1721:
1870:
3521:
1961:
4693:
5372:
3406:
3575:
4700:
2141:
5379:
5184:
5170:
5176:
3256:
4933:
3179:
3938:
3583:
2850:
2733:
2607:
2498:
2377:
5054:
4377:
3829:
5474:
4158:
4046:
3713:
3708:
3399:
3022:
2909:
2491:
5311:
2858:
2740:
1400:
5481:
5061:
4940:
4559:
4165:
3945:
3836:
2916:
2384:
3720:
3029:
4053:
2614:
1687:
4274:
4551:
1428:
4384:
4545:
1037:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
6323:
1857:) adopted that latter variation and eventually the rest of the Greek-speaking world followed. After first writing right to left, the Greeks eventually chose to write from left to right, unlike the Phoenicians who wrote from right to left. Many Greek letters are similar to Phoenician, except the letter direction is reversed or changed, which can be the result of historical changes from right-to-left writing to
4729:
4724:
4298:
3353:
2769:
3974:
3288:
2643:
2413:
5215:
5090:
4969:
4875:
4826:
4413:
3865:
3617:
3435:
2527:
5395:
4588:
4194:
4082:
3749:
3058:
2945:
1562:
686:. Hieroglyphs were employed in three ways in Ancient Egyptian texts: as logograms (ideograms) that represent a word denoting an object visually depicted by the hieroglyph, as phonographs denoting sounds, or as determinatives which provide clues to meaning without directly writing sounds. Since vowels were mostly unwritten, the
2161:'s northern coast. Tablets found there bear over one thousand cuneiform signs, but these signs are not Babylonian and there are only thirty distinct characters. About twelve of the tablets have the signs set out in alphabetic order. There are two orders found, one of which is nearly identical to the order used for
694:. This was not done when writing the Egyptian language, but seems to have been an influence on the creation of the first alphabet (used to write a Semitic language). All subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from this first Semitic alphabet, or have been inspired by one of its descendants by
1744:. The letters of the Greek alphabet are the same as those of the Phoenician alphabet, and both alphabets are arranged in the same order. However, whereas separate letters for vowels would have actually hindered the legibility of Egyptian, Phoenician, or Hebrew, their absence was problematic for Greek, where
1748:
played a much more important role. The Greeks used for vowels some of the
Phoenician letters representing consonants which weren't used in Greek speech. All of the names of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet started with consonants, and these consonants were what the letters represented; this is
1917:
Although this description presents the evolution of scripts in a linear fashion, this is a simplification. For example, Georgian scripts derive from the
Semitic family, but were also strongly influenced in their conception by Greek. A modified version of the Greek alphabet, using an additional half
1756:
However, several
Phoenician consonants were absent in Greek, and thus several letter names came to be pronounced with initial vowels. Since the start of the name of a letter was expected to be the sound of the letter (the acrophonic principle), in Greek these letters came to be used for vowels. For
5718:
of eastern India appears to be based on traditional symbols such as "danger" and "meeting place", as well as pictographs invented by its creator. (The names of the
Santali letters are related to the sound they represent through the acrophonic principle, as in the original alphabet, but it is the
1534:'house'. Little of this proto-Canaanite script has survived, but existing evidence suggests it retained its pictographic nature for half a millennium until it was adopted for governmental use in Canaan. The first Canaanite states to make extensive use of the alphabet were the
2093:, which was first used to represent the sound 'w' and looked like a p that is narrow and triangular, was easy to confuse with an actual p, the 'w' sound began to be written using a double u. Because the u at the time looked like a v, the double u looked like two v's,
1735:
By at least the 8th century BCE the Greeks borrowed the
Phoenician alphabet and adapted it to their own language, creating in the process the first "true" alphabet, in which vowels were accorded equal status with consonants. According to Greek legends transmitted by
1545:. The Phoenician cities were maritime states at the center of a vast trade network and soon the Phoenician alphabet spread throughout the Mediterranean. Two variants of the Phoenician alphabet had major impacts on the history of writing: the
2062:
conquered the
Eastern Mediterranean and other areas in the third century BCE, the Romans began to borrow Greek words, so they had to adapt their alphabet again in order to write these words. From the Eastern Greek alphabet, they borrowed
6336:
an ideal writing system. The
Semitic abjads really do fit the structure of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic very well, than an alphabet would , since the spelling ensures that each root looks the same through its plethora of inflections and
1507:
This
Semitic script adapted Egyptian hieroglyphs to write consonantal values based on the first sound of the Semitic name for the object depicted by the hieroglyph, the "acrophonic principle". For example, the hieroglyph
1981:, and the Western Greeks, the Latins adopted writing in about the seventh century. In adopting writing from these two groups, the Latins dropped four characters from the Western Greek alphabet. They also adapted the
6762:
6598:
6574:
6550:
1873:
Global distribution of the
Cyrillic alphabet. The dark green areas shows the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other
1565:
Global distribution of the Arabic alphabet. The dark green areas shows the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other
1964:
Global distribution of the Latin alphabet. The dark green areas show the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other
5806:
are essentially arbitrary geometric forms. The shapes of the
English Braille and semaphore letters are not derived from the graphic forms of the letters themselves. Most modern forms of
1894:. In the eastern Greek dialects, which did not have an /h/, eta stood for a vowel, and remains a vowel in modern Greek and all other alphabets derived from the eastern variants:
6137:
5758:
Changes to a new writing medium sometimes caused a break in graphical form, or make the relationship difficult to trace. It is not immediately obvious that the cuneiform
1720:
2144:
Simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of standard Latin alphabet and that of the modern variants.
658:
coined for them in 1996, and "true alphabets" with letters for both consonants and vowels. In this narrower sense, the first true alphabet would be the
5891:
has been found in the Canaanite Lachish Comb inscription, though no such glyph has been found in Proto-Sinaitic, and its origin hasn't been discovered.
629:. The Semitic alphabet became the ancestor of multiple writing systems across the Middle East, Europe, northern Africa, and South Asia, mainly through
7525:
6734:
Vainstub, Daniel; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine; Hasel, Michael G.; Hesler, Katherine M.; Lavi, Miriam; Rabinovich, Rivka; Goren, Yuval; Garfinkel, Yosef.
1797:. As this fortunate development only provided for five or six (depending on dialect) of the twelve Greek vowels, the Greeks eventually created
6278:
609:
to represent the language of Semitic-speaking workers and slaves in Egypt. Unskilled in the complex hieroglyphic system used to write the
5859:
7332:
6735:
7258:
662:, which was adapted from the Phoenician alphabet. Many linguists are skeptical of the value of wholly separating the two categories.
2204:
order in the south; Ugaritic preserved both orders. Both sequences proved remarkably stable among the descendants of these scripts.
1878:
Greek is in turn the source of all the modern scripts of Europe. The alphabet of the early western Greek dialects, where the letter
5750:
Empire were written in an essentially alphabetic cuneiform script whose letter forms seem to have been created for the occasion.
1281:
1262:
1243:
1205:
1186:
1148:
961:
942:
923:
847:
809:
1319:
1167:
828:
7518:
7142:
7123:
7075:
7056:
7037:
7018:
6966:
6908:
6866:
6804:
6258:
1338:
1300:
1224:
904:
885:
866:
790:
771:
601:
scripts used throughout the world today ultimately go back to this Semitic script. Its first origins can be traced back to a
613:, which required a large number of pictograms, they selected a small number of those commonly seen in their surroundings to
6794:
1988:, pronounced 'w,' giving it the 'f' sound, and the Etruscan S, which had three zigzag lines, was curved to make the modern
7347:
6224:
5854:
5799:
649:—five closely related members of the Semitic family of scripts that were in use during the early first millennium BCE.
7873:
6533:
1576:. The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician in the 7th century BCE, to become the official script of the
5706:
Among alphabets that are not used as national scripts today, a few are clearly independent in their letter forms. The
7492:
6889:
6844:
5933:
1570:
The Phoenician and Aramaic alphabets, like their Egyptian prototype, represented only consonants, a system called an
7511:
5844:
426:
17:
5775:
2284:
290:
5834:
5824:
432:
7441:
7251:
5839:
2071:, which were added to the end of the alphabet because the only time they were used was to write Greek words.
1955:
1927:
1847:
1681:
272:
5974:
7342:
2307:
110:
7206:
5464:
5362:
5358:
5298:
5160:
5044:
5040:
4923:
4919:
4859:
4804:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4535:
4479:
4367:
4261:
4148:
4036:
3928:
3819:
3698:
3565:
3511:
3389:
3246:
3242:
3166:
3012:
2899:
2723:
2597:
2481:
2367:
2047:
2043:
1883:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
687:
7926:
5829:
5762:
derives from a prototypical Semitic abjad, for example, although this appears to be the case. And while
5679:
One modern national alphabet that has not been graphically traced back to the Canaanite alphabet is the
7276:
6623:
5767:
5687:
and perhaps other existing alphabets, it derives its letter forms from numerals. Another is the Korean
7931:
7487:
7214:
6430:
1647:
1523:
1515:
496:
2153:
The order of the letters of the alphabet is attested from the fourteenth century BCE in the town of
7244:
6274:
2297:
6050:
2137:
for the vowel by the fifteenth century, and it was fully accepted in the mid-seventeenth century.
7400:
7380:
7357:
7326:
7227:
5878:
The Canaanites seem to have replaced the 𓄤 glyph with one resembling a spinning wheel (ṭayt) 𓊖.
3520:
2181:
2083:
1661:
are of uncertain provenance, but appear to be part of either the Persian-Aramaic or Greek family.
1525:
1517:
754:
in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Several correspondences have been proposed with Proto-Sinaitic letters.
731:
of Egypt has yet to be fully deciphered. However, it may be alphabetic and probably records the
444:
6684:
6645:
5787:
2189:
1973:, who became the Romans, also lived in the Italian peninsula like the Western Greeks. From the
1943:
1757:
example, the Greeks had no glottal stop or voiced pharyngeal sounds, so the Phoenician letters
736:
7885:
2292:
2050:
sounds; the Romans soon modified the letter C to make G, inserted it in seventh place, where
1974:
1970:
1798:
1724:
728:
714:
may also be an independently invented alphabet, but too little is known of it to be certain.
667:
634:
602:
569:
6029:
7337:
6169:
6161:
5925:
5779:
5771:
2079:
683:
626:
364:
45:
6099:
8:
7880:
7727:
7535:
7116:
Early history of the alphabet: an introduction to west Semitic epigraphy and palaeography
6790:
6165:
5949:
5700:
4521:
2312:
2193:
2059:
1895:
1887:
1643:
1639:
1542:
1351:
974:
751:
630:
377:
179:
129:
7222:
7068:
The alphabet effect: a media ecology understanding of the making of Western civilization
7921:
7446:
7295:
7169:
7102:
6943:
6935:
6823:
6412:
6181:
5819:
2256:
2208:
1919:
1869:
1616:
1589:
732:
695:
618:
408:
318:
73:
5991:
5810:
are also unrelated to the alphabet, generally transcribing sounds instead of letters.
7161:
7138:
7119:
7071:
7052:
7033:
7014:
6972:
6962:
6947:
6904:
6885:
6862:
6840:
6800:
6704:
6665:
6254:
6172:; Zuckerman, Bruce (2005). "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl".
6062:
5929:
5759:
5711:
5597:
5567:
2302:
2244:
2185:
2174:
1982:
1911:
1903:
1561:
699:
610:
590:
490:
358:
104:
6827:
6700:
6661:
1960:
7895:
7471:
7310:
7094:
6927:
6854:
6814:
Colless, Brian Edric (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah".
6696:
6657:
6404:
5986:
5918:
5715:
5692:
2317:
2212:
2207:
The letter names proved stable among the many descendants of Phoenician, including
1939:
1777:
1658:
1631:
1612:
1546:
1510:
679:
642:
509:
420:
394:
382:
352:
324:
310:
199:
191:
7098:
6408:
3937:
3255:
2849:
2732:
2606:
2376:
7900:
7890:
6046:
5763:
5696:
5587:
5371:
5053:
4932:
4692:
4376:
3828:
3178:
2342:
2327:
2322:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2162:
1923:
1907:
1899:
1651:
1627:
1623:
1608:
1585:
646:
484:
478:
472:
346:
330:
301:
284:
82:
5473:
4853:
4157:
4045:
3712:
3707:
3398:
3021:
2908:
2490:
678:
Two scripts are well attested from before the end of the fourth millennium BCE:
559:
116:
7410:
7395:
7267:
7006:
5795:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2260:
2236:
2228:
2170:
2166:
2087:
1891:
1843:
1835:
1816:
1767:
1728:
1550:
663:
659:
638:
414:
402:
336:
252:
226:
219:
95:
7503:
6736:"A Canaanite's Wish to Eradicate Lice on an Inscribed Ivory Comb from Lachish"
7915:
7771:
7436:
7165:
6976:
6708:
6669:
6066:
5888:
5571:
5350:
5148:
4699:
4383:
3405:
2555:
2473:
1858:
1077:
1067:
711:
652:
Some modern authors distinguish between consonantal alphabets, with the term
606:
547:
438:
6114:
5975:"The Miners that Invented the Alphabet - a Response to Christopher Rollston"
3574:
7694:
7606:
7562:
7466:
6956:
5668:
5657:
5635:
5624:
5456:
2272:
The table is a schematic of the Proto-Sinaitic script and its descendants.
2265:
2075:
1879:
1691:
1601:
1577:
1498:
1450:
1095:
450:
244:
238:
185:
168:
7197:
5378:
5183:
258:
7595:
7210:
7188:
5747:
5586:
in Canaanite scripts, respectively. The six variant letters added in the
5169:
4616:
2881:
2140:
2004:
was used. These changes produced the modern alphabet without the letters
1580:, appears to be the ancestor of nearly all the modern alphabets of Asia:
1089:
740:
232:
5175:
4140:
7451:
6939:
6185:
6138:"Did the People of Easter Island Invent a Writing System From Scratch?"
5803:
5783:
2460:
2058:(the numerical sequence of the alphabet). Over the few centuries after
1935:
1750:
1635:
1538:
707:
537:
520:
266:
7173:
7106:
6416:
5683:
script, which is unique in that, although it is clearly modeled after
5613:
3582:
2497:
1113:
7420:
7415:
7405:
6119:
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
5807:
5703:, and the forms of its consonants appear to be complete innovations.
5480:
5310:
5060:
4939:
4558:
4164:
4052:
3944:
3835:
3719:
3028:
2915:
2857:
2739:
2613:
2383:
1834:
Several varieties of the Greek alphabet developed. One, known as the
1737:
1686:
1535:
1492:
1399:
614:
205:
7152:
Ullman, B. L. (1927). "The Origin and Development of the Alphabet".
6931:
6292:
6160:
4550:
4273:
2184:
had nor what their alphabetic order was. Among its descendants, the
1427:
7390:
7385:
7375:
7305:
7290:
6249:
Van De Mieroop, Marc (2022). "Vernaculars That Changed the World".
6007:
5707:
5574:, the voiceless fricatives ś, ṣ́, and ṯ̣ are missing. The phonemes
2232:
2055:
1597:
622:
598:
553:
526:
61:
7236:
7231:
5766:
are a direct continuation of the local written alphabet (both the
4544:
1036:
7370:
6918:
McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet".
5791:
5746:
consisted of tally marks, and the monumental inscriptions of the
5154:
4652:
3121:
1931:
1712:
upright in the photograph is missing a stroke and looks like the
1696:
1474:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1107:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
6901:
Reading the past: ancient writing from cuneiform to the alphabet
5646:
5600:
5032:
2359:
2243:. The letter sequence continued more or less intact into Latin,
1486:
1468:
1061:
666:, the most widely used alphabet today, in turn derives from the
7705:
7672:
7456:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
5688:
5684:
5680:
3920:
2893:
2154:
1839:
1741:
1593:
1438:
1083:
594:
211:
157:
151:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6450:
4359:
3004:
2269:
remains or was re-introduced as an alternative in the latter.
1462:
7738:
7617:
7584:
7573:
7551:
7365:
6685:"Sinai 357: A Northwest Semitic Votive Inscription to Teššob"
6646:"Sinai 357: A Northwest Semitic Votive Inscription to Teššob"
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
5849:
5743:
5557:
5284:
5274:
5247:
5135:
5019:
4997:
4798:
4786:
4758:
4665:
4659:
4638:
4634:
4473:
4462:
4346:
4253:
4240:
4127:
4019:
3798:
3677:
3490:
3342:
3338:
3327:
3234:
3226:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3086:
2829:
2825:
2715:
2701:
2695:
2576:
2431:
2158:
2001:
1978:
1745:
1572:
1456:
1101:
703:
654:
464:
458:
6332:, p. 27, "there are languages for which an alphabet is
1819:—or in some cases simply ignored the deficiency, as in long
7760:
7749:
7716:
7661:
7650:
7639:
7628:
7461:
7201:
7192:
6715:
6447:
5723:
consonant or vowel of the name that the letter represents:
4911:
4903:
3811:
3690:
3557:
3503:
3381:
2589:
1480:
1125:
1119:
1073:
6502:
6022:
5570:. Of the 29 consonant phonemes commonly reconstructed for
5551:
5540:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5251:
5129:
5118:
5012:
4999:
4779:
4775:
4764:
4760:
4627:
4456:
4445:
4441:
4339:
4335:
4322:
4318:
4233:
4222:
4121:
4110:
4013:
4002:
3904:
3893:
3792:
3777:
3670:
3660:
3484:
3473:
3331:
3316:
3129:
3094:
3088:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2818:
2807:
2689:
2674:
2570:
2566:
2454:
2443:
2129:
when there were several in a row. People began to use the
2042:
in the Roman alphabet could all be used to write both the
645:—derived from the Aramaic alphabet and developed into the
621:. This script was partly influenced by the older Egyptian
589:
goes back to the consonantal writing system used to write
7782:
7780:
7769:
7758:
7747:
7736:
7725:
7714:
7703:
7692:
7683:
7681:
7670:
7659:
7648:
7637:
7626:
7615:
7604:
7593:
7582:
7571:
7560:
7549:
6313:
6311:
6204:
6192:
5778:
alphabets retain the forms of the Latin alphabet, as the
4728:
4723:
4297:
4030:
3352:
2768:
1444:
670:
and Greek alphabets, themselves derived from Phoenician.
7049:
In the beginning: a short history of the Hebrew language
6993:
Colless, Brian E. (2014). "The Origin of the Alphabet".
6733:
3973:
3287:
2642:
2412:
2086:'s mission to Britain in the sixth century. Because the
1977:, a tribe living in the first millennium BCE in central
1615:. The original Hebrew alphabet has been retained by the
7219:
featuring Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard, Rosalind Thomas
6376:
6340:
6174:
The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
5214:
5089:
4968:
4874:
4825:
4412:
3864:
3616:
3434:
2526:
1740:, the alphabet was brought from Phoenicia to Greece by
1541:
and so later stages of the Canaanite script are called
750:. The table below shows hypothetical prototypes of the
7085:
Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet".
6884:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: C. H. Beck.
6796:
The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment
6624:"Revisiting the Encoding of Proto Sinaitic in Unicode"
6395:
Millard, A. R. (1986). "The infancy of the alphabet".
6308:
5662:
5651:
5640:
5629:
5618:
5607:
5591:
5581:
5575:
5533:
5523:
5512:
5501:
5490:
5454:
5441:
5429:
5418:
5407:
5394:
5385:
5348:
5338:
5318:
5239:
5226:
5206:
5194:
5146:
5111:
5100:
5081:
5070:
5030:
4990:
4979:
4960:
4949:
4909:
4901:
4888:
4865:
4839:
4816:
4750:
4739:
4709:
4663:
4649:
4609:
4598:
4587:
4579:
4568:
4527:
4519:
4506:
4494:
4434:
4423:
4404:
4393:
4357:
4308:
4289:
4251:
4215:
4204:
4193:
4185:
4174:
4138:
4103:
4092:
4081:
4073:
4062:
3995:
3984:
3965:
3954:
3918:
3886:
3875:
3856:
3845:
3809:
3770:
3759:
3748:
3740:
3729:
3688:
3651:
3641:
3628:
3606:
3593:
3555:
3542:
3530:
3501:
3466:
3456:
3445:
3426:
3415:
3379:
3366:
3309:
3298:
3279:
3268:
3232:
3224:
3188:
3156:
3079:
3068:
3057:
3049:
3038:
3002:
2966:
2955:
2944:
2936:
2925:
2887:
2879:
2865:
2837:
2800:
2790:
2779:
2760:
2749:
2713:
2667:
2656:
2634:
2623:
2587:
2548:
2537:
2518:
2507:
2471:
2436:
2423:
2404:
2393:
2357:
1716:Ο, but on the other side of the bottom it is a full Φ.
6080:
5546:
5257:
5124:
5007:
4622:
4451:
4329:
4228:
4116:
4008:
3899:
3787:
3783:
3479:
3322:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
2979:
2813:
2684:
2680:
2561:
2449:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1910:—which used both Greek and Roman letters—and perhaps
1626:
used after the third century CE evolved, through the
6352:
5674:
6061:(1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society.
2173:, and a second order very similar to that used for
1556:
690:could have been used as a consonantal alphabet, or
7207:"The Alphabet – its creation and development"
5917:
2196:22. These scripts were arranged in two orders, an
617:, as opposed to the semantic values, of their own
5566:These 26 consonants account for the phonology of
702:, a 3rd-century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in
7913:
6253:. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–C7.P48.
7533:
5691:, which was created independently in 1443. The
2105:developed when people began to use the rounded
1727:writing, the beginning of the writing with the
641:(derived from the Phoenician alphabet) and the
6248:
5710:phonetic alphabet is graphically derived from
2125:, in which a long tail was added to the final
688:hieroglyphs which indicated a single consonant
7519:
7252:
7118:(Reprint ed.). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
6961:(2nd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
6853:
6837:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems
6763:"Aramaic and Hebrew: A linguistic comparison"
6682:
6643:
6599:"Aramaic and Hebrew: A linguistic comparison"
6575:"Aramaic and Hebrew: A linguistic comparison"
6551:"Aramaic and Hebrew: A linguistic comparison"
6329:
6225:"The Origin and Transmission of the Alphabet"
2082:as they converted to Christianity, following
6135:
6051:"How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs"
6008:"How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs"
5979:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
4811:
4808:
4771:
3260:
2109:when they meant the vowel u and the pointed
7232:Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology
5860:List of languages by first written accounts
5753:
7526:
7512:
7259:
7245:
7135:Homer and the origin of the Greek alphabet
6534:"IS HOPHNI IN THE 'IZBET SARTAH OSTRACON?"
6045:
6005:
5972:
5920:Writing systems: A linguistic introduction
5596:, which survives as a separate phoneme in
2231:. However, they were largely abandoned in
597:during the 2nd millennium BCE. Nearly all
5990:
5872:
2148:
1850:, was used in Asia Minor. The Athenians (
7032:(New ed.). London: Reaktion Books.
7005:
6954:
6917:
6875:
6789:
6689:Journal of the American Oriental Society
6650:Journal of the American Oriental Society
6531:
6519:
6382:
6358:
6346:
6317:
6302:
6210:
6136:Magazine, Smithsonian; Anderson, Sonja.
6086:
2139:
1959:
1868:
1719:
1685:
1665:
1560:
1530:was the first sound in the Semitic word
717:
7331:Languages by writing system /
7198:The Development of the Western Alphabet
7084:
7046:
7027:
6992:
6834:
6813:
6721:
6496:
6394:
6222:
6112:
5915:
5881:
5580:disappeared in Canaanite, merging with
1600:writing system in the world (after the
14:
7914:
7151:
7132:
6898:
6621:
6298:
6198:
6115:"Writing in the World and Linguistics"
138:
7868:
7507:
7240:
7113:
7065:
6861:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5924:. Stanford University Press. p.
2263:, and Arabic, although a traditional
2180:It is not known how many letters the
2028:, as well as some other differences.
1890:which in turn developed into the Old
698:, with the possible exception of the
6755:
6591:
6567:
6543:
6229:Digital Commons @ Andrews University
1596:. It is the second-most widely used
1514:'house' was used to write the sound
7266:
6637:
6431:"Proto-Canaanite - List of symbols"
5855:List of creators of writing systems
2078:began using Roman letters to write
735:. The oldest examples are found as
722:
24:
7338:Ancient languages corpuses by size
6985:
6727:
6676:
6281:from the original on 26 April 2015
6180:: 63, 65, 67–71, 73–113, 115–124.
1611:started out as a local variant of
25:
7943:
7182:
6622:Pandey, Anshuman (30 July 2019).
6036:53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
5992:10.2458/azu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser
5675:Graphically independent alphabets
2097:was placed in the alphabet after
1949:
1861:, then to left-to-right writing.
1801:and other modifications, such as
1670:
1604:) and the most used abjad system.
7070:. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
6903:. London: British Museum Press.
6857:; Bright, William, eds. (1996).
6743:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology
6683:Wilson-Wright, Aren Max (2016).
6644:Wilson-Wright, Aren Max (2016).
5845:History of the Armenian alphabet
5479:
5472:
5393:
5377:
5370:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5213:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5088:
5059:
5052:
4967:
4938:
4931:
4873:
4824:
4727:
4722:
4698:
4691:
4586:
4557:
4549:
4543:
4486:
4483:
4411:
4382:
4375:
4314:
4296:
4281:
4272:
4268:
4192:
4163:
4156:
4080:
4051:
4044:
3972:
3943:
3936:
3909:
3863:
3834:
3827:
3747:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3665:
3615:
3581:
3573:
3519:
3515:
3433:
3404:
3397:
3351:
3286:
3254:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3056:
3027:
3020:
2993:
2943:
2914:
2907:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2767:
2738:
2731:
2641:
2612:
2605:
2525:
2496:
2489:
2411:
2382:
2375:
1846:. The other variation, known as
1557:Descendants of the Aramaic abjad
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
7154:American Journal of Archaeology
7028:Fischer, Steven Roger (2021) .
6701:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247
6662:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247
6615:
6525:
6423:
6388:
6364:
6267:
6242:
6216:
6154:
6129:
1922:hieroglyphs, was used to write
1588:descended from Aramaic via the
673:
52:
7137:. Cambridge University Press.
6782:
6532:Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (1998).
6106:
6092:
6039:
5999:
5966:
5942:
5909:
5835:History of the Hebrew alphabet
5825:History of the Arabic alphabet
1864:
625:, a cursive script related to
13:
1:
7099:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978
7051:. New York University Press.
6409:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978
6030:First Alphabet Found in Egypt
5898:
5840:History of the Greek alphabet
2113:when the meant the consonant
1956:History of the Latin alphabet
1851:
1690:Greek alphabet on an ancient
1682:History of the Greek alphabet
744:
529:
512:
499:
367:
160:
119:
7781:
7770:
7759:
7748:
7737:
7726:
7715:
7704:
7693:
7682:
7671:
7660:
7649:
7638:
7627:
7616:
7605:
7594:
7583:
7572:
7561:
7550:
7343:Undeciphered writing systems
6899:Hooker, J. T., ed. (1998) .
6799:. Harvard University Press.
5903:
5663:
5652:
5641:
5630:
5619:
5608:
5592:
5582:
5576:
5534:
5524:
5513:
5502:
5491:
5455:
5442:
5430:
5419:
5408:
5386:
5349:
5339:
5319:
5240:
5227:
5207:
5195:
5147:
5112:
5101:
5082:
5071:
5031:
4991:
4980:
4961:
4950:
4910:
4902:
4889:
4866:
4840:
4817:
4751:
4740:
4710:
4664:
4650:
4610:
4599:
4580:
4569:
4528:
4520:
4507:
4495:
4435:
4424:
4405:
4394:
4358:
4309:
4290:
4252:
4216:
4205:
4186:
4175:
4139:
4104:
4093:
4074:
4063:
3996:
3985:
3966:
3955:
3919:
3887:
3876:
3857:
3846:
3810:
3771:
3760:
3741:
3730:
3689:
3652:
3642:
3629:
3607:
3594:
3556:
3543:
3531:
3502:
3467:
3457:
3446:
3427:
3416:
3380:
3367:
3310:
3299:
3280:
3269:
3233:
3225:
3189:
3157:
3080:
3069:
3050:
3039:
3003:
2967:
2956:
2937:
2926:
2888:
2880:
2866:
2838:
2801:
2791:
2780:
2761:
2750:
2714:
2668:
2657:
2635:
2624:
2588:
2549:
2538:
2519:
2508:
2472:
2437:
2424:
2405:
2394:
2358:
1942:developed by the missionary
1781:), and stood for the vowels
7:
7348:Creators of writing systems
7228:The Origins of the Alphabet
6859:The world's writing systems
6277:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
6055:Biblical Archaeology Review
6012:Biblical Archaeology Review
5830:History of the Latin script
5813:
5742:In early medieval Ireland,
2200:order in Phoenician and an
1789:rather than the consonants
1675:
1483:'monkey' or 'cord of wool'
706:to the south of Egypt. The
136:
10:
7948:
7277:Index of language articles
7066:Logan, Robert K. (2004) .
6955:Robinson, Andrew (2007) .
6920:The Biblical Archaeologist
6113:Daniels, Peter T. (2016).
5916:Sampson, Geoffrey (1985).
5735:'thresh grain' represents
5590:include these (except for
4998:
4759:
3087:
2133:for the consonant and the
2054:had been, to maintain the
1953:
1679:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
953:
934:
915:
896:
877:
858:
839:
820:
801:
782:
763:
7864:
7542:
7480:
7429:
7356:
7319:
7283:
7274:
7133:Powell, Barry B. (1991).
7047:Hoffman, Joel M. (2004).
7011:A history of the alphabet
6876:Haarmann, Harald (2004).
6835:Coulmas, Florian (1996).
6330:Daniels & Bright 1996
6223:Azevedo, Joaquim (1994).
6028:Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "
5529:
5519:
5508:
5497:
5437:
5414:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5357:
5347:
5334:
5327:
5291:
5283:
5261:
5256:
5246:
5235:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5107:
5096:
5077:
4986:
4975:
4956:
4884:
4835:
4784:
4774:
4757:
4746:
4735:
4734:
4716:
4715:
4704:
4697:
4605:
4594:
4575:
4502:
4461:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4381:
4304:
4285:
4211:
4200:
4181:
4099:
4088:
4069:
3991:
3980:
3961:
3882:
3871:
3852:
3766:
3755:
3736:
3647:
3637:
3624:
3602:
3538:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3403:
3362:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3305:
3294:
3293:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3241:
3223:
3220:
3075:
3064:
3045:
2962:
2951:
2932:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2722:
2709:
2663:
2652:
2630:
2544:
2533:
2514:
2430:
2419:
2400:
1648:Mongolian writing systems
7333:by first written account
6370:Andrew Dalby (2004:139)
6168:; Lundberg, Marilyn J.;
5865:
5754:Alphabets in other media
2121:began as a variation of
1934:), which is a fusion of
1926:Egyptian. Then there is
1634:, into the alphabets of
1592:of what is now southern
1453:'large fish' or 'snake'
633:and the closely related
7536:Northwest Semitic abjad
7301:History of the alphabet
7114:Naveh, Joseph (1997) .
6372:Dictionary of Languages
6006:Goldwasser, O. (2010).
5973:Goldwasser, O. (2012).
5954:Encyclopedia Britannica
5950:"Sinaitic inscriptions"
2255:, but was abandoned in
2190:South Arabian alphabets
2188:had 27 consonants, the
2182:Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
2084:Augustine of Canterbury
2000:sound in Etruscan, the
1996:sound in Greek and the
1110:'courtyard' or 'fence'
587:history of the alphabet
35:History of the alphabet
6878:Geschichte der Schrift
6251:Before and after Babel
5780:Indian manual alphabet
5727:"swelling" represents
2149:Letter names and order
2145:
1966:
1875:
1732:
1717:
1567:
1459:'support' or 'pillar'
680:Mesopotamian cuneiform
427:Great Lakes Algonquian
6839:. Oxford: Blackwell.
6724:, p. 94, fig. 2.
6499:, p. 96, fig. 5.
6162:Darnell, John Coleman
5800:maritime signal flags
2143:
1969:A tribe known as the
1963:
1872:
1723:
1689:
1666:Alphabets with vowels
1564:
729:Proto-Sinaitic script
718:Consonantal alphabets
635:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
603:Proto-Sinaitic script
111:Ancient South Arabian
7030:A history of writing
6958:The story of writing
6166:Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W.
6142:Smithsonian Magazine
1522:in Semitic, because
684:Egyptian hieroglyphs
627:Egyptian hieroglyphs
46:Egyptian hieroglyphs
7160:(0 of 3): 311–328.
6201:, pp. 211–213.
5776:American one-handed
5701:Osman Yusuf Kenadid
2194:Phoenician alphabet
2060:Alexander the Great
1992:. To represent the
1888:Old Italic alphabet
1886:, gave rise to the
1838:, was used west of
1694:vessel. There is a
1644:Old Uyghur alphabet
1640:Old Turkic alphabet
1137:Egyptian prototype
1078:thrown hunting club
760:Egyptian prototype
752:Phoenician alphabet
615:describe the sounds
273:Canadian Aboriginal
7927:History of writing
7442:Canadian syllabics
7311:Scripts in Unicode
7296:History of writing
7189:The Greek alphabet
6882:History of Writing
5889:| glyph for ś
5820:History of writing
5768:British two-handed
5712:Chinese characters
2146:
1967:
1876:
1733:
1718:
1590:Nabataean alphabet
1568:
733:Canaanite language
696:stimulus diffusion
619:Canaanite language
497:Caucasian Albanian
7909:
7908:
7859:
7858:
7501:
7500:
7493:In Southeast Asia
7144:978-0-521-37157-5
7125:978-965-223-436-0
7087:World Archaeology
7077:978-1-57273-522-4
7058:978-0-814-73654-8
7039:978-1-78914-349-2
7020:978-0-905418-12-4
7013:. London: Unwin.
6968:978-0-500-28660-9
6910:978-0-7141-8077-9
6868:978-0-19-507993-7
6855:Daniels, Peter T.
6806:978-0-89130-221-6
6397:World Archaeology
6275:"Arabic Alphabet"
6260:978-0-197-63466-0
6213:, pp. 54–68.
6170:McCarter, P. Kyle
5760:Ugaritic alphabet
5568:Northwest Semitic
5564:
5563:
4022:*laguz / *laukaz
2186:Ugaritic alphabet
1505:
1504:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1131:
1086:'fish' or 'door'
969:
968:
965:
964:
950:
949:
946:
945:
931:
930:
927:
926:
912:
911:
908:
907:
893:
892:
889:
888:
874:
873:
870:
869:
855:
854:
851:
850:
836:
835:
832:
831:
817:
816:
813:
812:
798:
797:
794:
793:
779:
778:
775:
774:
700:Meroitic alphabet
611:Egyptian language
591:Semitic languages
583:
582:
123: 5th c. BCE
16:(Redirected from
7939:
7932:History by topic
7786:
7775:
7764:
7753:
7742:
7731:
7720:
7709:
7698:
7687:
7676:
7665:
7654:
7643:
7632:
7621:
7610:
7599:
7588:
7577:
7566:
7555:
7545:
7544:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7505:
7504:
7430:Current examples
7411:Semi-syllabaries
7261:
7254:
7247:
7238:
7237:
7177:
7148:
7129:
7110:
7081:
7062:
7043:
7024:
7002:
6980:
6951:
6914:
6895:
6872:
6850:
6831:
6810:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6740:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6628:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6500:
6494:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6306:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6047:Goldwasser, Orly
6043:
6037:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5923:
5913:
5892:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5764:manual alphabets
5716:Santali alphabet
5699:in the 1920s by
5695:was devised for
5693:Osmanya alphabet
5666:
5655:
5644:
5633:
5622:
5611:
5595:
5585:
5579:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5494:
5483:
5476:
5466:
5460:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5422:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5381:
5374:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5300:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5186:
5178:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5115:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5074:
5063:
5056:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4942:
4935:
4925:
4921:
4916:'cord', 'line'
4915:
4907:
4892:
4886:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4843:
4837:
4828:
4820:
4806:
4769:
4768:
4754:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4702:
4695:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4657:
4613:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4577:
4572:
4561:
4553:
4547:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4481:
4438:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4397:
4386:
4379:
4369:
4363:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4276:
4263:
4257:
4219:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4167:
4160:
4150:
4144:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4048:
4038:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3958:
3947:
3940:
3930:
3924:
3890:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3838:
3831:
3821:
3815:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3733:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3694:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3597:
3585:
3577:
3567:
3561:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3523:
3513:
3507:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3408:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3355:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3258:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3192:
3181:
3168:
3162:
3148:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3042:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3008:
2970:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2885:
2869:
2860:
2852:
2841:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2753:
2742:
2735:
2725:
2719:
2705:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2616:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2500:
2493:
2483:
2477:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2318:Imperial Aramaic
2275:
2274:
2192:had 29, and the
2049:
2045:
1940:Pitman shorthand
1885:
1856:
1853:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1659:Georgian scripts
1642:(probably), the
1632:Sogdian alphabet
1613:Imperial Aramaic
1547:Aramaic alphabet
1529:
1521:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
958:
957:
954:
939:
938:
935:
920:
919:
916:
901:
900:
897:
882:
881:
878:
863:
862:
859:
844:
843:
840:
825:
824:
821:
806:
805:
802:
787:
786:
783:
768:
767:
764:
757:
756:
749:
746:
723:Semitic alphabet
534:
531:
517:
514:
504:
501:
372:
369:
306:
305:
165:
162:
141:
124:
121:
100:
99:
78:
77:
66:
65:
54:
50:
49:
29:
28:
21:
18:Semitic alphabet
7947:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7860:
7538:
7532:
7502:
7497:
7476:
7425:
7352:
7327:Writing systems
7315:
7279:
7270:
7268:Writing systems
7265:
7185:
7180:
7145:
7126:
7078:
7059:
7040:
7021:
7007:Diringer, David
6995:Antiguo Oriente
6988:
6986:Further reading
6983:
6969:
6932:10.2307/3210965
6911:
6892:
6869:
6847:
6816:Antiguo Oriente
6807:
6791:Albright, W. F.
6785:
6780:
6771:
6769:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6747:
6745:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6681:
6677:
6642:
6638:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6607:
6605:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6583:
6581:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6503:
6495:
6448:
6439:
6437:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6328:
6324:
6316:
6309:
6301:, p. 222;
6297:
6293:
6284:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6231:
6221:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6159:
6155:
6146:
6144:
6134:
6130:
6111:
6107:
6100:"hieroglyphics"
6098:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6044:
6040:
6027:
6023:
6004:
6000:
5971:
5967:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5816:
5756:
5677:
5588:Arabic alphabet
3341:*īhaz / *īwaz,
3142:
3141:*ûruz / *ûran,
2699:
2298:Proto-Canaanite
2281:Reconstruction
2151:
1983:Etruscan letter
1958:
1952:
1867:
1854:
1775:(later renamed
1684:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1652:Manchu alphabet
1628:Pahlavi scripts
1624:Syriac alphabet
1609:Hebrew alphabet
1586:Arabic alphabet
1559:
748: 1850 BCE
747:
725:
720:
676:
647:Arabic alphabet
579:
578:
577:
532:
515:
502:
370:
299:
298:
175:
174:
163:
122:
93:
92:
71:
70:
59:
58:
43:
42:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7945:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7777:
7766:
7755:
7744:
7733:
7722:
7711:
7700:
7689:
7678:
7667:
7656:
7645:
7634:
7623:
7612:
7601:
7590:
7579:
7568:
7557:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7531:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7508:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7484:
7482:
7481:Related topics
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7225:
7220:
7204:
7195:
7184:
7183:External links
7181:
7179:
7178:
7149:
7143:
7130:
7124:
7111:
7093:(3): 390–398.
7082:
7076:
7063:
7057:
7044:
7038:
7025:
7019:
7009:, ed. (1977).
7003:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6967:
6952:
6915:
6909:
6896:
6890:
6873:
6867:
6851:
6845:
6832:
6811:
6805:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6754:
6726:
6714:
6695:(2): 247–263.
6675:
6656:(2): 247–263.
6636:
6614:
6590:
6566:
6542:
6524:
6501:
6446:
6422:
6403:(3): 390–398.
6387:
6385:, p. 162.
6375:
6363:
6351:
6349:, p. 170.
6339:
6337:derivations.".
6335:
6322:
6307:
6305:, p. 172.
6291:
6266:
6259:
6241:
6215:
6203:
6191:
6153:
6128:
6105:
6091:
6079:
6038:
6021:
5998:
5965:
5941:
5934:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5880:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5812:
5790:does Hangul),
5755:
5752:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5660:
5649:
5638:
5627:
5616:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5517:
5506:
5495:
5487:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5462:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5434:
5425:
5424:
5412:
5401:
5391:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5365:
5356:
5345:
5344:
5331:
5324:
5315:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5282:
5260:
5255:
5245:
5232:
5219:
5211:
5200:
5191:
5188:
5179:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5105:
5094:
5086:
5075:
5067:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5038:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4984:
4973:
4965:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4926:
4917:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4881:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4832:
4821:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4773:
4770:
4756:
4744:
4733:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4686:
4671:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4603:
4592:
4584:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4555:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4428:
4417:
4409:
4398:
4390:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4333:
4326:
4316:
4313:
4302:
4294:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4209:
4198:
4190:
4179:
4171:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4097:
4086:
4078:
4067:
4059:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3989:
3978:
3970:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3880:
3869:
3861:
3850:
3842:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3764:
3753:
3745:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3716:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3657:
3634:
3621:
3612:
3599:
3590:
3587:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3535:
3527:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3450:
3439:
3431:
3420:
3412:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3303:
3292:
3284:
3273:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3240:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3132:
3119:
3098:
3084:
3073:
3062:
3054:
3043:
3035:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2960:
2949:
2941:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2784:
2773:
2765:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2639:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2523:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2428:
2417:
2409:
2398:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Proto-Sinaitic
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2229:Greek alphabet
2150:
2147:
1954:Main article:
1951:
1950:Latin alphabet
1948:
1928:Cree syllabics
1892:Roman alphabet
1866:
1863:
1855: 400 BCE
1844:southern Italy
1836:Cumae alphabet
1815:—which became
1729:Latin alphabet
1680:Main article:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Greek alphabet
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1620:
1605:
1578:Persian Empire
1558:
1555:
1551:Greek alphabet
1503:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
761:
724:
721:
719:
716:
675:
672:
660:Greek alphabet
581:
580:
576:
575:
574:
573:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
524:
518:
507:
506:
505:
488:
482:
476:
470:
469:
468:
462:
456:
455:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
424:
400:
399:
398:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
386:
375:
374:
373:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
322:
316:
315:
314:
296:
295:
294:
291:Square Aramaic
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
264:
263:
262:
250:
249:
248:
242:
236:
209:
197:
196:
195:
176:
173:
172:
166:
155:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
127:
126:
125:
108:
96:Proto-Sinaitic
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
39:
38:
33:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7944:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7524:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7257:
7255:
7250:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7079:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6926:(3): 54–68 .
6925:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6891:3-406-47998-7
6887:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6846:0-631-21481-X
6842:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6520:Albright 1966
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6436:
6435:mnamon.sns.it
6432:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6383:Robinson 2007
6379:
6373:
6367:
6360:
6359:Robinson 2007
6355:
6348:
6347:Robinson 2007
6343:
6333:
6331:
6326:
6320:, p. 62.
6319:
6318:McCarter 1974
6314:
6312:
6304:
6303:Robinson 2007
6300:
6295:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6262:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6230:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6211:McCarter 1974
6207:
6200:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6095:
6089:, p. 96.
6088:
6087:Haarmann 2004
6083:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5937:
5935:0-8047-1254-9
5931:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5912:
5908:
5890:
5884:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5573:
5572:Proto-Semitic
5569:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5507:
5504:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5435:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5413:
5410:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5380:
5373:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5341:
5332:
5330: śin)
5325:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5106:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4993:
4985:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4777:
4766:
4762:
4753:
4745:
4742:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4719: ṣādē
4712:
4707:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4604:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4414:
4407:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4210:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3990:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3881:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3436:
3429:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3271:
3257:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3074:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2793:
2782:
2770:
2763:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2594:'throwstick'
2592:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1859:boustrophedon
1849:
1848:Eastern Greek
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1765:became Greek
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1708:. The letter
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:'jubilation'
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
758:
755:
753:
742:
738:
734:
730:
715:
713:
712:Easter Island
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Ancient Egypt
605:developed in
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
571:
570:Paleohispanic
568:
561:
558:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
548:Libyco-Berber
546:
539:
536:
535:
528:
525:
522:
519:
511:
508:
498:
495:
494:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
466:
463:
460:
457:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
418:
416:
413:
412:
410:
407:
406:
404:
401:
396:
393:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
366:
365:Old Hungarian
363:
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
351:
350:
348:
345:
338:
335:
334:
332:
329:
328:
326:
323:
320:
317:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
297:
292:
289:
288:
286:
283:
274:
271:
270:
269:10th century
268:
265:
260:
257:
256:
254:
251:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
215:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
201:
198:
193:
190:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
178:
177:
170:
167:
159:
156:
153:
150:
140:
134:
133:
131:
128:
118:
115:
114:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
97:
91:
84:
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
7886:Paleo-Hebrew
7874:Inscriptions
7779:
7768:
7757:
7746:
7735:
7724:
7713:
7702:
7691:
7680:
7669:
7658:
7647:
7636:
7625:
7614:
7603:
7592:
7581:
7570:
7559:
7548:
7406:Pictographic
7401:Phonogrammic
7300:
7215:
7157:
7153:
7134:
7115:
7090:
7086:
7067:
7048:
7029:
7010:
6998:
6994:
6957:
6923:
6919:
6900:
6881:
6877:
6858:
6836:
6819:
6815:
6795:
6770:. Retrieved
6766:
6757:
6746:. Retrieved
6742:
6729:
6722:Colless 2010
6717:
6692:
6688:
6678:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6630:
6617:
6606:. Retrieved
6602:
6593:
6582:. Retrieved
6578:
6569:
6558:. Retrieved
6554:
6545:
6527:
6497:Colless 2010
6438:. Retrieved
6434:
6425:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6325:
6294:
6283:. Retrieved
6269:
6250:
6244:
6234:February 14,
6232:. Retrieved
6228:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6177:
6173:
6156:
6145:. Retrieved
6141:
6131:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6094:
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6058:
6054:
6041:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5957:. Retrieved
5953:
5944:
5919:
5911:
5883:
5874:
5757:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5705:
5678:
5565:
5399:
4879:
4856:) "basket"?
4830:
4681:
4548:
3357:
2647:
2308:Old Arabian
2271:
2266:abjadi order
2264:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2179:
2152:
2090:
2076:Anglo-Saxons
2073:
2030:
1968:
1916:
1882:remained an
1877:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1734:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:black figure
1638:such as the
1602:Latin script
1571:
1569:
1531:
1509:
1506:
1501:'signature'
743:and date to
726:
691:
677:
674:Predecessors
653:
651:
637:, and later
586:
584:
560:Neo-Tifinagh
556:4th century
550:10th c. BCE
429:19th century
361:6th century
333:4th century
300:
255:7th century
239:Dhives Akuru
229:4th century
218:
188:10th c. BCE
186:Paleo-Hebrew
182:12th c. BCE
132:12th c. BCE
101:19th c. BCE
94:
72:
67:32nd c. BCE
60:
44:
34:
26:
7421:Syllabaries
7391:Logographic
7386:Ideogrammic
7216:In Our Time
7211:BBC Radio 4
6783:Works cited
6631:Unicode.org
6299:Hooker 1998
6199:Hooker 1998
6034:Archaeology
6018:(2): 40–53.
5804:Morse codes
5748:Old Persian
4662:'plant' or
3311:zayn or zāy
3239:"eyebrow"
3231:"weapon" /
3163:'manacle'
2886:"window" /
2278:No.
2080:Old English
1944:James Evans
1865:Descendants
1753:principle.
1749:called the
1607:The modern
1539:city-states
1104:'handcuff'
1090:haw, hillul
741:Wadi el-Hol
487:3rd century
481:3rd century
467:4th century
461:2nd century
417:7th c. BCE
411:8th c. BCE
405:8th c. BCE
397:2nd century
355:2nd c. BCE
349:2nd c. BCE
327:2nd c. BCE
313:4th century
307:3rd c. BCE
287:3rd c. BCE
241:6th century
235:4th century
214:3rd c. BCE
202:8th c. BCE
164: 1601
113:9th c. BCE
107:15th c. BCE
79:7th c. BCE
7916:Categories
7881:Phoenician
7452:Devanagari
6772:2024-01-21
6767:vocab.chat
6748:2023-12-13
6608:2024-01-21
6603:vocab.chat
6584:2024-01-21
6579:vocab.chat
6560:2024-01-21
6555:vocab.chat
6440:2024-02-05
6285:2015-05-16
6147:2024-02-17
5959:2019-08-21
5899:References
5802:, and the
5786:, and the
5784:Devanagari
5583:z, š, ḥ, ʿ
5577:ḏ, ṯ, ḫ, ġ
5355:'breast'
4908:'monkey'/
4526:'mouth' /
4444:o mikron,
4301:𐡎 semkaṯ
4258:'support'
3680:*Þurisaz)
3386:'mansion'
3356:𐡃 dalaṯ)
2894:jubilation
2832:*Þurisaz)
2579:*berkanan
2416:𐡀 'ālap̱
2313:Phoenician
1936:Devanagari
1896:Glagolitic
1751:acrophonic
1650:, and the
1636:North Asia
1617:Samaritans
1598:alphabetic
1543:Phoenician
1536:Phoenician
1435:Acrophony
1352:Phoenician
1058:Acrophony
975:Phoenician
710:script of
708:Rongorongo
631:Phoenician
599:alphabetic
572:7th c. BCE
538:Old Permic
533: 940
521:Glagolitic
516: 430
503: 420
475:5th c. BCE
378:Old Uyghur
371: 650
359:Old Turkic
321:2nd c. BCE
267:Devanagari
208:3rd c. BCE
194:6th c. BCE
180:Phoenician
130:Phoenician
85:3rd c. BCE
7922:Alphabets
7488:In Africa
7472:Mongolian
7416:Shorthand
7376:Alphabets
7306:Graphemes
7166:0002-9114
7001:: 71–104.
6977:145735363
6948:126182369
6822:: 75–96.
6709:0003-0279
6670:0003-0279
6522:, fig. 1.
6125:(36): 81.
6067:0098-9444
5904:Citations
5808:shorthand
5796:semaphore
5681:Maldivian
5022:*ingwaz)
4878:𐡏 ʿayn)
4801:) ?
4641:*perþō?)
4532:'corner'
4243:*naudiz)
4033:'waters'
3977:𐡋 lāmaḏ
3508:'thread'
3345:*algiz?)
3093:digamma,
2772:𐡃 dālaṯ
2698:*kaunan,
2478:'house'
2209:Samaritan
2175:Ethiopian
1975:Etruscans
1738:Herodotus
1102:zen, ziqq
433:Blackfoot
383:Mongolian
325:Nabataean
319:Palmyrene
259:ʼPhags-pa
206:Kharosthi
192:Samaritan
7381:Featural
7371:Abugidas
7291:Language
7284:Overview
6828:59462334
6793:(1966).
6279:Archived
6049:(2010).
5814:See also
5770:and the
5731:, while
5708:bopomofo
5532:
5522:
5511:
5500:
5461:'mark'
5440:
5417:
5406:
5337:
5287:*sowilô
5238:
5225:
5205:
5110:
5099:
5080:
5037:'head'
4989:
4978:
4972:𐡒 qop̱
4959:
4887:
4838:
4829:𐡈 ṭeṯ)
4789:*dagaz)
4749:
4738:
4732:𐡑 ṣāḏē
4637:*wunjō,
4608:
4597:
4578:
4505:
4476: ?
4433:
4422:
4416:𐡏 ʿayn
4403:
4307:
4288:
4214:
4203:
4184:
4145:'snake'
4130:*mannaz
4124:myslite
4102:
4091:
4072:
4016:lyudiye
3994:
3983:
3964:
3885:
3874:
3868:𐡊 kāp̱
3855:
3769:
3758:
3739:
3650:
3640:
3627:
3620:𐡈 ṭeṯ)
3605:
3541:
3493:*haglaz
3465:
3455:
3444:
3425:
3365:
3308:
3297:
3291:𐡆 zayn
3278:
3147:*algiz?)
3143:(Maybe:
3097:upsilon
3078:
3067:
3048:
3009:'hook'
2976:epsilon
2965:
2954:
2935:
2828:*dagaz,
2799:
2789:
2778:
2759:
2700:(Maybe:
2692:glagoli
2666:
2655:
2633:
2547:
2536:
2517:
2435:
2422:
2403:
2343:Cyrillic
2303:Ugaritic
2253:Cyrillic
2245:Armenian
2241:Cyrillic
2233:Tifinagh
2056:gematria
1965:scripts.
1912:Georgian
1904:Armenian
1900:Cyrillic
1874:scripts.
1799:digraphs
1725:Etruscan
1676:Adoption
1566:scripts.
1549:and the
1493:šananuma
1477:'plant'
1447:'water'
1116:'wheel'
1070:'house'
737:graffiti
668:Etruscan
643:Nabatean
623:hieratic
554:Tifinagh
527:Cyrillic
510:Georgian
491:Armenian
409:Etruscan
105:Ugaritic
83:Meroitic
62:Hieratic
7896:Aramaic
7869:History
7447:Chinese
7396:Numeral
6940:3210965
6186:3768583
5792:Braille
5560:*tîwaz
5398:𐡕 taw
5384:(𐪆/𐩦
5317:(𐪆/𐩦
5265:slovo,
5254:stigma
5250:sigma,
5218:𐡔 šin
5193:(𐪊/𐩪
5138:*raidô
5093:𐡓 rēš
4465:*ōþalą
4448:ō mega
4349:*gebô)
4197:𐡍 nun
4085:𐡌 mim
4005:lambda
3925:'goad'
3816:'palm'
3752:𐡉 yoḏ
3695:'hand'
3663:thēta)
3592:(𐪗/𐩷
3562:'good'
3438:𐡇 ḥēṯ
3334:zemlya
3137:*fehu,
3061:𐡅 waw
2864:𐪏/𐩯
2842:'fish'
2720:'door'
2704:*jēra-)
2530:𐡁 bēṯ
2463:*ansuz
2213:Aramaic
1932:abugida
1920:demotic
1842:and in
1778:omicron
1714:omicron
1700:but no
1697:digamma
1489:'head'
1471:'bend'
1441:'goad'
1128:'hand'
1098:'hook'
739:in the
639:Aramaic
593:in the
445:Saanich
421:Deseret
395:Mandaic
353:Sogdian
311:Avestan
302:Pahlavi
253:Tibetan
227:Pallava
220:Brahmic
200:Aramaic
74:Demotic
7901:Syriac
7891:Hebrew
7457:Hangul
7437:Arabic
7366:Abjads
7223:Mnamon
7174:497822
7172:
7164:
7141:
7122:
7107:124703
7105:
7074:
7055:
7036:
7017:
6975:
6965:
6946:
6938:
6907:
6888:
6865:
6843:
6826:
6803:
6707:
6668:
6417:124703
6415:
6257:
6184:
6065:
5932:
5788:Korean
5772:French
5714:. The
5697:Somali
5689:Hangul
5685:Arabic
5554:tvrdo
5489:𐪉/𐩩
5428:𐪛/𐩻
5281:dzĕlo
5132:rĭtsi
5069:𐪇/𐩧
5015:koppa
5004:koppa
4948:𐪄/𐩤
4864:𐪓/𐩳
4815:𐪜/𐩼
4767:sampi)
4763:san, (
4708:𐪎/𐩮
4670:'bag'
4630:pokoi
4591:𐡐 pē
4567:𐪐/𐩰
4493:𐪖/𐩶
4392:𐪒/𐩲
4364:'eye'
4342:xĕrŭ)
4338:ksi, (
4321:ksi, (
4173:𐪌/𐩬
4061:𐪃/𐩣
3953:𐪁/𐩡
3896:kappa
3844:𐪋/𐩫
3801:*isaz
3728:𐪚/𐩺
3673:fita)
3529:𐪍/𐩭
3414:𐪂/𐩢
3267:𐪙/𐩹
3187:𐪘/𐩸
3128:ukŭ →
3037:𐪅/𐩥
2948:𐡄 hē
2924:𐪀/𐩠
2889:hillul
2821:dobro
2810:delta
2748:𐪕/𐩵
2677:gamma
2648:gāmal
2622:𐪔/𐩴
2569:vĕdĕ,
2506:𐪈/𐩨
2446:alpha
2392:𐪑/𐩱
2364:'ox'
2328:Arabic
2323:Hebrew
2289:value
2257:Brahmi
2251:, and
2249:Gothic
2227:, and
2225:Hebrew
2221:Arabic
2217:Syriac
2163:Hebrew
2155:Ugarit
2038:, and
2024:, and
1971:Latins
1924:Coptic
1918:dozen
1908:Gothic
1840:Athens
1809:, and
1746:vowels
1742:Cadmus
1646:, the
1594:Jordan
1495:'bow'
1465:'eye'
1122:'arm'
595:Levant
485:Gothic
479:Coptic
473:Lycian
439:Fraser
347:Syriac
331:Arabic
285:Hebrew
212:Brahmi
158:Thaana
152:Hangul
7467:Latin
7358:Types
7320:Lists
7170:JSTOR
7103:JSTOR
6944:S2CID
6936:JSTOR
6880:[
6824:S2CID
6739:(PDF)
6627:(PDF)
6537:(PDF)
6413:JSTOR
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6072:6 Nov
5985:(3).
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5721:final
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1524:[
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