312:. This was based largely on a similar research method as his earlier study and found absolute poverty among the working class in York had decreased by 50% since his first study. However, as he changed his definition of the poverty line, and so the measure of absolute poverty, it is not a direct comparison from his earlier study. In this study he included allowances for some items which were not strictly necessary for survival, these included newspapers, books, radios, beer, tobacco, holidays, and presents. His results showed that the causes of poverty had changed considerably in a few decades. In the 1890s, the major reason for
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philanthropist than a capitalist", he introduced various reforms in the working condition of the workers: the establishment of the eight-hour day in 1896, a pension scheme in 1906, a five-day work week and work councils in 1919, the establishment of a psychology department in 1922, and a profit-sharing plan in 1923.
248:
In
Rowntree's work, he surveyed working-class families in York and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families... to secure the necessaries of a healthy life" (quoted in Coates and Silburn, 1970). The money needed for this subsistence level of existence
265:
According to this measure, 27.84 percent of the total population of York lived below the poverty line. This result corresponded with that from
Charles Booth's study of poverty in London and so challenged the view, commonly held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and
238:
in London. He carried out a comprehensive survey into the living conditions of the poor in York during which investigators visited every working class household. This amounted to the detailed study of 11,560 families or 46,754 individuals. The results of this study were published in 1901 in his book
344:
By the 1950s, it appeared that absolute poverty was a minor problem although poverty did remain, for example among the elderly, but it was believed that increased welfare benefits would soon eradicate this lingering poverty. The conquest of poverty was put down to an expanding economy as the 1950s
285:
Setting a primary poverty line for which "xpenditure needful for the development of the mortal, moral and social sides of human nature will not be taken into account'' (136) did not mean that he did not recognise the non-subsistence need of the working class. Rather, he wished to measure a type of
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poverty that could not be reduced simply by greater "thrift", so as to cast off the contemporary social myth about poverty as one's own fault. Ironically, this primary poverty line also helped many manufactures to set the lowest possible minimum wage, which engendered many criticisms toward him.
474:
describes him as "the
British management movement's greatest pioneer" in his book Golden Book of Management. Rowntree's Quaker upbringing influenced his business practice; he believed that the existence of companies which paid low wages was bad for the "nation's economy and humanity". "More a
270:. Rowntree's (1901) statistics have since been challenged by other sociological researchers such as Gazeley and Newell (2000) who argued he "overestimated the needs of children relative to adults and did not allow for economies of scale", resulting in inflated measurement of primary poverty.
389:, Rowntree argued that business owners should adopt more democratic practices like those at his own factory rather than more autocratic leadership styles. He expressed his conviction of the possibility of establishing a close-knit community including both the management and the workers.
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In analysing the results of the investigation he found that people at certain stages of life, for example in old age and early childhood, were more likely to be in abject poverty, living below the poverty line, than at other stages of life. From this he formulated the idea of the
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By strictly defining the concept of poverty in his studies, he was able to reveal that the causes of poverty in York were more structural than moral, such as low wages, which went against the traditionally held view that the poor were responsible for their own plight.
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covered fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, household and personal items, adjusted according to family size. He determined this level using social scientific methods which had not been applied to the study of poverty before. For example, he consulted leading
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recruitment tests in
British industry. Employing psychologist Victor Moorrees who developed a new test, the form board selection test, to ascertain how well prospective employees would be able to fit chocolates into their box.
257:
intake and nutritional balance necessary before people got ill or lost weight. He then surveyed the prices of food in York to find the cheapest prices in the area for purchasing the food required by this minimum
281:
had high enough income to meet basic needs but some portion of this money was being spent elsewhere (such as on drink, gambling, and betting) and so they were unable to then afford the necessities of life.
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152:, who had been a master grocer but was becoming a successful cocoa and chocolate manufacturer, and Emma Antoinette Seebohm. He was educated first privately and then from the age of 10 at
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329:
1248:
1108:
Doyle, D.C., 'Aspects of the
Institutionalisation of British Psychology: the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, 1921-1939' (PhD thesis, Manchester University, 1979).
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technique was used rather than a comprehensive survey, as he had primarily tested its viability in his second York study, though he did not adopt it in the previous time.
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Despite the inclusion of the extra items, he found that the percentage of his sample population in poverty had dropped to 18 per cent in 1936 and to 1.5 per cent in 1950.
396:(1951), he inquired into the ways people spent their relative, newly-found leisure and income; but this work suffered more conceptual difficulties than his former works.
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In 1897 he married Lydia Potter (1868/9–1944), daughter of Edwin Potter, an engineer; they had four sons and one daughter. After his wife died, he lived in a wing of
353:. It was widely believed that the operation of the welfare state had redistributed wealth from rich to poor and significantly raised working class living standards.
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374:(1913) looked at the living conditions of farming families. Rowntree argued that an increase in landholdings would make agriculture more productive.
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in 1889, where he laid the foundations of the firm's first chemistry department. He became the first Labour
Director in 1897 when the firm became a
1159:
Freeman, Mark. " 'Britain's
Spiritual Life: How Can It Be Deepened?': Seebohm Rowntree, Russell Lavers, and the “Crisis of Belief”, ca. 1946–54."
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during their lives. This idea of poverty cycle captured important longitudinal aspects of poverty that were cited later in much other research.
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The first York study involved a comprehensive survey of the living conditions of the poor in York during which investigators visited every
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serving on its executive committee from its foundation in 1921, as chairman from 1940 to 1947, until his resignation in 1949.
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Gazeley, I. and Newell, A., ‘Rowntree revisited: poverty in
Britain, 1900’,Explorations in Economic History,37(2000), p.187.
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How far it is possible to provide
Satisfactory Houses for the Working Classes at rents which they can afford to pay
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was used in a 1951 Labour party election manifesto headed Ending
Poverty although this was without his knowledge.
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The Rowntree Cocoa Works was a site of great scientific investigation and became internationally known as such.
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Bradshaw, Jonathan. "Preface for the centennial edition of Poverty: A study in town life" (Policy Press, 2000)
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Rowntree was also personally involved in two major conciliation efforts following strikes in 1919 and 1926.
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Seebohm and the Rowntree's firm broke new ground in terms of industrial relations, welfare and management.
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He placed those below his poverty line into two groups depending on the reason for their poverty. Those in
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Rowntree was a great believer in trained specialists, and employed many at the Cocoa Works. They included
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passed by the Liberals when in power. He was a member of the Liberal Industrial Inquiry which published
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did not have enough income to meet the expenditure necessary for their basic needs. Those classed as in
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Atkinson, A. & Corlyon, Judy & Maynard, A. & Sutherland, Holly & Trinder, C.. (2007).
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was low wages, 52%, whereas in the 1930s unemployment accounted for 44.53% and low wages only 10%.
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was created he became an Honorary Founder Member and in 1952 the first English person to become an
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household, and his methodology inspired many subsequent researches in British empirical sociology.
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and hoped that his work would influence Liberal politicians. Rowntree became close friends with
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How to Tackle Unemployment - The Liberal Plans as laid before the Government and the Nation
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https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K2427100159/BIC?u=mlin_c_collhc&sid=BIC&xid=9317a272
110:(7 July 1871 – 7 October 1954) was an English sociological researcher, social reformer and
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University of Glasgow, Extracts from B. Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life
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Gazeley, Ian, and Andrew Newell. "Rowntree revisited: poverty in Britain, 1900."
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in 1907 after the two men met when Lloyd George was serving as President of the
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Rowntree, B S: "Poverty: A Study in Town Life", pages 295–296. Macmillan, 1901
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Rowntree conducted a further study of poverty in York in 1936 under the title
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Rowntree published a third study of York's poverty in 1951 under the title
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Rowntree, B S: "Poverty: A Study in Town Life", page 298. Macmillan, 1901
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Searle, G R: "A New England?", page 196. Oxford University Press, 2004
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443:. In June 1936 he was elected to serve on the Liberal Party Council.
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Freeman, Mark. "Seebohm rowntree and secondary poverty, 1899–1954 "
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were the years of the 'affluent society', to government policies of
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A Guide to the Rowntree and Mackintosh Company Archives, 1862-1969
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which was produced in collaboration with his research assistant
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urged Rowntree to write on rural living conditions in Britain:
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Management Thought (Routledge Revivals): A Critical Analysis
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The Way to Industrial Peace and the Problem of Unemployment
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How the Labourer Lives, A Study of the Rural Labour Problem
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British philanthropist industrialist and sociologist writer
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Poverty in York: A Re-Analysis of Rowntree's 1950 Survey.
1086:
Bunn G: "New Scientist", 174 (2345) 1 June 2002, p. 50-1
435:, in 1928. In 1930 he co-wrote, with Lloyd George and
114:. He is known in particular for his three studies of
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A study of the work of Seebohm Rowntree, 1871-1954.
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381:(1918) argued for family allowances and a national
262:and used this information to set his poverty line.
168:and was the chairman from 1923 to 1941. During the
942:A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree: 1871–1954
647:The responsibility of Women Workers for Dependants
172:he was Director of the Welfare Department at the
81:Industrialist, sociological researcher and writer
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1153:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00570.x
1064:Rowntree and the marketing revolution, 1862-1969
1025:Rowntree and the marketing revolution, 1862-1969
748:Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists
421:. The influence of Rowntree can be seen in the
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527:department in 1922 which pioneered the use of
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771:Joseph Rowntree Foundation Centenary: Poverty
1204:Our Heritage, The Joseph Rowntree Foundation
807:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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537:National Institute of Industrial Psychology
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512:. The Works was a corporate member of the
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834:Bootham Old Scholars Association (2011).
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294:in which some people moved in and out of
185:Former Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's
685:English Life and Leisure: A Social Study
394:English Life and Leisure: A Social Study
207:
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1076:Making the Modern World – Studying work
804:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
577:Betting & Gambling: A National Evil
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855:. Borthwick Publications. p. 81.
253:of the period to discover the minimum
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583:Land and Labour, Lessons from Belgium
337:. Unlike his other studies of York a
230:, inspired by the work of his father
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523:Seebohm oversaw the formation of an
681:by Rowntree and G. R. Lavers (1951)
649:by Rowntree and Frank Stuart (1921)
212:Poverty in towns, slum dwellers in
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1186:Works by or about Seebohm Rowntree
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801:. "Rowntree, (Benjamin) Seebohm".
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609:by Rowntree and May Kendall (1913)
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392:In the study of his later period,
266:was not widespread in the rest of
160:for five terms before joining the
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1557:People educated at Bootham School
1508:Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery
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978:. London: The Press Printers Ltd.
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516:and was admired by its President
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226:Rowntree investigated poverty in
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1173:Explorations in Economic History
1097:Social Thought and Social Action
1038:Social Thought and Social Action
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999:Social Thought and Social Action
955:Social Thought and Social Action
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880:Social Thought and Social Action
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454:impacted on the policies of the
409:Rowntree was a supporter of the
156:. Rowntree studied chemistry at
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195:in 1954. He was 83 years old.
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1257:Poverty and the Welfare State
1232:Poverty, A Study of Town Life
711:"Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree."
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679:Poverty and the Welfare State
567:Poverty, A Study of Town Life
460:Poverty and the Welfare State
330:Poverty and the Welfare State
242:Poverty, A Study of Town Life
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141:Seebohm Rowntree was born in
1249:The Human Factor in Business
1161:Journal of religious history
821:UK public library membership
653:Industrial Unrest, A way Out
640:The Human Factor in Business
589:Unemployment, A Social Study
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387:The Human Factor in Business
349:, and to the success of the
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439:, the Liberal Party's plan
428:Britain's Industrial Future
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988:The Liberal Magazine, 1936
944:, page 284. Longmans, 1961
750:. Routledge. p. 136.
717:Gale In Context: Biography
659:How to Tackle Unemployment
554:Joseph Rowntree Foundation
456:post-war Labour government
441:How to Tackle Unemployment
176:, under the leadership of
158:Owen's College, Manchester
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1245:The Human Needs of Labour
1224:Works by Seebohm Rowntree
1195:Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree
746:Scott, John, ed. (2007).
633:The Human Needs of Labour
617:, Warburton lecture, 1914
379:The Human Needs of Labour
166:limited liability company
104:Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree
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1261:English Life and Leisure
1151:64.4 (2011): 1175-1194.
302:Second York study (1936)
191:, where he died after a
145:, the second son of the
1572:English philanthropists
1149:Economic History Review
836:Bootham School Register
776:12 October 2008 at the
723:. Accessed 6 Oct. 2019.
667:the Marquess of Lothian
323:Third York study (1951)
204:First York study (1899)
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136:
1577:English businesspeople
1241:How the Labourer Lives
1095:cited in Briggs, Asa:
1010:cited in Briggs, Asa:
838:. York, England: BOSA.
813:10.1093/ref:odnb/35856
493:Rowntree's Cocoa Works
431:, better known as the
372:How the Labourer Lives
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1199:Spartacus Educational
1175:37.2 (2000): 174-188.
1138:Briggs, Asa. (1961).
1049:Child, John. British
849:Burg, Judith (1997).
525:industrial psychology
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174:Ministry of Munitions
1567:British sociologists
1477:Henry Isaac Rowntree
1253:Poverty and Progress
1214:The Rowntree Society
1163:29.1 (2005): 25-42.
972:Lothian, Marquess of
957:, pages 294 and 322.
673:Poverty and Progress
452:Poverty and Progress
309:Poverty and Progress
1062:Robert Fitzgerald,
1023:Robert Fitzgerald,
968:Lloyd George, David
621:Lectures on Housing
1053:. Routledge, 2012.
713:World of Sociology
663:David Lloyd George
510:Clarence Northcott
489:of the institute.
415:David Lloyd George
362:David Lloyd George
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178:David Lloyd George
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1597:Housing reformers
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518:Henry S. Dennison
481:In 1947 when the
279:secondary poverty
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18:
1587:1954 deaths
1582:1871 births
1422:Matchmakers
1370:Black Magic
1365:After Eight
1323:Brands and
1099:, page 231.
1040:, page 231.
1001:, page 322.
931:, page 284.
876:Briggs, Asa
437:Philip Kerr
433:Yellow Book
370:(1913) and
221: 1901
187:old house,
162:family firm
86:Nationality
50:7 July 1871
1551:Categories
1339:Fruit Gums
1300:Rowntree's
1014:, page 86.
882:, page 25.
823:required.)
695:References
216:, Ireland
78:Occupation
46:1871-07-07
1385:Hoadley's
1142:Longmans.
400:Influence
385:, and in
377:His work
255:calorific
97:1899–1954
73:, England
55:, England
1526:Category
1447:Smarties
1237:The Land
774:Archived
600:The Land
543:See also
367:The Land
339:sampling
1536:Commons
1496:Related
1407:Kit Kat
1375:Caramac
1332:Current
1188:at the
669:), 1930
570:(1901)
508:and Dr
268:Britain
116:poverty
89:English
1470:People
1457:Yorkie
1427:Menier
1380:Gale's
1353:Former
1314:Nestlé
1307:Parent
1165:online
1131:online
1066:(1995)
1027:(1995)
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689:online
675:(1941)
661:(with
655:(1922)
643:(1921)
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603:(1913)
595:(1911)
585:(1910)
579:(1905)
572:online
214:Dublin
147:Quaker
94:Period
1442:Rolo
1432:Polo
1417:Lion
1360:Aero
857:ISBN
752:ISBN
665:and
458:and
260:diet
228:York
199:Work
143:York
137:Life
120:York
60:Died
53:York
40:Born
1235:|
1197:at
809:doi
118:in
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108:CH
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48:)
44:(
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