United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management

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The staff employed in this capacity are known as "committee staff," and are nonpartisan career employees. Under the rules established by the majority party in each chamber, the remaining budget and staff are allocated to the majority and largest minority party, respectively. These staff are known as "majority staff" and "minority staff," although many commentators refer to all committee staff as "committee staff" (leading to some confusion). The tradition of "firm party control" in the House of Representatives usually means that the majority party will control as much as 80 percent of a committee's staff and budget, while the minority party and nonpartisan committee staff control 10 percent each. In the Senate, the tradition of comity and unanimous consent has led to distribution of staff and budgetary resources on a basis closer to each party's representation in that chamber. There is wide variety in the titles and functions of committee, majority, and minority staff. As Chief Minority Counsel, Kennedy led a small legal staff employed to provide legal and strategic advice the minority party on the committee. See: Congressional Management Foundation.

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McClellan would be free to pursue an anti-labor legislative agenda once the hearings began to draw to a close. Republican members of the Select Committee voiced strong disagreement with McClellan's decision to let Kennedy set the direction for the committee and ask most of the questions, but McClellan largely ignored their protests. Robert Kennedy proved to be an inexpert interrogator, fumbling questions and engaging in shouting matches with witnesses rather than laying out legal cases against them. McClellan and Kennedy's goal had been to refer nearly all their investigations to the Justice Department for prosecution, but the department refused to do so because it concluded that nearly all the legal cases were significantly flawed. A frustrated Robert Kennedy publicly complained about the Justice Department's decisions in September 1958.

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jail as well, but the committee had also been strongly criticized for its handling of witnesses and its apparent one-sidedness in exposing union but not management corruption. To guide the Select Committee's investigations in the future, McClellan established a set of eleven areas of investigation for the committee, nine of which involved labor misdeeds and only one of which involved management misbehavior (preventing workers from organizing unions). The management-oriented area came last on the committee's list of priorities, and there were no staff assigned to investigate the issue.

300:, and prosecutors indicted about 30 people. Working with the FBI, the Select Committee electrified the nation when on February 22, 1957, wiretaps were played in public before a national television audience in which Dio and Hoffa discussed the creation of even more paper locals, including the establishment of a paper local to organize New York City's 30,000 taxi cab drivers and use the charter as a means of extorting money from a wide variety of employers. The 1957 hearings opened with a focus on corruption in Portland, Oregon, and featured the testimony of Portland crime boss 668:

helped remove a major obstacle to Kennedy's political aspirations. Kennedy also used the publicity he gained from the Select Committee's work to launch his own presidential bid in 1960. The work of the Select Committee also was a key turning point in the Senate career of John L. McClellan. McClellan devoted significant time and resources of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (of which he was chair) to pushing anti-organized crime agenda in 1960s, and his efforts kept the issue alive despite the prominence of other issues such as the

254: 304:. With the support of 70 hours of taped conversations, Elkins described being approached by two Seattle gangsters about working with the Teamsters to take over Portland vice operations. The colorful testimony brought the committee's investigations national media attention from the outset. As 1.2 million viewers watched on live television, evidence was unearthed over the next few weeks of a mob-sponsored plot in which Oregon Teamsters unions would seize control of the 4092: 4846: 409:, and uncovered a limited financial scandal at the top of the union. But the main focus of the committee for the first half of the year was the United Auto Workers. Republicans on the Select Committee, notably Barry Goldwater, had for several months in late 1957 accused Robert Kennedy of covering up extensive corruption in the UAW. The Republicans pointed to a lengthy, ongoing, and sometimes violent strike which the UAW was conducting against the 211:, Kennedy undertook the chief counsel's job determined to root out union malfeasance and with little knowledge or understanding of or even concern over management misbehavior. The biases of the Select Committee members and its chief counsel, some observers concluded, led the committee to view corruption in labor-management relations as a problem with unions, not management, and management as nothing more than a victim. 317:

following weeks. Less than a week later, Beck admitted to receiving an interest-free $ 300,000 loan from the Teamsters which he had never repaid, and Select Committee investigators claimed that loans to Beck and other union officials (and their businesses) had cost the Teamsters more than $ 700,000. Beck appeared before the Select Committee for the first time on March 25, 1957, and notoriously invoked his

454:. Although more muted and less frequent, criticisms of the Select Committee and Robert Kennedy continued. Kennedy's moralism about labor racketeering, several high-profile critics concluded, even endangered the Constitution. Although McClellan wanted to further investigate organized crime, the Select Committee had reached the limits of its jurisdiction and no further investigations were made. 199:, primarily, criticized the committee for not having a neutral attitude toward labor. Only three of the committee's eight members looked on organized labor favorably, and only one of them (Senator Patrick McNamara) was strongly pro-labor. The committee's other five members were strongly pro-management, and that included Senator McClellan. McClellan hired 430:

committee's previous investigations, but it also reflected the committee's frustration at uncovering no additional scandals like the one which had rocked the Teamsters. Through much of the spring and summer of 1959, the committee held a series of public hearings which brought a number of organized crime figures to the public's attention, including

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jurisdiction for his own Committee on Government Operations, but members of his committee balked at the request. However, McClellan was able to convince the full Senate to impose jurisdiction on Government Operations, and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations began making inquiries into matters pertaining to syndicated or organized crime.

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A noted attorney, speaking before the New York Bar Association, concluded that the Select Committee purposefully asked witnesses about issues it knew they could not answer without incriminating themselves. This led witnesses to rely on their Fifth Amendment rights repeatedly, and the Select Committee

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In the U.S. Congress, each committee in each chamber has its own budget and its own staff, which can vary widely depending on the committee's jurisdiction, size, and political importance. A small percentage of each committee's budget and staff are devoted to the institutional needs of the committee.

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The hearings had positive benefits for other key participants as well. The Kennedy-Ives bill was Senator John F. Kennedy's most important legislative accomplishment, and although it was not enacted into law many senators nonetheless revised their opinion and now saw him as a serious legislator. This

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which existed only on paper) to boost Hoffa's delegate totals. When the paper locals applied for charters from the international union, Hoffa's political foes were outraged. A major battle broke out within the Teamsters over whether to charter the locals, and the media attention led to investigations

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After the Select Committee's mandate expired, Senator McClellan and others advocated that the Senate expand the jurisdiction of one or more committees not only to provide oversight of the new labor law but also to continue the Senate's investigations into organized crime. McClellan originally sought

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As the Hoffa hearings occurred in August 1957, the Select Committee met in executive session to restructure its organizations and set its agenda for the future. The Select Committee had succeeded in securing the removal of Beck as Teamsters president and seemed on the verge of sending Jimmy Hoffa to

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The Beck and Hoffa hearings generated strong criticisms of Robert Kennedy. Many liberal critics said he was a brow-beater, badgerer, insolent, overbearing, intolerant, and even vicious. Hoffa and other witnesses often were able to anger Kennedy to the point where he lost control, and would shout and

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office through bribery, extortion and blackmail. On March 14, 1957, Jimmy Hoffa was arrested for allegedly trying to bribe an aide to the Select Committee. Hoffa denied the charges (and was later acquitted), but the arrest triggered additional investigations and more arrests and indictments over the

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The hearings also made Jimmy Hoffa a household name in the United States. The hearings were a critical turning point in Hoffa's career as a labor leader. Bringing down Dave Beck ensured that Hoffa would become president of the Teamsters, an outcome Robert Kennedy later regretted. Although Hoffa was

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accused Kennedy of being punitive and battering witnesses, compared his tactics to those of Joseph McCarthy, and declared Kennedy unfit to be Attorney General. At the turn of the century, historians and biographers continued to criticize the Select Committee's lack of respect for the constitutional

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or in groups of employees or employers, and to recommend changes in the laws of the United States that would provide protection against such practices or activities. It conducted 253 active investigations, served 8,000 subpoenas for witnesses and documents, held 270 days of hearings, took testimony

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The national attention paid to Robert F. Kennedy during the Select Committee's hearings helped launch his career as a government official and politician. It also earned him a reputation for ruthlessness and hard work. His experiences with the Select Committee significantly affected Robert Kennedy,

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While continuing to investigate and hold hearings on other unions and corporations, the McClellan Committee also began to examine the behavior of Jimmy Hoffa and other Teamsters officials. Senator McClellan accused Hoffa of attempting to gain control of the nation's economy and set himself up as a

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right against self-incrimination 117 times. Beck was called before the McClellan Committee again in May 1957, and additional interest-free loans and other potentially illegal and unethical financial transactions exposed. Based on these revelations, Beck was indicted for tax evasion on May 2, 1957.

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The Select Committee focused its attention for most of 1957 on the Teamsters union. Teamsters President Dave Beck fled the country for a month to avoid its subpoenas before returning in March 1957. The Select Committee had a difficult time investigating the Teamsters. Four of the paper locals were

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To solve its jurisdictional and political problems, the Senate established on January 30, 1957, an entirely new committee, the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, and gave it broad subpoena and investigative powers. The new select committee was given a year to complete

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opposed the bill and it died when the Congressional session ended in December 1958. Kennedy reintroduced the bill, with some additional provisions, in 1959. Although Ives had retired from the Senate, Senator Sam Ervin agreed to co-sponsor the revised bill. The Kennedy-Ervin bill also encountered

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As the UAW hearings were winding down, the Select Committee issued its first Interim Report on March 24, 1958. The report roundly condemned Jimmy Hoffa (by now president of the Teamsters) and accused the Teamsters of gathering enough power to destroy the national economy. Refocusing its attention

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Under the new guidelines, the Select Committee's schedule of hearings slowed. In January 1958, Chairman McClellan asked for and received permission from the Senate to extend the deadline for completing the committee's work for another year. For a short time early in the year, the Select Committee

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Chartering is the process by which a local labor union becomes part of a larger regional, national, or international union. The charter is similar to a constitution, and establishes the membership requirements, work and/or geographical jurisdiction, and structure of the new local union. Early in

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in order to beat conviction, but these charges also were never proven in a court of law. After he became U.S. Attorney General in January 1961, Robert F. Kennedy formed a "get Hoffa squad" whose mission was to identify additional evidence and secure a conviction against Hoffa. Kennedy's focus on

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During its existence, the Select Committee conducted 253 active investigations, served 8,000 subpoenas for witnesses and documents, held 270 days of hearings with 1,526 witnesses (343 of whom invoked the Fifth Amendment), compiled almost 150,000 pages of testimony, and issued two interim and one

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By September 1959, it was clear that the Select Committee was not developing additional information to justify continued operation. A second interim report was released in August 1959 once again denouncing the Teamsters and Jimmy Hoffa. Robert F. Kennedy resigned as the Select Committee's chief

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The Select Committee's chair was Senator John L. McClellan, and the vice chair was Senator Irving Ives. An equal number of Democrats and Republicans sat on the committee. Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy died on May 2, 1957, and was replaced by Republican Senator Homer E. Capehart. Democratic

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against the union and that the union's books were in order. Despite no evidence of any mismanagement or organized crime infiltration, Kennedy and McClellan went ahead with hearings on the UAW in February 1958. The five-week series of hearings produced no evidence of corruption. A second set of

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to reconcile the House and Senate bills began meeting on August 18, 1959. On September 3 and 4, the House and Senate passed the conference committee bill, which was far closer to the original Landrum-Griffin bill than the Kennedy-Ervin bill, and President Eisenhower signed the bill into law on

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Senator McClellan gave Robert Kennedy extensive control over the scheduling of testimonies, areas of investigation, and questioning of witnesses. This suited McClellan, a conservative Democrat and opponent of labor unions: Robert Kennedy would take the brunt of organized labor's outrage, while

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decision and landmark labor legislation. The right of union officials to exercise their Fifth Amendment rights was upheld and a significant refinement of constitutional law made when the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the right of union officials to not divulge the location of union records in

465:, alleging misuse and diversion of $ 4,000,000 of benefit funds. McClellan's notable failure to find any legal wrongdoing led to his introduction of several pieces of new legislation including McClellan's own bill on October 12, 1965, setting new fiduciary standards for plan trustees. Senator 396:

right against self-incrimination 140 times, and refused to answer any of the committee's questions. But despite the problems encountered in interrogating Dio, the Select Committee developed additional testimony and evidence alleging widespread corruption in Hoffa-controlled Teamster units was

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In February 1959, the Select Committee's attention turned to an investigation of organized crime. McClellan had won yet another one-year extension of the Select Committee's existence in January, giving it additional time for more investigations. This new focus was a natural outgrowth of the

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Malcolm Anderson, the Assistant U.S. Attorney in charge of the Justice Department's Criminal Division, told Kennedy in a letter made available to the news media "that of the fourteen cases that the committee has referred to the departments as involving perjury, eight have been closed after

5190: 544:(also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act) in 1959. Calls for legislation and drafts of bills began circulating in the Senate as early as May 1957. Among the more prominent bills was one submitted in 1958 by Senators John F. Kennedy and Irving Ives (with assistance from nationally known 676:. When limited jurisdiction over organized crime was transferred to the Committee on Government Operations after the disbandment of the Select Committee, Senator McClellan held a number of sensational hearings on organized crime from 1960 to 1964 which became known as the 263:

ran a series reporting its investigation of corruption involving the Teamsters and local officials. The series would ultimately win the Pulitzer Prize, and lead to the indictment of several officials, and the conviction and removal from office of district attorney

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its work, and charged with studying the extent of criminal or other improper practices in the field of labor-management relations or in groups of employees or employers. Half the membership was drawn from the Committee on Government Operations and half from the

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accused the Select Committee of bringing witnesses into executive session, ascertaining that they would exercise their Fifth Amendment rights, and then force them to return in public and refuse to answer questions—merely to generate media attention. The

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The final report of the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management was issued on March 31, 1960. At that time, the authority granted by the Senate to the Select Committee was transferred to the Committee on Government Operations.

469:(R) of New York also introduced bills in 1965 and 1967 increasing regulation on welfare and pension funds to limit the control of plan trustees and administrators. Provisions from all three bills ultimately evolved into the guidelines enacted in the 808:

The Select Committee's chair was Senator John L. McClellan. With the retirement of Senator Irving Ives from the Senate in December 1958, the new vice chair became Senator Karl E. Mundt. Senator Homer E. Capehart joined the committee to keep the

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stiff opposition, and Republicans were able to win Senate approval of a management "bill of rights" to the bill which labor strongly denounced. But with this and other Republican-backed amendments, the bill passed the Senate overwhelmingly.

82:. Kennedy resigned in July 1953, but rejoined the committee staff as chief minority counsel in February 1954. When the Democrats regained the majority in January 1955, Kennedy became the committee's chief counsel. Soon thereafter, the 1348:

American history, a parent union would issue a charter, and organize workers into the new union. Since the mid-20th century, more frequently unions have organized workers first and then issued a charter. See: Doherty, Robert Emmett.

580:). The Landrum-Griffin bill contained much stricter financial reporting and fiduciary restrictions than the Kennedy-Ervin bill as well as several unrelated provisions restricting union organizing, picketing, and boycott activity. A 426:

back on the Teamsters, the Select Committee held a short set of hearings in August 1958 intended to expose corruption by the Hoffa regime. But a number of witnesses recanted their written testimony and the hearings led nowhere.

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Robert Kennedy's resignation was prompted by concerns over the McCarthy committee's procedures, which he felt did not sufficiently protect the rights of witnesses and skirted both federal law and legal ethics. See: Schlesinger,

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final report. At its peak, 104 persons were engaged in the work of the committee, including 34 field investigators. Another 58 staffers were delegated to the committee by the Government Accounting Office and worked in

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dissolved to avoid committee scrutiny, several Teamster staffers provided verbal testimony which differed substantially from their prior written statements (the Select Committee eventually charged six of them with

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hearings into the UAW in September 1959 lasted just six days, and once more uncovered no evidence of UAW malfeasance. The September 1959 hearings were the last public hearings the embarrassed committee ever held.

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utilized this reliance to imply that the witnesses were guilty. This undercut the public's support for the Fifth Amendment, and endangered the right. See: Weaver, Jr., Warren. "Fifth Amendment Declared Abused."

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counsel on September 11, 1959, and joined Senator John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign as campaign manager. Committee members became more involved in passing legislation to deal with the abuses uncovered.

180:. McClellan, Ervin, McCarthy, and Mundt were drawn from Government Operations, and Kennedy, McNamara, Ives, and Goldwater from Labor. An equal number of Democrats and Republicans sat on the Select Committee. 4066: 4974: 4190: 87: 664:, from participating directly or indirectly in union activities until March 6, 1980, Hoffa was released from prison on December 23, 1971, but disappeared on July 30, 1975 (and was presumably murdered). 177: 165: 710:

Senator Patrick McNamara resigned from the committee on March 31, 1958, to protest the Select Committee's rough treatment of union witnesses. He was replaced by Democratic Senator Frank Church.

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had jurisdiction over labor racketeering, not Government Operations. McClellan objected to the transfer of his investigation to the Labor Committee because he felt the Labor chairman, Senator

4919: 62:), and compiled almost 150,000 pages of testimony. At the peak of its activity in 1958, 104 persons worked for the committee. The select committee's work led directly to the enactment of the 612:

indicted several times in federal and state courts based on evidence uncovered by the Select Committee, he was never convicted on any of the charges. Prosecutors and others accused Hoffa of

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The Select Committee would seek to prosecute 13 witnesses for contempt of Congress because of the recantments. See: Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Balked in Effor to Link Hoffa to Pay-Off."

113: 5228: 5384: 5153: 207:, as the subcommittee's chief counsel and investigator. Kennedy, too, did not have a neutral opinion of labor unions. Appalled by stories he had heard about union intimidation on the 4882: 5168: 5143: 5184: 5016: 4954: 4949: 380:

sort of private government. The Select Committee also accused Hoffa of instigating the creation of the paper locals, and of arranging for a $ 400,000 loan to the graft-ridden

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Hoffa was so strong that many observers at the time as well as later historians believed Kennedy had a personal vendetta against Hoffa. Hoffa was eventually convicted by a

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charges, was paroled by a federal court in order to testify at the Select Committee's hearings. But in a two-hour appearance before the Select Committee, Dio invoked his

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in a bid to take over that union and gain Teamsters control of the waterfront as well as warehouses. Johnny Dio, who by late summer 1957 was in prison serving time on

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investigation and study because the evidence failed to substantiate the allegations, and that the committee was so advised." See: "Rogers Defended on Prosecutions."

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At the peak of its activity in 1958, 104 persons worked for the committee, including 34 field investigators. Another 58 staff were loaned to the committee from the

330:, one of Robert Kennedy's mentors and a close friend, criticized Kennedy for presuming the guilt of anyone who exercised his Fifth Amendment rights. Noted attorney 461:

Although his committee had already been dissolved by 1960, McClellan began a related three-year investigation in 1963 into the union benefit plans of labor leader

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on January 30, 1957 and dissolved on March 31, 1960. The select committee was directed to study the extent of criminal or other improper practices in the field of

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Beck and other Teamster leaders subsequently challenged the authority of the Permanent Subcommittee to investigate the union by arguing that the Senate's

5103: 4964: 4284: 3917:"Ruth Young Watt, Chief Clerk, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1948-1979," Oral History Interviews, Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. 3551:

and using it to invest in a Florida retirement community. In return, Hoffa had a 45 percent interest in the project, and he and several others received

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Chief Counsel Kennedy resolved to investigate a wide range of labor unions and corporations, including the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the

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For example, the Landrum-Griffin bill also barred members of the Communist Party and convicted felons from holding union office, prohibited

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I Heard You Paint Houses": Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran and the Inside Story of the Mafia, the Teamsters and the Last Ride of Jimmy Hoffa

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Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. "PSI Subcommittee, Historical Background." United States Senate. No date.

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presented in public in August 1957. The worsening corruption scandal led the AFL-CIO to eject the Teamsters on December 6, 1957.

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February 28, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Chiefs Charged With Plot to Rule Oregon, Sought All Law Enforcement Powers."

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Diversion of union welfare-pension funds of Allied Trades Council and Teamsters 815; report, together with individual views

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Sen. McNamara resigned after the committee's first year of operation, and was replaced by Sen. Frank Church. See: Witwer,

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was appointed assistant counsel for the Committee on Government Operations by the then-chairman of the committee, Senator

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newspaper so strongly criticized Robert Kennedy for his overbearing, zealous behavior during the hearings that a worried

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The senator sponsored several pieces of important anti-crime legislation in the 1960s and early 1970s, including the

417:, president of the Auto Workers, told Select Committee investigators that the Kohler Company was committing numerous 247: 1096: 357: 184: 91: 1284:

Washington, D.C.: Congressional Management Foundation, 2008. 1930473117; Koempel, Michael L. and Schneider, Judy.

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March 26, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Uses 5th Amendment to Balk Senate Questions About Teamsters' $ 322,000."

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Baltakis, Anthony. "On the Defensive: Walter Reuther's Testimony before the McClellan Labor Rackets Committee."

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Sen. Joseph McCarthy served until his death on May 2, 1957. He was replaced by Sen. Carl T. Curtis. See: Lee,

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was named Acting President of the union. Hoffa resigned as Teamsters president on June 19, 1971. Barred by a

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Only one set of hearings were ever held on the topic of management misdeeds, in mid-fall 1957. See: Witwer,

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Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition.

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and strongly influenced his decision to make fighting organized crime a high priority during his tenure as

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85th Congress, 1st session, 1957; 85th Congress, 2nd session, 1958; and 86th Congress, 1st Session, 1959.

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May 4, 1966; Jones, David R. "Hoffa's Candidate Gets Clear Field as Potential President of Teamsters."

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May 14, 1957; Drury, Allen. "Inquiry Is Told Shefferman Sought $ 71,500 in Sale of Land to Teamsters."

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Much of the Permanent Subcommittee's work focused on a scandal which emerged in 1956 in the powerful

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Power Unlimited: The Corruption of Union Leadership: A Report on the McClellan Committee Hearings.

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March 20, 1957; "8 Hoffa Aides in Detroit Get Subpoenas to Appear Before U.S. Rackets Jury Here."

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Several historic legal developments came out of the select committee's investigation, including a

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The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions

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The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions

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During much of the summer and fall of 1957, the Select Committee investigated corruption in the

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on March 4, 1964, on two counts of tampering with the jury during his 1962 conspiracy trial in

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Senator John L. McClellan (D-Arkansas) was the committee's only chair for its entire history.

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By 1959 the Eisenhower administration had crafted its own bill, which was co-sponsored in the

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Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field.

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2006; Wilson, "Conquering the Enemy Within: The Case for Reform of the Landrum-Griffin Act,"

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Loftus, Joseph A. (August 20, 1957). "Top Beck Aide Links Hoffa to 'Phony' Teamster Locals".

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August 22, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Is Accused of Using Dio in Bid for Control Here."

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August 18, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Says He Got $ 120,000 In Loans Without Security."

30:"McClellan Committee" redirects here. For the commission about child abuse in Scotland, see 5389: 4823: 4703: 4639: 4516: 4247: 4006: 3555:

in the form of "finder's fees" from developers for securing the money. See: Brill, Steven.

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Shanley, J.P. "Du Mont Tally Machine Kept Busy as Dio Invokes Fifth Amendment at Hearing."

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August 1, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Is Accused of Using Dio In Bid For Control Here."

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February 27, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Chiefs Tied to Vice Plot and to Gambling."

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June 4, 1971; Salpuka, Agis. "Teamsters Elect Fitzsimmons To Succeed Hoffa as President."

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What Every American Should Know about American History: 225 Events That Shaped the Nation.

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March 15, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "U.S. Jury Indicts 4 Teamster Aides Silent In Inquiry."

8: 4614: 810: 748: 637:, a second federal district court jury convicted Hoffa on July 26, 1964, on one count of 309: 219: 31: 2759: 2506:

August 21, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Reveal Hoffa Bid to Get Dio In Teamsters."

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October 24, 1957; Lewis, Anthony. "Sears Labor Role Deplored By Aide As 'Disgraceful'."

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May 10, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Loan of $ 200,000 to Beck Revealed at Senate Inquiry."

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March 27, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "M'Clellan Scores Beck for 'Theft' of Union's Funds."

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August 17, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Reveal Hoffa Bid to Get Dio In Teamsters."

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May 18, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Congress Disclosures Forecast New Labor Legislation."

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March 17, 1957; Mooney, Richard E. "M'Clellan Hunts Auditor of Union and Son of Beck."

638: 565: 439: 389: 327: 172:, was too close to union leaders and would not thoroughly investigate organized labor. 3101:

April 30, 1959; Loftus, Joseph A. "House Approves Labor Bill Urged By The President."

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The Developing Labor Law: The Board, the Courts, and the National Labor Relations Act,

3045:

The Developing Labor Law: The Board, the Courts, and the National Labor Relations Act.

349:

to see for himself if Robert Kennedy was endangering John Kennedy's political future.

4536: 4130: 3952: 3822: 3810: 3777: 3765: 3742: 3722: 3699: 3572: 3560: 3528: 3516: 3496: 3465: 3453: 3437: 3410: 3398: 3361: 3315: 3295: 3272: 3245: 3220: 3200: 3082: 3048: 3012: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2943:

Bickel, Alexander M. "Robert F. Kennedy: The Case Against Him for Attorney General."

2639: 2585: 2569: 2460:"Court Paroles Dio and 3 Others to Testify Before Senate Hearings on Labor Rackets." 2361: 2349: 2303:

May 16, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "$ 100,000 Repaid By Beck to Union in Last 2 Weeks."

2193: 2158:

March 14, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Brewster Denies Teamsters' Plot to Rule Rackets."

2111: 2080: 1954:

February 10, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Beck Slips Back to U.S. and Faces Senate Subpoena."

1888: 1864: 1843: 1820: 1797: 1762: 1731: 1694: 1635: 1608: 1588: 1561: 1353: 1301: 1289: 1264: 1239: 1192: 1143: 1049: 956: 883: 650: 573: 200: 75: 2346:

Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade.

1691:

Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime.

649:, and sentenced to five years in prison. Hoffa entered prison on March 7, 1967, and 39:

United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management

4767: 4073: 2551:

December 6, 1957; Raskin, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Ousts Teamsters Union By Vote of 5 to 1."

677: 510: 431: 346: 269: 192: 253: 66:(Public Law 86-257, also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act) on September 14, 1959. 4751: 4719: 4711: 4150: 3310:

Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Rosenfeld, Susan; and Powers, Richard Gid.

3177: 3039:

June 2, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "White House Gives Program to Curb Abuses in Unions."

1385:

February 4, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Hoffa of the Teamsters Forcing Labor Showndown."

950: 871: 861: 839: 786: 780: 774: 736: 506: 466: 451: 169: 79: 3665: 2891: 5191:

Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party

4610: 4029: 3425: 2636:

American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935-1970.

2566:

Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60.

2543:

December 4, 1957; Raskin, "Meany Will Drop Teamster Ouster If Hoffa Gets Out."

2498:

August 16, 1957; Mooney, Richard E. "Inquiry Set to Press Hoffa on Role Here."

1975:

February 16, 1957; "4 Teamsters' Aides Cited for Contempt In Balking Inquiry."

613: 462: 414: 410: 297: 290:), and union records were lost or destroyed (allegedly on purpose). In Oregon, 223: 106: 2175:

Loftus, Joseph A. "F.B.I. Seizes Hoffa In A Plot To Bribe Senate Staff Aide."

1605:

Union Power and American Democracy: The UAW and the Democratic Party, 1935-72.

540:

The scandals uncovered by the Select Committee led directly to passage of the

5358: 4815: 4663: 4623: 4270: 3086: 2791: 962: 661: 549: 534: 443: 435: 292: 259: 204: 145: 4735: 4695: 4566: 4546: 3548: 3544: 2821:

Whitten, Leslie H. (August 2, 1965). "Javits Aims to Protect Union Funds".

851: 754: 447: 2392:

October 15, 1957; Levey, Stanley. "T.W.U. Unit Linked to Senate Inquiry."

2050:

February 24, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Bid to Dio On Union Charged."

1286:

Congressional Deskbook: The Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Congress.

4807: 4679: 4486: 1475:

January 24, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Teamsters Seek Way to Avoid a Showdown."

877: 792: 764: 673: 188: 153: 149: 133: 121: 103: 2617:

January 31, 1958; Raskin, A.H. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Starts Engineer Inquiry."

2413:

October 23, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Concern Defends Its Labor Policy."

2409:

November 3, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Company Accused of Union Busting."

2384:

July 17, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Use of Union Fund Linked to Officer."

2220:

March 30, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Urges Court to Quash Charges."

1418:

May 10, 1956; Levey, Stanley. "Writ Restores Lacey As Teamster Leader."

112: 4526: 3865:

Eisenhower & Landrum-Griffin: A Study in Labor-management Politics,

3750: 2733:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Denounced in Senate Report for Union Abuses."

2208:

March 19, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "U.S. Jury Indicts Hoffa, Attorney."

1971:

February 15, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Study Two Unions Here."

1885:

The Last Campaign: Robert F. Kennedy and 82 days That Inspired America.

1450:

December 13, 1956; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamster Union Tied to Rackets."

1236:

Eisenhower & Landrum-Griffin: A Study in Labor-management Politics.

646: 642: 629:, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $ 10,000 fine. While on 545: 296:

newspaper ran a series of investigative pieces that earned reporters a

196: 141: 102:(chair of the committee and subcommittee), began holding hearings into 3647:

Shabecoff, Philip. "Hoffa Is Stepping Aside As Teamsters' President."

3068:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Kennedy Suffers Setback As Labor Bill Is Amended."

3009:

Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement.

2930:

March 29, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "Vending Devices Linked to Racket."

2680:

August 6, 1958; Drury, Allen. "Rackets Unit Asks Prosecution for 13."

2522:

September 24, 1957; Drury, Allen. "M'Clellan Seeks Teamsters' Files."

2443:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Is Linked to Dio In Scheme To Control Port."

2224:

April 23, 1957; Ranzal, Edward. "Jury Here Indicts Hoffa On Wiretap."

1467:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Aide Balks at Inquiry on Union Rackets."

1446:

December 6, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Dio 'Paper' Unions Offer First Dues."

1402:

March 24, 1956; Ranzal, Edward. "7 Teamster Units Face U.S. Inquiry."

116:

Senator John L. McClellan (D–Arkansas), chair of the Select Committee.

3217:

In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

3148:

March 22, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "M'Clellan Fails in Watchdog Bid."

3144:

March 16, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "2 Senate Groups Vie As Watchdog."

2895:

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: The First Decade

2514:

August 23, 1957; "M'Clellan Seeks A Perjury Check On Hoffa Replies."

2307:

May 17, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Aide Pleads the 5th 71 Times."

1946:

February 8, 1957; Love, Kenneth. "Beck Denies Aim to Dodge Inquiry."

845: 742: 505:

Some observers continued to criticize the Select Committee. In 1961,

137: 3921: 3634:

June 29, 1966; Jones, David R. "Hoffa Re-Elected Teamsters' Chief."

3165:

March 31, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senate Extends Rackets Inquiry."

3127:

Loftus, Joseph A. "New Labor Bill With Wide Curbs Set for Passage."

3097:

December 2005; Loftus, Joseph A. "President Terms Labor Bill Weak."

2405:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Senate Inquiry Focuses on Some Management Sins."

2380:

July 14, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beating Charged to Union Leader."

2162:

March 16, 1957; "Portland Mayor Seized In Racket, Prosecutor Held."

2146:

March 8, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Portland Called Vice-Ridden Now."

2142:

March 7, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Portland Mayor Accused of Bribe."

2138:

March 2, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Oregon Gambler Tells of Pay-Off."

1434:

September 14, 1956; Roth, Jack. "Dio and Unionist Named Extorters."

1410:

April 25, 1956; Kihss, Peter. "Teamsters' Rules Appall U.S. Judge."

2518:

August 25, 1957; Drury, Allen. "New Fund Abuses Charged to Hoffa."

2291:

May 9, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Kickback to Beck On Loan Charged."

2287:

May 2, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Again Fails to Give Answers."

2245:

March 23, 1957; Morris, John D. "Inquiry Tracing Funds Beck Used."

2150:

March 9, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Paid Gamblers' Bills."

1471:

January 19, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Teamsters Avoid Challenge to U.S."

577: 498:. To accommodate the huge staff, a corridor was blocked off in the 99: 4890: 3626:

March 1, 1967; Jones, David R. "Successor Choice Named By Hoffa."

2580:

Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Publishers, 1974; Finkelman, Paul.

2494:

August 11, 1957; Drury, Allen. "Two Racketeers Tied to O'Rourke."

2126:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Witnesses Link Teamsters Union to Underworld."

1097:""Chapter 18. Records of Senate Select Committees, 1789-1988." In 3552: 3227:; Shakow, Peter. "An Insider's Look at RFK and Organized Crime." 2901:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11. 2760:

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March 30, 1956; Kihss, Peter. "Local Chartered With No Members."

495: 491: 487: 476: 385: 234:. The Select Committee also established formal liaisons with the 2892:

Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate (August 1984).

2775:"Pension Fund Probe: Searching Questions and Puzzling Answers". 2241:

March 18, 1957; Drury, Allen. "Teamster Loss Put At $ 709,420."

140:, the union's international president. In October 1955, mobster 4013: 2249:

March 24, 1957; "Million Teamster Loan To Tracks Under Study."

1430:

June 21, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Senators Study Dio Union Tie-In."

634: 183:

Senator McClellan was named chair of the Select Committee, and

2860:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law

1921:

September 14, 1958; "Kennedy Asks U.S. Cleanup of Teamsters."

1665:

Phillips, Cabell. "The McClellan-Kennedy Investigating Team."

3525:

In Love With Night: The American Romance With Robert Kennedy.

3161:"Senate Rules Committee Backs Extension of Rackets Inquiry." 227: 3739:

An Offer We Can't Refuse: The Mafia in the Mind of America.

2046:

February 23, 1957; "Labor Inquiry Gets Secret Tape Talks."

2029:

February 23, 1957; "Labor Inquiry Gets Secret Tape Talks."

1979:

February 20, 1957; "Records Destroyed, M'Clellan Charges."

630: 3242:

A History of Federal Crime Control Initiatives, 1960-1993.

3197:

Bringing Down the Mob: The War Against the American Mafia.

2526:

October 11, 1957; "Hoffa Called Ruler of Hoodlum Empire."

1983:

February 22, 1957; "More Data of Union Reported Missing."

5385:

Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress

3358:

Cutting the Wire: Gambling, Prohibition and the Internet.

3314:

Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

3271:

Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.

3244:

Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.

2539:"A.F.L.-C.I.O. to Go Ahead With Expulsion of Teamsters." 2104:

The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America.

1261:

Cutting the Wire: Gambling, Prohibition and the Internet.

3493:

Sons & Brothers: The Days of Jack and Bobby Kennedy.

3114:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Labor Bill Fight Put to Conferees."

2283:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Called Back By Senate Inquiry."

1991:

March 14, 1957; "A Teamster Local, Under Fire, Robbed."

917:

Angela Novello, Personal Secretary to the Chief Counsel.

3721:

Little Rock, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.

3267:

Kelly, Robert J.; Chin, Ko-lin; and Schatzberg, Rufus.

3043:

December 6, 1957; Higgins, John E. and Janus, Peter A.

2853:"Misclassification and Employer Discretion Under ERISA" 2613:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Union Head Cited on Expense Funds."

2237:"Beck Says Union Lent Him $ 300,000 Without Interest." 1942:

February 7, 1957; "Beck On Airliner Bound for London."

1938:

February 6, 1957; "Citation Is Asked for 3 Teamsters."

1496:

May 26, 1957; "Senate Votes Inquiry on Labor Rackets."

1438:

October 30, 1956; "Teamsters Spurn 'Dio Local' Order."

471:

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)

4000:

Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management

2663:

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2477:

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1987:

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1917:"Rogers Assailed for Delay In Rackets Perjury Cases." 1761:

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1607:

Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1984.

1398:

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1352:

5th ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.

1288:

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914:

Carmine Bellino, Chief Assistant to the Chief Counsel.

4326:

Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights

3762:

Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States.

2988:

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2547:

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2262:

Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Appearance Today Indicated."

1585:

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1488:"New Senate Unit to Widen Inquiry In Labor Rackets." 1422:

May 13, 1956; "Dio Indicted Here In Union Sell-Out."

3559:

Paperback ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

3397:

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3140:

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2764:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2324:

May 3, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Posts A Bond."

2216:

March 20, 1957; "Hoffa, Attorney Plead Not Guilty."

1492:

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1454:

January 6, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "O'Rourke Wins Post."

1442:

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1426:

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1300:

7th paperback ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2007.

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Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.

4249:

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2693:Drury, Allen. "M'Clellan Calls Mobs Peril to U.S." 1414:April 26, 1956; "Racketeer Is Guilty of Contempt." 3719:Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives. 3452:Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1991. 2974:Corporate Privileges and Confidential Information. 2568:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1994. 2058:August 22, 1957; "Wiretaps of 2 Hoffa-Dio Talks." 1794:Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. 1368:Katz, Ralph. "Teamsters' Union in Control Fight." 1142:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2003. 694:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act 686:Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 161:and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 148:and the two men conspired to create as many as 15 3269:Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States. 2358:A Nation Divided: The 1968 Presidential Campaign. 2079:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 318–319. 1350:Industrial and Labor Relations Terms: A Glossary. 1282:Setting Course: A Congressional Management Guide. 517: 5356: 4312:Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building 3592:"NIXON COMMUTES HOFFA SENTENCE,CURBS UNION ROLE" 3345:Hoffa and the Teamsters: A Study of Union Power. 3031:May 13, 1957; "M'Clellan Sees Stiff Labor Law." 1967:Raskin, A.H. "Union Dissolves Four Dio Locals." 1842:Reprint ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002. 1693:Reprint ed. Sterling, Va." Capital Books, 2002. 1298:Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process. 3807:A License to Steal: The Forfeiture of Property. 3666:"Hoffa v. Fitzsimmons, 673 F.2d 1345; Casetext" 3286: 3284: 2768: 2328:May 4, 1957; "Becks Indicted In Sale of Cars." 2200:; Loftus, Joseph A. "Unionist Denies Bribery." 692:(part of which contains the highly influential 5365:Defunct committees of the United States Senate 4191:On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 3974:United States senator from New York, 1965–1968 3967:64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964 2792:"Bill to Guard Welfare, Pension Funds Offered" 1381:Raskin, A.H. "Teamster Units Stir New Storm." 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 803: 704: 477:Disbandment and legislative and other outcomes 88:U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations 58:from 1,526 witnesses (343 of whom invoked the 4876: 3937: 3852:Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 3462:Some of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ. 3360:Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2005. 2850: 2836:"Javits Bids U.S. Curb Union Pension Funds". 2753: 2638:Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2005. 2602:Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 2077:Organized crime and American power: a history 2070: 2068: 1861:Organized crime and American power: a history 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1328: 1326: 1263:Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2005. 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1140:Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union. 1048:Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. 592: 542:Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 64:Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 3713: 3711: 3586: 3584: 3464:New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008. 3281: 2976:Rev. ed. New York: Law Journal Press, 1999. 2348:New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. 2098: 2096: 5380:1960 disestablishments in the United States 3448:New York: Atheneum, 1971; Giglio, James N. 3219:New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3047:5th ed. Washington, D.C.: BNA Books, 2006. 2646:; "Rackets Group Ends 6 Weeks of Inquiry." 1811: 1809: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1362: 4975:Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs 4883: 4869: 4060:Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation 3944: 3930: 3821:3rd ed. 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"Counsel's Own Story." 3312:The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. 3003: 3001: 2844: 2582:Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. 2376:"New Charge Faces Bakeres' Union Chief." 2340: 2338: 2093: 2074: 1858: 1852: 1834: 1832: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1508: 1506: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 4430:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment 3899:New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1962. 3764:Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000. 3658: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3182: 2789: 2154:March 13, 1957; "Holmes Denies Charge." 1806: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1672: 1617: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 413:plumbing fixtures company in Wisconsin. 382:International Longshoremen's Association 276:initial report the day it was published. 252: 111: 84:Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations 5375:1957 establishments in Washington, D.C. 3796:New York: Duell Sloan and Pearce, 1962. 3515:3rd ed. Cincinnati: Adams Media, 2008. 3474: 3199:Reprint ed. New York: Macmillan, 2007. 2820: 2388:July 24, 1957; "2 in Union Plead 5th." 2009:"Prosecutor Guilty In Portland Trial". 1570: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 514:rights of witnesses brought before it. 14: 5357: 4893:United States congressional committees 4380:Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice 3776:2d ed. New York: Facts on File, 2001. 3527:New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. 3234: 2998: 2659:"Inquiry on U.A.W. Opened to Public." 2490:"Inquiry to Stress History of Hoffa." 2335: 1829: 1771: 1703: 1650: 1539: 1503: 1332: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1191:Paperback ed. Ballantine Books, 1978. 126:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 4970:Health, Education, Labor and Pensions 4945:Commerce, Science, and Transportation 4864: 3951: 3925: 3676:from the original on December 8, 2019 3604:from the original on December 8, 2019 3511:Axelrod, Alan and Phillips, Charles. 3378: 3254: 2908:from the original on December 6, 2014 2790:Barkdoll, Robert (October 13, 1965). 2720:"M'Clellan Group Ends U.A.W. Study." 1740: 1532:"M'Clellan Panel Keeps Party Ratio." 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1119: 1107:from the original on November 7, 2017 1058: 894: 178:Committee on Labor and Public Welfare 5370:Organized crime in the United States 4920:Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry 4199:"On the Mindless Menace of Violence" 3809:Chapel Hill, N.C.: UNC Press, 1995. 3343:James, Ralph C. and James, Estelle. 2960:June 11, 1957; Goldstein, Howard W. 2802:from the original on August 10, 2016 2360:Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2001. 1796:New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007. 981: 923:Walter Sheridan, Chief Investigator. 920:Robert E. Manuel, Assistant Counsel. 502:and turned into a suite of offices. 4990:Small Business and Entrepreneurship 4935:Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 4395:Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools 4053:1964 Democratic National Convention 3774:The Encyclopedia of American Crime. 3698:Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. 3571:Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. 3495:New York: Arcade Publishing, 1999. 3409:Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. 3292:The Kennedys: Dynasty and Disaster. 2964:New York: Law Journal Press, 1998. 2926:"Report Declares Hoffa Pretender." 2578:The National Labor Relations Board. 2192:Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. 2042:"Wiretaps on Dio and Hoffa Cited." 2025:"Wiretaps on Dio and Hoffa Cited." 1587:Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2006. 1558:JFK, LBJ, and the Democratic Party. 690:Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 326:insult them. Supreme Court Justice 24: 5291:Security and Cooperation in Europe 4356:Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium 4090: 3873: 3837:"M'Namara Quits Rackets Inquiry." 3450:The Presidency of John F. Kennedy. 2873:from the original on March 4, 2016 1950:February 9, 1957; "Tourist Beck." 1201: 1046:Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. 932:Richard G. Sinclair, investigator. 608:, was published in February 1960. 272:photo depicts Langley reading the 166:Labor and Public Welfare Committee 25: 5401: 5154:Transportation and Infrastructure 3961:November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 3910: 3229:American Journal of Criminal Law. 2746:"Kennedy Quits as Inquiry Aide." 2108:University of Massachusetts Press 911:Robert F. Kennedy, Chief Counsel. 280: 4845: 4844: 3857: 3844: 3831: 3799: 3786: 3731: 3688: 3641: 3616: 2851:McMillan, III, James G. (2000). 1934:"Beck Visiting in the Bahamas." 1560:Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2004. 5017:International Narcotics Control 4319:Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar 4167:Conflict in Vietnam and at Home 3892:New York: Harper and Row, 1960. 3537: 3505: 3419: 3375:New York: Harper and Row, 1960. 3350: 3337: 3324: 3304: 3209: 3155: 3134: 3121: 3108: 3075: 3062: 3021: 2956:"Teamster Wins Contempt Test." 2950: 2937: 2920: 2885: 2829: 2814: 2783: 2740: 2727: 2714: 2700: 2687: 2670: 2653: 2624: 2607: 2594: 2558: 2533: 2484: 2467: 2454: 2437: 2424: 2399: 2370: 2314: 2277: 2256: 2231: 2182: 2169: 2120: 2036: 2019: 2002: 1961: 1928: 1911: 1897: 1877: 1863:. University of Toronto Press. 1659: 1644: 1597: 1482: 1461: 1392: 1375: 1341: 236:Federal Bureau of Investigation 5144:Science, Space, and Technology 3436:New York: Random House, 2005. 2430:"M'Clellan Scores Hoffa Bid." 1819:New York: Nation Books, 2003. 1310: 1273: 1248: 935:James F. Mundie, investigator. 929:LaVern J. Duffy, investigator. 600:United States Attorney General 518:Legislative and legal outcomes 494:, New York City, and southern 362:Amalgamated Meat Cutters Union 203:, a 31-year-old attorney from 13: 1: 3906:New York: Ronald Press, 1959. 3347:New York: Van Nostrand, 1965. 3294:New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. 1728:John F. Kennedy: A Biography. 1257:Robert Kennedy and His Times, 1189:Robert Kennedy and His Times. 975: 938:John T. Thiede, investigator. 5342:Select or special committees 5134:Oversight and Accountability 4955:Environment and Public Works 4950:Energy and Natural Resources 4498:Robert Kennedy and His Times 3622:"Board Acts on Succession." 3460:; Katzenbach, Nicholas deB. 1187:Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. 27:Former U.S. Senate committee 7: 5332:Congressional subcommittees 5089:Education and the Workforce 4598:Bobby Kennedy for President 4371:Landmark for Peace Memorial 3819:Civil RICO Practice Manual. 3741:New York: Macmillan, 2006. 3011:New York: NYU Press, 2006. 2722:United Press International. 2665:United Press International. 2648:United Press International. 2632:Michigan Historical Review. 2584:New York: CRC Press, 2006. 2378:United Press International. 2075:Woodiwiss, Michael (2001). 1993:United Press International. 1887:New York: Macmillan, 2008. 1859:Woodiwiss, Michael (2001). 1730:New York: Macmillan, 2006. 1634:New York: Macmillan, 2001. 947:, administrative assistant. 926:Paul Tierney, investigator. 906:. Committee staff included: 804:86th United States Congress 705:85th United States Congress 623:federal district court jury 10: 5406: 5270:Capitol Historical Society 4776:Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish 4449:"Abraham, Martin and John" 4422:Robert F. Kennedy in media 4159:Day of Affirmation Address 4117:1968 presidential campaign 3547:money from a Teamster-run 3095:Journal of Labor Research, 3057:Journal of Labor Research. 2634:25 (1999); Barnard, John. 1651:Sloane, Arthur A. (1991). 941:Ruth Y. Watt, Chief Clerk. 858: 826: 761: 723: 699: 593:Impact on key participants 500:Old Senate Office Building 374:Sears, Roebuck and Company 370:Continental Baking Company 195:vice chair. Democrats and 159:U.S. Department of Justice 136:began an effort to unseat 90:, under the leadership of 55:labor-management relations 29: 5324: 5299: 5262: 5253: 5204: 5177: 5059: 5048: 5003: 4910: 4899: 4842: 4609: 4440:Robert Kennedy Remembered 4411: 4301: 4260: 4209: 4142: 4110:1964 U.S. Senate election 4101: 4088: 3984: 3959: 3897:Crime Without Punishment. 3794:Crime Without Punishment. 1840:Robert Kennedy: His Life. 1759:Robert Kennedy: His Life. 1259:1978; Schwartz, David G. 904:General Accounting Office 682:Crime Without Punishment. 232:Occidental Life Insurance 4985:Rules and Administration 4792:Patricia Kennedy Lawford 4688:Douglas Harriman Kennedy 4402:Robert F. Kennedy Bridge 3805:Levy, Leonard Williams. 3027:"Union Curbs Foreseen." 2986:Defendants Rights Today. 1655:. MIT Press. p. 48. 1512:"M'Clellan Asks Funds." 970: 562:House of Representatives 314:state attorney general's 244:Federal Narcotics Bureau 240:Internal Revenue Service 18:Senate Rackets Committee 4656:Michael LeMoyne Kennedy 4508:Hoover vs. The Kennedys 4458:The Missiles of October 4046:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 4037:Voter Education Project 3543:Hoffa was convicted of 3176:March 25, 2009, at the 2564:Fones-Wolf, Elizabeth. 2356:; Richardson, Darcy G. 1316:"No Ordinary Hoodlum". 655:commutation of sentence 530:Curcio v. United States 366:Transport Workers Union 332:Edward Bennett Williams 70:Background and creation 4784:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 4672:Christopher G. Kennedy 4640:Joseph Patrick Kennedy 4229:The Pursuit of Justice 4095: 4067:Mississippi Delta tour 1923:Chicago Daily Tribune. 968: 419:unfair labor practices 358:United Textile Workers 277: 117: 5307:Democracy Partnership 4744:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. 4728:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 4712:Joseph P. Kennedy III 4648:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 4239:To Seek a Newer World 4094: 3600:. December 24, 1971. 3368:; Kennedy, Robert F. 3059:26:1 (December 2005). 1296:; Oleszek, Walter J. 1138:Witwer, David Scott. 908: 670:civil rights movement 343:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 256: 128:. In the mid-1950s, 115: 5229:Inaugural Ceremonies 5119:House Administration 4824:Mary Augusta Kennedy 4704:Maeve Kennedy McKean 4388:Kennedy–King College 4175:University of Kansas 4007:Cuban Missile Crisis 3993:1948 Palestine visit 3737:De Stefano, George. 3567:; Sloane, Arthur A. 3491:Mahoney, Richard D. 3444:; Navsky, Victor S. 3405:; Sloane, Arthur A. 2962:Grand Jury Practice. 2320:"Beck Is Indicted." 1689:Goldfarb, Ronald L. 641:and three counts of 627:Nashville, Tennessee 585:September 14, 1959. 582:conference committee 554:Dwight D. Eisenhower 354:Bakery Workers Union 288:contempt of Congress 51:United States Senate 5286:Cyberspace Solarium 5094:Energy and Commerce 4285:Conspiracy theories 3895:McClellan, John L. 3885:Kennedy, Robert F. 3817:; Batista, Paul A. 3792:McClellan, John L. 3356:Schwartz, David G. 3215:Palmero, Joseph A. 2750:September 11, 1959. 2724:September 10, 1959. 2667:September 10, 1959. 1925:September 22, 1958. 1908:September 15, 1958. 1103:. August 15, 2016. 749:Patrick V. McNamara 618:suborning witnesses 248:Department of Labor 220:United Auto Workers 43:McClellan Committee 41:(also known as the 32:McLellan Commission 5337:Defunct committees 5281:COVID-19 Oversight 5187:(permanent select) 5104:Financial Services 5031:(permanent select) 5019:(permanent caucus) 4832:John F. Fitzgerald 4816:Patrick J. Kennedy 4800:Jean Kennedy Smith 4571:(2012 documentary) 4551:(2007 documentary) 4443:(1968 documentary) 4433:(1963 documentary) 4333:Human Rights Award 4096: 3902:Petro, Sylvester. 3756:The Valachi Papers 3694:Sloane, Arthur A. 3597:The New York Times 3334:February 28, 1960. 3195:Reppetto, Thomas. 3131:September 3, 1959. 3083:secondary boycotts 2984:; Fellman, David. 2697:February 26, 1959. 2188:Sloane, Arthur A. 2106:Cambridge, Mass.: 2033:February 24, 1957. 2012:The New York Times 1883:Clarke, Thurston. 1726:O'Brien, Michael. 1630:Salinger, Pierre. 1320:. August 30, 1956. 895:Chairmen and staff 566:Phillip M. Landrum 524:U.S. Supreme Court 440:Anthony Provenzano 328:William O. Douglas 278: 144:met with Hoffa in 118: 74:In December 1952, 5350: 5349: 5320: 5319: 5200: 5199: 5159:Veterans' Affairs 5129:Natural Resources 5114:Homeland Security 5044: 5043: 4995:Veterans' Affairs 4965:Foreign Relations 4858: 4857: 4601:(2018 miniseries) 4561:(2011 miniseries) 4511:(1987 miniseries) 4501:(1985 miniseries) 4471:(1983 miniseries) 4363:Brooklyn Memorial 4131:Boiler Room Girls 4081:Hickory Hill home 3953:Robert F. Kennedy 3827:978-0-7355-6782-5 3815:978-0-8078-2242-5 3782:978-0-8160-4633-1 3772:; Sifakis, Carl. 3770:978-0-313-30653-2 3747:978-0-571-21157-9 3727:978-1-55728-587-4 3704:978-0-262-19309-2 3577:978-0-262-19309-2 3565:978-0-671-82905-6 3533:978-0-684-80829-1 3523:; Steel, Ronald. 3521:978-1-59869-428-4 3501:978-1-55970-480-9 3470:978-0-393-06725-5 3458:978-0-7006-0515-6 3442:978-1-58642-089-5 3415:978-0-262-19309-2 3403:978-0-671-82905-6 3366:978-0-87417-620-9 3320:978-0-89774-991-6 3300:978-0-07-015860-3 3277:978-0-313-28366-6 3250:978-0-275-94649-4 3240:Marion, Nancy E. 3225:978-0-231-12069-2 3205:978-0-8050-8659-1 3053:978-1-57018-585-4 3017:978-0-8147-4273-0 3007:Jacobs, James B. 2994:978-0-299-07204-9 2982:978-1-58852-087-6 2970:978-1-58852-083-8 2945:The New Republic. 2840:. August 4, 1965. 2796:Los Angeles Times 2779:. August 8, 1965. 2661:Associated Press. 2644:978-0-8143-3297-9 2621:February 5, 1958. 2590:978-0-415-94342-0 2574:978-0-252-06439-5 2555:December 7, 1957. 2492:Associated Press. 2421:October 26, 1957. 2396:October 22, 1957. 2390:Associated Press. 2366:978-0-595-23699-2 2354:978-0-393-31855-5 2198:978-0-262-19309-2 2116:978-1-55849-345-2 2086:978-0-8020-8278-7 2015:. April 14, 1957. 1985:Associated Press. 1919:Associated Press. 1906:Associated Press. 1893:978-0-8050-7792-6 1870:978-0-8020-8278-7 1848:978-0-7432-0329-6 1825:978-1-56025-531-4 1802:978-0-7432-6918-6 1767:978-1-56294-250-2 1736:978-0-312-35745-0 1699:978-1-931868-06-8 1640:978-0-312-30020-3 1613:978-0-472-10042-2 1603:Buffa, Dudley W. 1593:978-0-415-96826-3 1566:978-0-7914-6169-3 1536:January 23, 1959. 1534:Associated Press. 1516:January 14, 1958. 1514:Associated Press. 1500:January 31, 1957. 1479:January 27, 1957. 1372:January 10, 1956. 1358:978-0-87546-152-6 1306:978-0-87289-303-0 1294:978-1-58733-097-1 1269:978-0-87417-620-9 1244:978-0-8131-1683-9 1197:978-0-345-41061-0 1148:978-0-252-02825-0 1054:978-1-56639-766-7 957:John Seigenthaler 945:Kenneth O'Donnell 892: 891: 884:Homer E. Capehart 846:Sam J. Ervin, Jr. 830:John L. McClellan 801: 800: 743:Sam J. Ervin, Jr. 727:John L. McClellan 651:Frank Fitzsimmons 576:(Republican from 574:Robert P. Griffin 405:investigated the 306:state legislature 201:Robert F. Kennedy 96:John L. McClellan 76:Robert F. Kennedy 16:(Redirected from 5397: 5272:(advisory group) 5260: 5259: 5057: 5056: 4908: 4907: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4768:Rosemary Kennedy 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4632:Kathleen Kennedy 4627: 4602: 4592: 4582: 4572: 4562: 4552: 4542: 4532: 4522: 4512: 4502: 4492: 4482: 4472: 4462: 4461:(1974 docudrama) 4452: 4444: 4434: 4424: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4358: 4349: 4342: 4340:Journalism Award 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4278:Ambassador Hotel 4273: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4219:The Enemy Within 4202: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4093: 4083: 4076: 4074:Kennedy Compound 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3976: 3969: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3735: 3729: 3715: 3706: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3588: 3579: 3541: 3535: 3509: 3503: 3489: 3472: 3446:Kennedy Justice. 3423: 3417: 3391: 3376: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3308: 3302: 3288: 3279: 3265: 3252: 3238: 3232: 3213: 3207: 3193: 3180: 3169:April 12, 1960; 3159: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3118:August 18, 1959. 3112: 3106: 3105:August 14, 1959. 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3025: 3019: 3005: 2996: 2954: 2948: 2947:January 9, 1961. 2941: 2935: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2823:Journal American 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2628: 2622: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2592: 2562: 2556: 2537: 2531: 2488: 2482: 2471: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2451:August 23, 1957. 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2403: 2397: 2374: 2368: 2342: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2281: 2275: 2260: 2254: 2235: 2229: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2167: 2124: 2118: 2102:Bernstein, Lee. 2100: 2091: 2090: 2072: 2063: 2062:August 23, 1957. 2040: 2034: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1965: 1959: 1932: 1926: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1856: 1850: 1836: 1827: 1815:Newfield, Jack. 1813: 1804: 1790: 1769: 1755: 1738: 1724: 1701: 1687: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1642: 1632:P. S.: A Memoir. 1628: 1615: 1601: 1595: 1581: 1568: 1554: 1537: 1530: 1517: 1510: 1501: 1486: 1480: 1465: 1459: 1458:January 9, 1957. 1396: 1390: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1277: 1271: 1252: 1246: 1232: 1199: 1185: 1150: 1136: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1093: 1056: 1042: 848:, North Carolina 816: 815: 745:, North Carolina 713: 712: 678:Valachi Hearings 605:The Enemy Within 511:Alexander Bickel 432:Anthony Corrallo 347:Washington, D.C. 338:Chicago American 270:Associated Press 132:Teamster leader 47:select committee 21: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5346: 5316: 5295: 5255: 5249: 5196: 5173: 5109:Foreign Affairs 5040: 4999: 4895: 4889: 4859: 4854: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4752:John F. Kennedy 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4720:Max Kennedy Jr. 4718: 4710: 4706:(granddaughter) 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4613: 4605: 4595: 4585: 4578:Killing Kennedy 4575: 4565: 4555: 4545: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4495: 4485: 4475: 4465: 4455: 4447: 4437: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4256: 4246: 4236: 4226: 4216: 4205: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4151:Law Day Address 4149: 4138: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4097: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3913: 3876: 3874:Further reading 3871: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3839:New York Times. 3836: 3832: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3736: 3732: 3716: 3709: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3653:New York Times. 3649:New York Times. 3646: 3642: 3636:New York Times. 3632:New York Times. 3628:New York Times. 3624:New York Times. 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3542: 3538: 3510: 3506: 3490: 3475: 3426:Brandt, Charles 3424: 3420: 3393:Brill, Steven. 3392: 3379: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3332:New York Times. 3329: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3290:Davis, John H. 3289: 3282: 3266: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3214: 3210: 3194: 3183: 3178:Wayback Machine 3167:New York Times. 3163:New York Times. 3160: 3156: 3152:March 25, 1960. 3150:New York Times. 3146:New York Times. 3142:New York Times. 3139: 3135: 3129:New York Times. 3126: 3122: 3116:New York Times. 3113: 3109: 3103:New York Times. 3099:New York Times. 3080: 3076: 3072:April 23, 1959. 3070:New York Times. 3067: 3063: 3041:New York Times. 3037:New York Times. 3033:New York Times. 3029:New York Times. 3026: 3022: 3006: 2999: 2958:New York Times. 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2932:New York Times. 2928:New York Times. 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2758: 2754: 2748:New York Times. 2745: 2741: 2737:August 5, 1959. 2735:New York Times. 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2709:New York Times. 2705: 2701: 2695:New York Times. 2692: 2688: 2684:August 9, 1958. 2682:New York Times. 2678:New York Times. 2675: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2629: 2625: 2619:New York Times. 2615:New York Times. 2612: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2563: 2559: 2553:New York Times. 2549:New York Times. 2545:New York Times. 2541:New York Times. 2538: 2534: 2530:March 26, 1958. 2528:New York Times. 2524:New York Times. 2520:New York Times. 2516:New York Times. 2512:New York Times. 2508:New York Times. 2504:New York Times. 2500:New York Times. 2496:New York Times. 2489: 2485: 2481:August 9, 1957. 2479:New York Times. 2475:New York Times. 2472: 2468: 2464:August 3, 1957. 2462:New York Times. 2459: 2455: 2449:New York Times. 2445:New York Times. 2442: 2438: 2434:August 4, 1957. 2432:New York Times. 2429: 2425: 2419:New York Times. 2415:New York Times. 2411:New York Times. 2407:New York Times. 2404: 2400: 2394:New York Times. 2386:New York Times. 2382:New York Times. 2375: 2371: 2343: 2336: 2330:New York Times. 2326:New York Times. 2322:New York Times. 2319: 2315: 2309:New York Times. 2305:New York Times. 2301:New York Times. 2297:New York Times. 2293:New York Times. 2289:New York Times. 2285:New York Times. 2282: 2278: 2274:March 28, 1957. 2272:New York Times. 2268:New York Times. 2264:New York Times. 2261: 2257: 2253:March 30, 1957. 2251:New York Times. 2247:New York Times. 2243:New York Times. 2239:New York Times. 2236: 2232: 2226:New York Times. 2222:New York Times. 2218:New York Times. 2214:New York Times. 2210:New York Times. 2206:New York Times. 2202:New York Times. 2187: 2183: 2179:March 14, 1957. 2177:New York Times. 2174: 2170: 2166:March 29, 1957. 2164:New York Times. 2160:New York Times. 2156:New York Times. 2152:New York Times. 2148:New York Times. 2144:New York Times. 2140:New York Times. 2136:New York Times. 2132:New York Times. 2128:New York Times. 2125: 2121: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2073: 2066: 2060:New York Times. 2056:New York Times. 2052:New York Times. 2048:New York Times. 2044:New York Times. 2041: 2037: 2031:New York Times. 2027:New York Times. 2024: 2020: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1999:April 28, 1957. 1997:New York Times. 1989:New York Times. 1981:New York Times. 1977:New York Times. 1973:New York Times. 1969:New York Times. 1966: 1962: 1958:March 11, 1957. 1956:New York Times. 1952:New York Times. 1948:New York Times. 1944:New York Times. 1940:New York Times. 1936:New York Times. 1933: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1898: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1857: 1853: 1837: 1830: 1814: 1807: 1792:Talbot, David. 1791: 1772: 1756: 1741: 1725: 1704: 1688: 1673: 1669:March 17, 1957. 1667:New York Times. 1664: 1660: 1649: 1645: 1629: 1618: 1602: 1598: 1583:Arnesen, Eric. 1582: 1571: 1555: 1540: 1531: 1520: 1511: 1504: 1498:New York Times. 1494:New York Times. 1490:New York Times. 1487: 1483: 1477:New York Times. 1473:New York Times. 1469:New York Times. 1466: 1462: 1456:New York Times. 1452:New York Times. 1448:New York Times. 1444:New York Times. 1440:New York Times. 1436:New York Times. 1432:New York Times. 1428:New York Times. 1424:New York Times. 1420:New York Times. 1416:New York Times. 1412:New York Times. 1408:New York Times, 1404:New York Times. 1400:New York Times. 1397: 1393: 1387:New York Times. 1383:New York Times. 1380: 1376: 1370:New York Times. 1367: 1363: 1346: 1342: 1331: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1278: 1274: 1253: 1249: 1234:Lee, R. Alton. 1233: 1202: 1186: 1153: 1137: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1059: 1043: 982: 978: 973: 965:, investigator. 959:, investigator. 953:, investigator. 951:Pierre Salinger 897: 872:Barry Goldwater 842:, Massachusetts 840:John F. Kennedy 806: 787:Joseph McCarthy 781:Barry Goldwater 739:, Massachusetts 737:John F. Kennedy 707: 702: 657:agreement with 595: 568:(Democrat from 520: 479: 467:Jacob K. Javits 452:Carlos Marcello 394:Fifth Amendment 319:Fifth Amendment 283: 266:William Langley 170:John F. Kennedy 80:Joseph McCarthy 72: 60:Fifth Amendment 49:created by the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5164:Ways and Means 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:Small Business 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5079:Armed Services 5076: 5074:Appropriations 5071: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5029:Indian Affairs 5026: 5020: 5014: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4930:Armed Services 4927: 4925:Appropriations 4922: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4583: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4543: 4533: 4523: 4513: 4503: 4493: 4483: 4473: 4463: 4453: 4445: 4435: 4425: 4417: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4224: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4171: 4163: 4155: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4113: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4030:Freedom Riders 4019: 4018: 4017: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3911:External links 3909: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3883: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3856: 3843: 3841:April 1, 1958. 3830: 3798: 3785: 3730: 3707: 3687: 3657: 3640: 3615: 3580: 3557:The Teamsters. 3536: 3504: 3473: 3418: 3395:The Teamsters. 3377: 3349: 3336: 3323: 3303: 3280: 3253: 3233: 3208: 3181: 3154: 3133: 3120: 3107: 3087:strikebreakers 3074: 3061: 3020: 2997: 2949: 2936: 2934:April 1, 1960. 2919: 2884: 2866:(4): 837–866. 2843: 2828: 2813: 2782: 2777:Herald Tribune 2767: 2752: 2739: 2726: 2713: 2711:June 27, 1959. 2699: 2686: 2669: 2652: 2650:April 2, 1958. 2623: 2606: 2593: 2557: 2532: 2483: 2466: 2453: 2436: 2423: 2398: 2369: 2344:Shesol, Jeff. 2334: 2332:July 13, 1957. 2313: 2276: 2255: 2230: 2181: 2168: 2119: 2092: 2085: 2064: 2035: 2018: 2001: 1960: 1927: 1910: 1896: 1876: 1869: 1851: 1838:Thomas, Evan. 1828: 1817:RFK: A Memoir. 1805: 1770: 1757:Mills, Judie. 1739: 1702: 1671: 1658: 1643: 1616: 1596: 1569: 1556:Savage, Sean. 1538: 1518: 1502: 1481: 1460: 1391: 1389:March 4, 1956. 1374: 1361: 1340: 1335:New York Times 1322: 1318:New York Times 1309: 1272: 1247: 1200: 1151: 1118: 1057: 1044:Hilty, James. 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 966: 960: 954: 948: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 896: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 881: 878:Carl T. Curtis 875: 869: 868:, South Dakota 857: 856: 855: 849: 843: 837: 824: 823: 820: 805: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 793:Carl T. Curtis 790: 784: 778: 777:, South Dakota 772: 760: 759: 758: 752: 746: 740: 734: 721: 720: 717: 706: 703: 701: 698: 614:jury tampering 594: 591: 519: 516: 478: 475: 463:George Barasch 415:Walter Reuther 298:Pulitzer Prize 282: 281:Investigations 279: 257:In April 1956 224:Anheuser-Busch 71: 68: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5402: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4853: 4852: 4841: 4834:(grandfather) 4833: 4829: 4826:(grandmother) 4825: 4821: 4818:(grandfather) 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4664:Kerry Kennedy 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4518:Thirteen Days 4514: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4271:Sirhan Sirhan 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4262:Assassination 4259: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3655:July 9, 1971. 3654: 3650: 3644: 3638:July 8, 1966. 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3226: 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2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2311:May 18, 1957. 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2228:May 15, 1957. 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1662: 1654: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1614: 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1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 980: 964: 963:Edwin Guthman 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 909: 907: 905: 900: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 863: 862:Karl E. Mundt 860: 859: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 831: 828: 827: 825: 821: 818: 817: 814: 812: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 775:Karl E. Mundt 773: 770: 766: 763: 762: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 728: 725: 724: 722: 718: 715: 714: 711: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 665: 663: 662:Richard Nixon 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 609: 607: 606: 601: 590: 586: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 555: 551: 550:Archibald Cox 547: 543: 538: 536: 533: 531: 525: 515: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 474: 472: 468: 464: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 436:Vito Genovese 433: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 402: 398: 395: 391: 387: 383: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 339: 333: 329: 323: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294: 293:The Oregonian 289: 275: 271: 268:(left). This 267: 262: 261: 260:The Oregonian 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 212: 210: 206: 205:Massachusetts 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 173: 171: 167: 162: 160: 155: 151: 147: 146:New York City 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 114: 110: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 67: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5352: 5312:Human Rights 5219:(Conference) 5185:Intelligence 5035:Intelligence 4849: 4736:Rose Kennedy 4696:Rory Kennedy 4624:Ethel Skakel 4597: 4587: 4576: 4567: 4558:The Kennedys 4557: 4548:RFK Must Die 4547: 4537: 4527: 4517: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4477: 4467: 4457: 4439: 4429: 4378: 4369: 4248: 4238: 4228: 4218: 4023:Civil rights 3999: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3879: 3864: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3833: 3818: 3806: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3773: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3733: 3718: 3695: 3690: 3678:. Retrieved 3670:casetext.com 3669: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3606:. 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United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management

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