29:
201:, to boot. After installation, there is a not-small probability of failure which may be related to material or workmanship or even to the process for mounting the tire which may introduce some small damage. After the initial period, the tire will perform, given no defect introducing events such as encountering a road hazard (a nail or a
224:
decisions. However, some attempts to provide this type of information have been made. An example is the collection of estimates for household components provided by the Old House Web which gathers data from the
Appliance Statistical Review and various institutes involved with the homebuilding trade.
243:
in smartphones are easily damaged and can fail faster than expected, in addition to letting the device run out of battery too often. Debris and other contaminants that enter through small cracks in the phone can also infringe on smartphone life expectancy. One of the most common factors that cause
148:, and service lives and maintenance activity will factor large in the service life. Again, an airliner might have a mission time of 11 hours, a predicted active MTBF of 10,000 hours without maintenance (or 15,000 hours with maintenance), reliability of .99999, and a service life of 40 years.
205:), for a long duration relative to its expected service life which is a function of several variables (design, material, process). After a period, the failure probability will rise; for some tires, this will occur after the tread is worn out. Then, a secondary market for tires puts a
277:(RTG) is likely to reduce throughout a mission, but must still meet a specific requirement at EOL in order to complete the mission. A spacecraft may also have a BOL mass that is greater than its EOL mass as propellant is depleted during its operational life.
252:
For certain products, such as those that cannot be serviced during their operational life for technical reasons, a manufacturer may calculate a product's expected performance at both the beginning of operational life (BOL) and
97:
claims, or planning for mission fulfillment. The difference between service life and predicted life is most clear when considering mission time and reliability in comparison to MTBF and service life. For example, a
43:
is its period of use in service. Several related terms describe more precisely a product's life, from the point of manufacture, storage, and distribution, and eventual use. Service life has been defined as "a
232:
manufacturers, such as for example
Navistar and Volvo, use a so-called B-life rating, based on the durability data of the engine manufacturer, B10 and B50 index for measuring the life expectancy of an
170:
For an individual product, the component parts may each have independent service lives, resulting in several bathtub curves. For instance, a tire will have a service life partitioning related to the
64:. Service life represents a commitment made by the item's manufacturer and is usually specified as a median. It is the time that any manufactured item can be expected to be "serviceable" or
167:
period where the consumer enjoys the benefit conferred by the product. As time increases further, the curve reaches a period of increasing failures, modeling the product's wear-out phase.
35:
trains were 83 years old when they were withdrawn in
January 2021; they were the oldest passenger trains in Great Britain remaining in regular passenger service at the time.
401:
370:
102:
system can have a mission time of less than one minute, service life of 20 years, active MTBF of 20 minutes, dormant MTBF of 50 years, and reliability of 99.9999%.
52:, "the period after which the initial purchaser returns to the shop for a replacement". Determining a product's expected service life as part of business policy (
81:, which deals with storage time, or with technical life, which is the maximum period during which it can physically function. Service life also differs from
93:(MFOP). Predicted life is useful such that a manufacturer may estimate, by hypothetical modeling and calculation, a general rule for which it will honor
244:
smartphones and other electronic devices to die quickly is physical impact and breakage, which can severely damage the internal pieces.
186:
and replacement will assure a longer service life than manufactured items without such planning. A simple example is automotive
209:
on the tire thereby extending the service life. It is not uncommon for an 80,000-mile tire to perform well beyond that limit.
274:
393:
356:
129:
will commit to very conservative service life, usually 2 to 5 years for most commercial and consumer products (for example
262:
257:(EOL). Batteries and other components that degrade over time may affect the operation of a product. The performance of
460:
435:
90:
69:
182:
For maintainable items, those wear-out items that are determined by logistical analysis to be provisioned for
53:
525:
121:
269:
hardware, which must survive in the harsh environment of space, the capacity to generate electricity from
584:
579:
159:
as a function of time. During early life, the bathtub shows increased failures, usually witnessed during
553:
270:
499:
451:
Evans, Sian; Cooper, Tim (2010). "Consumer
Influences on Product Life-Spans". In Cooper, Tim (ed.).
164:
86:
476:
511:
61:
32:
16:
This article is about the manufacturing concept. For the economic concept of service life, see
254:
240:
316:
137:
8:
160:
28:
163:. The middle portion of the bathtub, or 'useful life', is a slightly inclined, nearly
456:
431:
366:
331:
258:
539:
361:
336:
311:
65:
57:
261:
components is therefore calculated for EOL, with the components exceeding their
220:
analysis are not taken to the same extent as found with that needed to support
48:
in use from the point of sale to the point of discard" and distinguished from
573:
321:
291:
198:
191:
152:
126:
109:
17:
296:
286:
156:
141:
45:
301:
266:
326:
306:
183:
145:
133:
77:
221:
217:
213:
130:
105:
94:
212:
It may be difficult to obtain reliable longevity data about many
206:
202:
171:
99:
233:
229:
187:
487:
108:
will have different expectations about service life and
190:- failure to plan for this wear out item would limit
23:
Period of time where an object can fulfill a function
112:based upon factors such as use, cost, and quality.
394:"Island Line bids farewell to "icon of transport""
357:"Island Line bids farewell to "icon of transport""
571:
430:. London: New Economics Foundation. p. 5.
151:The most common model for item lifetime is the
56:) involves using tools and calculations from
450:
428:Beyond Recycling: the longer life option
391:
194:to the extent of a single set of tires.
75:Service life is not to be confused with
27:
500:Life Expectancy of Household Components
354:
239:When exposed to high temperatures, the
572:
540:"B10 & B50 Life of Diesel Engines"
425:
197:An individual tire's life follows the
275:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
455:. Farnham: Gower. pp. 319–350.
421:
419:
392:Clinnick, Richard (4 January 2021).
216:products as, in general, efforts at
140:). However, for large and expensive
404:from the original on 8 January 2021
373:from the original on 8 January 2021
247:
115:
13:
14:
596:
554:"Life Expectancy of a Smartphone"
416:
91:maintenance-free operating period
355:Clifton, Paul (4 January 2021).
546:
532:
526:"Latest Articles | Page 3"
488:Tire Retread Information Bureau
518:
504:
492:
481:
469:
444:
385:
348:
1:
342:
54:product life cycle management
122:Product lifecycle management
7:
280:
177:
10:
601:
265:at BOL. For example, with
119:
15:
155:, a plot of the varying
87:mean time before failure
453:Longer Lasting Products
255:end of operational life
192:automotive service life
36:
33:British Rail Class 483
241:lithium-ion batteries
165:constant failure rate
31:
426:Cooper, Tim (1994).
367:Bauer Consumer Media
317:Planned obsolescence
144:, the items are not
62:reliability analysis
46:product's total life
475:"Drive it forever"
161:product development
585:Waste minimisation
580:Product management
37:
512:"Latest Articles"
477:Club Lexus Forums
332:Throwaway society
592:
565:
564:
562:
560:
550:
544:
543:
536:
530:
529:
522:
516:
515:
508:
502:
498:Old House Web, "
496:
490:
485:
479:
473:
467:
466:
448:
442:
441:
423:
414:
413:
411:
409:
389:
383:
382:
380:
378:
352:
259:mission critical
248:Operational life
174:and the casing.
116:Product strategy
50:replacement life
600:
599:
595:
594:
593:
591:
590:
589:
570:
569:
568:
558:
556:
552:
551:
547:
538:
537:
533:
524:
523:
519:
510:
509:
505:
497:
493:
486:
482:
474:
470:
463:
449:
445:
438:
424:
417:
407:
405:
390:
386:
376:
374:
353:
349:
345:
337:Whole-life cost
312:Maintainability
283:
250:
180:
124:
118:
58:maintainability
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
598:
588:
587:
582:
567:
566:
545:
531:
517:
503:
491:
480:
468:
461:
443:
436:
415:
384:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
282:
279:
249:
246:
179:
176:
120:Main article:
117:
114:
85:, in terms of
83:predicted life
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
597:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
555:
549:
541:
535:
527:
521:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
484:
478:
472:
464:
462:9780566088087
458:
454:
447:
439:
437:9781889407005
433:
429:
422:
420:
403:
399:
395:
388:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
351:
347:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:Repairability
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Capacity loss
290:
288:
285:
284:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:specification
260:
256:
245:
242:
237:
235:
231:
226:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
199:bathtub curve
195:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:bathtub curve
149:
147:
143:
142:durable goods
139:
135:
132:
128:
127:Manufacturers
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
26:
19:
18:Fixed capital
557:. Retrieved
548:
534:
520:
506:
494:
483:
471:
452:
446:
427:
406:. Retrieved
397:
387:
375:. Retrieved
360:
350:
297:Decrepit car
287:Availability
271:solar panels
251:
238:
227:
211:
196:
181:
169:
157:failure rate
150:
125:
104:
82:
76:
74:
70:manufacturer
49:
41:service life
40:
39:A product's
38:
25:
302:Design life
267:spaceflight
134:peripherals
574:Categories
343:References
327:Shelf life
307:Durability
146:consumable
138:components
89:(MTBF) or
78:shelf life
408:8 January
377:8 January
222:insurance
218:actuarial
110:longevity
106:Consumers
66:supported
402:Archived
371:Archived
281:See also
214:consumer
178:Examples
131:computer
95:warranty
207:retread
203:pothole
184:sparing
100:missile
68:by its
559:26 May
459:
434:
234:engine
230:Engine
228:Some
188:tires
172:tread
561:2017
457:ISBN
432:ISBN
410:2021
398:RAIL
379:2021
362:Rail
136:and
60:and
273:or
576::
418:^
400:.
396:.
369:.
365:.
359:.
236:.
72:.
563:.
542:.
528:.
514:.
465:.
440:.
412:.
381:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
