: 3027:pressure ridges 2971:brackish waters 2958:respectively). 2923: 2910: 2886: 2858:retia mirabilia 2839:oxygen toxicity 2792: 2786: 2706:is hardened by 2659:tapetum lucidum 2597: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2497: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2194:zygomatic bones 2190:Desmatophocidae 2050:Restoration of 2044: 2038: 2030:Antarctic seals 1871:Pinnipedimorpha 1820: 1811: 1802: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1651: 1583: 1530: 1462: 1453: 1345: 1336: 1326: 1279: 1269: 1222: 1198: 1174: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1023: 999: 990: 944: 920: 777: 771: 742: 739: 736: 727: 722: 719: 707: 623:ritual displays 436:, are a widely 396: 392: 327:Desmatophocidae 307: 292:Pinnipediformes 279:Pinnipedimorpha 211: 149: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 80: 79: 68: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16404: 16394: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16357: 16344: 16331: 16318: 16305: 16292: 16279: 16266: 16253: 16238: 16222: 16220: 16214: 16213: 16199: 16198: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16191: 16186: 16180: 16177: 16176: 16166: 16165: 16162: 16161: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16133: 16126: 16119: 16112: 16102: 16095: 16087: 16085: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16075: 16068: 16058: 16048: 16040: 16038: 16032: 16031: 16029: 16028: 16017: 16011: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16001: 15991: 15983: 15981: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15962: 15951: 15945: 15939: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15927: 15917: 15907: 15897: 15887: 15880: 15869: 15867: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15850: 15842: 15840: 15828: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15818: 15808: 15798: 15788: 15778: 15768: 15758: 15748: 15738: 15728: 15718: 15708: 15705:Archaeodobenus 15697: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15652: 15650: 15637: 15636: 15624: 15623: 15620: 15619: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15588: 15585: 15584: 15581: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15565: 15563: 15553: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15534: 15524: 15514: 15507: 15500: 15490: 15483: 15476: 15466: 15455: 15453: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15443: 15433: 15423: 15415: 15413: 15407: 15406: 15404: 15403: 15393: 15385: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15363: 15353: 15343: 15333: 15323: 15313: 15303: 15293: 15282: 15276: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15260: 15250: 15247:Properiptychus 15240: 15230: 15223: 15216: 15209: 15202: 15192: 15182: 15172: 15161: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15142: 15131: 15129: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15119: 15109: 15099: 15089: 15079: 15069: 15059: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15025: 15015: 15004: 15002: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14981: 14975: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14952: 14946: 14941: 14935: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14923: 14913: 14903: 14892: 14886: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14863: 14857: 14852: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14841: 14834: 14827: 14820: 14812: 14810: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14776: 14769: 14762: 14755: 14748: 14740: 14738: 14721: 14720: 14717:Pan-Pinnipedia 14708: 14707: 14705: 14704: 14698: 14692: 14686: 14680: 14674: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14654: 14653: 14646: 14639: 14631: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14598:M. strigidorsa 14593: 14584: 14575: 14566: 14557: 14551:Least weasel ( 14548: 14539: 14530: 14521: 14512: 14503: 14497:Haida ermine ( 14494: 14485: 14481:M. eversmannii 14476: 14467: 14458: 14448: 14446: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14417: 14408: 14399: 14389: 14387: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14353: 14344: 14334: 14332: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14310: 14308: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14296: 14287: 14277: 14275: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14263: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14246: 14236: 14234: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14213: 14209:L. longicaudis 14204: 14198:Marine otter ( 14195: 14185: 14183: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14171: 14161: 14155: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14129: 14120: 14110: 14108: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14079: 14069: 14067: 14056: 14042: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14034: 14025: 14015: 14013: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13993: 13983: 13977: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13945: 13936: 13927: 13918: 13912:Beech marten ( 13909: 13900: 13891: 13881: 13879: 13863: 13862: 13860: 13859: 13849: 13847: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13835: 13825: 13823: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13801: 13795: 13789: 13788: 13786: 13785: 13776: 13767: 13758: 13749: 13740: 13730: 13728: 13712: 13711: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13704: 13695: 13689:Asian badger ( 13686: 13677: 13667: 13665: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13653: 13644: 13635: 13631:A. albogularis 13625: 13623: 13612: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13594: 13588:Honey badger ( 13584: 13582: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13560: 13554: 13549: 13542: 13541: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13509: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13480: 13470: 13468: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13456: 13447: 13437: 13435: 13424: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13397: 13388: 13379: 13369: 13367: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13338: 13329: 13325:P. cancrivorus 13319: 13317: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13293:B. sumichrasti 13288: 13278: 13276: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13254: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13225: 13216: 13207: 13197: 13195: 13179: 13178: 13176: 13175: 13166: 13156: 13154: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13134: 13125: 13119:Hooded skunk ( 13115: 13113: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13101: 13092: 13083: 13074: 13064: 13062: 13043: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13021: 13011: 13009: 12999: 12998: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12962: 12953: 12944: 12938:Weddell seal ( 12935: 12929:Leopard seal ( 12925: 12919: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12901: 12892: 12882: 12880: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12846: 12844: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12822: 12816: 12799: 12785: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12773: 12764: 12755: 12749:Caspian seal ( 12745: 12743: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12722: 12716:Spotted seal ( 12712: 12710: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12689: 12680: 12670: 12664: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12645: 12639:Bearded seal ( 12635: 12629: 12612: 12608:or true seals) 12606:(earless seals 12596: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12579: 12570: 12561: 12552: 12543: 12534: 12525: 12515: 12513: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12474: 12472: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12430: 12420: 12418: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12406: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12370: 12368: 12357: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12318: 12316: 12306: 12305: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12262: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12242: 12240: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12206: 12197: 12188: 12179: 12169: 12167: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12146: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12110: 12108: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12092:A. melanoleuca 12086: 12084: 12073: 12058: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12025: 12016: 12010:Eastern wolf ( 12007: 11998: 11992:African wolf ( 11989: 11980: 11974:Domestic dog ( 11971: 11961: 11959: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11938: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11921: 11912: 11902: 11900: 11889: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11869: 11860: 11854:Sechuran fox ( 11851: 11847:L. gymnocercus 11842: 11833: 11827:Darwin's fox ( 11824: 11814: 11812: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11791: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11764: 11762: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11740: 11734: 11719: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11690: 11681: 11672: 11663: 11654: 11645: 11636: 11627: 11618: 11609: 11600: 11596:V. bengalensis 11590: 11588: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11557: 11547: 11545: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11523: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11498: 11488: 11486: 11475: 11465: 11458: 11457: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11409: 11400: 11391: 11382: 11372: 11370: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11349: 11340: 11336:B. crassicauda 11330: 11328: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11307: 11298: 11289: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11263: 11254: 11245: 11236: 11227: 11218: 11209: 11200: 11190: 11188: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11167: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11128: 11119: 11110: 11100: 11098: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11053: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10986: 10976: 10974: 10963: 10954: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10915: 10905: 10903: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10870:G. grandidieri 10865: 10855: 10853: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10802: 10792: 10790: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10769: 10759: 10753: 10744: 10727: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10688: 10686: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10665: 10655: 10649: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10610: 10590: 10589: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10553: 10551: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10512: 10503: 10494: 10485: 10476: 10467: 10458: 10449: 10440: 10434:Letaba genet ( 10431: 10422: 10416:Common genet ( 10413: 10404: 10395: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10304: 10295: 10286: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10244: 10234: 10228: 10213: 10201: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10182:P. zeylonensis 10177: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10140:Paguma larvata 10135: 10126: 10117: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10082: 10073: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10043: 10038: 10031: 10030: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9994: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9953: 9944: 9935: 9926: 9917: 9911:Domestic cat ( 9908: 9898: 9896: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9871: 9867:P. rubiginosus 9862: 9853: 9844: 9840:P. bengalensis 9834: 9832: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9814:Pallas's cat ( 9810: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9737: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9707: 9701:Iberian lynx ( 9698: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9656: 9647: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9611: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9565: 9555: 9553: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9531: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9455: 9446: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9412: 9403: 9394: 9385: 9379:Snow leopard ( 9375: 9373: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9329: 9316: 9306: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9286: 9276: 9274: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9232: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9192:Laurasiatheria 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9112: 9102:on 5 July 2019 9092: 9080: 9070: 9069:External links 9067: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9042: 9036: 9019: 9013: 9000: 8994: 8981: 8975: 8967:Marine Mammals 8962: 8956: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8910: 8880: 8853: 8818:(1): 243–261. 8798: 8771: 8748: 8693: 8640: 8581: 8540: 8491: 8489:, p. 161. 8479: 8452: 8441:. IUCN. 2013.1 8426: 8406:on 5 June 2011 8387: 8374: 8343: 8316: 8304: 8281: 8274: 8254: 8252:, p. 112. 8239: 8237:, p. 115. 8222: 8204: 8178: 8167:on 7 July 2004 8147: 8119: 8079: 8075:Dickenson 2016 8067: 8060: 8039: 8010: 8006:Dickenson 2016 7998: 7971: 7967:Dickenson 2016 7959: 7957:, p. 331. 7947: 7898: 7871:(4): 412–427. 7851: 7798: 7787:on 13 May 2013 7729: 7717: 7673: 7656: 7654:, p. 327. 7644: 7626:(2): 207–220. 7603: 7591: 7534: 7515:(1–2): 44–60. 7499: 7492: 7467: 7465:, p. 290. 7455: 7442:(5): 612–616. 7419: 7412: 7394: 7382: 7369: 7357: 7314: 7302: 7300:, p. 265. 7290: 7288:, p. 222. 7278: 7276:, p. 245. 7266: 7249: 7247:, p. 224. 7237: 7225: 7213: 7211:, p. 215. 7201: 7182:(3): 670–687. 7166: 7147:(Fabricius)". 7135: 7114:10.1086/283163 7092: 7080: 7078:, p. 196. 7068: 7041: 6994: 6963:Phoca vitulina 6951: 6939: 6937:, p. 186. 6927: 6905: 6892: 6888:MacDonald 2001 6879: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6808: 6790: 6778: 6776:, p. 212. 6763: 6744:(3): 414–416. 6728: 6726:, p. 138. 6716: 6714:, p. 218. 6704: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 155. 6648: 6646:, p. 153. 6636: 6634:, p. 162. 6624: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6516: 6504: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6407:MacDonald 2001 6389: 6340: 6311:(2): 163–166. 6288: 6286:, p. 220. 6276: 6264: 6252: 6250:, p. 241. 6240: 6233: 6197: 6151: 6149:, p. 245. 6139: 6127: 6112: 6100: 6093: 6075: 6013: 5986:(6): 521–531. 5970: 5929: 5886: 5875:(4): 663–678. 5859: 5807: 5778:(4): 2256–64. 5758: 5746: 5697: 5654: 5642: 5630: 5587: 5569: 5556: 5541: 5529: 5480: 5478:, pp. 67. 5465: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5415:(3): 341–364. 5392: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5296: 5275:(1): 117–135. 5250: 5238: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5167:, p. 317. 5157: 5145: 5128: 5111: 5099: 5056: 5012: 4997: 4975: 4963: 4961:, p. 165. 4951: 4944: 4926: 4904: 4850: 4839:(1): 211–235. 4819: 4770: 4713: 4659: 4600: 4541: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4459: 4444: 4402: 4376: 4354: 4319: 4256: 4239: 4232: 4214: 4142: 4117: 4110: 4090: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4049: 4037: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4013:Bonneville Dam 3994:South Atlantic 3912: 3911: 3904: 3880: 3877: 3845:turtle hunters 3754:Main article: 3751: 3748: 3692:Francis Galton 3684:Georges Cuvier 3671: 3668: 3638:, the sea god 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3555: 3552: 3479: 3476: 3394: 3391: 3284: 3281: 3086: 3083: 3038: 3035: 2939:Southern Ocean 2922: 2919: 2909: 2906: 2885: 2882: 2874:blood pressure 2785: 2782: 2720:lacrimal gland 2688:snow blindness 2675:brown fur seal 2638:dilator muscle 2596: 2593: 2549:muscle bundles 2520: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2361:mammary glands 2344: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2214:Archaeodobenus 2037: 2034: 1984:elephant seals 1830: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557:Brown fur seal 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187:Crabeater seal 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 991: 987: 986: 983: 982: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 960: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 941: 940: 937: 936: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 917: 916: 913: 912: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 890: 885: 883: 878: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 857: 855: 851: 850: 847: 846: 839: 834: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 817: 812: 810: 802: 800: 792: 790: 782: 770: 767: 757:Proto-Germanic 706: 703: 699:climate change 681:are ranked as 638:, notably the 556:tactile system 458:marine mammals 384: 383: 379: 378: 370: 369: 368: 367: 366: 365: 353: 352: 351: 344: 329: 320: 319: 315: 314: 302: 295: 294: 289: 282: 281: 276: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 205: 204: 160: 159: 151: 150: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 69: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16403: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16371: 16354: 16349: 16345: 16341: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16323: 16319: 16315: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16297: 16293: 16289: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16271: 16267: 16263: 16258: 16254: 16249: 16243: 16239: 16234: 16228: 16224: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16206: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16178: 16171: 16167: 16158: 16132: 16131: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16120: 16118: 16117: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16101: 16100: 16096: 16094: 16093: 16092:Arctocephalus 16089: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16080: 16074: 16073: 16069: 16067: 16066: 16059: 16057: 16056: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16042: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16033: 16027: 16026: 16019: 16018: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16006: 16000: 15999: 15992: 15990: 15989: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15967: 15961: 15960: 15953: 15952: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15926: 15925: 15918: 15916: 15915: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15898: 15896: 15895: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15881: 15879: 15878: 15871: 15870: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15856: 15855: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15839: 15838:Dusignathinae 15832: 15829: 15827: 15823: 15817: 15816: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15799: 15797: 15796: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15785:Proneotherium 15779: 15777: 15776: 15769: 15767: 15766: 15759: 15757: 15756: 15749: 15747: 15746: 15739: 15737: 15736: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15719: 15717: 15716: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15686: 15680: 15679: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15668: 15666: 15665: 15661: 15659: 15658: 15654: 15653: 15651: 15649: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15629: 15625: 15616: 15612: 15610: 15603: 15569: 15568: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15562: 15558: 15554: 15540: 15539: 15535: 15533: 15532: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15515: 15513: 15512: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15491: 15489: 15488: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15452: 15448: 15442: 15441: 15434: 15432: 15431: 15424: 15422: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15412: 15408: 15402: 15401: 15394: 15392: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15372: 15371: 15370:Sarmatonectes 15364: 15362: 15361: 15354: 15352: 15351: 15344: 15342: 15341: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15314: 15312: 15311: 15304: 15302: 15301: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15284: 15283: 15280: 15277: 15274: 15269: 15259: 15258: 15257:Virginiaphoca 15251: 15249: 15248: 15241: 15239: 15238: 15231: 15229: 15228: 15224: 15222: 15221: 15217: 15215: 15214: 15213:Leptonychotes 15210: 15208: 15207: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15193: 15191: 15190: 15183: 15181: 15180: 15179:Australophoca 15173: 15171: 15170: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15147: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15117: 15110: 15108: 15107: 15100: 15098: 15097: 15090: 15088: 15087: 15080: 15078: 15077: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15060: 15058: 15057: 15050: 15048: 15047: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15026: 15024: 15023: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15006: 15005: 15003: 15001: 14997: 14991: 14990: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14976: 14973: 14968: 14962: 14961: 14954: 14953: 14950: 14947: 14944: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14928: 14922: 14921: 14914: 14912: 14911: 14910:Pinnarctidion 14904: 14902: 14901: 14900:Pacificotaria 14894: 14893: 14890: 14887: 14884: 14879: 14873: 14872: 14865: 14864: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14850: 14840: 14839: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14824:Potamotherium 14821: 14819: 14818: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14802: 14796: 14795: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14784: 14782: 14781: 14777: 14775: 14774: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14763: 14761: 14760: 14756: 14754: 14753: 14749: 14747: 14746: 14742: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14713: 14709: 14703: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14691: 14687: 14685: 14681: 14679: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14668: 14665: 14660: 14652: 14647: 14645: 14640: 14638: 14633: 14632: 14629: 14601: 14599: 14594: 14592: 14590: 14585: 14583: 14581: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14567: 14565: 14563: 14558: 14556: 14554: 14549: 14547: 14545: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14535:M. lutreolina 14531: 14529: 14527: 14522: 14520: 14518: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14504: 14502: 14500: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14486: 14484: 14482: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14459: 14457: 14455: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14437: 14436: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14418: 14416: 14414: 14409: 14407: 14405: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14371: 14361: 14359: 14354: 14352: 14350: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14336: 14335: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14325: 14319: 14317: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14306: 14301: 14295: 14293: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14245: 14243: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14219: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14196: 14194: 14192: 14191:L. canadensis 14187: 14186: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14168: 14165:Giant otter ( 14163: 14162: 14159: 14156: 14146: 14142: 14128: 14126: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14101: 14095: 14093: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14078: 14076: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14065: 14060: 14057: 14047: 14043: 14033: 14031: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14004: 14003: 13998: 13992: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13953: 13951: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13937: 13935: 13933: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13923:M. gwatkinsii 13919: 13917: 13915: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13901: 13899: 13897: 13892: 13890: 13888: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13858: 13856: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13834: 13832: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13821: 13816: 13810: 13808: 13803: 13802: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13790: 13784: 13782: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13768: 13766: 13764: 13763:M. orientalis 13759: 13757: 13755: 13750: 13748: 13746: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13703: 13701: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13687: 13685: 13683: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13650: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13636: 13634: 13632: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13621: 13616: 13613: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13591: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13569: 13567: 13566:Taxidea taxus 13562: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13552: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13534: 13530: 13513: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13488: 13486: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13476:N. meridensis 13472: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13433: 13428: 13425: 13415: 13411: 13405: 13403: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13380: 13378: 13376: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13346: 13344: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13280: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13269: 13263: 13261: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13233: 13231: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13174: 13172: 13167: 13165: 13163: 13162:M. javanensis 13158: 13157: 13155: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13133: 13131: 13126: 13124: 13122: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13100: 13098: 13093: 13091: 13089: 13088:C. leuconotus 13084: 13082: 13080: 13079:C. humboldtii 13075: 13073: 13071: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13044: 13038: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13018: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12991: 12987: 12961: 12959: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12936: 12934: 12932: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12920: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12898: 12893: 12891: 12889: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12871: 12870: 12865: 12855: 12853: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12831: 12829: 12824: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12790: 12786: 12772: 12770: 12767:Baikal seal ( 12765: 12763: 12761: 12758:Ringed seal ( 12756: 12754: 12752: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12730: 12728: 12725:Harbor seal ( 12723: 12721: 12719: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12708: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12683:Ribbon seal ( 12681: 12679: 12677: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12648:Hooded seal ( 12646: 12644: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12620: 12616: 12613: 12601: 12597: 12587: 12585: 12584:A. tropicalis 12580: 12578: 12576: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12510:Arctocephalus 12506: 12500: 12498: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12483: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12459: 12457: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12438: 12436: 12435:Z. wollebaeki 12431: 12429: 12427: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12405: 12403: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12377: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12358: 12352: 12347: 12343:(eared seals: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12295: 12291: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12232: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12205: 12203: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12184:U. thibetanus 12180: 12178: 12176: 12175:U. americanus 12171: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12138: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12125: 12119: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12095: 12093: 12090:Giant panda ( 12088: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12074: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12051: 12033: 12031: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12008: 12006: 12004: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11976:C. familiaris 11972: 11970: 11968: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11934:Lycaon pictus 11930: 11929: 11926: 11920: 11918: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11868: 11866: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11749: 11747: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11712: 11708: 11698: 11696: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11630:Tibetan fox ( 11628: 11626: 11624: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11584: 11577: 11576: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11562:N. viverrinus 11558: 11556: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11532: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11506: 11504: 11503:U. littoralis 11499: 11497: 11495: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11476: 11468: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11447: 11443: 11417: 11415: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11378:H. flavescens 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11357: 11355: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11315: 11313: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11268:U. vitticolla 11264: 11262: 11260: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11175: 11173: 11172:Xenogale naso 11168: 11166: 11164: 11159: 11158: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11134: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11085: 11083: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11002: 11000: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10985: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10946: 10945:sensu stricto 10941: 10937: 10923: 10921: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10890: 10888: 10883: 10882: 10879: 10873: 10871: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10774:Fossa fossana 10770: 10768: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10697: 10695: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10668:Brown hyena ( 10666: 10664: 10662: 10661:Hyaena hyaena 10657: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10632: 10630: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10611: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10582: 10578: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10520: 10518: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10488:Hausa genet ( 10486: 10484: 10482: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10391:G. angolensis 10387: 10385: 10383: 10382:G. abyssinica 10378: 10377: 10375: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10355: 10353: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10291:V. tangalunga 10287: 10285: 10283: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10225:sensu stricto 10221: 10217: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10143: 10141: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10099:Paradoxurinae 10096: 10090: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10067:Otter civet ( 10065: 10063: 10061: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10019: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9961: 9959: 9958:F. silvestris 9954: 9952: 9950: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9876:P. viverrinus 9874:Fishing cat ( 9872: 9870: 9868: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9849:P. javanensis 9845: 9843: 9841: 9838:Leopard cat ( 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9748: 9746: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9685:L. canadensis 9683:Canada lynx ( 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9664: 9662: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9507:C. temminckii 9503: 9501: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9472:Marbled cat ( 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9456: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9442:sensu stricto 9439: 9434: 9420: 9418: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9309: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9291:P. pardicolor 9287: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9156: 9148: 9143: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9117: 9113: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9062: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8997: 8995:9781780235561 8991: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8968: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8943: 8931: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8760:. the Log.com 8759: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8456: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8405: 8401: 8399: 8391: 8384: 8378: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8123: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8044: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 8002: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7969:, p. 87. 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7811: 7802: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7756:(4): 823–39. 7755: 7751: 7744: 7742: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7653: 7648: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7495: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7472: 7464: 7459: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7424: 7415: 7413:9789401131001 7409: 7405: 7398: 7392:, p. 78. 7391: 7386: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7330:(3): 203–13. 7329: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7235:, p. 76. 7234: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7057:(3): 541–49. 7056: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6902: 6896: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6843: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6514:, p. 99. 6513: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6467:(1): 98–108. 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6445:, p. 96. 6444: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6421:, p. 61. 6420: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6285: 6280: 6274:, p. 65. 6273: 6268: 6262:, p. 14. 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6170:(2): 152–68. 6169: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6143: 6137:, p. 69. 6136: 6131: 6125:, p. 25. 6124: 6119: 6117: 6110:, p. 42. 6109: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6036:(7): e69872. 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5756:, p. 40. 5755: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5717:(1): 106–09. 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5652:, p. 39. 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5560: 5554:, p. 46. 5553: 5548: 5546: 5539:, p. 45. 5538: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5500:(6): 701–15. 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5463:, p. 43. 5462: 5457: 5455: 5448:, p. 12. 5447: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5390:, p. 11. 5389: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5366:, p. 63. 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5327: 5322: 5319:(6): 628–41. 5318: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5217:(4): 667–74. 5216: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5191:, pp. 5. 5190: 5185: 5179:, p. 31. 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5143:, p. 62. 5142: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5126:, p. 16. 5125: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5029:Mammal Review 5023: 5016: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4620:(4): e35395. 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4457:, p. 64. 4456: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335:(3): 863–74. 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990:South Georgia 3987: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928:Seine netting 3925: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3623:Linden Museum 3620: 3616: 3611: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581:vocal mimicry 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:sign language 3566: 3561: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3478:Communication 3475: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3443:Alloparenting 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321:site fidelity 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297:mating system 3289: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223:but also the 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169:cooperatively 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2931:Arctic Circle 2927: 2918: 2916: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:blood volumes 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815:smooth muscle 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2778:spotted seals 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694:as they lack 2693: 2689: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636:has a strong 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2506: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:countershaded 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2330: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2280:Proneotherium 2277:of Japan and 2276: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2123:Potamotherium 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Potamotherium 2108: 2104: 2103: 2102:Potamotherium 2098: 2097:early Miocene 2094: 2093: 2088: 2085:) during the 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1972:Arctocephalus 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 994: 993: 985: 984: 981: 980: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 959: 958: 952: 951: 948: 947: 939: 938: 935: 934: 928: 927: 924: 923: 915: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 889: 888: 882: 881: 875: 874: 868: 867: 861: 860: 853: 852: 849: 848: 845: 844: 838: 837: 831: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 816: 815: 809: 806: 805: 799: 796: 795: 789: 786: 785: 781: 780: 776: 766: 763: 758: 753: 748: 734: 725: 717: 712: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 652:Weddell seals 649: 645: 641: 637: 636:vocalizations 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507:of the order 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 429: 390: 380: 376: 371: 363: 359: 358: 357: 354: 349: 345: 342: 338: 337: 336: 335: 330: 328: 324: 323: 321: 316: 311: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 157: 152: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 77: 73: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 18:Seal (animal) 16391:Seal hunting 16217: 16128: 16121: 16114: 16107: 16097: 16090: 16070: 16065:Proterozetes 16063: 16055:Oriensarctos 16053: 16043: 16025:Thalassoleon 16023: 15998:Pithanotaria 15996: 15986: 15957: 15943:Panotariidae 15922: 15914:Protodobenus 15912: 15902: 15892: 15882: 15875: 15852: 15845: 15813: 15803: 15793: 15783: 15773: 15765:Pelagiarctos 15763: 15753: 15743: 15733: 15723: 15713: 15703: 15676: 15671:Desmatophoca 15669: 15662: 15655: 15606: 15536: 15529: 15519: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15487:Histriophoca 15485: 15478: 15471: 15461: 15438: 15428: 15418: 15411:Cystophorini 15398: 15388: 15368: 15358: 15348: 15338: 15328: 15318: 15308: 15298: 15288: 15255: 15245: 15235: 15225: 15218: 15211: 15204: 15197: 15187: 15177: 15167: 15144: 15137: 15114: 15104: 15094: 15084: 15076:Palmidophoca 15074: 15064: 15054: 15044: 15037: 15030: 15020: 15010: 14989:Magnotherium 14987: 14958: 14931: 14920:Pteronarctos 14918: 14908: 14898: 14869: 14836: 14829: 14822: 14815: 14808:Semantoridae 14792: 14785: 14780:Pachycynodon 14778: 14771: 14764: 14759:Amphicynodon 14757: 14752:Amphicticeps 14750: 14743: 14700:Infraorder: 14658: 14597: 14588: 14579: 14570: 14561: 14552: 14543: 14534: 14525: 14516: 14507: 14498: 14489: 14480: 14471: 14462: 14453: 14433: 14421: 14412: 14403: 14394: 14382: 14357: 14348: 14339: 14327: 14315: 14303: 14292:L. sumatrana 14291: 14282: 14270: 14258: 14241: 14229: 14217: 14208: 14199: 14190: 14178: 14166: 14124: 14115: 14103: 14091: 14075:V. peregusna 14074: 14062: 14029: 14020: 14000: 13988: 13975:Lyncodontini 13966:Ictonychinae 13950:M. zibellina 13949: 13940: 13931: 13922: 13913: 13905:M. flavigula 13904: 13895: 13887:M. americana 13886: 13866: 13854: 13842: 13830: 13818: 13807:Eira barbara 13806: 13780: 13772:M. personata 13771: 13762: 13753: 13744: 13735: 13715: 13699: 13690: 13682:M. canescens 13681: 13672: 13660: 13648: 13639: 13630: 13618: 13589: 13577: 13565: 13484: 13475: 13463: 13451: 13442: 13430: 13401: 13392: 13383: 13374: 13354: 13342: 13333: 13324: 13304: 13292: 13291:Cacomistle ( 13283: 13271: 13260:Potos flavus 13259: 13229: 13220: 13211: 13202: 13182: 13170: 13161: 13141: 13129: 13120: 13108: 13096: 13087: 13078: 13069: 13049: 13016: 12957: 12948: 12939: 12930: 12896: 12887: 12867: 12851: 12839: 12827: 12812:(monk seals) 12768: 12759: 12750: 12738: 12726: 12717: 12705: 12693: 12684: 12675: 12649: 12640: 12583: 12575:A. townsendi 12574: 12565: 12557:A. philippii 12556: 12547: 12538: 12529: 12521:A. australis 12520: 12508: 12496: 12479: 12467: 12455: 12434: 12425: 12413: 12401: 12375: 12363: 12323: 12298: 12230: 12202:U. maritimus 12201: 12200:Polar bear ( 12192: 12191:Brown bear ( 12183: 12174: 12162: 12150: 12141: 12140:Sloth bear ( 12115: 12103: 12091: 12079: 12029: 12020: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11984: 11975: 11966: 11954: 11943:Cuon alpinus 11942: 11933: 11917:L. mesomelas 11916: 11907: 11895: 11864: 11855: 11846: 11845:Pampas fox ( 11837: 11828: 11819: 11807: 11795: 11786: 11770:S. venaticus 11769: 11757: 11745: 11744:Maned wolf ( 11726:Cerdocyonina 11694: 11693:Fennec fox ( 11685: 11676: 11668:V. rueppelli 11667: 11658: 11649: 11640: 11639:Arctic fox ( 11632:V. ferrilata 11631: 11622: 11621:Corsac fox ( 11613: 11604: 11595: 11594:Bengal fox ( 11573: 11561: 11552: 11540: 11528: 11502: 11501:Island fox ( 11493: 11481: 11414:H. sanguinea 11413: 11404: 11395: 11387:H. ichneumon 11386: 11377: 11365: 11353: 11344: 11335: 11323: 11311: 11302: 11293: 11284: 11267: 11258: 11249: 11240: 11231: 11222: 11214:U. edwardsii 11213: 11205:U. brachyura 11204: 11195: 11183: 11171: 11162: 11132: 11123: 11114: 11106:C. alexandri 11105: 11093: 11081: 11072: 11060: 11048: 11031: 11023:M. gambianus 11022: 11010: 10998: 10982:S. suricatta 10981: 10969: 10944: 10919: 10910: 10898: 10886: 10869: 10860: 10848: 10836: 10806: 10797: 10785: 10773: 10764: 10741:carnivorans) 10722: 10693: 10681: 10669: 10660: 10628: 10616: 10586:Herpestoidea 10549:Herpestoidea 10516: 10508:G. victoriae 10507: 10498: 10497:Cape genet ( 10489: 10481:G. servalina 10480: 10471: 10470:King genet ( 10463:G. piscivora 10462: 10453: 10444: 10435: 10427:G. johnstoni 10426: 10417: 10408: 10399: 10390: 10381: 10363: 10352:P. leightoni 10351: 10342: 10324: 10299: 10290: 10282:V. megaspila 10281: 10273:V. civettina 10272: 10260: 10248: 10239: 10224: 10208: 10181: 10172: 10163: 10151: 10139: 10130: 10121: 10112: 10086: 10077: 10068: 10059: 9957: 9948: 9940:F. margarita 9939: 9930: 9921: 9920:Jungle cat ( 9912: 9903: 9891: 9875: 9866: 9858:P. planiceps 9857: 9848: 9839: 9829:Prionailurus 9827: 9815: 9785: 9773: 9761: 9760:Jaguarundi ( 9744: 9732: 9711: 9702: 9693: 9684: 9672: 9660: 9651: 9642: 9633: 9624: 9615: 9607:L. geoffroyi 9606: 9597: 9596:Pampas cat ( 9585: 9569: 9560: 9548: 9536: 9506: 9497: 9485: 9474:P. marmorata 9473: 9461: 9441: 9416: 9407: 9398: 9389: 9380: 9368: 9356: 9347: 9335: 9290: 9281: 9264: 9237: 9190:Superorder: 9184:Infraclass: 9104:. 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Retrieved 7984: 7974: 7962: 7955:Riedman 1990 7950: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7842:. Retrieved 7835:the original 7825:(1): 78–91. 7822: 7818: 7809: 7801: 7789:. Retrieved 7782:the original 7753: 7749: 7740: 7732: 7725:Riedman 1990 7720: 7693: 7689: 7676: 7664: 7659: 7652:Riedman 1990 7647: 7636:the original 7623: 7619: 7606: 7599:Riedman 1990 7594: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7479: 7463:Riedman 1990 7458: 7439: 7435: 7403: 7397: 7385: 7372: 7360: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7305: 7298:Riedman 1990 7293: 7286:Riedman 1990 7281: 7274:Riedman 1990 7269: 7245:Riedman 1990 7240: 7228: 7216: 7209:Riedman 1990 7204: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7088:Riedman 1990 7083: 7076:Riedman 1990 7071: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6954: 6947:Riedman 1990 6942: 6935:Riedman 1990 6930: 6895: 6882: 6847:Riedman 1990 6842: 6835:Riedman 1990 6830: 6823:Riedman 1990 6818: 6799: 6793: 6786:Riedman 1990 6781: 6774:Riedman 1990 6741: 6737: 6731: 6724:Riedman 1990 6719: 6712:Riedman 1990 6707: 6680:Riedman 1990 6675: 6668:Riedman 1990 6663: 6656:Riedman 1990 6651: 6644:Riedman 1990 6639: 6632:Riedman 1990 6627: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6585:Riedman 1990 6580: 6573:Riedman 1990 6568: 6556: 6549:Riedman 1990 6544: 6537:Riedman 1990 6532: 6519: 6512:Riedman 1990 6507: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6443:Riedman 1990 6438: 6431:Riedman 1990 6426: 6419:Riedman 1990 6414: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6308: 6304: 6279: 6267: 6260:Riedman 1990 6255: 6243: 6212: 6167: 6163: 6142: 6130: 6123:Riedman 1990 6108:Riedman 1990 6103: 6084: 6078: 6033: 6029: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5827: 5823: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5754:Riedman 1990 5749: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5650:Riedman 1990 5645: 5638:Riedman 1990 5633: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5559: 5552:Riedman 1990 5537:Riedman 1990 5532: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5461:Riedman 1990 5446:Riedman 1990 5441: 5434:Riedman 1990 5429: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5388:Riedman 1990 5383: 5376:Riedman 1990 5371: 5359: 5354:, p. 7. 5352:Riedman 1990 5347: 5335: 5316: 5312: 5272: 5266: 5253: 5246:Riedman 1990 5241: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5189:Riedman 1990 5184: 5177:Riedman 1990 5172: 5160: 5153:Riedman 1990 5148: 5124:Riedman 1990 5107:Riedman 1990 5102: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5035:(2): 88–93. 5032: 5028: 5015: 4971:Riedman 1990 4966: 4954: 4935: 4929: 4870: 4866: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4675: 4671: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4517:Riedman 1990 4512: 4505:Riedman 1990 4500: 4455:Riedman 1990 4422: 4418: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4389:the original 4379: 4367:. Retrieved 4357: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4249: 4242: 4223: 4217: 4174: 4170: 4133:. Retrieved 4129: 4120: 4100: 4093: 4083: 4076: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4002: 3986:growth rates 3975: 3916:fishing nets 3913: 3890: 3834: 3826: 3806: 3803:skinned coat 3771: 3756:Seal hunting 3736:Persian Gulf 3721: 3709: 3704:Kobe Oji Zoo 3682:. Zoologist 3676:Ancient Rome 3673: 3670:In captivity 3654:believed in 3633: 3627: 3593: 3573:semantically 3557: 3554:Intelligence 3548: 3536:contact call 3521: 3489: 3468: 3459: 3432: 3404: 3383: 3363: 3337: 3325:hooded seals 3313:breed on ice 3310: 3294: 3268: 3264: 3245:brown hyenas 3210: 3202:Leopard seal 3180:leopard seal 3177: 3166: 3150:ringed seals 3103: 3078:Weddell seal 3075: 3051: 2997:, sandy and 2995:rocky shores 2960: 2936: 2911: 2895: 2851: 2804: 2799:Weddell seal 2766: 2750: 2728: 2692:color vision 2683:near-sighted 2680: 2657: 2650:harbor seals 2646:bearded seal 2606: 2576: 2561: 2553:laminar flow 2530: 2466: 2414: 2370: 2358: 2345:Skeleton of 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2252:Thalassoleon 2250: 2246:Pithanotaria 2244: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2212: 2196:and rounded 2186:orbital wall 2181: 2169:Pteronarctos 2167: 2159: 2155: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2075:monophyletic 2056: 2051: 2016:, puffed up 2004: 1996:epipterygoid 1977: 1970: 1914:frontal bone 1907: 1879:sister group 1874: 1859: 1833: 1788: 1706: 1691: 1669: 1638: 1623: 1601: 1570: 1555: 1517: 1502: 1480: 1440: 1425: 1403: 1374: 1313: 1298: 1256: 1241: 1209: 1185: 1163:Leopard seal 1161: 1148:Weddell seal 1146: 1122:Lobodontini 1056: 1041: 1010: 977: 964:Spotted seal 962: 933:Caspian seal 931: 907: 892: 841: 821:Bearded seal 819: 787: 708: 656: 595:leopard seal 568: 533: 440:and diverse 433: 391:(pronounced 388: 387: 355: 332:Superfamily 331: 304: 298: 285: 272: 200: 192: 184: 176: 168: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 16283:iNaturalist 16242:Wikispecies 15988:Callorhinus 15979:Callorhinae 15854:Gomphotaria 15847:Dusignathus 15815:Titanotaria 15805:Pseudotaria 15735:Nanodobenus 15480:Halichoerus 15381:Erignathini 15340:Monotherium 15330:Monachopsis 15290:Cryptophoca 15227:Ommatophoca 15157:Lobodontini 15116:Terranectes 15106:Pristiphoca 15046:Neomonachus 15022:Auroraphoca 14960:Devinophoca 14871:Enaliarctos 14589:M. sibirica 14571:M. putorius 14544:M. nigripes 14526:M. lutreola 14499:M. haidarum 14395:N. africana 14358:A. congicus 14349:A. cinereus 14340:A. capensis 14240:Sea otter ( 14218:L. provocax 14125:I. striatus 14046:Ictonychini 13941:M. melampus 13853:Wolverine ( 13831:P. pennanti 13754:M. moschata 13745:M. everetti 13691:M. leucurus 13649:A. hoevenii 13640:A. collaris 13590:M. capensis 13485:N. olivacea 13400:Olinguito ( 13356:Bassaricyon 13343:P. pygmaeus 13273:Bassariscus 13246:Procyonidae 13221:S. putorius 13212:S. gracilis 13130:M. mephitis 13121:M. macroura 13015:Red panda ( 12995:Musteloidea 12956:Ross seal ( 12909:Lobodontini 12841:Neomonachus 12769:P. sibirica 12727:P. vitulina 12692:Grey seal ( 12674:Harp seal ( 12566:A. pusillus 12530:A. forsteri 12365:Callorhinus 12299:Pinnipedia 12258:Musteloidea 12030:C. simensis 11994:C. lupaster 11863:Hoary fox ( 11856:L. sechurae 11829:L. fulvipes 11820:L. culpaeus 11716:(true dogs) 11675:Swift fox ( 11650:V. macrotis 11542:Nyctereutes 11451:Caniformia 11396:H. ochracea 11354:B. nigripes 11345:B. jacksoni 11232:U. javanica 11149:Herpestinae 11124:C. obscurus 11115:C. ansorgei 11095:Crossarchus 10951:(mongooses) 10940:Herpestidae 10920:S. durrelli 10911:S. concolor 10861:G. fasciata 10798:E. goudotii 10719:Herpestidae 10629:P. cristata 10490:G. thierryi 10445:G. maculata 10409:G. cristata 10400:G. bourloni 10153:Paradoxurus 10111:Binturong ( 10050:Hemigalinae 10027:Viverroidea 9990:Viverroidea 9949:F. nigripes 9801:Leopard cat 9786:P. concolor 9703:L. pardinus 9652:L. tigrinus 9643:L. pardalis 9634:L. jacobita 9625:L. guttulus 9598:L. colocola 9357:N. nebulosa 9327:Pantherinae 9207:Feliformia 8297:9 September 7987:(13): 94–98 7844:11 November 7696:: 267–291. 7014:(1): 1–26. 5050:10261/94542 4867:BMC Biology 4009:salmon runs 4000:anomalies. 3924:Gillnetting 3801:Ringed seal 3732:naval mines 3706:Kobe, Japan 3365:Lek systems 3344:territories 3225:tiger shark 3130:endothermic 3126:zooplankton 3118:crustaceans 3114:cephalopods 3106:carnivorous 3007:tidal flats 2956:Lake Baikal 2952:Caspian Sea 2943:Indomalayan 2847:lactic acid 2831:bronchioles 2618:equidistant 2568:sea turtles 2522:Harbor seal 2456:, known as 2422:guard hairs 2394:proboscises 2373:Baikal seal 2366:carnassials 2313:Pleistocene 2298:Dusignathus 2286:Gomphotaria 2257:Callorhinus 2226:Monotherium 2182:Pteroarctos 2156:Enaliarctos 2140:Enaliarctos 2134:Enaliarctos 2071:Musteloidea 2007:ankle bones 2000:calcaneuses 1990:, known as 1918:nasal bones 1875:Enaliarctos 1231:Miroungini 1043:Ribbon seal 979:Harbor seal 909:Baikal seal 894:Ringed seal 843:Hooded seal 747:Old English 619:territories 571:come ashore 536:Baikal seal 454:semiaquatic 446:carnivorous 438:distributed 16370:Categories 16248:Pinnipedia 16218:Pinnipedia 16130:Phocarctos 16109:Hydrarctos 16099:Arctophoca 16045:Eumetopias 15924:Valenictus 15865:Odobeninae 15826:Neodobenia 15795:Prototaria 15755:Osodobenus 15745:Neotherium 15715:Imagotaria 15689:Odobenidae 15664:Atopotarus 15657:Allodesmus 15633:Otarioidea 15570:see below↓ 15561:Otarioidea 15504:Pagophilus 15463:Batavipusa 15440:Pachyphoca 15420:Cystophora 15400:Platyphoca 15390:Erignathus 15350:Phocanella 15320:Leptophoca 15300:Frisiphoca 15237:Piscophoca 15189:Hadrokirus 15139:Callophoca 15127:Miroungini 15096:Pontophoca 15056:Eomonachus 15032:Messiphoca 14972:Monachinae 14932:Pinnipedia 14817:Necromites 14773:Kolponomos 14696:Caniformia 14694:Suborder: 14657:Genera of 14562:M. nudipes 14553:M. nivalis 14517:M. kathiah 14472:M. erminea 14463:M. altaica 14413:N. frenata 14404:N. felipei 14374:Mustelinae 14116:I. libycus 14030:G. vittata 13896:M. caurina 13673:M. anakuma 13551:Mustelidae 13538:Mustelidae 13514:see below↓ 13505:Mustelidae 13402:B. neblina 13313:(raccoons) 13284:B. astutus 13282:Ringtail ( 13258:Kinkajou ( 13230:S. pygmaea 13171:M. marchei 13029:Mephitidae 12897:M. leonina 12789:Monachinae 12760:P. hispida 12751:P. caspica 12548:A. gazella 12480:N. cinerea 12376:C. ursinus 12314:Odobenidae 12267:see below↓ 12247:see below↓ 12231:Pinnipedia 12149:Sun bear ( 12116:T. ornatus 12105:Tremarctos 12081:Ailuropoda 12019:Red wolf ( 11985:C. latrans 11908:L. adustus 11865:L. vetulus 11838:L. griseus 11768:Bush dog ( 11659:V. pallida 11657:Pale fox ( 11641:V. lagopus 11612:Cape fox ( 11492:Gray fox ( 11250:U. smithii 11082:H. parvula 11073:H. hirtula 10961:Mungotinae 10850:Galidictis 10823:Galidiinae 10751:Euplerinae 10734:Eupleridae 10723:sensu lato 10694:C. crocuta 10627:Aardwolf ( 10558:see below↓ 10499:G. tigrina 10472:G. poensis 10454:G. pardina 10436:G. letabae 10418:G. genetta 10316:Genettinae 10300:V. zibetha 10220:Viverrinae 10209:sensu lato 10204:Viverrinae 10173:P. jerdoni 10040:Viverridae 9999:see below↓ 9938:Sand cat ( 9745:A. jubatus 9570:C. caracal 9463:Pardofelis 9282:P. linsang 9223:Feliformia 8487:Berta 2012 7991:30 October 7390:Berta 2012 7365:Berta 2012 7310:Berta 2012 7262:Berta 2012 7233:Berta 2012 7221:Berta 2012 6975:: 119–30. 6561:Berta 2012 6272:Berta 2012 6135:Berta 2012 5476:Berta 2012 5364:Berta 2012 5340:Berta 2012 5141:Berta 2012 5008:Berta 2012 4829:Allodesmus 4733:(1): 747. 4069:References 3948:food chain 3908:Vulnerable 3901:Endangered 3855:". In the 3849:buccaneers 3778:modern era 3604:In culture 3496:infrasonic 3492:ultrasonic 3474:by males. 3305:grey seals 3237:polar bear 3233:pagophilic 3229:mako shark 3204:capturing 3138:generalist 3054:amphibious 2987:substrates 2967:open ocean 2862:hemoglobin 2801:underwater 2788:See also: 2710:, and the 2642:contracted 2630:refraction 2580:transverse 2495:Locomotion 2408:, showing 2381:polygynous 2349:(top) and 2304:Valenictus 2274:Prototaria 2262:Eumetopias 2232:Leptophoca 2148:California 2132:Fossil of 2059:diphyletic 2026:monk seals 1895:Odobenidae 1887:Caniformia 1784:Odobenidae 1288:Monachini 1106:Monachinae 788:Pinnipedia 733:pes, pedis 683:endangered 627:lek mating 529:red pandas 513:musteloids 505:Caniformia 466:Odobenidae 382:Range map 343:(walruses) 341:Odobenidae 334:Otarioidea 318:Subclades 305:Pinnipedia 81:24–0 16381:Predators 16376:Pinnipeds 16036:Zalophini 16009:Otariinae 15970:Otariidae 15904:Pliopedia 15894:Ontocetus 15521:Planopusa 15497:Nanophoca 15199:Homiphoca 15169:Acrophoca 15086:Pliophoca 15066:Noriphoca 15012:Afrophoca 15000:Monachini 14794:Wangictis 14766:Drassonax 14702:Arctoidea 14690:Carnivora 14670:Kingdom: 14659:pinnipeds 14508:M. itatsi 14442:(weasels) 14305:Lutrogale 14242:E. lutris 14200:L. felina 14009:(grisons) 13932:M. martes 13875:(martens) 13793:Guloninae 13579:Mellivora 13452:N. narica 13393:B. medius 13384:B. gabbii 13375:B. alleni 13363:(olingos) 13332:Raccoon ( 13184:Spilogale 13070:C. chinga 13051:Conepatus 13007:Ailuridae 12806:Monachini 12718:P. largha 12388:Otariinae 12351:sea lions 12346:fur seals 12337:Otariidae 12222:Mustelida 12193:U. arctos 12055:Arctoidea 12012:C. lycaon 11967:C. aureus 11897:Lupulella 11809:Lycalopex 11686:V. vulpes 11684:Red fox ( 11648:Kit fox ( 11623:V. corsac 11367:Herpestes 10980:Meerkat ( 10739:(Malagasy 10641:Hyaeninae 10602:Hyaenidae 10517:G. felina 9931:F. lybica 9743:Cheetah ( 9661:L. wiedii 9650:Oncilla ( 9616:L. guigna 9587:Leopardus 9568:Caracal ( 9561:C. aurata 9496:Bay cat ( 9417:P. pardus 9415:Leopard ( 9390:P. tigris 9348:N. diardi 9266:Prionodon 9166:Kingdom: 9155:Carnivora 9106:11 August 8873:17 August 8848:243893898 8840:2041-210X 8791:17 August 8764:17 August 8735:0012-9658 8617:2167-8359 8601:: e2957. 8576:1054-3139 8472:16 August 8410:20 August 8367:15 August 8336:15 August 8134:USA Today 7778:147715775 7770:0033-2933 7578:0001-4966 7509:Behaviour 7008:Behaviour 6491:2041-210X 5066:Evolution 4784:Evolution 4747:2399-3642 4425:: 32–76. 4209:135439365 4201:0084-6597 3970:Niechorze 3966:Grey seal 3774:Stone Age 3456:with pups 3428:precocial 3423:Gestation 3158:Ross seal 3134:sea birds 3110:predatory 3099:steelhead 3031:crevasses 3023:drift ice 3015:sea caves 3013:, and in 3003:sandbanks 3001:beaches, 2866:myoglobin 2761:vibrissae 2747:of walrus 2745:Vibrissae 2718:from the 2654:expansion 2610:sedentary 2533:cetaceans 2446:harp seal 2442:ventrally 2418:undercoat 2216:akamatsui 2202:premolars 2144:Oligocene 2095:, of the 2036:Evolution 2011:thickened 1951:molecular 1942:fur coats 1938:fur seals 1934:sea lions 1891:Otariidae 1883:Carnivora 1856:monograph 1840:taxonomic 1826:Cladogram 1363:Otariidae 1211:Ross seal 1058:Harp seal 1012:Grey seal 705:Etymology 558:in their 509:Carnivora 494:molecular 482:fur seals 478:sea lions 474:Otariidae 464:families 456:, mostly 452:-footed, 389:Pinnipeds 348:Otariidae 266:Carnivora 232:Kingdom: 226:Eukaryota 197:grey seal 67:Pinnipeds 16262:46559144 16227:Wikidata 16116:Neophoca 16083:Otariini 16072:Zalophus 15884:Odobenus 15775:Pontolis 15678:Eodesmus 15531:Praepusa 15473:Gryphoca 15430:Miophoca 15360:Prophoca 15273:Phocinae 15206:Hydrurga 15146:Mirounga 15039:Monachus 14943:Phocidae 14838:Semantor 14787:Parictis 14745:Allocyon 14684:Mammalia 14678:Chordata 14676:Phylum: 14672:Animalia 14488:Ferret ( 14422:N. vison 14283:L. lutra 14151:(otters) 14145:Lutrinae 14002:Galictis 13914:M. foina 13829:Fisher ( 13717:Melogale 13700:M. meles 13620:Arctonyx 13465:Nasuella 13443:N. nasua 13420:(coatis) 13334:P. lotor 13110:Mephitis 12869:Mirounga 12619:Phocinae 12600:Phocidae 12469:Neophoca 12415:Zalophus 12322:Walrus ( 12021:C. rufus 12003:C. lupus 11983:Coyote ( 11818:Culpeo ( 11759:Speothos 11695:V. zerda 11677:V. velox 11614:V. chama 11325:Bdeogale 11223:U. fusca 11062:Helogale 11032:M. mungo 10971:Suricata 10900:Salanoia 10807:E. major 10787:Eupleres 10618:Proteles 10607:(hyenas) 10371:(genets) 9922:F. chaus 9913:F. catus 9904:F. bieti 9784:Cougar ( 9734:Acinonyx 9712:L. rufus 9710:Bobcat ( 9659:Margay ( 9641:Ocelot ( 9614:Kodkod ( 9535:Serval ( 9498:C. badia 9487:Catopuma 9397:Jaguar ( 9381:P. uncia 9370:Panthera 9337:Neofelis 9255:Feloidea 9186:Eutheria 9180:Mammalia 9174:Chordata 9172:Phylum: 9168:Animalia 8688:42629887 8635:28168119 8535:18494365 8445:18 March 8161:ABC News 8140:28 April 7942:25798255 7934:28736171 7893:34580113 7885:23544769 7791:2 August 7586:33379885 7196:53144427 7130:84788148 6989:25266746 6499:91050320 6384:23392683 6335:19864274 6192:23633245 6184:16140043 6070:23922834 6030:PLOS ONE 6008:14018274 6000:23397461 5965:17297138 5916:11441183 5854:21969689 5802:10790051 5741:17148339 5625:23704640 5617:19396435 5524:39925190 5516:17516421 5233:12517984 5094:37919557 5086:24475921 4899:22369503 4814:10389875 4806:24548136 4765:37591929 4756:10435510 4700:19396145 4654:22536379 4614:PLOS ONE 4595:33591975 4555:PLOS ONE 4439:87939134 4349:17919938 4314:29596040 4306:17818847 4135:8 August 3652:Hebrides 3650:and the 3528:dialects 3524:chirping 3501:modified 3317:copulate 3144:-eating 3122:bivalves 3058:haul out 3019:fast ice 2991:haul out 2948:currents 2757:whiskers 2584:sagittal 2564:penguins 2485:appendix 2438:dorsally 2392:, noses/ 2309:Odobenus 2292:Pontolis 2268:Zalophus 2241:lineages 2152:shearing 2115:whiskers 2014:mastoids 1899:Phocidae 854:Phocini 808:Phocinae 798:Phocidae 769:Taxonomy 669:and the 607:polygyny 603:mollusks 599:penguins 560:whiskers 552:dolphins 548:flippers 521:raccoons 502:suborder 486:Phocidae 362:Phocidae 325:Family † 256:Mammalia 246:Chordata 242:Phylum: 236:Animalia 222:Domain: 76:Holocene 43:reviewed 16327:5819800 16275:4941589 15959:Eotaria 15877:Aivukus 15451:Phocini 15220:Lobodon 14831:Puijila 14688:Order: 14682:Class: 14490:M. furo 14435:Mustela 14384:Neogale 14231:Enhydra 14105:Ictonyx 14064:Vormela 14021:G. cuja 13948:Sable ( 13855:G. gulo 13820:Pekania 13805:Tayra ( 13602:Melinae 13414:Nasuina 13306:Procyon 12662:Phocini 12301:(seals) 12236:(seals) 12128:Ursinae 12070:(bears) 12065:Ursidae 11941:Dhole ( 11731:(zorro) 11605:V. cana 11515:Vulpini 11483:Urocyon 11467:Canidae 11259:U. urva 10763:Fossa ( 10683:Crocuta 10365:Genetta 10262:Viverra 9803:lineage 9725:lineage 9694:L. lynx 9550:Caracal 9524:lineage 9522:Caracal 9454:lineage 9452:Bay cat 9438:Felinae 9399:P. onca 9388:Tiger ( 9308:Felidae 9178:Class: 9157:species 9153:Extant 8820:Bibcode 8743:3451030 8715:Bibcode 8707:Ecology 8658:Bibcode 8626:5292026 8513:Bibcode 8197:30 July 8171:30 July 7698:Bibcode 7556:Bibcode 7529:4534718 7352:2332005 7344:4599535 7122:2460066 7036:5062032 7028:4533425 6758:1379341 6619:3801787 6469:Bibcode 6375:3711592 6326:2865059 6061:3724740 6038:Bibcode 5924:9156299 5896:Science 5845:3172597 5780:Bibcode 5732:1617201 5692:9566340 5672:Bibcode 5291:3694112 4890:3307490 4708:4371413 4680:Bibcode 4645:3334926 4622:Bibcode 4586:7886153 4563:Bibcode 4298:1703439 4278:Bibcode 4270:Science 4179:Bibcode 4045:Odyssey 3992:in the 3857:Bahamas 3809:whaling 3750:Hunting 3726:by the 3688:monkeys 3656:selkies 3640:Proteus 3635:Odyssey 3577:parrots 3435:lactose 3241:cougars 3162:benthic 3066:migrate 2963:coastal 2902:panting 2823:sinuses 2819:alveoli 2807:trachea 2769:rodents 2753:tactile 2708:keratin 2696:S-cones 2541:dolphin 2489:kidneys 2462:fasting 2458:blubber 2178:maxilla 2119:Puijila 2107:Puijila 2092:Puijila 2052:Puijila 1988:canines 1944:. Five 1930:bronchi 1846:and an 762:selkhaz 685:by the 564:blubber 517:weasels 490:fossils 484:), and 360:Family 346:Family 339:Family 310:Illiger 262:Order: 252:Class: 16353:148736 16340:105195 16301:180614 16288:372843 16233:Q30263 16123:Otaria 14180:Lontra 13868:Martes 13143:Mydaus 13037:skunks 12001:Wolf ( 11881:Canina 11711:Canini 11575:Vulpes 11471:(dogs) 11012:Mungos 10326:Poiana 9408:P. leo 9406:Lion ( 9312:(cats) 9057: 9034: 9011: 8992: 8973: 8954: 8926: 8903:9 June 8846: 8838: 8741: 8733: 8686: 8633: 8623: 8615: 8574: 8533: 8272: 8112:30 May 8058: 7940: 7932: 7891: 7883: 7776: 7768: 7584: 7576: 7527: 7490: 7410: 7350: 7342: 7194: 7128: 7120: 7034: 7026: 6987: 6806: 6756: 6617: 6497: 6489: 6382: 6372: 6333: 6323: 6231: 6190: 6182: 6091: 6068: 6058: 6006: 5998: 5963: 5922: 5914: 5852: 5842: 5800: 5739: 5729: 5690: 5623: 5615: 5522: 5514: 5289: 5231: 5092: 5084: 4942: 4897: 4887: 4873:: 12. 4812: 4804: 4763: 4753: 4745: 4706: 4698: 4672:Nature 4652: 4642: 4593: 4583: 4437: 4395:1 July 4369:1 July 4347: 4312: 4304: 4296: 4230: 4207: 4199: 4126:"seal" 4108: 4017:culled 3648:Orkney 3589:Hoover 3585:timbre 3565:syntax 3509:growls 3472:killed 3452:Adult 3419:uterus 3415:embryo 3407:estrus 3249:canids 3217:sharks 3095:salmon 2999:pebble 2993:on to 2979:rivers 2712:sclera 2626:cornea 2624:. The 2614:retina 2595:Senses 2430:lanugo 2390:crests 2255:. The 2198:molars 2174:Oregon 2087:Eocene 1980:walrus 1946:genera 1910:pinnae 1903:extant 1844:family 1791:Walrus 1789: 713:words 663:hunted 646:, the 579:sharks 525:skunks 470:walrus 462:extant 312:, 1811 195:) and 189:walrus 16348:WoRMS 16174:Lists 15511:Phoca 15310:Kawas 14329:Aonyx 14272:Lutra 13662:Meles 13432:Nasua 12707:Phoca 12164:Ursus 11956:Canis 11583:foxes 9893:Felis 8844:S2CID 8739:JSTOR 8684:S2CID 8650:Oikos 8595:PeerJ 8400:(CR)" 8106:(PDF) 8091:(PDF) 8034:(PDF) 8023:(PDF) 7938:S2CID 7889:S2CID 7838:(PDF) 7815:(PDF) 7785:(PDF) 7774:S2CID 7746:(PDF) 7686:(PDF) 7667:" in 7639:(PDF) 7616:(PDF) 7525:JSTOR 7348:S2CID 7340:JSTOR 7192:S2CID 7126:S2CID 7118:JSTOR 7024:JSTOR 6985:S2CID 6754:JSTOR 6615:JSTOR 6495:S2CID 6217:(PDF) 6188:S2CID 6004:S2CID 5920:S2CID 5621:S2CID 5520:S2CID 5263:(PDF) 5090:S2CID 5025:(PDF) 4810:S2CID 4704:S2CID 4435:S2CID 4415:(PDF) 4310:S2CID 4294:JSTOR 4205:S2CID 4023:Notes 3786:ivory 3782:coats 3740:clamp 3664:Sedna 3644:Celts 3630:Homer 3619:Inuit 3558:In a 3513:roars 3505:barks 3378:harem 3154:squid 3142:krill 3011:pools 2975:lakes 2908:Sleep 2878:aorta 2716:mucus 2473:small 2469:cecum 2424:. 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