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Snow, newcomer treasurer candidate Karen
Johnson Veeraswamy, clerk candidate and former court of appeals judge Julie Snow, and Independent treasurer candidate Stephen Maybee. Elected to the council from the Allegany Territory were longtime council members Al E. George, Arlene Bova, outgoing marshal Josh Becker, and former Seneca Nation Health System president/chief executive officer, Tim Waterman. Councilors elected from the Cattaraugus Territory were the Seneca’s environmental director, Lisa Maybee, current councilor and fire chief of the Nation’s volunteer fire department, Presley Redeye, deputy chief of staff to the treasurer, Eliot “Chub” Jimerson, current councilor and former chief marshal, Keith White.
588:, where non-Native land ownership had been tolerated for decades. State and local officials said that this is the only United States city located on Indian reservation land; under the recognized law of the time, the underlying land remained Seneca owned, but "improvements" on that land were not subject to lease and were still privately owned.) The city had been developed under a 99-year federal lease arrangement with the Seneca Nation. It had provided land to railroads to encourage development, which the railroad developed for workers and their families, and related businesses. This arrangement was confirmed by acts of Congress in 1875, 1890 and 1990.
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total property and much of it the most fertile farmland. More than 600 families were displaced from their homes and relocated. The tribe received a few hundred acres and relocation assistance for these families, as well as the relocation of a burial ground. That this compensation was largely considered insufficient was made worse by the fact that the government' violated a 1794 treaty- that guaranteed the tribe control of this reservation- in order to accomplish the building of the dam. In addition, the Kinzua damn project has since caused other flooding on their land and a through road, causing the loss of additional fertile areas.
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443:, the tribe owns a telecommunications firm, Seneca Telecommunications; and a construction management company, SCMC LLC. Under the presidency of Robert Odawi Porter, the tribe began pursuing diversification of the Nation's businesses. It promoted founding of new Seneca-owned businesses beyond the Nation's traditional strongholds of gasoline retail and tobacco products. In 2010 the tribe acquired a controlling interest in wireless and telecommunications provider CT COMM, based in Washington, D.C. From 2010 to 2021, Seneca Holding also owned and operated Seneca Broadcasting LLC, which operated radio station
491:. Robert Odawi Porter, president of the tribe, said this would not only help the tribe to diversify its economy, but be a means of compensation for environmental and property losses that accompanied flooding of 10,000 acres of tribal areas after the dam was constructed in 1965. The operator at the time, FirstEnergy of Toledo, Ohio, had a license that was set to expire in 2015. The private sector is estimated to have been making $ 13 million in profits annually from the hydropower.
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candidate
Stephen L. Maybee with over 89% of the vote in the November 6th, 2018 general election. The Seneca Party won all Seneca Nation offices, Councilors elected were Tina Abrams, William Canella, Josh Jimerson, Angie Kennedy, Llona LeRoy, Robert W. Jones, Ross John Sr., and John Adlai Williams Jr. Andrew Keyes and Brandon Crouse were elected Chief Marshals; Darby LeRoy, Cheyne Jimerson, Rory Wheeler, Josh Becker, Christopher Bova, and Randy White were elected Marshals.
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lever-action voting machines, a process that will be replaced as of 2016 by scanned paper ballots, If a poll worker heard a voter depress more than one lever, or take too long to complete their ballot, they could report this back to the Seneca Party bosses, who could then punish the voter by denying them jobs or seizing their homes. There have been numerous factions and disputes within the Seneca Party; tensions increased during the presidency of attorney
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293:. That band of the Seneca retained its traditional government of hereditary chiefs chosen by clan mothers from the maternal lines responsible for such leadership. The Seneca Nation of New York deposed such hereditary leaders in the 1848 convention. Followers of the traditional government structure split off and organized the Tonawanda Band, who later also gained federal recognition.
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land are exempt from New York state excise taxes, giving them a price advantage over off-territory businesses, as well as on-territory businesses operated by non-Seneca. Issues related to these excise taxes have been a source of controversy between the tribes and the state government and non-Seneca convenience store operators in the vicinity for several decades.
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Todd Gates was elected
Treasurer, and Pauline "Snap" John was elected Clerk. Elected to the Council were Ross L. John Sr., Llona LeRoy, outgoing President Barry Snyder, John Adlai Williams Jr., all of the Cattaraugus Territory. Tina Abrams, Rickey Armstrong, William "Billy" Canella and Stephen Gordon were elected to the Council from the Allegany Territory.
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place on
November 1, 2016. Gates defeated candidates J.C. Seneca and Sally Snow for President. Outgoing President Maurice "Moe" John was elected Treasurer, Lenith Waterman was elected Clerk. Elected to Council were Linda "Soupy" Doxtator, Jeffrey Gill, Arlene Bova Michael Williams, Presley Redeye, Keith White, Al E. George and Timothy Waterman.
630:(pronounced: Oh-n'own-dough-wahgah) or "Great Hill People." At the time of the formation of the Iroquois League, the original five nations occupied large areas of land in Northeast North America, particularly present-day New York, Pennsylvania, and Southeast Canada. The historical territoryof the Seneca Nation ran throughout the
607:. They had previously notified the owner of the land that his leases to non-Seneca were not permissible, but he had done nothing to clear his property. Some of the residents were from families who had rented there for decades. The Seneca described the non-Natives as constituting a long-standing "illegal occupation".
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The nation claims authority to banish non-Seneca individuals from tribal lands; it has historically used this power in only rare circumstances, such as a
December 2016 incident in which six non-natives were banished from the nation's territories, two of whom were banned for traffic violations and the
570:
In 1995, the Seneca Nation of
Indians sent a trade mission to Egypt in hopes of encouraging trade between the Iroquois nation and the northeast African country. Seneca leaders also meet with OAPEC representatives to discuss a possible trade deal whereby the nation would trade agricultural commodities
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was the daughter of an Irish family who had settled in
Pennsylvania. She was taken prisoner by Shawnee Indians during the French-and-Indian War. Historical accounts recorded by Dr. James Seaver indicate that Jemison was adopted by a Seneca tribe and became assimilated. In her lifetime she married two
376:
On
November 4, 2014, with 66 percent of the vote, Maurice "Moe" John of the Seneca Party was elected to serve as President of the Seneca Nation of Indians. John faced council member Darlene Miller, who ran on the One Nation Party ticket. The Seneca Party had a landslide victory in the 2014 Elections;
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The 2012 elections were marked by a split in the Seneca Party and one of the most wide-open (and bitterly contested) Seneca elections in several years: five candidates competed for the post of president, including two endorsed by the two major factions in the Seneca Party. Barry E. Snyder Sr., a John
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Today the Seneca Nation sustains its own people. Its enterprises benefit surrounding communities with a variety of cultural, educational and economic efforts. Its varied enterprises include: world-class casino gaming, hospitality and entertainment, which employ over 3,500 people; a convenience store
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The Seneca Nation government denied women the right to vote until the early 1960s, this despite the traditional pre-republic structure in which women were granted the right to choose chiefs. The nation's male voters rejected female suffrage in three consecutive referendums in the 1950s, all rejected
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A Faithkeepers' School supports and ensures the ongoing practice of traditional teachings, arts, knowledge and the living culture of the
Longhouse ways. The vibrancy of the rich Seneca heritage is evident in the ceremonies, practices, and cultural events that are infused with dance, music and song,
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The Seneca were highly skilled at warfare, and were considered fierce adversaries by other Native
Americans and European colonists. But the Seneca were also renowned for their sophisticated diplomacy and oratory skills, and their willingness to unite with the other four of the original Five Nations
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President Porter has noted that, when the federal dam was proposed, tribal leaders were told only that it was needed for flood control, not that a hydroelectric project would be run there. In August 2011, the tribe received a preliminary permit from FERC to study "the feasibility of the additional
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The tribe has developed a brand of cigarettes called Native Pride. The tribe also owns a small chain of smoke shops and gas stations under the "Seneca One Stop" brand, but the vast majority of smoke shops on Seneca reservations are independently owned. Seneca-owned businesses operated on sovereign
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The 2020 Seneca Nation election featured a across the board sweep by the Seneca Party, who endorsed Matthew Pagels for President, Rickey Armstrong Sr., for Treasurer, and Marta Kettle for Clerk. They defeated the Senecas for Change 2020 ticket led by presidential candidate and businesswoman Sally
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The Seneca Party nominated then Treasurer/CFO, Todd Gates, as its nominee for President in September 2016, spurning Barry Snyder's efforts at a sixth term; Snyder, a supporter of the party machine, endorsed Gates, who faced challengers J.C. Seneca and Sally Snow. The Seneca Nation elections took
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Its territories are mostly rural with several residential areas. Many Seneca citizens live off-territory, and some are located across the United States, as well as in other countries. Off-territory residents, who often work in remote urban areas that provide more jobs, comprise nearly half of the
707:), resided in what is now the Allegany Reservation in middle age. He became one of the Seneca's most trusted negotiators with the Americans of the new United States. In later age, Cornplanter was granted a large plot of land in Pennsylvania, an area that was flooded following construction of the
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On July 22, 2015, the Commission issued a new 50-year license to Seneca Generation to continue operation of the Kinzua Project, effective December 1, 2015. That year, Seneca Generation sought relief from requirements by federal resource agencies related to measures to protect rare and endangered
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While alternatives existed, the federal government's study concluded that these were not viable. The COE proceeded with the project: construction of the dam and associated reservoir. The project caused huge losses for the tribe, taking 10,000 acres of their reservation, nearly one third of their
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In the 2018 Seneca Nation elections, Rickey L. Armstrong Sr., a Nation Councilor since 2014 and a past Seneca Nation President from 2002–2004, received the Seneca Party nomination for President along with Matthew Pagels for Treasurer, and Bethany Johnson for Clerk. Armstrong defeated independent
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in the United States. An exception is in years when November 1 is a Tuesday; in those years, the Seneca Nation hold their election on November 1 while the US hold their elections on November 8. The leadership rotates between the two reservations each election, so no officer can serve consecutive
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Since the later 20th century, the Seneca have been increasingly active in exercising sovereignty on their reservation and enforcing their property rights. In the 1990s, the Seneca won a prolonged court battle to assume ownership of all land on their reservation, including that owned by private
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In November 2011, the John family led a vote to depose Porter by stripping him of most of his powers and give the title of chief executive officer to Michael "Spike" John. He is the cousin of Maurice "Moe" John, who served as Seneca president from 2006 to 2008, and ran unsuccessfully for Seneca
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is a sport played by male and female, young and old. Two new community sports complexes on each territory enable year-round lacrosse leagues and space for community programs, crafts and learning. Like other Iroquois tribes, Seneca Nation lacrosse players compete internationally on the Iroquois
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Seneca language, song, art, dance, and sports are all vital expressions of their culture. The number of fluent Seneca language speakers is diminishing due to the deaths of elders, and the language is considered at-risk. The Nation has established language programs to help protect, preserve and
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When that lease expired in 1991, the Seneca Nation demanded that the previous owners sign new leases with their nation for not only the underlying land, but also the improvements as well, or be evicted. The Seneca evicted fifteen property owners from their homes for refusing to sign over their
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For decades, the Seneca developed their land primarily for agricultural and related uses. The floodplain along the river was highly fertile. In the 1960s, members of the tribe became increasingly politically active. This was related to asserting sovereignty as part of a general Native American
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In the aftermath of the dam's completion, the Seneca people developed a different political dynamic. As the tribe used some compensation monies to support higher education for its members, the 1960s crisis indirectly resulted in a "college-educated generation, some of whom now work in tribal
269:
In 1848, Seneca Indians residing on the Allegany and Cattaraugus Territories in New York established this government through a constitutional convention. The Seneca Nation of Indians Constitution established a tri-partite governing structure based on general elections of 16 Councilors, three
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President Porter noted that the dam has generated hundreds of millions of dollars in profits for operators since it started in 1970, but the Seneca have not received any of that money. It also noted that the federal government had licensed the private hydropower project to use the Allegheny
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in which voters can select all of a party's candidates for office with a single ballot mark by intimidating candidates from other parties out of the race, and on election day, poll workers eavesdrop upon voters by timing how long it takes to cast a ballot. In years past, the nation has used
502:
In November 2013, FERC approved FirstEnergy's sale of 11 hydro plants, including that at Kinzua Dam, which was the biggest project, to a unit of independent developer LS Power Group. This did not affect any transfers of operating licenses, which FERC noted were pending separate approvals.
447:. The Seneca Nation sold WGWE to Paul Izard shortly after shutting the station down but failed to disclose problems with the station's transmitter or terms in WGWE's broadcast tower lease, prompting Izard to quickly donate the station to
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in 2010–2012. Supporters of Porter were at odds with supporters of the John family, an old-line, politically powerful family in Seneca circles. In the years following Porter's lone term, the disputes have mostly been settled.
1199:
645:(pronounced: Jo- hay- ko), "the life supporters." Generally women cultivated and processed the crops, maintaining seed crops and experimenting with varieties, and men were subsistence hunters and fishers.
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Seneca men, and raised their children in the Seneca culture. She was known to act as a liaison between her adopted Seneca Nation and the Old World-American settlers, particularly in regards to
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According to J.C. Seneca, a former Seneca Party politician who defected from the party in 2014, the ruling class has ensured that only the Seneca Party has had enough candidates to qualify for
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Executives (President, Treasurer, and Clerk), and Court Justices (Surrogates and Peacemakers). Elections take place every two years, on the first Tuesday in November, usually concurrent with
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The Council established rules for citizenship within the nation. In the 21st century, the Seneca Nation of Indians in New York has a total enrolled population of nearly 8,000 citizens.
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These were settled communities in which the people cultivated the Three Sisters staple crops: varieties of corn, beans, and squash. In Seneca the Three Sisters are also called
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In a similar case in 2012, the Seneca ordered an eviction of 80 residents of summer cottages at Snyder Beach on the Cattaraugus Reservation, a location near
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properties. The increase in lease revenue from this reinterpretation has generated sufficient revenue for the nation to pay its enrolled members a quarterly
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with widespread opposition from the Allegany Reservation, before the referendum finally passed in 1964, with women granted the right to hold office in 1966.
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statutes. In an October 2012 Council Session, a close friend of Kennedy said that Porter wrote the invalidation letter for Kennedy to sign. The action for
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ally who had previously served several other terms as President (including the one immediately before Porter), was re-elected to the post in 2012.
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In the Iroquois Confederacy, the Seneca are known as the "Keepers of the Western Door," for they are the westernmost of the Six Nations. In the
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jobs and fire people for political dissent. Opposing political parties have accused the party of electoral malfeasance through violating the
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bus service to serve both the Cattaraugus and the western portion of the Allegany reservations; it operates one route, running along
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which he received from his mother, and the European name John Abeel, from his father Johannes, grandson of former mayor of Albany
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The Seneca Nation also owns Seneca Gaming and Entertainment, a chain of small video slots and bingo facilities with locations in
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hydropower operations and grants them priority status in filing for the full permit." The Nation was required to work with the
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993:
725:, teacher, first Seneca member on the Board of Education of the Cattaraugus-Allegany Board of Cooperative Educational Services
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179:(FEMA) officer present an award to Art John, Director of Emergency Response for the Seneca Nation of Indians, 2009
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was taken after John supporters said politically motivated charges were made against Susan Abrams, a John ally.
668:, which competes on par with fully sovereign nations such as the U.S. and Canada in international competition.
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Reservoir, but no operator had ever obtained property rights from the Seneca Nation for operation of the dam.
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enrolled citizens. These off-territory members are eligible to vote and are often bussed in during elections.
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President against Porter in 2010. Diane Kennedy, Tribal Clerk and a Porter ally, invalidated this vote under
496:
321:, with the Seneca Party having control of the political process. In 2011, the Seneca Party was reported by
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398:
309:
Several election signs posted by the Seneca Party. The middle sign advertises the party's endorsement of
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The Seneca Nation's republican form of government stands in contrast to that of the federally recognized
222:
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198:. They are one of three federally recognized Seneca entities in the United States, the others being the
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429:
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619:") Confederacy, or Six Nations. Their democratic government pre-dates the United States Constitution.
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172:
779:, a spokesperson for the Iroquois, who wanted his people to keep their culture and stay out of the
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The Seneca were the largest of the six Native American nations that comprised the Haudenosaunee ("
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This article is about the federally recognized tribe in New York. For the Seneca as a whole, see
1037:"Snyder won't seek sixth term as Seneca Nation president - City & Region - The Buffalo News"
1271:"153 FERC ¶ 61,234/ US FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION/ ORDER DENYING REHEARING AND STAY"
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1252:"Seneca Nation Identifies Major Shortcomings of Competition in Fight for Federal Hydro License"
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area in Central New York, and in the Genesee Valley in Western New York. The Seneca lived in
1115:
David Kimelberg, "A Chance to Right a Wrong: the Seneca Nation of Indians and the Kinzua Dam"
487:(FERC) to take over operations of the hydropower works, the Seneca Pumped Storage Project at
318:
1178:
CAROLYN THOMPSON, "Seneca Indian Nation Seeks Control Of Hydropower Operation At Kinzua Dam"
757:, early marathoner, first Indigenous athlete from United States to compete in the Olympics.
728:
722:
604:
536:
359:
203:
1283:
Houghton, Frederick (1922). "The Traditional Origin and the Naming of the Seneca Nation".
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chain (four stores), construction management, and diverse holdings in business ventures.
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258:
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1273:, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, issued November 19, 2015; accessed 1 August 2016
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near rivers, and their villages were well fortified with wooden-stake palisade fences.
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Since the late 20th century, the Seneca government is reported to be primarily under
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on the Allegany Reservation. The tribe also claims sovereignty over a portion of the
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species below the dam. FERC denied a rehearing and stay requested by the company.
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settlement as of 2022, which is not federally recognized. An additional territory
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develop a new generation of Seneca-language speakers to keep the language alive.
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to obtain documents relevant to adding new generation infrastructure to its dam.
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and bussed voters in from out of state during elections. The party also controls
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41:
699:, (1750–1836), a Seneca of Dutch paternal descent (he used both the Seneca name
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520:
433:
1502:
The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation through Two Generations
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activism in this period and, specifically, to try to defeat proposals by the
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arts, crafts and traditional foods that honor and celebrate Seneca culture.
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government making major contributions to the nation’s present and future."
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748:
742:
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597:
559:
254:
1310:
Brashear, Charles (1990). "A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison".
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to take thousands of acres of reservation land as part of construction of
257:, officially expired in 1957 and was submerged by the construction of the
1236:"FERC OKs sale of 11 FirstEnergy hydro plants; license transfers pending"
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1512:
In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians since World War II
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488:
469:
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Editorial Staff, "The Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Since World War II"
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in the nation's various enterprises, allowing them to hire people for
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of Oklahoma. Some Seneca also live with other Iroquois peoples on the
1329:
Converse, Harriet (1893). "Induction of Women into Iroquois Tribes".
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in Philadelphia, known as Chief Halftown. He was also a professional
690:(c.1740–1859), Seneca war chief, super-centenarian and savior of the
444:
334:
217:
The Seneca Nation has three reservations, two of which are occupied:
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In a major action, in 2010 the Nation filed an application with the
229:. It has two alternating capitals on the two occupied reservations:
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616:
732:
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and accuse the Seneca Nation and the tower owner of malfeasance.
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1261:, Seneca Nation of Indians, 7 March 2013, accessed 13 April 2015
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279:, and elected officers can serve numerous nonconsecutive terms.
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1197:"Seneca Nation of Indians receives initial Kinzua Hydro permit"
780:
664:
Nationals and Haudenosaunee Nationals squads, organized by the
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1469:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
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745:, former Nation president, opposed construction of Kinzua Dam.
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1148:
In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Since World War II,
871:"Seneca Nation purchases ancestral Genesee Valley land"
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In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Since World War II
1055:"Rickey Armstrong Sr. elected Seneca Nation President"
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in the mid-20th century. His descendants (among them
551:. The service is open to non-Seneca along the route.
862:
1482:
1446:Herbeck, Dan and Kathleen Ronayne (July 28, 2012).
1011:"John handily wins Seneca Nation presidential race"
584:non-Seneca. (This was particularly contentious in
405:. Other gaming and resort properties include the
763:, an early professional football player and coach
751:, an early professional football player and coach
731:(1917–2003), longtime children's TV show host at
1556:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1542:
977:J.C. Seneca seeks Seneca Nation presidency again
769:(1811–1874), chief, lawyer, land-rights activist
719:) were influential members of the Seneca Nation.
1391:"Senecas banish six for suspected drug dealing"
1102:by Lance Venta, May 18, 2022 (radioinsight.com)
554:
1448:"Senecas plan to evict Snyder Beach residents"
1220:James Fink, "Senecas permitted for Kinzua Dam"
783:trade markets and remain neutral and peaceful.
775:(c. 1750–January 20, 1830), Chief of the wolf
1536:Seneca Nation of Indians: Division of Tourism
1488:"John elected president of the Seneca Nation"
1366:"SENECAS PLEASED WITH TRADE MISSION TO EGYPT"
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1192:
1190:
940:"Resentments abound in Seneca power struggle"
649:to form the Iroquois Confederacy of Nations.
579:Exercising sovereignty over reservation lands
1364:WARNER, GENE; ERNST, TOM (14 October 1995).
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1108:
960:Gates overtakes Snyder in Seneca nation vote
815:Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York
33:
1363:
918:"Seneca Women Given Right to Hold Office."
459:Seneca Pumped Storage Project at Kinzua Dam
1551:Native American tribes in New York (state)
1242:, 11 November 2013, accessed 13 April 2015
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16:Federally recognized Native American tribe
1165:, 2013, Syracuse University Press website
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1210:, 13 August 2011, accessed 13 April 2015
1184:, 30 November 2010, accessed 7 July 2014
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472:, a flood-control project on the River.
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1471:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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994:"A bitter battle to lead Seneca Nation"
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789:, an early professional football player
432:, and on the Oil Spring Reservation in
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1312:Studies in American Indian Literatures
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849:
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1437:
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869:Quigley, Kellen (December 31, 2022).
466:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1428:"Portrait of a Failed American City"
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485:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
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821:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
202:(also in western New York) and the
177:Federal Emergency Management Agency
13:
1494:
1483:Seneca Nation of New York, website
958:Fink, James (September 26, 2016).
938:Herbeck, Dan (November 15, 2011).
890:
666:First Nations Lacrosse Association
514:
14:
1572:
1518:
1514:, Syracuse University Press, 2013
1389:Tokasz, Jay (December 26, 2016).
992:Herbeck, Dan (October 27, 2012).
975:Miller, Rick (October 26, 2016).
596:, providing those members with a
1331:The Journal of American Folklore
1100:"How Not To Buy A Radio Station"
575:other four for drug possession.
397:The tribe owns and operates the
291:Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians
233:at Cattaraugus Reservation, and
1531:Seneca-Iroquois National Museum
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1150:Syracuse University Press, 2013
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1003:
966:. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
810:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
571:for Egyptian refined gasoline.
519:In 2013, the Seneca launched a
1078:"Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino."
969:
946:. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
912:
835:
208:Six Nations of the Grand River
1:
1461:
1420:"Smokes cheap, tensions high"
1418:Zito, Selena (June 5, 2011).
1297:10.1525/aa.1922.24.1.02a00040
1000:. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
983:. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
264:
225:, and the mostly unpopulated
555:Relationship with non-Seneca
497:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
249:governed by the nation, the
7:
1434:. Retrieved July 28, 2012.)
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399:Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino
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223:Allegany Indian Reservation
10:
1577:
1454:. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
1088:Seneca Gaming Corporation.
679:
610:
331:human resources management
275:terms. There are no other
18:
1561:Seneca Nation of New York
1525:Seneca Nation of New York
1432:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
907:Seneca Nation of Indians.
163:Seneca Nation of New York
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1224:Buffalo Business Journal
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200:Tonawanda Band of Seneca
185:Seneca Nation of Indians
107:Rickey L. Armstrong, Sr.
30:Seneca Nation of Indians
1490:, WIVB, 4 November 2014
1285:American Anthropologist
1090:(retrieved 31 May 2010)
909:(retrieved 31 May 2010)
859:(retrieved 31 May 2010)
805:Cattaraugus Reservation
676:Notable Seneca citizens
439:Through a tribal-owned
327:bribed people for votes
227:Oil Springs Reservation
219:Cattaraugus Reservation
194:tribe based in western
77:Official languages
59:Jimerson Town, New York
34:
1510:Laurence M. Hauptman,
682:Category:Seneca people
407:Seneca Allegany Casino
346:straight-ticket voting
314:
311:straight-ticket voting
180:
415:Seneca Niagara Casino
308:
175:
1119:Indian Country Today
729:Traynor Ora Halftown
723:Maxine Crouse Dowler
393:Economic development
360:conflict of interest
204:Seneca-Cayuga Nation
189:federally recognized
142:• 2010 estimate
1467:Pritzker, Barry M.
1146:Laurence Hauptman,
1059:The Salamanca Press
981:The Salamanca Press
854:"New York Casinos."
767:Maris Bryant Pierce
688:Governor Blacksnake
541:West Perimeter Road
449:Family Life Network
351:Robert Odawi Porter
259:Allegheny Reservoir
71:Salamanca, New York
1527:, official website
1424:Pittsburgh Tribune
1202:2015-04-14 at the
1137:Blog, 26 July 2014
1083:2010-04-30 at the
922:. October 8, 1966.
902:2009-09-06 at the
713:Edward Cornplanter
315:
181:
1477:978-0-19-513877-1
1121:, 28 January 2011
1017:. 5 November 2014
717:Jesse Cornplanter
251:Cornplanter Tract
170:
169:
113:• Treasurer
103:• President
1568:
1500:Joy A. Bilharz,
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1452:The Buffalo News
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692:Wenro Oil Spring
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323:The Buffalo News
165:official website
88: (national)
83: (national)
55:Irving, New York
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1015:Buffalo News
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881:. Retrieved
874:
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857:500 Nations.
856:
837:
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787:Isaac Seneca
755:Frank Pierce
749:Bemus Pierce
743:George Heron
700:
670:
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632:Finger Lakes
627:
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598:basic income
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567:agreements.
560:Mary Jemison
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67:Largest city
35:Onödowá’ga:’
1504:, paperback
1318:(4): 47–49.
1240:Hydro World
701:Gaiantwake,
697:Cornplanter
367:impeachment
277:term limits
1545:Categories
1462:References
1400:2016-12-26
1375:2022-04-28
1064:2018-11-08
883:2022-12-31
773:Red Jacket
709:Kinzua Dam
680:See also:
636:longhouses
605:Sunset Bay
489:Kinzua Dam
470:Kinzua Dam
325:as having
265:Government
243:Canawaugus
136:Population
93:Government
62:(rotating)
1160:Summary:
586:Salamanca
549:Highbanks
430:Salamanca
411:Salamanca
335:patronage
261:in 1965.
239:Salamanca
151:Time zone
1255:Archived
1200:Archived
1081:Archived
1021:14 April
900:Archived
794:See also
781:colonial
661:Lacrosse
617:Iroquois
543:between
364:de facto
301:Politics
247:de facto
196:New York
733:WPVI-TV
643:Deohako
611:Culture
403:Buffalo
212:Ontario
86:English
51:Capital
1506:, 2002
1475:
1351:533307
1349:
824:(1896)
737:bowler
565:treaty
545:Irving
529:NY 353
525:NY 438
426:Irving
231:Irving
192:Seneca
81:Seneca
42:Seneca
38:
1347:JSTOR
829:Notes
237:near
187:is a
146:8,000
1473:ISBN
1023:2021
875:The
777:clan
715:and
547:and
539:and
537:I-86
445:WGWE
434:Cuba
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417:in
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