2095:
1335:
67:
2326:. This expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This equation is important in that changes in the power of the flow change the ability of the flow to carry sediment, and this is reflected in the patterns of erosion and deposition observed throughout a stream. This can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles; examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates, and deposition on the inside of
1324:
1668:
2087:
38:
1182:
2133:
2393:
2553:
correlated with how coarse or fine sediment grain sizes that characterize an area are on average, grain size distribution of sediment will shift according to relative input of land (typically fine), marine (typically coarse), and organically-derived (variable with age) sediment. These alterations in marine sediment characterize the amount of sediment that is suspended in the water column at any given time and sediment-related coral stress.
2007:
2297:
2549:
to the marine environment during rainfall events. Sediment can negatively affect corals in many ways, such as by physically smothering them, abrading their surfaces, causing corals to expend energy during sediment removal, and causing algal blooms that can ultimately lead to less space on the seafloor where juvenile corals (polyps) can settle.
2548:
Watershed development near coral reefs is a primary cause of sediment-related coral stress. The stripping of natural vegetation in the watershed for development exposes soil to increased wind and rainfall, and as a result, can cause exposed sediment to become more susceptible to erosion and delivery
2527:
results in discoloration of rivers to a dark red brown color and leads to fish kills. In addition, sedimentation of river basins implies sediment management and siltation costs.The cost of removing an estimated 135 million m of accumulated sediments due to water erosion only is likely exceeding 2.3
2539:
The
Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) is fraction of gross erosion (interill, rill, gully and stream erosion) that is expected to be delivered to the outlet of the river. The sediment transfer and deposition can be modelled with sediment distribution models such as WaTEM/SEDEM. In Europe, according to
2531:
Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming, where the removal of native vegetation for the cultivation and harvesting of a single type of crop has left the soil unsupported. Many of these regions are near rivers and drainages. Loss of soil due to erosion removes useful farmland, adds to
2014:
Roundness describes how sharp the edges and corners of particle are. Complex mathematical formulas have been devised for its precise measurement, but these are difficult to apply, and most geologists estimate roundness from comparison charts. Common descriptive terms range from very angular to
2552:
When sediments are introduced into the coastal regions of the ocean, the proportion of land, marine and organic-derived sediment that characterizes the seafloor near sources of sediment output is altered. In addition, because the source of sediment (i.e. land, ocean, or organically) is often
3053:
Panagos, Panos; Matthews, Francis; Patault, Edouard; De
Michele, Carlo; Quaranta, Emanuele; Bezak, Nejc; Kaffas, Konstantinos; Patro, Epari Ritesh; Auel, Christian; Schleiss, Anton J.; Fendrich, Arthur; Liakos, Leonidas; Van Eynde, Elise; Vieira, Diana; Borrelli, Pasquale (January 2024).
2114:
Sediment is transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.
2360:
material, which originates on land, but may be deposited in either terrestrial, marine, or lacustrine (lake) environments, or of sediments (often biological) originating in the body of water. Terrigenous material is often supplied by nearby rivers and streams or reworked
2508:
forests. When the ground surface is stripped of vegetation and then seared of all living organisms, the upper soils are vulnerable to both wind and water erosion. In a number of regions of the earth, entire sectors of a country have become erodible. For example, on the
2523:. These are typically 40 meters (130 ft) wide, 80 meters (260 ft) long and 15 meters (49 ft) deep. Some areas have as many as 150 lavakas/square kilometer, and lavakas may account for 84% of all sediments carried off by rivers. This
2027:
grains, because these retain their surface markings for long periods of time. Surface texture varies from polished to frosted, and can reveal the history of transport of the grain; for example, frosted grains are particularly characteristic of
3009:
Cox, Rónadh; Bierman, Paul; Jungers, Matthew C.; Rakotondrazafy, A.F. Michel (July 2009). "Erosion Rates and
Sediment Sources in Madagascar Inferred from 10 Be Analysis of Lavaka, Slope, and River Sediment".
1987:
1792:
2517:, which constitutes approximately ten percent of that country's land area, most of the land area is devegetated, and gullies have eroded into the underlying soil to form distinctive gulleys called
2380:
of the inhabitants of the body of water that were, upon death, covered by accumulating sediment. Lake bed sediments that have not solidified into rock can be used to determine past
1206:
2974:
Voarintsoa, N. R. G.; Cox, R.; Razanatseheno, M.O.M.; Rakotondrazafy, A.F.M. (1 June 2012). "Relation
Between Bedrock Geology, Topography and Lavaka Distribution in Madagascar".
2477:
The null point theory explains how sediment deposition undergoes a hydrodynamic sorting process within the marine environment leading to a seaward fining of sediment grain size.
1687:
is a measure of how sharp grain corners are. This varies from well-rounded grains with smooth corners and edges to poorly rounded grains with sharp corners and edges. Finally,
3344:"These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew"
1903:
1876:
1849:
1822:
2881:
3121:
2023:
Surface texture describes the small-scale features of a grain, such as pits, fractures, ridges, and scratches. These are most commonly evaluated on
594:
2090:
Sediment builds up on human-made breakwaters because they reduce the speed of water flow, so the stream cannot carry as much sediment load.
3093:
Ketcheson, J. W. (1 March 1980). "Long-Range
Effects of Intensive Cultivation and Monoculture on the Quality of Southern Ontario Soils".
1373:
Sediment size is measured on a log base 2 scale, called the "Phi" scale, which classifies particles by size from "colloid" to "boulder".
2338:
fall. Deposition can occur due to dam emplacement that causes the river to pool and deposit its entire load, or due to base level rise.
3244:"A step towards a holistic assessment of soil degradation in Europe: Coupling on-site erosion with sediment transfer and carbon fluxes"
1213:
1914:
1719:
911:
495:
2780:
Sneed, Edmund D.; Folk, Robert L. (March 1958). "Pebbles in the Lower
Colorado River, Texas a Study in Particle Morphogenesis".
3056:"Understanding the cost of soil erosion: An assessment of the sediment removal costs from the reservoirs of the European Union"
3498:
3480:
3462:
3440:
2935:
2910:
2858:
485:
2655:, also known as particle size – Diameter of individual grains of sediment, or of lithified particles in clastic rocks
3526:
1111:
2741:
Krumbein, William C. (1941). "Measurement and
Geological Significance of Shape and Roundness of Sedimentary Particles".
2288:
Wind results in the transportation of fine sediment and the formation of sand dune fields and soils from airborne dust.
2848:
1368:
3133:
1300:, though sediment also often settles out of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceans. Desert sand dunes and
2585:
3343:
1106:
2725:
1038:
2952:
2369:). In the mid-ocean, the exoskeletons of dead organisms are primarily responsible for sediment accumulation.
781:
589:
3187:
Van
Rompaey, Anton J. J.; Verstraeten, Gert; Van Oost, Kristof; Govers, Gerard; Poesen, Jean (2001-10-01).
2882:
Wilson, W.E. & Moore, J.E. 2003. Glossary of
Hydrology, American Geological Institute, Springer, 248pp.
2033:
1905:
varies from 1 for a perfectly spherical particle to very small values for a platelike or rodlike particle.
1671:
Schematic representation of difference in grain shape. Two parameters are shown: sphericity (vertical) and
475:
2322:
The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the
2254:
1101:
1076:
1033:
650:
463:
2532:
sediment loads, and can help transport anthropogenic fertilizers into the river system, which leads to
2351:
2160:
2125:
1683:
is the overall shape of the particle, with common descriptions being spherical, platy, or rodlike. The
1358:
1346:
675:
288:
2191:-shaped patterns of erosion, in complex patterns of natural river systems, and in the development of
2015:
angular to subangular to subrounded to rounded to very rounded, with increasing degree of roundness.
1199:
17:
2486:
2634:
2199:. Sediment moved by water can be larger than sediment moved by air because water has both a higher
1153:
786:
3307:
Risk, Michael J (April 2014). "Assessing the effects of sediments and nutrients on coral reefs".
3055:
2682:
2631: – Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
2471:
1086:
1081:
680:
2754:
3521:
3242:
Borrelli, P.; Van Oost, K.; Meusburger, K.; Alewell, C.; Lugato, E.; Panagos, P. (2018-02-01).
2902:
2598:
2576:", were found in organically-poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 250 feet below the
2528:
billion euro (€) annually in the EU and UK, with large regional differences between countries.
2244:
1881:
1691:
describes small-scale features such as scratches, pits, or ridges on the surface of the grain.
1254:
979:
631:
401:
393:
242:
3374:
2691: – Process by which particulates move towards the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment
2137:
530:
2894:
3383:
3316:
3255:
3200:
3067:
3019:
2983:
2789:
2661:, also known as sediment precipitation – Form of precipitation containing visible dust
2628:
2501:
2403:
2266:
2172:
1854:
1827:
1800:
1297:
1118:
733:
707:
328:
82:
2853:(5th revised ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 800.
2470:
Any depression in a marine environment where sediments accumulate over time is known as a
1339:
8:
2573:
2032:
sediments, transported by wind. Evaluation of these features often requires the use of a
2001:
1710:
1672:
863:
117:
3387:
3320:
3259:
3204:
3071:
3023:
2987:
2793:
2098:
Glacial transport of boulders. These boulders will be deposited as the glacier retreats.
2094:
3531:
3516:
3404:
3370:"Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years"
3369:
3284:
3243:
3224:
3035:
2805:
2581:
2258:
2103:
1238:
1186:
1071:
833:
812:
768:
525:
379:
353:
283:
274:
122:
87:
3494:
3476:
3458:
3436:
3409:
3289:
3271:
3228:
3216:
3169:
3129:
2931:
2906:
2895:
2864:
2854:
2809:
2721:
2685: – Any topographic depression where sediments substantially accumulate over time
2456:
2283:
2029:
1519:
1334:
1285:
873:
749:
702:
480:
343:
314:
309:
233:
157:
3188:
3039:
2607: – Shoreline formations made up of various grades of sediment in an arc pattern
1713:
proposed formulas for converting these numbers to a single measure of form, such as
3399:
3391:
3324:
3279:
3263:
3208:
3102:
3075:
3027:
2991:
2797:
2750:
2566:
2451:
One other depositional environment which is a mixture of fluvial and marine is the
2373:
2356:
Seas, oceans, and lakes accumulate sediment over time. The sediment can consist of
2347:
2216:
1427:
1270:
940:
718:
695:
660:
141:
66:
3079:
2601: – Elevated region of sediment in a river that has been deposited by the flow
3328:
3267:
2637: – Processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment
2362:
2141:
1323:
1123:
1093:
963:
887:
802:
776:
608:
537:
443:
31:
2697: – Flow of excess rainwater not infiltrating in the ground over its surface
2667: – A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock
3395:
2694:
2673: – Granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles
2646:
2562:
2533:
2497:
2464:
2409:
The major areas for deposition of sediments in the marine environment include:
2323:
2317:
2049:
1328:
1293:
1160:
1048:
953:
853:
807:
797:
744:
448:
438:
421:
338:
3510:
3275:
3220:
3173:
3157:
2868:
2720:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 65.
2676:
2610:
2569:
2460:
2416:
sands (e.g. beach sands, runoff river sands, coastal bars and spits, largely
2330:
bends. Erosion and deposition can also be regional; erosion can occur due to
2239:
1878:
are the long, intermediate, and short axis lengths of the particle. The form
1667:
1274:
1258:
1143:
1128:
868:
670:
655:
626:
584:
579:
559:
458:
411:
369:
269:
261:
3413:
3293:
2995:
2196:
2180:
2109:
2075:
1364:
1165:
1148:
1133:
974:
858:
754:
564:
542:
490:
453:
433:
426:
348:
319:
3433:
Sedimentary
Geology: An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks and Stratigraphy
2847:
Neuendorf, Klaus K.E.; Mehl, James P. Jr; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (2011).
3451:
2622:
2604:
2543:
2331:
2250:
1709:) is determined by measuring the size of the particle on its major axes.
1043:
916:
903:
882:
828:
817:
690:
643:
616:
520:
470:
358:
42:
2973:
2086:
1679:
The shape of particles can be defined in terms of three parameters. The
37:
3158:"Estimating water erosion and sediment yield with GIS, RUSLE, and SEDD"
3106:
2652:
2510:
2491:
2335:
2192:
2132:
1700:
1575:
1230:
1138:
728:
552:
547:
333:
299:
131:
3156:
Fernandez, C.; Wu, J. Q.; McCool, D. K.; Stöckle, C. O. (2003-05-01).
2540:
WaTEM/SEDEM model estimates the Sediment Delivery Ratio is about 15%.
2392:
1229:
is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of
2658:
2524:
2452:
2399:
2270:
2230:
2204:
2152:
2052:
1266:
1262:
1028:
1013:
997:
958:
723:
685:
621:
374:
3212:
3186:
3189:"Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach"
3031:
2801:
2688:
2664:
2616:
2505:
2413:
2396:
2220:
2176:
2063:
948:
406:
247:
2619: – Landscape elements designed to manage surface runoff water
3241:
2640:
2514:
2444:
2434:
2417:
2381:
2327:
2305:
2304:
Glaciers carry a wide range of sediment sizes, and deposit it in
2262:
2234:
2226:
2200:
2188:
2156:
2057:
1651:
1411:
1308:
1305:
1289:
1281:
1242:
1234:
1002:
992:
665:
638:
304:
187:
136:
27:
Particulate solid matter that is deposited on the surface of land
3052:
2679: – Study of natural sediments and their formation processes
1982:{\displaystyle \psi _{p}={\sqrt{\frac {D_{S}^{2}}{D_{L}D_{I}}}}}
1787:{\displaystyle \psi _{l}={\sqrt{\frac {D_{S}D_{I}}{D_{L}^{2}}}}}
3126:
Food safety management: a practical guide for the food industry
3008:
2577:
2519:
2377:
2212:
2168:
2145:
2024:
1449:
1444:
201:
152:
147:
2164:
1992:
which, again, varies from 0 to 1 with increasing sphericity.
1301:
1023:
1018:
574:
569:
416:
206:
3491:
Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy
2010:
Comparison chart for evaluating roundness of sediment grains
2670:
2427:
2424:
2366:
2208:
2184:
2071:
2006:
1632:
1611:
1536:
1312:
1250:
1246:
926:
921:
515:
211:
182:
177:
172:
2584:(SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the
2296:
1616:
3155:
2455:
system, which is a major source of sediment to the deep
2440:
The shelf slope (much more fine-grained silts and clays)
2179:
created by sediments. It can result in the formation of
2074:
can be used as both a size-range and a composition (see
1257:
in river water and on reaching the sea bed deposited by
1241:
by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of
2387:
2207:. In typical rivers the largest carried sediment is of
2544:
Coastal development and sedimentation near coral reefs
2443:
Beds of estuaries with the resultant deposits called "
2828:
2816:
2044:
Composition of sediment can be measured in terms of:
1917:
1908:
An alternate measure was proposed by Sneed and Folk:
1884:
1857:
1830:
1803:
1722:
2846:
2492:
Erosion and agricultural sediment delivery to rivers
2761:
2643: – Natural processes that remove soil and rock
3450:
2163:or fluvial sediment transport are associated with
1981:
1897:
1870:
1843:
1816:
1786:
1304:are examples of aeolian transport and deposition.
3124:. In Motarjemi, Yasmine; Lelieveld, Hubb (eds.).
2433:The shelf margin (low terrigenous supply, mostly
3508:
3493:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Science,
3309:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
2928:Rivers in the Landscape: Science and Management
1296:deposits are examples of fluvial transport and
1280:Sediments are most often transported by water (
3430:
2625: – Process for the separation of mixtures
2225:When the stream or rivers are associated with
1207:
3367:
2718:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
2556:
3361:
3335:
2755:10.1306/D42690F3-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D
3431:Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (1996),
3368:Morono, Yuki; et al. (28 July 2020).
2341:
2277:
1214:
1200:
3457:, New York: Scientific American Library,
3403:
3283:
3092:
2779:
2257:. Fluvial sediment processes include the
2892:
2740:
2391:
2295:
2131:
2093:
2085:
2005:
1666:
1345:Sediment can be classified based on its
1333:
1322:
1261:; if buried, they may eventually become
36:
3488:
3470:
3119:
2951:Sawe, Benjamin Elisha (25 April 2017).
2480:
14:
3509:
3448:
3162:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
2953:"Erosion Landforms: What Is A Lavaka?"
2487:Sediment transport § Applications
2372:Deposited sediments are the source of
1245:acting on the particles. For example,
3193:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
2897:Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology
2834:
2822:
2767:
2715:
2081:
3306:
3122:"Sustainability and Food Production"
2950:
2925:
2743:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research
2496:One cause of high sediment loads is
2430:, increasing marine faunal content).
2388:Key marine depositional environments
2291:
2118:
2070:This leads to an ambiguity in which
2649: – Law of sediment aggradation
45:discharging sediment into the ocean
24:
3424:
3341:
2215:size, but larger floods can carry
2018:
1369:Unified Soil Classification System
25:
3543:
3342:Wu, Katherine J. (28 July 2020).
1318:
3473:Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
3095:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
2976:South African Journal of Geology
2930:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 330.
2124:This section is an excerpt from
1349:, grain shape, and composition.
1181:
1180:
65:
3475:, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell,
3300:
3235:
3180:
3149:
3113:
3086:
3046:
3002:
2967:
2944:
2919:
2311:
1315:are ice-transported sediments.
595:Microbial calcite precipitation
2886:
2875:
2840:
2773:
2734:
2709:
2300:Glacial sediments from Montana
2039:
13:
1:
3080:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140183
3060:Journal of Cleaner Production
2702:
2613: – Soil formation theory
1352:
310:Aeolian (windborne) transport
3329:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.003
3268:10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.009
2901:. London: Rutledge. p.
2255:glacial lake outburst floods
2034:scanning electron microscope
1995:
7:
2591:
2420:with little faunal content)
1102:cross-cutting relationships
651:Amorphous calcium carbonate
10:
3548:
3527:Environmental soil science
3396:10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1
2484:
2352:Coastal sediment transport
2345:
2315:
2281:
2161:fluvial sediment processes
2126:Fluvial sediment processes
2123:
2107:
2101:
1999:
1698:
1362:
1359:Particle size (grain size)
1356:
676:Coastal sediment transport
30:For sediment in wine, see
29:
2586:longest-living life forms
2574:quasi-suspended animation
2557:Biological considerations
2402:and a carbonate beach on
1898:{\displaystyle \psi _{l}}
486:Soft-sediment deformation
83:Terrigenous (lithogenous)
3449:Siever, Raymond (1988),
3120:Ohlsson, Thomas (2014).
2635:Depositional environment
1662:
787:calcareous nannoplankton
476:Sediment–water interface
3489:Reading, H. G. (1978),
2423:The continental shelf (
2342:Shores and shallow seas
2278:Aeolian processes: wind
1694:
681:Coastal sediment supply
454:Paleocurrent indicators
3471:Nichols, Gary (1999),
3248:Environmental Research
3012:The Journal of Geology
2996:10.2113/gssajg.115.225
2782:The Journal of Geology
2599:Bar (river morphology)
2406:
2301:
2195:and the occurrence of
2148:
2138:glaciofluvial deposits
2099:
2091:
2011:
1983:
1899:
1872:
1845:
1818:
1788:
1676:
1342:
1331:
1237:, and is subsequently
1112:original horizontality
782:biogenic calcification
632:oolitic aragonite sand
402:Sedimentary structures
243:Oolitic aragonite sand
47:
3375:Nature Communications
2893:Charlton, Ro (2008).
2395:
2299:
2135:
2097:
2089:
2009:
1984:
1900:
1873:
1871:{\displaystyle D_{S}}
1846:
1844:{\displaystyle D_{I}}
1819:
1817:{\displaystyle D_{L}}
1789:
1670:
1337:
1326:
40:
2926:Wohl, Ellen (2014).
2629:Deposition (geology)
2502:shifting cultivation
2481:Environmental issues
2463:as well as the deep
2404:Long Island, Bahamas
2376:, which can contain
1915:
1882:
1855:
1828:
1801:
1720:
3388:2020NatCo..11.3626M
3321:2014COES....7..108R
3260:2018ER....161..291B
3205:2001ESPL...26.1221V
3072:2024JCPro.43440183P
3024:2009JG....117..363C
2988:2012SAJG..115..225V
2850:Glossary of Geology
2794:1958JG.....66..114S
2716:Boggs, Sam (2006).
2002:Roundness (geology)
1948:
1775:
1711:William C. Krumbein
912:Soil carbon storage
847:Sedimentary ecology
769:Biogenous sediments
53:Part of a series on
3348:The New York Times
3107:10.4141/cjss80-045
2582:South Pacific Gyre
2407:
2302:
2259:motion of sediment
2149:
2104:Sediment transport
2100:
2092:
2082:Sediment transport
2012:
1979:
1934:
1895:
1868:
1841:
1814:
1784:
1761:
1705:Form (also called
1677:
1343:
1332:
1292:. Beach sands and
1284:), but also wind (
1253:can be carried in
1154:carbonate-silicate
1124:Sedimentary record
1107:lateral continuity
904:Sedimentary carbon
834:Reverse weathering
813:diatomaceous earth
496:Vegetation-induced
380:Turbidity currents
354:ice-sheet dynamics
284:Sediment transport
275:Sedimentary budget
48:
3500:978-0-632-03627-1
3482:978-0-632-03578-6
3464:978-0-7167-5021-5
3442:978-0-7167-2726-2
3435:, W. H. Freeman,
3199:(11): 1221–1236.
2937:978-1-118-41489-7
2912:978-0-415-33454-9
2860:978-3-642-06621-4
2837:, pp. 68–70.
2825:, pp. 66–67.
2563:marine biologists
2437:faunal skeletons)
2374:sedimentary rocks
2292:Glacial processes
2284:Aeolian processes
2119:Fluvial processes
1977:
1971:
1782:
1776:
1660:
1659:
1608:0.00015–0.0025 in
1340:Yucatán Peninsula
1338:Sediment off the
1286:aeolian processes
1282:fluvial processes
1271:sedimentary rocks
1224:
1223:
874:Soil biodiversity
750:Sedimentary basin
703:Marine regression
481:Sedimentary basin
344:Fluvial processes
315:Biomineralization
234:Manganese nodules
16:(Redirected from
3539:
3503:
3485:
3467:
3456:
3445:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2900:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2713:
2465:oceanic trenches
2348:Marine sediments
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1648:< 0.000039 in
1626:< 3.9 μm
1605:3.9–62.5 μm
1594:0.0025–0.0049 in
1591:62.5–125 μm
1560:0.25–0.5 mm
1516:Very fine gravel
1405:> 256 mm
1376:
1375:
1327:Sediment in the
1216:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1184:
1183:
941:Sedimentary rock
696:pelagic red clay
661:Continental rise
69:
50:
49:
21:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3483:
3465:
3443:
3427:
3425:Further reading
3422:
3421:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3340:
3336:
3305:
3301:
3240:
3236:
3213:10.1002/esp.275
3185:
3181:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3118:
3114:
3091:
3087:
3051:
3047:
3007:
3003:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2594:
2559:
2546:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2390:
2363:marine sediment
2354:
2344:
2320:
2314:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2249:is used, as in
2142:Matanuska River
2129:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2084:
2042:
2021:
2019:Surface texture
2004:
1998:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1697:
1689:surface texture
1665:
1629:< 0.00015 in
1597:Very fine sand
1580:0.0049–0.010 in
1393:
1392:Aggregate class
1388:
1383:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1321:
1220:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1094:Legacy sediment
1063:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1009:
986:
970:
943:
933:
932:
931:
906:
896:
895:
894:
888:root microbiome
878:
848:
840:
839:
838:
824:
803:biogenic silica
793:
777:Calcareous ooze
771:
761:
760:
759:
740:
714:
611:
609:Marine sediment
601:
600:
599:
510:
502:
501:
500:
396:
386:
385:
384:
365:
324:
295:
279:
264:
254:
253:
252:
238:
228:
220:
219:
218:
194:
166:
144:
127:
112:
104:
103:
102:
92:
77:
46:
35:
32:Sediment (wine)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3486:
3481:
3468:
3463:
3446:
3441:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3382:(3626): 3626.
3360:
3334:
3299:
3234:
3179:
3168:(3): 128–136.
3148:
3134:
3112:
3101:(3): 403–410.
3085:
3045:
3032:10.1086/598945
3018:(4): 363–376.
3001:
2982:(2): 225–250.
2966:
2943:
2936:
2918:
2911:
2885:
2874:
2859:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2802:10.1086/626490
2788:(2): 114–150.
2772:
2770:, p. 582.
2760:
2733:
2726:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2695:Surface runoff
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2647:Exner equation
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2572:(mainly), in "
2570:microorganisms
2565:reported that
2561:In July 2020,
2558:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2534:eutrophication
2498:slash and burn
2493:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2461:abyssal basins
2449:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2421:
2389:
2386:
2343:
2340:
2324:Exner equation
2318:Exner equation
2316:Main article:
2313:
2310:
2293:
2290:
2282:Main article:
2279:
2276:
2140:alongside the
2136:Deep, eroding
2130:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2102:Main article:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2041:
2038:
2020:
2017:
2000:Main article:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1892:
1888:
1865:
1861:
1838:
1834:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1696:
1693:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1645:< 1 μm
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:0.010–0.020 in
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:0.020–0.039 in
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1532:0.039–0.079 in
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1513:0.079–0.157 in
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1421:64–256 mm
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1357:Main article:
1354:
1351:
1329:Gulf of Mexico
1320:
1319:Classification
1317:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:Paleolimnology
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
987:
985:
984:
983:
982:
971:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
951:
945:
944:
939:
938:
935:
934:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
907:
902:
901:
898:
897:
893:
892:
891:
890:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
864:soil pathogens
861:
856:
854:Soil biomantle
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
831:
825:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
808:silicification
805:
798:Siliceous ooze
794:
792:
791:
790:
789:
784:
773:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
758:
757:
752:
747:
745:Salt tectonics
741:
739:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
715:
713:
712:
711:
710:
700:
699:
698:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
647:
646:
636:
635:
634:
629:
619:
613:
612:
607:
606:
603:
602:
598:
597:
592:
590:Mineralization
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
556:
555:
550:
545:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
467:
466:
461:
451:
446:
441:
439:Alluvial river
436:
431:
430:
429:
424:
422:graded bedding
419:
414:
404:
398:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
377:
372:
366:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
346:
341:
339:Exner equation
336:
331:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
294:
293:
292:
291:
280:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
239:
237:
236:
230:
229:
227:By composition
226:
225:
222:
221:
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
204:
195:
193:
192:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
167:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
145:
139:
128:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
62:
61:
55:
54:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Sedimentology
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3137:
3135:9780128056820
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:Sediment trap
2681:
2678:
2677:Sedimentology
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:Biorhexistasy
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2513:high central
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:sediment trap
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:fluvioglacial
2242:
2241:
2240:glaciofluvial
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2076:clay minerals
2073:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1836:
1832:
1809:
1805:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:(horizontal).
1674:
1669:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:0.5–1 mm
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:0.157–0.31 in
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:Medium gravel
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:Coarse gravel
1464:
1461:
1459:16–32 mm
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:32–64 mm
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1311:deposits and
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:river channel
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:lithification
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:sedimentation
1256:
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1232:
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1132:
1130:
1129:Sedimentology
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
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905:
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880:
875:
872:
870:
869:Pedodiversity
867:
865:
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855:
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844:
843:
835:
832:
830:
827:
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748:
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743:
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735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
716:
709:
708:transgression
706:
705:
704:
701:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:Bioirrigation
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Calcification
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
633:
630:
628:
627:aragonite sea
625:
624:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
605:
604:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Hydropedology
583:
581:
580:Soil salinity
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
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532:
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527:
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522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
509:Soil sediment
506:
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497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
465:
462:
460:
459:sole markings
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:cross-bedding
410:
409:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
390:
389:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Lithification
368:
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345:
342:
340:
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276:
273:
271:
270:Sedimentation
268:
267:
263:
258:
257:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
231:
224:
223:
213:
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176:
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159:
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73:
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68:
64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3490:
3472:
3452:
3432:
3379:
3373:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3141:24 September
3139:. Retrieved
3128:. Elsevier.
3125:
3115:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2959:24 September
2957:. Retrieved
2955:. WorldAtlas
2946:
2927:
2921:
2896:
2888:
2877:
2849:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2763:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2588:ever found.
2560:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2495:
2476:
2469:
2450:
2408:
2384:conditions.
2371:
2357:
2355:
2321:
2312:Mass balance
2303:
2287:
2245:
2238:
2197:flash floods
2150:
2113:
2110:Rouse number
2069:
2043:
2022:
2013:
1991:
1907:
1796:
1706:
1704:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1566:Medium sand
1552:Coarse sand
1535:Very coarse
1479:0.31–0.63 in
1476:8–16 mm
1462:0.63–1.26 in
1443:Very coarse
1408:> 10.1 in
1397:Other names
1372:
1365:soil texture
1344:
1279:
1226:
1225:
1166:Biosignature
1134:Stratigraphy
1087:soil science
1082:paleontology
1039:Organic-rich
980:conglomerate
859:Soil zoology
755:Tidal bundle
734:hemipelagite
565:Soil horizon
531:permeability
491:Unconformity
434:Alluvial fan
427:ripple marks
394:By structure
349:Glacier flow
320:Bioturbation
58:
3315:: 108–117.
3254:: 291–298.
2623:Decantation
2605:Beach cusps
2457:sedimentary
2358:terrigenous
2332:dam removal
2251:periglacial
2237:, the term
2193:floodplains
2060:composition
2040:Composition
1529:1–2 mm
1510:2–4 mm
1499:Fine gravel
1493:4–8 mm
1440:1.26–2.5 in
1424:2.5–10.1 in
1394:(Wentworth)
1239:transported
1098:Principles
1044:Phosphorite
917:Soil carbon
883:Rhizosphere
829:Microfossil
818:radiolarite
691:Marine clay
644:calcite sea
617:Abyssal fan
471:River delta
464:imbrication
359:ice rafting
99:Hydrogenous
96:Cosmogenous
43:River Tiber
3511:Categories
3066:: 140183.
2835:Boggs 2006
2823:Boggs 2006
2768:Boggs 2006
2727:0131547283
2703:References
2653:Grain size
2511:Madagascar
2485:See also:
2435:calcareous
2346:See also:
2336:base level
2267:deposition
2253:flows and
2231:ice sheets
2108:See also:
1707:sphericity
1701:Sphericity
1699:See also:
1583:Fine sand
1387:Size range
1382:Size range
1363:See also:
1353:Grain size
1347:grain size
1298:deposition
1273:) through
1255:suspension
1231:weathering
1139:Rock cycle
1119:Provenance
1077:geological
954:Carbonates
729:contourite
686:Evaporites
538:morphology
526:pore space
334:Concretion
329:Compaction
300:Weathering
262:By process
132:Grain size
111:By texture
3532:Petrology
3517:Sediments
3276:0013-9351
3229:128689971
3221:1096-9837
3174:0022-4561
2869:751527782
2810:129658242
2749:: 64–72.
2659:Rain dust
2525:siltation
2453:turbidite
2400:eolianite
2271:river bed
2219:and even
2205:viscosity
2177:landforms
2153:geography
2053:lithology
1996:Roundness
1920:ψ
1887:ψ
1725:ψ
1685:roundness
1267:siltstone
1263:sandstone
1049:Siliceous
1034:Iron-rich
1029:Greywacke
1014:Evaporite
998:sandstone
959:limestone
724:turbidite
622:Aragonite
375:Siltation
118:Roundness
88:Biogenous
76:By origin
59:Sediments
18:Sediments
3414:32724059
3294:29175727
3040:55543845
2689:Settling
2665:Regolith
2617:Bioswale
2592:See also
2578:seafloor
2506:tropical
2414:Littoral
2397:Holocene
2382:climatic
2306:moraines
2235:ice caps
2227:glaciers
2221:boulders
2173:deposits
2171:and the
2064:Chemical
1673:rounding
1574:125–250
1507:−1 to −2
1490:−2 to −3
1473:−3 to −4
1456:−4 to −5
1434:−5 to −6
1418:−6 to −8
1389:(inches)
1384:(metric)
1290:glaciers
1227:Sediment
1187:Category
1068:History
964:dolomite
949:Badlands
407:Bedforms
248:Tektites
3405:7387439
3384:Bibcode
3353:31 July
3317:Bibcode
3285:5773246
3256:Bibcode
3201:Bibcode
3068:Bibcode
3020:Bibcode
2984:Bibcode
2790:Bibcode
2641:Erosion
2580:in the
2567:aerobic
2520:lavakas
2515:plateau
2445:bay mud
2418:clastic
2378:fossils
2328:meander
2269:on the
2263:erosion
2217:cobbles
2201:density
2189:fractal
2181:ripples
2169:streams
2157:geology
2066:make-up
2058:Mineral
2048:Parent
2030:aeolian
1652:Colloid
1642:> 10
1526:0 to −1
1520:Granule
1502:Pebble
1485:Pebble
1468:Pebble
1412:Boulder
1402:< −8
1379:φ scale
1309:moraine
1306:Glacial
1243:gravity
1235:erosion
1144:calcium
1072:geology
1062:Related
1003:mudrock
993:breccia
975:Clastic
719:Pelagic
666:Bay mud
639:Calcite
543:texture
305:Erosion
289:coastal
188:colloid
158:granule
137:boulder
123:Sorting
3497:
3479:
3461:
3439:
3412:
3402:
3292:
3282:
3274:
3227:
3219:
3172:
3132:
3038:
2934:
2909:
2867:
2857:
2808:
2724:
2365:(e.g.
2213:gravel
2165:rivers
2146:Alaska
2025:quartz
1851:, and
1797:where
1623:> 8
1602:8 to 4
1588:4 to 3
1571:3 to 2
1557:2 to 1
1543:1 to 0
1450:Pebble
1445:gravel
1428:Cobble
1288:) and
1185:
1149:silica
560:Catena
521:matrix
417:duness
202:oolite
198:Other
153:pebble
148:gravel
142:cobble
3225:S2CID
3036:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2428:clays
2425:silty
2233:, or
2187:, in
2185:dunes
1663:Shape
1302:loess
1024:Chert
1019:Chalk
575:Humin
570:Humus
553:color
548:value
444:Fault
207:scree
3495:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3453:Sand
3437:ISBN
3410:PMID
3355:2020
3290:PMID
3272:ISSN
3217:ISSN
3170:ISSN
3143:2021
3130:ISBN
2961:2021
2932:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2865:OCLC
2855:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2671:Sand
2500:and
2459:and
2367:sand
2350:and
2334:and
2261:and
2211:and
2209:sand
2203:and
2183:and
2175:and
2167:and
2155:and
2072:clay
2050:rock
1695:Form
1681:form
1656:Mud
1637:Mud
1633:Clay
1612:Silt
1537:sand
1367:and
1313:till
1265:and
1251:silt
1249:and
1247:sand
1233:and
927:Peat
922:Coal
516:Soil
449:Fold
212:till
183:clay
178:silt
173:sand
3400:PMC
3392:doi
3325:doi
3280:PMC
3264:doi
3252:161
3209:doi
3103:doi
3076:doi
3064:434
3028:doi
3016:117
2992:doi
2980:115
2903:234
2798:doi
2751:doi
2504:of
2265:or
2243:or
2151:In
2078:).
1617:Mud
3513::
3408:.
3398:.
3390:.
3380:11
3378:.
3372:.
3346:.
3323:.
3311:.
3288:.
3278:.
3270:.
3262:.
3250:.
3246:.
3223:.
3215:.
3207:.
3197:26
3195:.
3191:.
3166:58
3164:.
3160:.
3099:60
3097:.
3074:.
3062:.
3058:.
3034:.
3026:.
3014:.
2990:.
2978:.
2905:.
2863:.
2804:.
2796:.
2786:66
2784:.
2747:11
2745:.
2536:.
2474:.
2467:.
2447:".
2308:.
2229:,
2223:.
2159:,
2144:,
2036:.
1824:,
1576:μm
1277:.
3416:.
3394::
3386::
3357:.
3331:.
3327::
3319::
3313:7
3296:.
3266::
3258::
3231:.
3211::
3203::
3176:.
3145:.
3109:.
3105::
3082:.
3078::
3070::
3042:.
3030::
3022::
2998:.
2994::
2986::
2963:.
2940:.
2915:.
2871:.
2812:.
2800::
2792::
2757:.
2753::
2730:.
2273:.
2128:.
1974:3
1966:I
1962:D
1956:L
1952:D
1945:2
1940:S
1936:D
1929:=
1924:p
1891:l
1864:S
1860:D
1837:I
1833:D
1810:L
1806:D
1779:3
1772:2
1767:L
1763:D
1756:I
1752:D
1746:S
1742:D
1734:=
1729:l
1269:(
1215:e
1208:t
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34:.
20:)
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