3692:
development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction. ... Substance-induced changes in transcription factors can also produce competing effects on reward function. For example, repeated substance use activates accumulating levels of ÎFosB, and animals with elevated ÎFosB exhibit exaggerated sensitivity to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, leading to the hypothesis that ÎFosB might be a sustained molecular trigger or switch that helps initiate and maintain a state of addiction.
3554:
and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of DeltaFosB, was measured in sexually experienced and naive animals. The number of mating-induced c-Fos-IR cells was significantly decreased in sexually experienced animals compared to sexually naive controls. Finally, DeltaFosB levels and its activity in the NAc were manipulated using viral-mediated gene transfer to study its potential role in mediating sexual experience and experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. Animals with DeltaFosB overexpression displayed enhanced facilitation of sexual performance with sexual experience relative to controls. In contrast, the expression of DeltaJunD, a dominant-negative binding partner of DeltaFosB, attenuated sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance, and stunted long-term maintenance of facilitation compared to DeltaFosB overexpressing group. Together, these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.
3486:
transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior (Wallace et al., 2008; Pitchers et al., 2010b). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior (Hedges et al, 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience (Hedges et al., 2009). ... In some people, there is a transition from "normal" to compulsive engagement in natural rewards (such as food or sex), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions (Holden, 2001; Grant et al., 2006a). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)."
2573:, which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotionalâmotivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine). The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome.
3614:
cellular mechanisms of plasticity that control vulnerability to drug addiction, and that this increased vulnerability is mediated by ÎFosB and its downstream transcriptional targets. ... Sexual behavior is highly rewarding (Tenk et al., 2009), and sexual experience causes sensitized drug-related behaviors, including cross-sensitization to amphetamine (Amph)-induced locomotor activity (Bradley and Meisel, 2001; Pitchers et al., 2010a) and enhanced Amph reward (Pitchers et al., 2010a). Moreover, sexual experience induces neural plasticity in the NAc similar to that induced by psychostimulant exposure, including increased dendritic spine density (Meisel and
Mullins, 2006; Pitchers et al., 2010a), altered glutamate receptor trafficking, and decreased synaptic strength in prefrontal cortex-responding NAc shell neurons (Pitchers et al., 2012). Finally, periods of abstinence from sexual experience were found to be critical for enhanced Amph reward, NAc spinogenesis (Pitchers et al., 2010a), and glutamate receptor trafficking (Pitchers et al., 2012). These findings suggest that natural and drug reward experiences share common mechanisms of neural plasticity
2197:
the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ... Existing prevalence rates of sexual addiction-related disorders range from 3% to 6%. Sexual addiction/hypersexual disorder is used as an umbrella construct to encompass various types of problematic behaviors, including excessive masturbation, cybersex, pornography use, sexual behavior with consenting adults, telephone sex, strip club visitation, and other behaviors. The adverse consequences of sexual addiction are similar to the consequences of other addictive disorders. Addictive, somatic and psychiatric disorders coexist with sexual addiction. In recent years, research on sexual addiction has proliferated, and screening instruments have increasingly been developed to diagnose or quantify sexual addiction disorders. In our systematic review of the existing measures, 22 questionnaires were identified. As with other
3780:
drugs, and tendency to relapse even after long periods of abstinence. These newly constructed networks function very efficiently via new pathways as soon as drugs of abuse are further taken ... In this way, the induction of CDK5 gene expression occurs together with suppression of the G9A gene coding for dimethyltransferase acting on the histone H3. A feedback mechanism can be observed in the regulation of these 2 crucial factors that determine the adaptive epigenetic response to cocaine. This depends on ÎFosB inhibiting G9a gene expression, i.e. H3K9me2 synthesis which in turn inhibits transcription factors for ÎFosB. For this reason, the observed hyper-expression of G9a, which ensures high levels of the dimethylated form of histone H3, eliminates the neuronal structural and plasticity effects caused by cocaine by means of this feedback which blocks ÎFosB transcription
3745:ÎFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ÎFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ÎFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ÎFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ÎFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a
591:ÎFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. Natural rewards, like drugs of abuse, induce ÎFosB in the nucleus accumbens, and chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological addictive state. Thus, ÎFosB is also the key transcription factor involved in addictions to natural rewards as well, and sexual addictions in particular, since ÎFosB in the nucleus accumbens is critical for the reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Research on the interaction between natural and drug rewards suggests that psychostimulants and sexual reward possess cross-sensitization effects and act on common biomolecular mechanisms of addiction-related neuroplasticity which are mediated through ÎFosB.
2089:
that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ÎFosB induction in D1-type neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ÎFosB target is cFos: as ÎFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ÎFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
1158:, have accepted sex addiction as a distinct entity with associated treatment protocols. Indeed, some practitioners regard sex addiction as a potentially harmful diagnosis and draw parallels with gay conversion therapy. As a result, treatment for sex addiction is more often provided by addiction professionals in the counseling field than psychosexual specialists. These counseling professionals typically hold advanced degrees of education including master's degrees or Doctorates in counseling or a related field like psychology. These counselors can also hold certifications like Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC-S) who are required to hold a master's degree or higher level of education. Therapists and Psychologists usually also hold a Master's in a related field of study.
3843:ÎFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ÎJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ÎFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22â24. This indicates that ÎFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ÎFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26â30. This implicates ÎFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states.
429:(AASECT), the official body for sex and relationship therapy in the United States, issued a position statement on sex addiction declaring that their organization "does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge. Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy."
7853:
2819:
substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as
Internet gaming (see "Conditions for Further Study"), have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, sometimes termed "behavioral addictions" (with subcategories such as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," and "shopping addiction"), are not included because there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.
1583:
1395:
setting. Consequently, diagnostic classification systems, such as the DSM, do not include sexual addiction as a diagnosis because there is currently "insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders". A systematic review on sexual addiction conducted in 2014 argued that the "lack of empirical evidence on sexual addiction is the result of the disease's complete absence from versions of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."
3749:(34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ÎFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications (119), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (121,122,124). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations (125) or are in their infancy (75). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction.
1439:
5422:
1413:
1597:
1322:
1190:
448:
absence of epidemiological studies, widespread inconsistencies in the definitions and measurements of CSB, and a lack of treatment studies all still plague the literature related to sexual addiction. If scientists, researchers, and clinicians in this domain want to bring the field forward and provide evidence-based care to people who report out-of control sexual behaviors, all of the above are needed. (Grubbs et al. 2020)
392:, Aviel Goodman, and Jonathan Marsh. Carnes authored the first clinical book about sex addiction in 1983, based on his own empirical research. His diagnostic model is still largely used by the thousands of certified sex addiction therapists (CSATs) trained by the organization he founded. No diagnostic proposal for sex addiction has been adopted into any official medical diagnostic manual, however.
1569:
1475:, stated that "the concept of sex addiction provides an excellent example of a model that is both sex-negative and politically disastrous." Klein singled out a number of features that he considered crucial limitations of the sex addiction model and stated that the diagnostic criteria for sexual addiction are easy to find on the internet. Drawing on the
1257:.) They may also be useful as an adjunct to professional treatment. In addition, they may be useful in places where professional practices are full (i.e. not accepting new patients), scarce, or nonexistent, or where these practices have waiting lists. Finally, they may be useful for patients who are reluctant to spend money on professional treatment.
417:. Individuals with this diagnosis sometimes engage in sexual behaviors that can appear out of control, distressing the individual or attracting negative reactions from others. There is therefore a risk that a person presenting with sex addiction, may in fact have Borderline Personality Disorder. This may lead to inappropriate or incomplete treatment.
2564:
that behaviors paired with it will be repeated. Not all reinforcers are rewardingâfor example, a negative or punishing stimulus might reinforce avoidance behaviors. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ...
399:(ASAM), the largest medical consensus of physicians dedicated to treating and preventing addiction, redefined addiction as a chronic brain disorder, which for the first time broadened the definition of addiction from substances to include addictive behaviors and reward-seeking, such as gambling and sex.
3779:
For these reasons, ÎFosB is considered a primary and causative transcription factor in creating new neural connections in the reward centre, prefrontal cortex, and other regions of the limbic system. This is reflected in the increased, stable and long-lasting level of sensitivity to cocaine and other
2563:
The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. A reward is a stimulus that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive. A reinforcing stimulus is one that increases the probability
2144:
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification
2141:
Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to
3613:
Drugs of abuse induce neuroplasticity in the natural reward pathway, specifically the nucleus accumbens (NAc), thereby causing development and expression of addictive behavior. ... Together, these findings demonstrate that drugs of abuse and natural reward behaviors act on common molecular and
3553:
It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate,
2730:
Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course
2196:
Sexual addiction, which is also known as hypersexual disorder, has largely been ignored by psychiatrists, even though the condition causes serious psychosocial problems for many people. A lack of empirical evidence on sexual addiction is the result of the disease's complete absence from versions of
1462:
and refer to it as "sexual compulsivity" (note that addiction has been defined as a compulsion toward rewarding stimuli, although the ASAM now describe it as "a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry.")). A paper dating back to 1988 and a journal comment
1389:
The controversy surrounding sexual addiction is centered around its identification, through a diagnostic model, in a clinical setting. As noted in current medical literature reviews, compulsive sexual behavior has been observed in humans; drug-induced compulsive sexual behavior has also been noted
442:
Neuroscientists who are sex researchers state sex is not addictive. Addiction criteria were not met for sexual behaviours: âexperimental studies do not support key elements of addiction such as escalation of use, difficulty regulating urges, negative effects, reward deficiency syndrome, withdrawal
2787:
Excessive use of the
Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar
2088:
Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use,
2818:
In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and that produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the
1394:
drugs. Moreover, some research suggests compulsive engagement in sexual behavior despite negative consequences in animal models. Since current diagnostic models use drug-related concepts as diagnostic criteria for addictions, these are ill-suited for modelling compulsive behaviors in a clinical
447:
Yet, despite these advances, research related to sexual addiction remains in its infancy. A lack of theoretical integration, deficits in methodological rigor, a paucity of clinical samples, over reliance on convenience samples (i.e., university students or
Mechanical Turk samples), the complete
3739:
The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ÎFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction (118), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy (119). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ÎFosB induction to investigating its
3691:
Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse,
3485:
Cross-sensitization is also bidirectional, as a history of amphetamine administration facilitates sexual behavior and enhances the associated increase in NAc DA ... As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity-related signaling cascades. The
1282:
toward sexual recovery from serial infidelity and other unmanageable compulsive sex behaviors that were similar to the powerlessness and un-manageability they experienced with alcoholism. Multiple 12-step style self-help groups now exist for people who identify as sex addicts, including
516:). Chronic and excessive activation of certain pathways within the reward system and the accumulation of ÎFosB in a specific group of neurons within the nucleus accumbens has been directly implicated in the development of the compulsive behavior that characterizes addiction.
351:
The World Health
Organization produces the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which is not limited to mental disorders. The most recent approved version of that document, ICD-10, includes "excessive sexual drive" as a diagnosis (code F52.7), subdividing it into
587:
is the transcription factor which directly opposes ÎFosB. Increases in nucleus accumbens ÎJunD expression can reduce or, with a large increase, even block most of the neural alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ÎFosB).
328:
sexual addiction, involving a succession of people who exist only as things to be used." The reference to sexual addiction was subsequently removed. The DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000 (DSM-IV-TR), did not include sexual addiction as a mental disorder.
85:
in laboratory animals. Some argue that applying such concepts to normal behaviors such as sex can be problematic, and suggest that applying medical models such as addiction to human sexuality can serve to pathologise normal behavior and cause harm.
340:' is a proposed new addition... was not at the point where we were ready to call it an addiction." According to the APA, the proposed diagnosis was not included due to a lack of research into diagnostic criteria for compulsive sexual behavior.
3202:"Addiction to Sex and/or Pornography: A Position Statement from the Center for Positive Sexuality (CPS), The Alternative Sexualities Health Research Alliance (TASHRA), and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF)"
491:
Animal research involving rats that exhibit compulsive sexual behavior has identified that this behavior is mediated through the same molecular mechanisms in the brain that mediate drug addiction. Sexual activity is an
1467:
onto patients. "Love addiction" falls into the same controversial area as well since it refers to a frequent pattern of intimate relationships which can be a by product of cultural norms and commonly accepted morals.
1265:
According to a systematic review from 2014, observed prevalence rates of sexual addiction/hypersexual disorder range from 3% to 6%. Some studies suggest that sex addicts are disproportionately male, at 80%.
3081:
2859:'Sex addiction' is also referred to as a diagnosis or presenting problem. Sex addiction is not a diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR and identified as Compulsive Sexual Behavior in the ICD-11 rather than an issue of addiction.
2492:"Materials related to the ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with 'sex addiction', but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework." ICD-11. World Health Organisation.
39:
1673:
compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sexâso-called "natural addictions"â ... Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine
3049:
301:, to cover "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour". However, CSBD is not considered to be an addiction, and the
2162:
Karila L, WĂ©ry A, Weinstein A, Cottencin O, Petit A, Reynaud M, Billieux J (2014). "Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature".
360:(for females). However, the ICD categorizes these diagnoses as compulsive behaviors or impulse control disorders and not addiction. The most recent version of that document, ICD-11, includes "
426:
1463:
letter published in 2006 asserted that sex addiction is itself a myth, a by-product of cultural and other influences. The 1988 paper argued that the condition is instead a way of projecting
1250:
In-person support groups are available in most of the developed world. None yet have any scientific evidence to show whether or not they are helpful, so attendees do so at their own risk.
3243:
1477:
1173:
469:
The pattern of failure to control intense, sexual impulses or urges and resulting repetitive sexual behaviour is manifested over an extended period of time (6 months or more)
3085:
125:â psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain
443:
syndrome with cessation, tolerance, or enhanced late positive potentials.â Đs well as evidence of a key neurobiological feature of addiction is scarce in case of sex.
3201:
2532:
materials in ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with sex addiction, but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework
5927:
4454:
3059:
1379:
Nonconsensual sexual activity is sexual abuse. Treatment for sexual addiction generally will not address the factors that lead people to sexually abuse others.
318:
35:
5160:
1481:, he stated that "the sexual addiction diagnostic criteria make problems of nonproblematic experiences, and as a result pathologize a majority of people."
475:
Distress that is entirely related to moral judgments and disapproval about sexual impulses, urges, or behaviours is not sufficient to meet this requirement
1454:
There have been debates regarding the definition and existence of sexual addictions for decades, as the issue was covered in a 1994 journal article. The
332:
Some authors suggested that sexual addiction should be re-introduced into the DSM system; however, sexual addiction was rejected for inclusion in the
5180:
4342:
432:
In 2017, three new USA sexual health organizations found no support for the idea that sex or adult films were addictive in their position statement.
2217:
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meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
4484:
436:
4144:
472:
Causes marked distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
3930:
Stefanie Carnes. Mending a
Shattered Heart: A Guide for Partners of Sex Addicts. Gentle Path Press; Second Edition. (4 October 2011) page 139
3254:
2912:
2379:
7178:
638:
246:
2325:
1977:
2584:
American
Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
523:, characterized by drug-induced compulsive engagement in sexual activity or gambling, has also been observed in some individuals taking
6399:
6355:
5458:
3375:
1446:
377:
3761:
BiliĆski P, WojtyĆa A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, StudziĆski T (2012). "Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction".
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subsequent action (38). It is likely that ÎFosB research will now progress into a new era â the use of ÎFosB as a biomarker. ...
180:â dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome)
34:, despite negative consequences. The concept is contentious; as of 2023, sexual addiction is not a clinical diagnosis in either the
7769:
6214:
5831:
5644:
3320:
Grubbs, Joshua B.; Hoagland, K. Camille; Lee, Brinna N.; Grant, Jennifer T.; Davison, Paul; Reid, Rory C.; Kraus, Shane W. (2020).
5624:
4002:"Using Twelve-Step Treatment for Sex Addiction and Compulsive Sexual Behaviour (Disorder): A Systematic Review of the Literature"
1500:
3322:"Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research"
3244:"Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers : Statement about sexual addiction, sexual abuse, and effective treatment"
2476:
324:
The version published in 1987 (DSM-III-R), referred to "distress about a pattern of repeated sexual conquests or other forms of
5950:
810:
396:
380:(CCMD), which is currently in its third edition – the CCMD-3 does not include sexual addiction as a diagnosis.
136:â an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
2409:"Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view"
466:
Persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour
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2811:
2806:. G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 543.
2780:
2775:. G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 916.
2723:
2518:
1851:
840:
4259:
2547:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
2031:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
1655:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
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medications. Current experimental models of addiction to natural rewards and drug reward demonstrate common alterations in
480:
361:
298:
43:
2872:"2017/18 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F52.8: Other sexual dysfunction not due to a substance or known physiological condition"
1491:, historically, in the US, the claim of sex addiction has been the preferred defense of white men who committed felonies.
8021:
6411:
5559:
5373:
4845:
4702:
2598:
42:
medical classifications of diseases and medical disorders, which instead categorize such behaviors under labels such as
5661:
5636:
5471:
5235:
3107:
1917:
3515:"Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms"
7754:
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6447:
6267:
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2040:
2000:
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388:
Some mental health providers have proposed various, but similar, criteria for diagnosing sexual addiction, including
3176:"AASECT Position on Sex Addiction â AASECT:: American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists"
2788:
guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
1219:
262:
Proponents of a diagnostic model for sexual addiction consider it to be one of several sex-related disorders within
214:â a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
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5776:
5747:
5688:
5298:
5165:
3489:
2979:
1733:
314:
239:
4068:
Kingston, D. A.; Firestone, P. (2008). "Problematic hypersexuality: A review of conceptualization and diagnosis".
2837:
Sex, Social Justice, and Intimacy in Mental Health Practice: Incorporating Sexual Health in Approaches to Wellness
2744:
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is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during
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5781:
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The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...
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520:
414:
408:
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3137:
Hull J. W.; Clarkin J. F.; Yeomans F. (1993). "Borderline personality disorder and impulsive sexual behavior".
2896:
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2308:
1292:
1215:
3029:"2011 New definition of addiction: Addiction is a chronic brain disease, not just bad behavior or bad choices"
1811:
Rosenberg, Kenneth Paul; OâConnor, Suzanne; Carnes, Patrick (2014). "Chapter 9 - Sex Addiction: An Overview".
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2201:, the appropriate treatment of sexual addiction should combine pharmacological and psychological approaches.
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3906:
Hollon SD, Beck AT (2013). "Chapter 11 Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies". In MJ Lambert (ed.).
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1300:
1165:
1161:
783:
532:
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None of the official diagnostic classification frameworks list "sexual addiction" as a distinct disorder.
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198:â stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach
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for most of the neural adaptations and plasticity that occur; it has been implicated in addictions to
336:, which was published in 2013. Darrel Regier, vice-chair of the DSM-5 task force, said that "lthough '
8268:
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5210:
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1296:
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1176: – offer specialized behavioral therapy designed specifically for sexual addiction.
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176:
3575:"Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ÎFosB as a key mediator"
3279:
Prause, Nicole; Janssen, Erick; Georgiadis, Janniko; Finn, Peter; Pfaus, James (1 December 2017).
2803:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm))
2772:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm))
8141:
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6613:
6120:
5970:
5965:
5922:
5739:
5313:
5303:
5281:
4695:
3704:
Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Î)FosB about?".
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1615:
1519:
1204:
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439:(ATSA) published a position against sending sex offenders to sex addiction treatment facilities.
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6130:
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5980:
5955:
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4663:
4596:
A Couple's Guide to Sexual Addiction: A Step-by-Step Plan to Rebuild Trust and Restore Intimacy
1625:
1588:
1335:
274:, behaviors, or thoughts. Related or synonymous models of pathological sexual behavior include
210:
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2006:
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is a common form of behavioral treatment for addictions and maladaptive behaviors in general.
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Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (2012).
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27:
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Books that provide overview history and treatment techniques for sexual addiction include:
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Andersson, Catrine; Carlström, Charlotta; Amroussia, Nada; Lindroth, Malin (2 April 2024).
3856:
2975:
2198:
1424:
1288:
1275:
665:
263:
132:
66:
4102:
American Society of Addiction Medicine. Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction.
1978:"Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians: A scientific examination"
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1008:
1002:
996:
991:
985:
726:
8:
7912:
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6229:
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5554:
5242:
5125:
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5055:
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4772:
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4103:
3376:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 6C72 Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder"
2663:
2300:
1279:
1073:
755:
497:
222:â the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
160:
3573:
Pitchers KK, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Laviolette SR, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (February 2013).
1933:
Hall, Paula (2 January 2014). "Sex addiction â an extraordinarily contentious problem".
148:â the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
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1958:
1820:
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1704:
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1537:
633:
540:
343:
DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction.
31:
3668:
3297:
3280:
2800:
American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders".
8237:
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2514:
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1996:
1962:
1950:
1913:
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1513:
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659:
548:
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140:
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2191:
1253:
Support groups may be useful for uninsured or under-insured individuals. (See also:
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5511:
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4189:
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4013:
3824:
3816:
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3333:
3292:
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1750:
1742:
1699:
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493:
169:
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4018:
4001:
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The ICD, DSM and CCMD list promiscuity as a prevalent and problematic symptom for
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5705:
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5016:
3717:
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3111:
2801:
2770:
2175:
1946:
1901:
1843:
1488:
1172:(CSAT) – a group of sexual addiction therapists certified by the
1109:
977:
848:
601:
576:
528:
152:
110:
74:
70:
6566:
3200:
Williams, DJ; Thomas, Jeremy; Prior, Emily; Wright, S.; Sprott, Richard (2017).
3175:
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8151:
8105:
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7868:
7538:
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7223:
7100:
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7035:
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6828:
6767:
6501:
6442:
6366:
6175:
6142:
6125:
6115:
5273:
4805:
4742:
4498:
Breaking the Cycle: Free Yourself from Sex Addiction, Porn Obsession, and Shame
4411:
2290:
1620:
1274:
Sex addiction as a term first emerged in the mid-1970s when various members of
1024:
389:
337:
275:
218:
189:â stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
114:
82:
4440:
by Jennifer P. Schneider and Burt Schneider. (Recovery Resources Press, 1991)
4193:
4160:
4081:
3820:
3337:
2936:
2679:
2619:
1992:
1885:
1868:
1796:
1779:
8262:
8156:
8110:
8031:
7989:
7964:
7938:
7518:
7409:
7263:
6992:
6927:
6918:
6866:
6858:
6818:
6808:
6706:
6535:
6486:
5804:
5286:
4711:
4583:
Love You, Hate the Porn: Healing a Relationship Damaged by Virtual Infidelity
4518:
My Secret Life with a Sex Addict – from discovery to recovery
4309:
4027:
3345:
2432:
1954:
1464:
1442:
501:
462:
The Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder is determined by following criteria:
364:" as a diagnosis (code 6C72) â however, it does not use the addiction model.
202:
193:
184:
126:
50:
4438:
Sex Lies and Forgiveness: Couples Speaking Out on Healing from Sex Addiction
4301:
3986:
3644:
2793:
2762:
2510:
Compulsive Sexual Behaviours: A Psycho-Sexual Treatment Guide for Clinicians
2424:
2259:"Chapter 28. Impulsive/compulsive sexual behavior: Assessment and treatment"
1746:
206:â an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
7979:
7957:
7923:
7718:
7657:
7647:
7617:
7533:
7528:
7456:
7273:
7065:
6772:
6714:
6389:
6170:
5722:
4425:
Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous: The Basic Text for the Augustine Fellowship
4327:
4201:
3838:
3774:
3760:
3725:
3686:
3608:
3548:
3480:
3353:
3306:
2714:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp.
2627:
2594:
2450:
2183:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2136:
2083:
1764:
1713:
1484:
It has been argued that the CSBD diagnosis is not based upon sex research.
1391:
544:
524:
271:
54:
4178:
Giles, J. (2006). "No such thing as excessive levels of sexual behavior".
3158:
3150:
2118:
165:
61:, and other specialists whether compulsive sexual behavior constitutes an
8222:
8061:
7952:
7747:
7679:
7635:
7600:
7590:
7491:
7228:
6923:
6901:
6801:
6374:
6105:
5836:
5586:
4500:
by George N. Collins, Andrew Adleman. (New Harbinger Publications, 2011)
4255:
2769:
American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Conditions for Further Study".
2748:
2213:
1505:
Sexual addiction has been the main theme in a variety of films including
1472:
1455:
1151:
560:
283:
270:
is also used to refer to people who report being unable to control their
4531:
Hope After Betrayal: Healing When Sexual Addiction Invades Your Marriage
4056:
Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in human sexuality,
2150:
8197:
7969:
7928:
7713:
7696:
7508:
7213:
7130:
6749:
6691:
6384:
6289:
5990:
5715:
5710:
5506:
5358:
5198:
5035:
3313:
2664:"Differential diagnosis of addictive sexual disorders using the DSM-IV"
1902:"1.3, Sexual addiction: Terminology, definitions and conceptualisation"
1047:
1035:
556:
325:
287:
279:
78:
58:
23:
3910:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 393â394.
3321:
2326:"WHO classifies compulsive sexual behavior as mental health condition"
1659:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364â365, 375.
427:
American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists
8136:
8056:
8011:
7835:
7585:
7575:
7523:
7501:
7486:
7424:
7419:
7218:
7198:
7060:
6896:
6823:
6644:
6576:
6394:
5853:
5591:
5516:
4727:
4715:
4710:
4667:
4640:(1995). "Chapter 17, the section "Sexual Addictions: Fact or Fad?"".
4343:"How 'sex addiction' has historically been used to absolve white men"
1909:
1061:
1055:
1041:
1030:
121:
105:
73:
has established that compulsive sexual behavior arises from the same
62:
2731:
descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.
1189:
483:
is not an addiction and should not be conflated with sex addiction.
321:(DSM), a widely recognized compendium of mental health diagnostics.
8090:
8046:
8016:
8006:
7974:
7903:
7706:
7674:
7595:
7553:
7496:
7476:
7349:
7203:
7193:
6933:
6913:
6813:
6777:
6379:
6049:
6016:
5942:
4286:"What does "Sexual" mean in compulsive sexual behavior disorder? âą"
3999:
3908:
Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
3221:
3054:
2693:
Psychiatry's bible: Autism, binge-eating updates proposed for 'DSM'
2549:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
2033:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
1657:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
1596:
1081:
912:
880:
568:
509:
4895:
4585:
by Mark Chamberlain. (Shadow Mountain; 2 July 2011 edition, 2011)
4042:"Sex addiction, sexual abuse, and effective treatment | ATSA"
3050:"2011 Addiction Now Defined As Brain Disorder, Not Behavior Issue"
2474:
2103:"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction"
654:
584:
536:
505:
7830:
7701:
7630:
7513:
7449:
7404:
7394:
7208:
7170:
6906:
6754:
4869:
3136:
2551:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364â368.
2035:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364â375.
1834:
Hertzsprung, Meyen; Amadala, Stephen (2015). "Sexual Addiction".
1648:
1543:
662:
572:
564:
4609:
Facing Heartbreak: Steps to Recovery for Partners of Sex Addicts
4559:
by Barbara Steffens and Marsha Means. (New Horizon Press, 2009)
4116:"Compulsive sexual behavior â Symptoms and causes â Mayo Clinic"
2829:
2827:
2799:
2768:
2707:
1780:"Debating the Conceptualization of Sex as an Addictive Disorder"
7565:
7050:
6871:
6792:
6782:
6097:
5912:
4957:
3572:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
2218:"Compulsive Sexual Behavior: What to Call It, How to Treat It?"
294:
4570:
Mending a Shattered Heart: A Guide for Partners of Sex Addicts
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
1174:
International Institute for Trauma and Addiction Professionals
7774:
6534:
5875:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4890:
4875:
4557:
Your Sexually Addicted Spouse: How Partners Can Cope and Heal
4470:
by Ralph H. Earle and Marcus R. Earle. (Brunner/Mazel, 1995)
3754:
2824:
841:
333:
113:
disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including
3113:
Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought
2161:
8041:
7414:
7359:
7075:
6048:
4885:
4880:
4598:
by Paldrom Collins and George Collins. (Adams Media, 2011)
3447:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
3393:
3278:
2937:
Patrick Carnes; David Delmonico; Elizabeth Griffin (2001).
1836:
Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives
967:
961:
953:
949:
945:
939:
935:
931:
925:
921:
69:â and therefore its classification and possible diagnosis.
420:
4910:
4277:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3199:
1869:"Sexual Addiction Disorderâ A Review With Recent Updates"
302:
156:â symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
2652:(fourth edition, text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
2402:
2400:
2373:
2371:
1729:"Compulsive sexual behavior: A review of the literature"
1688:"Understanding and managing compulsive sexual behaviors"
6321:
1810:
1557:
was portrayed as a sex addict in 17th century satires.
1150:
As of 2023, none of the official regulatory bodies for
4104:
https://www.asam.org/resources/definition-of-addiction
3653:"Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis"
3559:
3512:
3319:
2599:"Hypersexual Disorder: A proposed diagnosis for DSM-V"
2475:
a verified Counsellor or Therapist (18 January 2021).
1985:
Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy
1168:
has been shown to improve treatment outcomes as well.
5466:
4628:
3854:
2711:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2650:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2542:
2540:
2397:
2368:
319:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
5161:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
3964:
2407:
Sassover, Eli; Weinstein, Aviv (29 September 2020).
1906:
Routledge International Handbook of Sexual Addiction
1564:
2546:
2502:
2500:
2030:
1654:
117:) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
5484:
4451:Don't Call It Love: Recovery From Sexual Addiction
2938:
2537:
2100:
2024:
1833:
402:
4544:Deceived: Facing Sexual Betrayal Lies and Secrets
4067:
2833:
2470:
2468:
2406:
1384:â Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
8260:
7898:
5893:
4360:
3848:
2497:
2263:The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders
2101:Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016).
1727:Derbyshire, Katherine L.; Grant, Jon E. (2015).
4623:Discussions of the concept of sexual addiction:
4408:Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sex Addiction
3697:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
2913:"Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11"
2742:
2380:"Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11"
2227:. The Debate: Sexual Addiction and Compulsion.
1866:
1726:
437:Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
305:does not support a diagnosis of sex addiction.
164:â dependence that involves persistent physicalâ
6736:
6666:
4611:by Stefanie Carnes. (Gentle Path Press, 2012)
4572:by Stefanie Carnes. (Gentle Path Press, 2011)
3805:"Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction"
2465:
2049:
1899:
7884:
6722:
5452:
4696:
4334:
4284:Briken, Peer; Turner, Daniel (13 July 2022).
4260:"Sex Addiction: A Dangerous Clinical Concept"
4142:
4138:
4136:
4048:
3042:
2840:. Taylor & Francis. p. unpaginated.
2745:"'Sex Addiction' Still Not Official Disorder"
2351:"ICD-11 â Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
2261:. In Grant, Jon E.; Potenza, Marc N. (eds.).
2094:
1867:Sahithya, B. R.; Kashyap, Rithvik S. (2022).
1255:Alcoholics Anonymous § Health-care costs
846:Tooltip cAMP response element-binding protein
317:(APA) publishes and periodically updates the
240:
4520:by Emma Dawson. (Thornton Publishing, 2004)
4283:
3495:
3021:
666:
4533:by Meg Wilson. (Kregel Publications, 2007)
4487:. (International Universities Press, 1998)
3958:
3368:
3004:"What is Sex Addiction and Sex Addict FAQs"
2296:Contrary to Love: Helping the Sexual Addict
1218:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1179:
7891:
7877:
6729:
6715:
6356:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
5623:
5459:
5445:
4703:
4689:
4512:Books focusing on partners of sex addicts:
4468:Sex Addiction: Case Studies And Management
4133:
3905:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3650:
2930:
2661:
2648:American Psychiatric Association. (2000).
2055:
1345:. Please do not remove this message until
378:Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders
247:
233:
8208:Sexual and reproductive health and rights
4317:
4017:
3899:
3828:
3703:
3676:
3598:
3538:
3470:
3296:
3220:
2864:
2708:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
2655:
2440:
2126:
2073:
1884:
1795:
1754:
1703:
1365:Learn how and when to remove this message
1238:Learn how and when to remove this message
6619:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
6215:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
4668:"Skeptoid #708: All About Sex Addiction"
4481:Sexual Addiction: An Integrated Approach
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
3444:
3106:
3082:"2011 ASAM: The Definition of Addiction"
2972:Sexual Addiction: An Integrated Approach
2703:
2701:
2477:"Do I have compulsive sexual behaviour?"
2058:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"
1975:
1777:
1341:Relevant discussion may be found on the
595:Summary of addiction-related plasticity
543:factor involved in addiction, since its
297:created a new condition classification,
4662:
3924:
3855:Kanehisa Laboratories (2 August 2013).
3785:
2969:
2323:
2256:
2212:
2206:
1893:
1501:Category:Fiction about sexual addiction
421:Medical reviews and position statements
168:withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and
8261:
4370:Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer, and Patriot
4143:Levine, M. P.; Troiden, R. R. (1988).
3281:"Data do not support sex as addictive"
3100:
2289:
1390:clinically in some individuals taking
1306:
811:Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior
486:
397:American Society of Addiction Medicine
7872:
6710:
6665:
6533:
6468:
6320:
6047:
5892:
5802:
5622:
5483:
5440:
4684:
4254:
4241:
4177:
3170:
3168:
2897:"compulsive sexual behavior disorder"
2698:
2593:
2506:
1458:considers sexual addiction a form of
1069:
834:
696:
616:
610:
599:
5803:
4546:by Claudia Black. (Hazelden, 2009)
4366:
4296:(2). Akademiai Kiado Zrt.: 222â225.
4108:
3948:"Can you really be addicted to sex?"
3074:
2513:. Taylor & Francis. p. 14.
2419:(2). Akademiai Kiado Zrt.: 166â179.
1932:
1904:. In Birchard T, Benfield J (eds.).
1685:
1611:Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder
1315:
1216:adding citations to reliable sources
1183:
8022:Friends with benefits relationships
6322:Physiological and physical behavior
5374:Discrimination against drug addicts
4340:
3857:"Alcoholism â Homo sapiens (human)"
2910:
2904:
2743:Rachael Rettner (6 December 2012).
2668:Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity
2642:
2377:
362:compulsive sexual behavior disorder
299:compulsive sexual behavior disorder
49:There is considerable debate among
16:Proposed compulsive sexual disorder
13:
6268:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
5662:Emotional and behavioral disorders
5236:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
4398:
3965:Augustine Fellowship (June 1986).
3651:Koob GF, Volkow ND (August 2016).
3253:. 16 November 2017. Archived from
3165:
2062:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
1821:10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00009-4
1494:
1278:sought to apply the principles of
1170:Certified Sex Addiction Therapists
479:ICD-11 added pornography to CSBD.
14:
8295:
6448:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
4145:"The myth of sexual compulsivity"
4070:Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity
2911:Ley, David J. (24 January 2018).
2378:Ley, David J. (24 January 2018).
2145:of severe substance-use disorder.
547:or genetic overexpression in the
504:, and induce the accumulation of
97:Addiction and dependence glossary
89:
7851:
5748:X-linked intellectual disability
5421:
5420:
5299:Low-threshold treatment programs
5166:Motivational enhancement therapy
4290:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
4006:Sexual Health & Compulsivity
3463:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
2980:International Universities Press
2834:Martinez-Gilliard, Erin (2023).
2662:Irons, R.; Irons, J. P. (1996).
2413:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
1734:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
1595:
1581:
1567:
1445:, Ph.D. (sexual physiologist).
1437:
1411:
1320:
1188:
496:that has been shown to act as a
315:American Psychiatric Association
7807:LGBT-affirming religious groups
5577:Intermittent explosive disorder
5502:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
5379:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
5369:Category:Vaccines against drugs
4373:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 359.
4216:
4171:
4096:
4061:
4034:
3993:
3940:
3874:
3809:Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci
3619:
3272:
3236:
3193:
3130:
2996:
2963:
2889:
2736:
2686:
2587:
2578:
2343:
2317:
2283:
2250:
2107:New England Journal of Medicine
1969:
1935:Sexual and Relationship Therapy
1900:Schaefer GA, Ahlers CJ (2017).
1478:Sexual Addiction Screening Test
1260:
521:dopamine dysregulation syndrome
415:Borderline Personality Disorder
409:Borderline personality disorder
403:Borderline personality disorder
26:participation or engagement in
6971:Sexually transmitted infection
6220:Dissociative identity disorder
5485:Adult personality and behavior
4228:Understanding Sexual Addiction
3968:Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous
3886:Understanding Sexual Addiction
3631:Understanding Sexual Addiction
3591:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013
3008:Understanding Sexual Addiction
1926:
1873:Journal of Psychosexual Health
1860:
1827:
1804:
1771:
1720:
1679:
1311:
1293:Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous
278:(nymphomania and satyriasis),
1:
7018:Women who have sex with women
5002:Adverse childhood experiences
4427:(Augustine Fellowship, 1986)
4019:10.1080/26929953.2024.2339208
3669:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
3519:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
3298:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30441-8
3209:Journal of Positive Sexuality
1641:
1460:obsessive compulsive disorder
1145:
374:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
7151:History of erotic depictions
7041:Criminal transmission of HIV
6624:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
6161:Generalized anxiety disorder
5894:Neurological and symptomatic
5539:Sexual relationship disorder
5231:Nicotine replacement therapy
5216:Intensive outpatient program
5204:Residential treatment center
5144:Cognitive behavioral therapy
4341:Yam, Kimmy (20 March 2021).
3803:Nestler EJ (December 2012).
3718:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840
3531:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112
2176:10.2174/13816128113199990619
2056:Nestler EJ (December 2013).
1947:10.1080/14681994.2013.861898
1844:10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_76
1526:Confessions of a Porn Addict
1301:Sexual Compulsives Anonymous
1166:Dialectical behavior therapy
1162:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1156:Sex and Relationship therapy
1140:
784:conditioned place preference
671:Tooltip medium spiny neurons
533:mesocorticolimbic projection
452:
22:is a state characterized by
7:
7136:Counterculture of the 1960s
6400:REM sleep behavior disorder
5869:Seasonal affective disorder
5667:Separation anxiety disorder
4829:Internet addiction disorder
4181:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2607:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1560:
1347:conditions to do so are met
10:
8300:
7858:Human sexuality portal
6667:Symptoms and uncategorized
5768:developmental disabilities
5534:Sexual maturation disorder
5264:List of twelve-step groups
4058:p. 25. Dushkin Pub. Group.
3882:"Sex Addiction Counseling"
3445:Olsen CM (December 2011).
3326:Clinical Psychology Review
2231:(5): 12â16. Archived from
1778:Kingston, Drew A. (2015).
1498:
1269:
406:
44:compulsive sexual behavior
8175:
8129:
7910:
7846:
7727:
7616:
7335:
7287:
7164:
7121:
7026:
7003:Men who have sex with men
6979:
6852:
6748:
6672:
6661:
6637:
6629:Simple-type schizophrenia
6606:
6598:Schizophreniform disorder
6575:
6554:
6550:
6529:
6482:
6464:
6433:
6410:
6364:
6331:
6327:
6316:
6238:
6205:
6153:
6096:
6087:
6068:
6064:
6043:
6009:
5976:Mild cognitive impairment
5961:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
5941:
5903:
5899:
5888:
5859:Major depressive disorder
5812:
5798:
5764:Psychological development
5763:
5738:
5635:
5631:
5618:
5547:
5494:
5490:
5479:
5416:
5346:
5329:Supervised injection site
5272:
5259:Addiction recovery groups
5251:
5211:Heroin-assisted treatment
5189:
5171:Motivational interviewing
5134:
5113:
5100:
5025:
4994:
4985:
4854:
4781:
4735:
4726:
4646:Harper Collins Publishers
4194:10.1007/s10508-006-9098-3
4161:10.1080/00224498809551467
4082:10.1080/10720160802289249
4054:Francoeur, R. T. (1994).
3821:10.9758/cpn.2012.10.3.136
3706:Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse
3338:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925
3116:. New York: Basic Books.
2941:In the Shadows of the Net
2680:10.1080/10720169608400096
2620:10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7
1993:10.4135/9781483325422.n10
1886:10.1177/26318318221081080
1797:10.1007/s40429-015-0059-6
1784:Current Addiction Reports
1436:
1431:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1297:Sexual Recovery Anonymous
1108:
1079:
1022:
975:
910:
878:
839:
835:Neurochemical plasticity
809:
780:
752:
723:
701:
653:
644:
637:
632:
629:
626:
623:
457:
228:
101:
96:
6677:Impulse-control disorder
6593:Schizoaffective disorder
6588:Brief reactive psychosis
6285:Mass psychogenic illness
6248:Body dysmorphic disorder
6027:Post-concussion syndrome
5637:Emotional and behavioral
5012:Psychological dependence
4846:Digital media addictions
4224:"What is Love Addiction"
3971:. Augustine Fellowship.
3763:Ann. Agric. Environ. Med
1427:(25 April 2012, 9:29 am)
1421:Is sex addiction a myth?
1180:In-person support groups
1152:Psycho-sexual Counseling
581:substituted amphetamines
553:necessary and sufficient
539:is the most significant
500:, strongly activate the
435:On 16 November 2017 the
383:
177:psychological dependence
81:mechanisms that mediate
8142:Physical attractiveness
6614:Childhood schizophrenia
5966:Frontotemporal dementia
5923:High-functioning autism
5740:Intellectual disability
5314:Needle exchange program
5304:Managed alcohol program
5282:Category:Harm reduction
4302:10.1556/2006.2022.00026
4149:Journal of Sex Research
3332:. Elsevier BV: 101925.
2970:Goodman, Aviel (1998).
2425:10.1556/2006.2020.00055
2267:Oxford University Press
1747:10.1556/2006.4.2015.003
1616:Compulsive masturbation
1471:In a report from 2003,
630:High fat or sugar food
367:
8183:Human female sexuality
8116:Split attraction model
7997:Committed relationship
7279:Split attraction model
7269:Sexual objectification
7179:Anarchism and love/sex
6131:Specific social phobia
6022:Organic brain syndrome
5864:Melancholic depression
5625:Childhood and learning
5334:Tobacco harm reduction
5154:Contingency management
5121:Alcohol detoxification
4834:Internet sex addiction
4455:Bantam, Patrick Carnes
3627:"What is a Sex Addict"
1838:. pp. 1543â1555.
1626:Internet sex addiction
1589:Human sexuality portal
1381:
697:Behavioral plasticity
450:
425:In November 2016, the
346:
308:
211:substance use disorder
8233:Sex-positive movement
8228:Sex-positive feminism
8213:Sex Addicts Anonymous
8086:Queer heterosexuality
7239:Sex-positive movement
6892:Reproductive medicine
6887:Obesity and sexuality
6834:Sexual response cycle
6687:Psychomotor agitation
6477:and substance-related
6420:Postpartum depression
6300:Somatization disorder
6186:Acute stress reaction
5951:AIDS dementia complex
5396:Motivational salience
5324:Stimulant maintenance
5309:Moderation Management
5221:Methadone maintenance
3151:10.1176/ps.44.10.1000
2507:Neves, Silva (2021).
2481:Counselling Directory
2199:behavioral addictions
2119:10.1056/NEJMra1511480
1813:Behavioral Addictions
1631:Pornography addiction
1555:Charles II of England
1508:Diary of a Sex Addict
1377:
1285:Sex Addicts Anonymous
702:Escalation of intake
607:behavioral plasticity
445:
65:â in this instance a
8284:Behavioral addiction
8188:Human male sexuality
8079:Romantic orientation
7765:Buddhist monasticism
7755:Christian demonology
7581:Urethral intercourse
7380:Erotic sexual denial
7071:Cybersex trafficking
6944:Erectile dysfunction
6682:KlĂŒverâBucy syndrome
6512:Substance dependence
6425:Postpartum psychosis
5971:Huntington's disease
5753:LujanâFryns syndrome
5602:Personality disorder
5319:Responsible drug use
5176:Motivational therapy
4841:Video game addiction
4666:(31 December 2019).
4634:Johnson, Virginia E.
3139:Psychiatric Services
2982:. pp. 233â234.
2976:Madison, Connecticut
2945:. Hazelden. p.
2257:Coleman, E. (2011).
2238:on 24 September 2015
1976:Haldeman, D (1991).
1289:Sexaholics Anonymous
1276:Alcoholics Anonymous
1212:improve this section
1023:Changes in striatal
290:-related disorders.
264:hypersexual disorder
67:behavioral addiction
7965:Casual relationship
7913:Sexual relationship
7819:Sacred prostitution
7608:Wet T-shirt contest
7472:Non-penetrative sex
7430:Mammary intercourse
7111:Revenge pornography
6882:Masters and Johnson
6844:Vaginal lubrication
6562:Delusional disorder
6507:Stimulant psychosis
6497:Physical dependence
6351:Rumination syndrome
6253:Conversion disorder
6230:Psychogenic amnesia
6080:with depressed mood
6078:Adjustment disorder
5981:Parkinson's disease
5956:Alzheimer's disease
5849:Atypical depression
5685:Social functioning
5560:Munchausen syndrome
5555:Factitious disorder
5243:Twelve-step program
5126:Drug detoxification
5007:Physical dependence
4630:Masters, William H.
4414:. (Hazelden, 1983)
4167:on 2 February 2014.
3954:. 13 November 2017.
3088:on 16 February 2012
2301:Hazelden Publishing
1334:of this section is
1307:Society and culture
1074:synaptic plasticity
756:self-administration
727:cross-sensitization
596:
512:(specifically, the
498:positive reinforcer
487:Possible mechanisms
161:physical dependence
8248:Stanley v. Georgia
8193:Right to sexuality
8162:Sexual frustration
8101:Sexual orientation
7665:Red-light district
7561:Sexual penetration
7549:Sexual intercourse
7467:Nipple stimulation
7146:Golden Age of Porn
7046:Child sexual abuse
7013:Sexual orientation
6939:Sexual dysfunction
6877:Male contraceptive
6839:Sexual stimulation
6788:Nocturnal emission
6581:schizophrenia-like
6225:Dissociative fugue
5674:Movement disorders
5401:Incentive salience
5389:Inhibitory control
5364:Category:Addiction
5354:Addiction medicine
5149:Relapse prevention
5086:Tanning dependence
4638:Kolodny, Robert C.
4258:(JuneâJuly 2003).
2324:Christensen, Jen.
2216:(JuneâJuly 2003).
2012:on 6 February 2018
1538:Thanks for Sharing
1448:CBS (18 July 2013)
1419:& David Ley.
1009:Ό-opioid receptors
1003:Ό-opioid receptors
997:Îș-opioid receptors
992:Ό-opioid receptors
986:Ό-opioid receptors
916:dopamine signaling
634:Sexual intercourse
594:
541:gene transcription
141:drug sensitization
32:sexual intercourse
8256:
8255:
8238:Sexual revolution
8147:Sexual attraction
8096:Sexual abstinence
7985:Celibacy syndrome
7866:
7865:
7775:Hindu monasticism
7760:Clerical celibacy
7626:Adult video games
7337:Sexual activities
7254:Sexual attraction
7244:Sexual abstinence
7156:Sexual revolution
7141:Feminist sex wars
7096:Sexual misconduct
7091:Sexual harassment
7056:Indecent exposure
6763:Clitoral erection
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6525:
6524:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6201:
6200:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
5996:Vascular dementia
5918:Asperger syndrome
5884:
5883:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5728:Tourette syndrome
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5434:
5433:
5384:Cognitive control
5342:
5341:
5226:Smoking cessation
5181:Physical exercise
5096:
5095:
5082:Non-drug stimuli
4981:
4980:
4825:Internet-related
4617:978-0-98327-133-8
4604:978-1-4405-1221-6
4578:978-0-9774400-6-1
4565:978-0-88282-309-6
4552:978-1-59285-698-5
4539:978-0-8254-3935-3
4526:978-1-932344-70-7
4506:978-1-60882-083-2
4493:978-0-8236-6063-6
4476:978-0-87630-785-4
4463:978-0-553-35138-5
4446:978-0-06-255343-0
4433:978-0-9615-7011-8
4420:978-1-56838-621-8
4380:978-1-59691-471-1
4367:Beer, A. (2008).
3936:978-0-9826505-9-2
3657:Lancet Psychiatry
3451:Neuropharmacology
3285:Lancet Psychiatry
3145:(10): 1000â1001.
3123:978-0-465-01405-7
3108:Mitchell, Stephen
2989:978-0-8236-6063-6
2847:978-1-000-84578-5
2813:978-0-89042-576-3
2782:978-0-89042-576-3
2725:978-0-89042-555-8
2520:978-1-000-38710-0
1853:978-88-470-5321-2
1686:Fong, TW (2006).
1636:Sexual obsessions
1603:Psychiatry portal
1575:Psychology portal
1514:I Am a Sex Addict
1452:
1451:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1138:
1137:
1116:nucleus accumbens
1086:nucleus accumbens
1071:Mesocorticolimbic
976:Altered striatal
887:nucleus accumbens
854:nucleus accumbens
660:nucleus accumbens
639:Physical exercise
627:Psychostimulants
619:
549:nucleus accumbens
514:nucleus accumbens
268:sexual dependence
257:
256:
146:reverse tolerance
8291:
8269:Sexual addiction
8243:Sexual surrogate
8203:Sexual addiction
8002:Conventional sex
7893:
7886:
7879:
7870:
7869:
7856:
7855:
7780:Jain monasticism
7544:Sexual fetishism
7462:Mechanics of sex
7345:Conventional sex
7249:Sexual addiction
7184:Extramarital sex
6966:Sexual surrogate
6802:male ejaculation
6731:
6724:
6717:
6708:
6707:
6663:
6662:
6552:
6551:
6531:
6530:
6466:
6465:
6341:Anorexia nervosa
6329:
6328:
6318:
6317:
6295:Psychogenic pain
6263:Globus pharyngis
6111:Childhood phobia
6094:
6093:
6066:
6065:
6045:
6044:
5901:
5900:
5890:
5889:
5800:
5799:
5699:Selective mutism
5650:Conduct disorder
5633:
5632:
5620:
5619:
5597:Trichotillomania
5572:Gender dysphoria
5567:Fear of intimacy
5524:Sexual anhedonia
5492:
5491:
5481:
5480:
5468:Mental disorders
5461:
5454:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5111:
5110:
4992:
4991:
4917:G9a-like protein
4733:
4732:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4659:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4264:The Free Library
4252:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4163:. Archived from
4140:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4021:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3832:
3800:
3783:
3782:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3747:molecular switch
3701:
3695:
3694:
3680:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3602:
3585:(8): 3434â3442.
3570:
3557:
3556:
3542:
3510:
3493:
3488:
3474:
3457:(7): 1109â1122.
3442:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3260:on 26 April 2023
3259:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3084:. Archived from
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3058:. Archived from
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2917:Psychology Today
2908:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2603:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:Psychology Today
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2164:Curr. Pharm. Des
2159:
2148:
2147:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2005:. Archived from
1982:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1652:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1520:Black Snake Moan
1441:
1440:
1415:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1192:
1184:
1117:
1087:
978:opioid signaling
888:
855:
847:
843:
672:
668:
617:
597:
593:
494:intrinsic reward
356:(for males) and
249:
242:
235:
170:delirium tremens
94:
93:
20:Sexual addiction
8299:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8218:Sexual jealousy
8171:
8130:Sexual dynamics
8125:
8052:One-night stand
8027:Heterosexuality
7934:Gray asexuality
7917:
7915:
7906:
7900:Human sexuality
7897:
7867:
7862:
7850:
7842:
7770:Catholic Church
7730:
7723:
7612:
7331:
7283:
7189:Family planning
7168:
7160:
7117:
7106:Sexual violence
7081:Sex trafficking
7022:
7008:Sexual identity
6998:Gender identity
6975:
6961:Sexual medicine
6857:
6848:
6814:Penile erection
6768:Erogenous zones
6752:
6744:
6742:human sexuality
6735:
6705:
6696:
6668:
6649:
6633:
6602:
6580:
6571:
6546:
6521:
6478:
6475:substance abuse
6452:
6429:
6406:
6360:
6346:Bulimia nervosa
6323:
6304:
6280:Hypochondriasis
6275:False pregnancy
6258:Ganser syndrome
6240:Somatic symptom
6234:
6197:
6149:
6138:Specific phobia
6083:
6060:
6031:
6005:
5937:
5933:Savant syndrome
5905:Autism spectrum
5895:
5880:
5808:
5786:
5765:
5759:
5734:
5627:
5606:
5582:Dermatillomania
5543:
5529:Sexual anorexia
5486:
5475:
5465:
5435:
5430:
5412:
5408:Sober companion
5338:
5292:Reagent testing
5268:
5247:
5191:
5185:
5136:
5130:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5021:
4977:
4864:Transcriptional
4856:
4850:
4777:
4763:Methylphenidate
4758:Methamphetamine
4722:
4709:
4656:
4642:Human Sexuality
4401:
4399:Further reading
4396:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4339:
4335:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4253:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4176:
4172:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4066:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
3998:
3994:
3979:
3963:
3959:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3853:
3849:
3801:
3786:
3759:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3702:
3698:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3571:
3560:
3511:
3496:
3443:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3318:
3314:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3062:on 14 July 2014
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2825:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2565:
2559:
2545:
2538:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2505:
2498:
2485:
2483:
2473:
2466:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2291:Carnes, Patrick
2288:
2284:
2277:
2269:. p. 375.
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2170:(25): 4012â20.
2160:
2151:
2143:
2099:
2095:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1898:
1894:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1832:
1828:
1809:
1805:
1776:
1772:
1725:
1721:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1503:
1497:
1495:Popular culture
1489:Apryl Alexander
1438:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1340:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1272:
1263:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1209:
1193:
1182:
1148:
1143:
1115:
1113:
1110:Dendritic spine
1085:
1033:
1025:opioid peptides
994:
983:
886:
884:
853:
851:
849:phosphorylation
845:
782:
781:Psychostimulant
754:
753:Psychostimulant
725:
724:Psychostimulant
670:
658:
647:
640:
604:
602:neuroplasticity
577:phenylcyclidine
529:gene expression
508:in part of the
489:
460:
455:
423:
411:
405:
386:
370:
349:
311:
253:
153:drug withdrawal
111:biopsychosocial
92:
75:transcriptional
71:Animal research
30:, particularly
28:sexual activity
17:
12:
11:
5:
8297:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8167:Sociosexuality
8164:
8159:
8154:
8152:Sexual capital
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8106:Sexual partner
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8037:Hypersexuality
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7944:Fictosexuality
7941:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7896:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7824:Ancient Greece
7816:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7757:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7735:
7733:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7633:
7628:
7622:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7541:
7539:Sexual fantasy
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7440:Anal fingering
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7400:Foot fetishism
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7259:Sexual capital
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7224:Premarital sex
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7175:
7173:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7101:Sexual slavery
7098:
7093:
7088:
7086:Sexual assault
7083:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7036:Age of consent
7032:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6949:Hypersexuality
6946:
6936:
6931:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6829:Sexual arousal
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6746:
6745:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6548:
6547:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6502:Rebound effect
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6443:Hypersexuality
6439:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6176:Panic disorder
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6143:Claustrophobia
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6126:Anthropophobia
6118:
6116:Social anxiety
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6062:
6061:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5986:Pick's disease
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5476:
5472:Classification
5464:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5274:Harm reduction
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5252:Support groups
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5114:Detoxification
5108:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5051:Benzodiazepine
5048:
5043:
5038:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4808:
4806:Palatable food
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4664:Dunning, Brian
4660:
4654:
4644:(5 ed.).
4620:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4509:
4508:
4495:
4478:
4465:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4412:Patrick Carnes
4400:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4379:
4359:
4333:
4276:
4240:
4215:
4188:(6): 641â642.
4170:
4155:(3): 347â363.
4132:
4120:Mayoclinic.com
4107:
4095:
4076:(4): 284â310.
4060:
4047:
4033:
4012:(2): 170â188.
3992:
3977:
3957:
3939:
3923:
3916:
3898:
3873:
3847:
3815:(3): 136â143.
3784:
3769:(3): 491â496.
3753:
3712:(6): 428â437.
3696:
3663:(8): 760â773.
3643:
3618:
3558:
3494:
3392:
3367:
3312:
3271:
3235:
3222:10.51681/1.331
3192:
3164:
3129:
3122:
3099:
3073:
3041:
3020:
2995:
2988:
2962:
2955:
2929:
2903:
2888:
2863:
2846:
2823:
2812:
2792:
2781:
2761:
2735:
2724:
2697:
2685:
2654:
2641:
2614:(2): 377â400.
2586:
2577:
2557:
2536:
2519:
2496:
2464:
2396:
2367:
2342:
2316:
2309:
2303:. p. 28.
2282:
2275:
2249:
2205:
2149:
2113:(4): 363â371.
2093:
2068:(4): 431â443.
2048:
2041:
2023:
2001:
1968:
1925:
1919:978-1317274254
1918:
1892:
1859:
1852:
1826:
1803:
1790:(3): 195â201.
1770:
1719:
1678:
1665:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:Hypersexuality
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1578:
1562:
1559:
1496:
1493:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:External media
1376:
1373:
1372:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1005:
999:
988:
980:
973:
972:
970:
964:
958:
956:
942:
928:
918:
908:
907:
905:
903:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
876:
875:
873:
870:
867:
865:
862:
859:
856:
837:
836:
832:
831:
829:
826:
823:
821:
819:
816:
813:
807:
806:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
778:
777:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
761:
758:
750:
749:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:Not applicable
732:
729:
721:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
709:
706:
703:
699:
698:
694:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
651:
650:
643:
636:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
615:
609:
488:
485:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
459:
456:
454:
451:
422:
419:
407:Main article:
404:
401:
390:Patrick Carnes
385:
382:
369:
366:
348:
345:
338:hypersexuality
310:
307:
276:hypersexuality
255:
254:
252:
251:
244:
237:
229:
226:
225:
224:
223:
215:
207:
199:
190:
181:
173:
157:
149:
137:
129:
127:reward systems
122:addictive drug
118:
99:
98:
91:
90:Classification
88:
83:drug addiction
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8296:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8279:Sexual health
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8157:Sexual ethics
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8111:Single person
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8074:Romantic love
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8032:Homosexuality
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7990:Herbivore men
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7939:Demisexuality
7937:
7936:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7894:
7889:
7887:
7882:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7534:Sex positions
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7410:Forced orgasm
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7327:United States
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7264:Sexual ethics
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7166:Relationships
7163:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6993:Gender binary
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6954:Hyposexuality
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6928:PLISSIT model
6925:
6922:
6920:
6919:Sex education
6917:
6915:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:Birth control
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:Pre-ejaculate
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6809:Pelvic thrust
6807:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6727:
6725:
6720:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6664:
6660:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:Schizophrenia
6605:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6536:Schizophrenia
6532:
6528:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6487:Drug overdose
6485:
6484:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6463:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6435:Sexual desire
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6315:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6121:Social phobia
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6056:-related and
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5450:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:Drug checking
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
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4712:Reinforcement
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4485:Aviel Goodman
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3978:0-9615701-1-3
3974:
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3952:The Economist
3949:
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3917:9781118418680
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2956:1-59285-149-5
2952:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2877:
2876:Icd10data.com
2873:
2867:
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2609:
2608:
2600:
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2568:
2560:
2558:9780071481274
2554:
2550:
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2533:
2522:
2516:
2512:
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2493:
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2346:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2276:9780195389715
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:SIECUS Report
2219:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2042:9780071481274
2038:
2034:
2027:
2008:
2004:
2002:9780803937642
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1882:
1879:(2): 95â101.
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1666:9780071481274
1662:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
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1584:
1579:
1576:
1565:
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1552:
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1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1487:According to
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1465:social stigma
1461:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1443:Nicole Prause
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1358:
1355:December 2021
1348:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
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1267:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1197:This section
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
998:
993:
989:
987:
981:
979:
974:
971:
969:
965:
963:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
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923:
919:
917:
914:
909:
906:
904:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
882:
877:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
860:
857:
850:
844:
838:
833:
830:
827:
824:
822:
820:
817:
814:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
785:
779:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
759:
757:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
722:
719:
717:
715:
713:
710:
707:
704:
700:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
669:
664:
661:
657:expression in
656:
652:
649:
646:Environmental
642:
635:
622:
614:
608:
603:
598:
592:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:In humans, a
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:reward system
499:
495:
484:
482:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
463:
449:
444:
440:
438:
433:
430:
428:
418:
416:
410:
400:
398:
395:In 2011, the
393:
391:
381:
379:
376:produces the
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
344:
341:
339:
335:
330:
327:
326:nonparaphilic
322:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
216:
213:
212:
208:
205:
204:
203:sensitization
200:
197:
195:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
130:
128:
124:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
100:
95:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:psychologists
52:
51:psychiatrists
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
8202:
7980:Love shyness
7958:Pansexuality
7924:Aromanticism
7729:Religion and
7719:Webcam model
7658:Survival sex
7648:Prostitution
7618:Sex industry
7529:Sex in space
7457:Masturbation
7297:Ancient Rome
7274:Sexual slang
7248:
7066:Sexual abuse
6773:Insemination
6567:Folie Ă deux
6492:Intoxication
6473:substances,
6471:Psychoactive
6390:Night terror
6207:Dissociative
6171:Panic attack
5723:Tic disorder
4935:
4928:
4921:
4909:
4868:
4813:
4810:Sex-related
4671:
4641:
4622:
4621:
4608:
4595:
4582:
4569:
4556:
4543:
4530:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4497:
4480:
4467:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4407:
4402:
4384:. Retrieved
4369:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:
4336:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:
4256:Klein, Marty
4231:. Retrieved
4227:
4218:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4165:the original
4152:
4148:
4123:. Retrieved
4119:
4110:
4098:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4036:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3967:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3861:KEGG Pathway
3860:
3850:
3842:
3812:
3808:
3778:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3746:
3737:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3690:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3621:
3612:
3582:
3578:
3552:
3525:(1): 38â55.
3522:
3518:
3484:
3454:
3450:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3255:the original
3250:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3212:
3208:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3112:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3053:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2971:
2965:
2940:
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2916:
2906:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2858:
2851:. Retrieved
2836:
2817:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2771:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2716:481, 797â798
2710:
2688:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2611:
2605:
2595:Kafka, M. P.
2589:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2548:
2531:
2524:. Retrieved
2509:
2491:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:
2416:
2412:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2319:
2295:
2285:
2265:. New York:
2262:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2228:
2224:
2214:Coleman, Eli
2208:
2195:
2167:
2163:
2140:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2087:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2032:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2007:the original
1984:
1971:
1941:(1): 68â75.
1938:
1934:
1928:
1905:
1895:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1835:
1829:
1812:
1806:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1741:(2): 37â43.
1738:
1732:
1722:
1698:(11): 51â8.
1695:
1691:
1681:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1453:
1417:Robert Weiss
1392:dopaminergic
1388:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1352:
1330:
1273:
1264:
1261:Epidemiology
1252:
1249:
1234:
1225:
1210:Please help
1198:
1160:
1149:
982:No change or
590:
561:cannabinoids
525:dopaminergic
518:
490:
478:
461:
446:
441:
434:
431:
424:
412:
394:
387:
371:
357:
353:
350:
342:
331:
323:
312:
292:
272:sexual urges
267:
266:. The term
261:
258:
217:
209:
201:
192:
183:
175:
159:
151:
145:
139:
131:
120:
104:
48:
19:
18:
8274:Paraphilias
8223:Sexual norm
8062:Promiscuity
7953:Bisexuality
7802:LGBT people
7748:Tantric sex
7680:Sex tourism
7636:Pornography
7601:Erotic talk
7591:Virtual sex
7492:Cunnilingus
7322:South Korea
7317:Philippines
7229:Promiscuity
6924:Sex therapy
6902:Gynaecology
6540:schizotypal
6375:Hypersomnia
6365:Nonorganic
6106:Agoraphobia
5837:Cyclothymia
5832:Bipolar NOS
5807:(affective)
5679:Stereotypic
5587:Kleptomania
5135:Behavioral
5046:Barbiturate
5041:Amphetamine
4819:Pornography
4814:Intercourse
4748:Amphetamine
4714:disorders:
4125:9 September
3743:Conclusions
3579:J. Neurosci
3291:(12): 899.
3264:28 December
3228:28 December
3185:28 December
2922:28 November
2881:28 December
2749:LiveScience
2360:26 November
2355:icd.who.int
2335:26 November
1987:: 149â160.
1815:: 215â236.
1499:Main page:
1473:Marty Klein
1456:Mayo Clinic
1312:Controversy
1034:No change:
879:Sensitized
358:nymphomania
284:Don Juanism
185:reinforcing
59:sexologists
8263:Categories
8198:Sexecology
7970:Casual sex
7929:Asexuality
7714:Strip club
7697:Sex worker
7670:Sex museum
7641:Film actor
7509:Paraphilia
7435:Manual sex
7289:By country
7214:Orgasm gap
7131:Blue Movie
6750:Physiology
6692:Stereotypy
6555:Delusional
6544:delusional
6517:Withdrawal
6385:Parasomnia
6290:Nosophobia
6070:Adjustment
6058:somatoform
5991:Sundowning
5844:Depression
5827:Bipolar II
5716:Stuttering
5711:Cluttering
5507:Paraphilia
5359:Allen Carr
5199:Drug rehab
5190:Treatment
5106:management
5102:Treatment
5036:Alcoholism
5017:Withdrawal
4987:Dependence
4905:Epigenetic
4857:mechanisms
4790:Financial
4783:Behavioral
4720:dependence
4591:1606419366
4233:17 October
3891:17 October
3636:17 October
3180:Aasect.org
3013:17 October
2695:USA Today.
2571:withdrawal
2567:Dependence
2310:1568380593
2242:15 October
1692:Psychiatry
1642:References
1332:neutrality
1146:Counseling
1112:density in
1080:Number of
1048:enkephalin
1036:enkephalin
746:Attenuated
743:Attenuated
648:enrichment
613:reinforcer
354:satyriasis
288:paraphilia
280:erotomania
133:dependence
79:epigenetic
24:compulsive
8137:Hypergamy
8057:Polyamory
8012:Free love
7916:phenomena
7836:Sex magic
7814:Mormonism
7731:sexuality
7586:Urolagnia
7576:Tribadism
7524:Sexercise
7502:Irrumatio
7487:Anilingus
7445:Fingering
7425:Group sex
7420:Gang bang
7390:Fetishism
7365:Child sex
7219:Polyamory
7199:Free love
7061:Obscenity
6985:diversity
6897:Andrology
6859:education
6824:Pregnancy
6645:Catatonia
6577:Psychosis
6412:Postnatal
6395:Nightmare
6001:Wandering
5854:Dysthymia
5822:Bipolar I
5777:Pervasive
5592:Pyromania
5517:Voyeurism
5512:Fetishism
5137:therapies
5026:Disorders
4728:Addiction
4716:addiction
4457:. (1992)
4310:2062-5871
4028:2692-9953
3362:222280824
3346:0272-7358
3215:(3): 40.
3066:15 August
3034:15 August
2754:2 January
2459:222167039
2433:2062-5871
1963:145015659
1955:1468-1994
1910:Routledge
1343:talk page
1228:June 2024
1199:does not
1141:Treatment
1082:dendrites
1062:dynorphin
1056:dynorphin
1042:dynorphin
1031:dynorphin
1016:No change
1013:No change
641:(aerobic)
453:Diagnosis
219:tolerance
194:rewarding
106:addiction
63:addiction
8176:See also
8121:Swinging
8091:Sex life
8047:Marriage
8017:Foreplay
8007:Flirting
7975:Celibacy
7904:sexology
7743:Hinduism
7739:Buddhism
7675:Sex shop
7596:Cybersex
7571:Swinging
7554:Foreplay
7497:Fellatio
7477:Oral sex
7370:Creampie
7355:Bareback
7350:Anal sex
7204:Marriage
7194:Flirting
6981:Identity
6934:Sexology
6914:Safe sex
6778:Intersex
6380:Insomnia
6050:Neurotic
6017:Delirium
5943:Dementia
5782:Specific
5426:Category
5347:See also
5192:programs
5071:Nicotine
5061:Cannabis
5056:Caffeine
4995:Concepts
4855:Cellular
4799:Shopping
4794:Gambling
4768:Nicotine
4673:Skeptoid
4352:21 March
4347:NBC News
4328:35895459
4210:32718200
4202:17109229
4090:53418034
3987:13004050
3866:10 April
3839:23430970
3775:23020045
3734:19157711
3726:25083822
3687:27475769
3609:23426671
3549:22641964
3481:21459101
3385:19 April
3354:33038740
3307:29179928
3251:Atsa.com
3110:(1995).
3092:12 April
3055:NBC News
2674:: 7â21.
2628:19937105
2597:(2010).
2526:26 March
2486:26 March
2451:32997646
2389:27 March
2293:(1994).
2192:19042860
2184:24001295
2137:26816013
2084:24459410
1765:26014671
1714:20877518
1561:See also
1336:disputed
1280:12-steps
913:striatal
911:Altered
883:response
881:dopamine
624:Opiates
611:Type of
600:Form of
569:nicotine
510:striatum
7831:Thelema
7797:Judaism
7702:Sex toy
7631:Erotica
7519:Quickie
7514:Pompoir
7450:Handjob
7405:Footjob
7395:Fisting
7234:Romance
7209:Modesty
7171:society
7123:History
6907:Urology
6755:biology
6738:Outline
6089:Anxiety
5928:PDD-NOS
5817:Bipolar
5470: (
5066:Cocaine
4753:Cocaine
4743:Alcohol
4386:20 June
4319:9295231
3830:3569166
3678:6135092
3600:3865508
3540:4040958
3490:Table 1
3472:3139704
3159:8225264
2853:5 March
2636:2190694
2442:9295215
2128:6135257
2075:3898681
1756:4500883
1705:2945841
1674:system.
1544:Don Jon
1270:History
1220:removed
1205:sources
1084:in the
885:in the
852:in the
663:D1-type
618:Sources
573:opioids
565:cocaine
557:alcohol
531:in the
196:stimuli
187:stimuli
166:somatic
115:alcohol
8067:Female
7787:Daoism
7690:Female
7653:Sacred
7566:Sumata
7385:Facial
7375:Edging
7051:Incest
6872:Condom
6854:Health
6798:Female
6793:Orgasm
6783:Libido
6333:Eating
6181:Stress
6098:Phobia
6054:stress
5913:Autism
5706:Speech
5495:Sexual
5076:Opioid
5032:Drugs
4958:HDAC10
4773:Opioid
4652:
4615:
4602:
4589:
4576:
4563:
4550:
4537:
4524:
4504:
4491:
4474:
4461:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4377:
4326:
4316:
4308:
4269:6 July
4208:
4200:
4088:
4026:
3985:
3975:
3934:
3914:
3837:
3827:
3773:
3732:
3724:
3685:
3675:
3607:
3597:
3547:
3537:
3479:
3469:
3380:ICD-11
3360:
3352:
3344:
3305:
3157:
3120:
2986:
2953:
2844:
2810:
2779:
2722:
2634:
2626:
2555:
2517:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2431:
2307:
2273:
2190:
2182:
2135:
2125:
2082:
2072:
2039:
2016:14 May
1999:
1961:
1953:
1916:
1850:
1763:
1753:
1712:
1702:
1663:
1547:, and
1299:, and
579:, and
458:ICD-11
295:ICD-11
286:, and
7792:Islam
7685:Child
7312:Japan
7307:India
7302:China
6638:Other
6367:sleep
6154:Other
6010:Other
5876:Mania
5548:Other
4968:SIRT2
4963:SIRT1
4953:HDAC9
4948:HDAC5
4943:HDAC4
4937:HDAC3
4930:HDAC2
4923:HDAC1
4896:NF-ÎșB
4891:GluR2
4876:c-Fos
4870:ÎFosB
4206:S2CID
4086:S2CID
3730:S2CID
3358:S2CID
3258:(PDF)
3247:(PDF)
3205:(PDF)
2632:S2CID
2602:(PDF)
2455:S2CID
2236:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2188:S2CID
2010:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1959:S2CID
1550:Choke
1532:Shame
1432:Video
1406:Audio
655:ÎFosB
585:ÎJunD
545:viral
537:ÎFosB
506:ÎFosB
384:Other
334:DSM-5
8042:LGBT
7902:and
7741:and
7707:Doll
7415:Frot
7360:BDSM
7169:and
7076:Rape
6983:and
6800:and
6753:and
6542:and
6191:PTSD
5805:Mood
5645:ADHD
5104:and
4886:CREB
4881:Cdk5
4736:Drug
4718:and
4650:ISBN
4613:ISBN
4600:ISBN
4587:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4548:ISBN
4535:ISBN
4522:ISBN
4502:ISBN
4489:ISBN
4472:ISBN
4459:ISBN
4442:ISBN
4429:ISBN
4416:ISBN
4388:2023
4375:ISBN
4354:2021
4324:PMID
4306:ISSN
4271:2020
4235:2020
4198:PMID
4127:2021
4024:ISSN
3983:OCLC
3973:ISBN
3932:ISBN
3912:ISBN
3893:2020
3868:2014
3835:PMID
3771:PMID
3722:PMID
3683:PMID
3638:2020
3605:PMID
3545:PMID
3477:PMID
3387:2022
3350:PMID
3342:ISSN
3303:PMID
3266:2017
3230:2017
3187:2017
3155:PMID
3118:ISBN
3094:2011
3068:2011
3036:2011
3015:2020
2984:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2924:2018
2883:2017
2855:2023
2842:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2756:2013
2720:ISBN
2624:PMID
2553:ISBN
2528:2022
2515:ISBN
2488:2022
2447:PMID
2429:ISSN
2391:2021
2362:2018
2337:2018
2305:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2244:2012
2180:PMID
2133:PMID
2080:PMID
2037:ISBN
2018:2017
1997:ISBN
1951:ISSN
1914:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1761:PMID
1710:PMID
1661:ISBN
1425:KPCC
1329:The
1203:any
1201:cite
1114:the
968:DRD2
962:DRD2
954:DRD3
950:DRD2
946:DRD1
940:DRD3
936:DRD2
932:DRD1
926:DRD3
922:DRD2
842:CREB
667:MSNs
481:CSBD
372:The
368:CCMD
313:The
293:The
109:â a
77:and
7028:Law
6856:and
6740:of
6579:and
6166:OCD
5694:RAD
5689:DAD
5655:ODD
4972:...
4911:G9a
4483:by
4453:by
4410:by
4314:PMC
4298:doi
4190:doi
4157:doi
4078:doi
4014:doi
3825:PMC
3817:doi
3714:doi
3673:PMC
3665:doi
3595:PMC
3587:doi
3535:PMC
3527:doi
3467:PMC
3459:doi
3334:doi
3293:doi
3217:doi
3147:doi
2676:doi
2616:doi
2437:PMC
2421:doi
2330:CNN
2172:doi
2123:PMC
2115:doi
2111:374
2070:PMC
1989:doi
1943:doi
1881:doi
1840:doi
1817:doi
1792:doi
1751:PMC
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