1020:
1542:
567:
748:. As they physically develop, gaining weight in several areas of the body, early-maturing females usually look larger than females who have not yet entered puberty. A result of the social pressure to be thin, the early-maturing females develop a negative view of their body image. In addition, people may tease the females about their visible breasts, forcing the early-maturing female to hide her breasts by dressing differently. Embarrassment about a more developed body may also result in the refusal to undress for gym. These experiences lead to lower self-esteem, more depression and poorer body image in these early-maturing females.
1643:
2624:
1635:
1094:, and back hair become heavier more gradually. There is a large range in amount of body hair among adult men, and significant differences in timing and quantity of hair growth among different racial groups. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, but may not appear until significantly later. Facial hair will continue to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty. Some men do not develop full facial hair for up to 10 years after the completion of puberty. Chest hair may appear during puberty or years after, though not all men develop it.
71:
873:
5338:
1154:
1343:
917:
1789:(BPA) is a chemical used to make plastics, and is frequently used to make baby bottles, water bottles, sports equipment, medical devices, and as a coating in food and beverage cans. Scientists are concerned about BPA's behavioral effects on fetuses, infants, and children at current exposure levels because it can affect the prostate gland, mammary gland, and lead to early puberty in females. BPA mimics and interferes with the action of estrogen—an important reproduction and development regulator. It
548:
1145:. Before puberty, the larynx of males and females is about equally small. Occasionally, voice change is accompanied by unsteadiness of vocalization in the early stages of untrained voices. Most of the voice change happens during stage 3–4 of male puberty around the time of peak growth. Adult pitch is attained at an average age of 15 years, although the voice may not fully settle until early twenties. It usually precedes the development of significant facial hair by several months to years.
1334:, but may or may not accompany the earliest menses. In postmenarchal females, about 80% of the cycles were anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third year and 10% in the sixth year. Initiation of ovulation after menarche is not inevitable. A high proportion of females with continued irregularity in the menstrual cycle several years from menarche will continue to have prolonged irregularity and anovulation, and are at higher risk for reduced fertility.
896:, from stage I which represents a volume of less than 1.5 ml, to stage V which represents a testicular volume of greater than or equal to 20 ml. Testicular size reaches maximal adult size about 6 years after the onset of puberty. While 18–20 cm is an average adult size, there is wide variation in testicular size in the normal population. After the male's testicles have enlarged and developed for about one year, the length and then the breadth of the shaft of the
477:, occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially females, reach specific markers of puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for females and 17 for males (with age at first periods for females and voice-breaks for males being used as examples). This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to
1661:
485:, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. However, more modern archeological research suggests that the rate of puberty as it occurs now is the intended way. Growth spurts began at around 10–12, but markers of later stages of puberty such as menarche had delays that correlated with severe environmental conditions such as poverty, poor nutrition, air and pollution. Puberty that starts earlier than usual is known as
2747:
2637:
1921:
1489:
786:
1362:). Fat tissue increases to a greater percentage of the body composition than in males, especially in the typical female distribution of breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, upper arms, and pubis. Progressive differences in fat distribution as well as sex differences in local skeletal growth contribute to the typical female body shape by the end of puberty. On average, at 10 years, females have 6% more body fat than males.
1052:
672:. Production of progesterone in the ovaries begins with the development of ovulatory cycles in females (during the lutheal phase of the cycle), before puberty low levels of progesterone are produced in the adrenal glands of both males and females. Estradiol levels rise earlier and reach higher levels in women than in men. While estradiol promotes growth of the breasts and
331:
1797:(CDC) found measurable amounts of BPA in the bodies of more than 90 percent of the U.S. population studied. The highest estimated daily intakes of BPA occur in infants and children. Many plastic baby bottles contain BPA, and BPA is more likely to leach out of plastic when its temperature is increased, as when one warms a baby bottle or warms up food in the microwave.
2572:(GnRH) into the blood of the pituitary portal system. An American physiologist, Ernst Knobil, found that the GnRH signals from the hypothalamus induce pulsed secretion of LH (and to a lesser degree, FSH) at roughly 1–2 hour intervals. The LH pulses are the consequence of pulsatile GnRH secretion by the arcuate nucleus that, in turn, is the result of an
1583:
genetic differences and can change within a few generations with a substantial change in diet. The median age of menarche for a population may be an index of the proportion of undernourished females in the population, and the width of the spread may reflect unevenness of wealth and food distribution in a population.
860:. During puberty, a male's erect penis becomes capable of ejaculating semen and impregnating a female. A male's first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development. On average, a male's first ejaculation occurs at age 13. Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep; this phenomenon is known as a
768:
to depression and other psychosocial issues. However, early puberty might also result in positive outcomes, such as popularity among peers, higher self-esteem and confidence, as a result of physical developments, such as taller height, developed muscles, muscular male breast and better athletic ability.
6608:
Guízar-Vázquez JJ, Rosales-López A, Ortiz-Jalomo R, Nava-Delgado SE, Salamanca-Gómez F (1992). "Edad de aparición de la espermaturia (espermaquia) en 669 niños mexicanos y su relación con caracteres sexuales secundarios y talla" [Age of onset of spermaturia (spermache) in 669 Mexican children and
3496:
The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually
2013:
Another limitation of the social research is that nearly all of it has concerned females, partly because female puberty requires greater physiologic resources and partly because it involves a unique event (menarche) that makes survey research into female puberty much simpler than male. More detail is
1191:
of puberty, this is stage 2 of breast development (stage 1 is a flat, prepubertal breast). Within 6–12 months, the swelling has clearly begun in both sides, softened, and can be felt and seen extending beyond the edges of the areolae. This is stage 3 of breast development. By another 12 months (stage
767:
Early-maturing males develop "more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol abusing" behaviors, which result in anger towards parents and trouble in school and with the police. Early puberty also correlates with increased sexual activity and a higher instance of teenage pregnancy, both of which can lead
735:
Several studies about puberty have examined the effects of an early or a late onset of puberty in males and females. In general, females who enter puberty late experience positive outcomes in adolescence and adulthood, while females who enter puberty early experience negative outcomes. Males who have
718:
which synthesizes GnRH. Individuals who are deficient in leptin fail to initiate puberty. The levels of leptin increase with the onset of puberty, and then decline to adult levels when puberty is completed. The rise in GnRH might also be caused by genetics. A study discovered that a mutation in genes
2700:
LH stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to make testosterone and blood levels begin to rise. For much of puberty, nighttime levels of testosterone are higher than daytime. Regularity of frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin pulses seems to be less necessary for progression of male than female
2559:
Normal puberty is initiated in the hypothalamus, with de-inhibition of the pulse generator in the arcuate nucleus. This inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is an ongoing active suppression by other areas of the brain. The signal and mechanism releasing the arcuate nucleus from inhibition have been the
2525:
of fetal life. The testes and ovaries become briefly inactive around the time of birth but resume hormonal activity until several months after birth, when incompletely understood mechanisms in the brain begin to suppress the activity of the arcuate nucleus. This has been referred to as maturation of
613:
Although there is a wide range of normal ages, females typically begin puberty around age 10½ and end puberty around 15–17; males begin around ages 11—12 and end around 16–17. Females attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, males
1714:
A 2006 study in
Denmark found that puberty, as evidenced by breast development, started at an average age of 9 years and 10 months, a year earlier than when a similar study was done in 1991. Scientists believe the phenomenon could be linked to obesity or exposure to chemicals in the food chain, and
1566:
The age at which puberty begins varies between individuals; usually, puberty begins between 10 and 13 years of age. The age at which puberty begins is affected by both genetic factors and by environmental factors such as nutritional state and social circumstances. An example of social circumstances
990:
Research by Øster (1968) found that with the onset and continuation of puberty, the proportion of males able to pull back their foreskins increased. At ages 12–13, Øster found that only 60% of males were able to retract their foreskins; this increased to 85% by ages 14–15, and 95% by 16–17. He also
667:
in females starts with production of testosterone, which is typically quickly converted to estradiol inside the ovaries. However the rate of conversion from testosterone to estradiol (driven by FSH/LH balance) during early puberty is highly individual, resulting in very diverse development patterns
2845:
As the estradiol levels gradually rise and the other autoamplification processes occur, a point of maturation is reached when the feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic "gonadostat" becomes positive. This attainment of positive feedback is the hallmark of female sexual maturity, as it allows the
2819:
activity of these granulosa cells, which converts most of the testosterone to estradiol for secretion into the circulation. The remaining testosterone, together with adrenal androgens is responsible for the typical androgenic changes of female puberty: pubic hair, other androgenic hair as outlined
1981:
Some of the least understood environmental influences on timing of puberty are social and psychological. In comparison with the effects of genetics, nutrition, and general health, social influences are small, shifting timing by a few months rather than years. Mechanisms of these social effects are
1562:
The definition of the onset of puberty may depend on perspective (e.g., hormonal versus physical) and purpose (establishing population normal standards, clinical care of early or late pubescent individuals, etc.). A common definition for the onset of puberty is physical changes to a person's body.
1820:
Much evidence suggests that for most of the last few centuries, nutritional differences accounted for majority of variation of pubertal timing in different populations, and even among social classes in the same population. Recent worldwide increased consumption of animal protein, other changes in
1006:
states there is "little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimal penile hygiene", various studies suggest that males be educated about the role of hygiene, including retracting the foreskin while urinating and rinsing under it and around the glans at each bathing
1989:
The most important part of a child's psychosocial environment is the family, and most of the social influence research has investigated features of family structure and function in relation to earlier or later female puberty. Most of the studies have reported that menarche may occur a few months
1856:
The average level of daily physical activity has also been shown to affect timing of puberty, especially in females. A high level of exercise, whether for athletic or body image purposes, or for daily subsistence, reduces energy calories available for reproduction and slows puberty. The exercise
1586:
Researchers have identified an earlier age of the onset of puberty. However, they have based their conclusions on a comparison of data from 1999 with data from 1969. In the earlier example, the sample population was based on a small sample of white females (200, from
Britain). The later study
1582:
in various populations surveyed has ranged from 12 to 18 years. The earliest average onset of puberty is for
African-American females and the latest average onset for high altitude subsistence populations in Asia. However, much of the higher age averages reflect nutritional limitations more than
1030:
often appears on a male shortly after the genitalia begin to grow. The pubic hairs are usually first visible at the dorsal (abdominal) base of the penis. The first few hairs are described as stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too many to count. By
1549:
In a general sense, the conclusion of puberty is reproductive maturity. Criteria for defining the conclusion may differ for different purposes: attainment of the ability to reproduce, achievement of maximal adult height, maximal gonadal size, or adult sex hormone levels. Maximal adult height is
2009:
surveys. Statistical associations are not necessarily causal, and a variety of covariables and alternative explanations can be imagined. Effects of such small size can never be confirmed or refuted for any individual child. Furthermore, interpretations of the data are politically controversial
1742:
If genetic factors account for half of the variation of pubertal timing, environment factors are clearly important as well. One of the first observed environmental effects is that puberty occurs later in children raised at higher altitudes. The most important of the environmental influences is
1763:
are sometimes used in cattle farming but have been banned in chicken meat production for 40 years. Although agricultural laws regulate use to minimize accidental human consumption, the rules are largely self-enforced in the United States. Significant exposure of a child to hormones or other
751:
Furthermore, as physical and emotional differences set them apart from people in their same age group, early-maturing females develop relationships with older people. For instance, some early-maturing females have older malefriends, "attracted to the females' womanly physique and femaleish
1007:
opportunity. Regular washing under the foreskin was found by
Krueger and Osborn (1986) to reduce the risk of numerous penile disorders, however Birley et al. (1993) report excessive washing with soap should be avoided because it dries the oils out of the tissues and can cause non-specific
966:
years, erections occur much more frequently due to puberty. Erections can occur spontaneously at any time of day, and if clothed may cause a bulge or "hump". This can be disguised or hidden by wearing close-fitting underwear, a long shirt and baggier clothes. Erections are common for male
2564:
levels rise throughout childhood and play a part in allowing the arcuate nucleus to resume operation. If the childhood inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is interrupted prematurely by injury to the brain, it may resume pulsatile gonadotropin release and puberty will begin at an early age.
771:
On the other hand, late-maturing males develop lower self-esteem and confidence and generally have lower popularity among peers, due to their less-developed physiques. Also, they experience problems with anxiety and depression and are more likely to be afraid of sex than other males.
688:, marking an increase of adrenal androgen production between ages 6–10. Adrenarche is sometimes accompanied by the early appearance of axillary and pubic hair. The first androgenic hair resulting from adrenarche can be also transient and disappear before the onset of true puberty.
3922:
MacGillivray MH, Morishima A, Conte F, Grumbach M, Smith EP (1998). "Pediatric endocrinology update: an overview. The essential roles of estrogens in pubertal growth, epiphyseal fusion and bone turnover: lessons from mutations in the genes for aromatase and the estrogen receptor".
935:
This muscle develops mainly during the later stages of puberty, and muscle growth can continue even after males are biologically adult. The peak of the so-called "strength spurt", the rate of muscle growth, is attained about one year after a male experiences his peak growth rate.
763:
In the past, early onset of puberty in males has been associated with positive outcomes, such as leadership in high school and success in adulthood. However, recent studies have revealed that the risks and problems of early maturation in males might outweigh the benefits.
932:. Some of the bone growth (e.g. shoulder width and jaw) is disproportionately greater, resulting in noticeably different male and female skeletal shapes. The average adult male has about 150% of the lean body mass of an average female, and about 50% of the body fat.
3534:
On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on
6926:. in Bourguignon, Jean Pierre & Tony M. Plant. The Onset of Puberty in Perspective: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Control of the Onset of Puberty, Held in Liège, Belgium, 26–28 September 1999. Elsevier. Amsterdam & New York 2000.
2615:, and other androgenic changes in both sexes. The primary clinical significance of the distinction between adrenarche and gonadarche is that pubic hair and body odor changes by themselves do not prove that central puberty is underway for an individual child.
999:(1996) on a sample of over 600 males, and Ishikawa and Kawakita (2004) found that by age 15, 77% of their sample of males could retract their foreskins. Beaugé (1997) reports that males may assist the development of retractile foreskin by manual stretching.
987:, which ultimately should be possible without pain or difficulty. The membrane that bonds the inner surface of the foreskin with the glans disintegrates and releases the foreskin to separate from the glans. The foreskin then gradually becomes retractable.
967:
prepubescent children and infants, and can even occur before birth. Spontaneous erections are also known as involuntary or unwanted erections and are normal. Such erections can be embarrassing if they happen in public, such as a classroom or living room.
1196:
forming a secondary mound. In most young women, this mound disappears into the contour of the mature breast (stage 5), although there is so much variation in sizes and shapes of adult breasts that stages 4 and 5 are not always separately identifiable.
639:. The conversion of testosterone to estradiol depends on the amount of body fat and estradiol levels in males are typically much lower than in females. The male "growth spurt" also begins later, accelerates more slowly, and lasts longer before the
6878:
Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG, et al. (1997). "Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the
Pediatric Research in Office Settings network".
2728:
Another hormonal change in males takes place during the teenage years for most young men. At this point in a male's life the testosterone levels slowly rise, and most of the effects are mediated through the androgen receptors by way of conversion
2602:
and its relationship to maturation of the hypothalamic-gonadal axis is not fully understood, and some evidence suggests it is a parallel but largely independent process coincident with or even preceding central puberty. Rising levels of adrenal
2580:
discovered that the gonadotropin pulses occur only during sleep, but as puberty progresses they can be detected during the day. By the end of puberty, there is little day-night difference in the amplitude and frequency of gonadotropin pulses.
2548:) for approximately another 8 to 10 years of childhood. Evidence is accumulating that the reproductive system is not totally inactive during the childhood years. Subtle increases in gonadotropin pulses occur, and ovarian follicles surrounding
6912:. Bristol: Society for Endocrinology, 1995. Proceedings of the latest (4th) International Conference on the Control of the Onset of Puberty, containing summaries of current theories of physiological control, as well as GnRH analog treatment.
1808:
factors are the strongest and most obvious environmental factors affecting timing of puberty. females are especially sensitive to nutritional regulation because they must contribute all of the nutritional support to a growing fetus. Surplus
5954:
1723:
Various studies have found direct genetic effects to account for at least 46% of the variation of timing of puberty in well-nourished populations. The genetic association of timing is strongest between mothers and daughters. The specific
1262:, becoming thicker and duller pink in color (in contrast to the brighter red of the prepubertal vaginal mucosa). Mucosa changes into a multilayered structure with superficial layer of squamous cells. Estrogen increase glycogen content in
1698:
The average age at which the onset of puberty occurs has dropped significantly since the 1840s. In every decade from 1840 to 1950 there was a drop of four months in the average age of menarche among
Western European females. In
2001:
More extreme degrees of environmental stress, such as wartime refugee status with threat to physical survival, have been found to be associated with delay of maturation, an effect that may be compounded by dietary inadequacy.
647:
than women. Most of this sex difference in adult heights is attributable to a later onset of the growth spurt and a slower progression to completion, a direct result of the later rise and lower adult male levels of estradiol.
1852:
with an earlier onset of puberty in females. They have cited obesity as a cause of breast development before nine years and menarche before twelve years. Early puberty in females can be a harbinger of later health problems.
5186:
891:
in prepubertal males change little in size from about 1 year of age to the onset of puberty, averaging about 2–3 cm in length and about 1.5–2 cm in width. The size of the testicles is among the parameters of the
2708:
in adolescent males is converted to estradiol. Estradiol mediates the growth spurt, bone maturation, and epiphyseal closure in males just as in females. Estradiol also induces at least modest development of breast tissue
500:
changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of secondary sex characteristics, the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man. Derived from the
752:
innocence." While having an older malefriend might improve popularity among peers, it also increases the risk of alcohol and drug use, increased sexual relations (often unprotected), eating disorders and bullying.
464:
On average, females begin puberty around age 10½ and complete puberty at ages 15–17; males generally begin puberty around ages 11–12 and complete puberty at ages 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is
1318:. Most American females experience their first period at 11, 12 or 13, but some experience it earlier than their 11th birthday and others after their 14th birthday. In fact, anytime between 8 and 16 is normal. In
1778:
More obvious degrees of partial puberty from direct exposure of young children to small but significant amounts of pharmaceutical sex steroids from exposure at home may be detected during medical evaluation for
2607:(termed adrenarche) can usually be detected between 6 and 11 years of age, even before the increasing gonadotropin pulses of hypothalamic puberty. Adrenal androgens contribute to the development of pubic hair (
3575:
7041:
3869:
Garn, SM. Physical growth and development. In: Friedman SB, Fisher M, Schonberg SK., editors. Comprehensive
Adolescent Health Care. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 1992. Retrieved on 2009-02-20
7046:
547:
5958:
5093:
Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart".
3691:
Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, Mogensen SS, Leffers H, Main KM, et al. (April 2010). "Hypothesis: exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty".
5566:
Based on a publication from The Ribbon, a newsletter of the
Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York States ((BCERF), Vol 6, No. 1, Winter 2001.)
6469:
Vilaplana J, Madrid JA, Sánchez-Vázquez J, Campuzano A, Cambras T, Díez-Noguera A (1995). "Influence of period length of light/dark cycles on the body weight and food intake of young rats".
5894:
Comings DE, Muhleman D, Johnson JP, MacMurray JP (2002). "Parent-daughter transmission of the androgen receptor gene as an explanation of the effect of father absence on age of menarche".
2317:. LH secretion changes more dramatically with the initiation of puberty than FSH, as LH levels increase about 25-fold with the onset of puberty, compared with the 2.5-fold increase of FSH.
5550:
1825:
have resulted in falling ages of puberty, mainly in those populations with the higher previous ages. In many populations the amount of variation attributable to nutrition is shrinking.
1441:, resulting in the characteristic red color of the lips, labia minora and sometimes labia majora. Estradiol together with other ovarian steroids also cause the darker coloration of the
5791:
Mustanski BS, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ (2004). "Genetic and environmental influences on pubertal development: longitudinal data from
Finnish twins at ages 11 and 14".
5195:
1865:
Chronic diseases can delay puberty in both males and females. Those that involve chronic inflammation or interfere with nutrition have the strongest effect. In the western world,
2010:
because of the ease with which this type of research can be used for political advocacy. Accusations of bias based on political agenda sometimes accompany scientific criticism.
5980:
361:
939:
Often, the fat pads of the male breast tissue and the male nipples will develop during puberty; sometimes, especially in one breast, this becomes more apparent and is termed
736:
earlier pubertal timing generally have more positive outcomes in adulthood but more negative outcomes in adolescence, while the reverse is true for later pubertal timing.
614:
accelerate more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes. Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon.
2530:. The period of hormonal activity until several months after birth, followed by suppression of activity, may correspond to the period of infant sexuality, followed by a
1216:. The first few hairs are described as Tanner stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too numerous to count and appear on the
643:
fuse. Although males are on average 2 centimetres (0.8 in) shorter than females before puberty begins, adult men are on average about 13 centimetres (5.1 in)
1990:
earlier in females in high-stress households, whose fathers are absent during their early childhood, who have a stepfather in the home, who are subjected to prolonged
1571:; a juvenile female who has significant interaction with adult males will enter puberty earlier than juvenile females who are not socially overexposed to adult males.
1554:) usually precedes completion of growth by 1–2 years in females and 3–4 years in males. Stage 5 typically represents maximal gonadal growth and adult hormone levels.
744:
Outcomes have generally indicated that early onset of puberty in females can be psychologically damaging. The main reason for this detrimental effect is the issue of
723:
as well as the neurokinin B receptor can alter the timing of puberty. The researchers hypothesized that neurokinin B might play a role in regulating the secretion of
449:—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Before puberty, the external sex organs, known as
5502:
Kaplowitz PB, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Pedlow SE, Herman-Giddens ME (2001). "Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and ethnicity".
1735:
Researchers have hypothesized that early puberty onset may be caused by certain hair care products containing estrogen or placenta, and by certain chemicals, namely
6240:
Boyar R, Finkelstein J, Roffwarg H, Kapen S, Weitzman E, Hellman L (1972). "Synchronization of augmented luteinizing hormone secretion with sleep during puberty".
5357:
Kalloo NB, Gearhart JP, Barrack ER (1993). "Sexually dimorphic expression of estrogen receptors, but not of androgen receptors in human fetal external genitalia".
4036:
3585:
1828:
Although available dietary energy (simple calories) is the most important dietary influence on timing of puberty, quality of the diet plays a role as well. Lower
7073:
1998:
from a developing country at a young age. Conversely, menarche may be slightly later when a female grows up in a large family with a biological father present.
2831:
Rising levels of estradiol produce the characteristic estrogenic body changes of female puberty: growth spurt, acceleration of bone maturation and closure,
1133:
in both sexes. This growth is far more prominent in males, causing the male voice to drop and deepen, sometimes abruptly but rarely "overnight", about one
5764:
Ge X, Natsuaki MN, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D (2007). "Genetic and
Environmental Influences on Pubertal Timing: Results From Two National Sibling Studies".
5576:
Mitchell AL, Dwyer A, Pitteloud N, Quinton R (2011). "Genetic basis and variable phenotypic expression of Kallmann syndrome: towards a unifying theory".
4652:
Kayaba H, Tamura H, Kitajima S, Fujiwara Y, Kato T, Kato T (November 1996). "Analysis of Shape and Retractability of the Prepuce in 603 Japanese Boys".
3966:
1743:
clearly nutrition, but a number of others have been identified, all which affect timing of female puberty and menarche more clearly than male puberty.
354:
302:
2042:
can occur before other signs of puberty in a few females. These variations deserve medical evaluation because they can occasionally signal a disease.
2005:
Most of these reported social effects are small and our understanding is incomplete. Most of these "effects" are statistical associations revealed by
2697:
Early stages of male hypothalamic maturation seem to be very similar to the early stages of female puberty, though occurring about 1–2 years later.
755:
Generally, later onset of puberty in females produces positive outcomes. They exhibit positive behaviors in adolescence that continue to adulthood.
3727:
7026:
3841:
292:
5554:
4235:
Taga KA (2006-05-03). "A Longitudinal Investigation of Associations Between Boys' Pubertal Timing and Adult Behavioral Health and Well-Being".
2595:
An array of "autoamplification processes" increases the production of all of the pubertal hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads.
2070:, with input and regulation from many other body systems. True puberty is often termed "central puberty" because it begins as a process of the
1467:
Changes of the vulva initiated by estradiol as well as its direct effects also appear to influence the functioning of the lower urinary tract.
4144:"TAC3 and TACR3 mutations in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction"
7444:
347:
4521:
3743:"On the threshold of adulthood: A new approach for the use of maturation indicators to assess puberty in adolescents from medieval England"
2861:
levels rise and then decline as puberty ends. Growth finishes and adult height is attained as the estradiol levels complete closure of the
5392:
Andersson KE, Wein AJ (2004). "Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Basis for Current and Future Treatments of Urinary Incontinence".
7589:
7439:
7066:
307:
7429:
1794:
1002:
Once a male is able to retract his foreskin, penile hygiene should become an important feature of his routine body care. Although the
598:
Two of the most significant differences between puberty in females and puberty in males are the age at which it begins, and the major
6351:"A developmental study of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system during sexual maturation in the male Djungarian hamster"
5990:
4896:
1550:
achieved at an average age of 15 years for an average female and 18 years for an average male. Potential fertility (sometimes termed
2588:
of oscillators in the brain. By this mechanism, the gonadotropin pulses that occur primarily at night just before puberty represent
2172:
responds to the pulsed GnRH signals by releasing LH and FSH into the blood of the general circulation, also in a pulsatile pattern.
1759:
from pharmaceutical products are excreted into the sewage systems of large cities, and are sometimes detectable in the environment.
1541:
1019:
2508:. It also plays a permissive role in female puberty, which usually will not proceed until an adequate body mass has been achieved.
1755:
may affect aspects of prenatal or postnatal sexual development in humans. Large amounts of incompletely metabolized estrogens and
7839:
7753:
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7059:
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133:
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mutations in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction"
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As the amplitude of LH pulses increases, the theca cells of the ovaries begin to produce testosterone and smaller amounts of
2155:. The arcuate nucleus is affected and controlled by neuronal input from other areas of the brain and hormonal input from the
317:
5867:
Kaprio J, Rimpelä A, Winter T, Viken RJ, Rimpelä M, Rose RJ (1995). "Common genetic influences on BMI and age at menarche".
6938:
Tanner JM, Davies PS (1985). "Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children".
6140:
4984:
Tanner JM, Davies PS (1985). "Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children".
1711:, the decline happened later and was then more rapid: from 1945 to 1975 in Japan there was a drop of 11 months per decade.
1703:, females born in 1840 had their menarche at an average age of 17 years. In France, the average in 1840 was 15.3 years. In
4574:
4547:
1386:. This often precedes thelarche and pubarche by one or more years. Another androgen effect is increased secretion of oil (
1294:. Before puberty, uterine body to cervix ratio is 1:1; which increases to 2:1 or 3:1 after completion of pubertal period.
1062:
In the months and years following the appearance of pubic hair, other areas of skin that respond to androgens may develop
962:. The penis can regularly get erect during sleep and men or males often wake up with an erection. Once a male reaches his
6242:
4273:
1587:
identified as puberty as occurring in 48% of African-American females by age nine, and 12% of white females by that age.
6919:
6424:
Lehrer S (1986). "Rats on 22.5-hr light:dark cycles have vaginal opening earlier than rats on 26-hr light:dark cycles".
17:
4468:
4415:
2026:
The sequence of events of pubertal development can occasionally vary. For example, in about 15% of males and females,
1220:
as well. By stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle". Stage 5 refers to spread of pubic hair to the
6931:
6516:"Continuation of gradual weight gain necessary for the onset of puberty may be responsible for obesity later in life"
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2794:
2684:
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or signal generator in the central nervous system ("GnRH pulse generator"). In the years preceding physical puberty,
1968:
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it is 12.9. The time between menstrual periods (menses) is not always regular in the first two years after menarche.
825:
554:
227:
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2666:
1950:
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6557:
5312:
669:
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Harder to detect as an influence on puberty are the more diffusely distributed environmental chemicals like PCBs (
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is often the second noticeable change in puberty, usually within a few months of thelarche. It is referred to as
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have been notorious for such an effect in the last century, while in areas of the underdeveloped world, chronic
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1946:
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at ages 14–17, the remainder were partially able to. The findings were supported by further research by Kayaba
807:
692:
312:
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Gordon CM, Laufer MR (2005). "Chapter 4: Physiology of puberty". In Emans SJ, Goldstein DP, Laufer MR (eds.).
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4605:"Further Fate of the Foreskin: Incidence of Preputial Adhesions, Phimosis, and Smegma among Danish Schoolboys"
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area. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Arm, leg,
1031:
stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle". Stage 5 refers to the spread of pubic hair to the
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4497:
Making Sense of Sex: A Forthright Guide to Puberty, Sex and Relationships for People with Asperger's Syndrome
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1595:
1457:
703:. Exogenous GnRH pulses cause the onset of puberty. Brain tumors which increase GnRH output may also lead to
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60:
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Variations of the initial and final height of three males from 12 years old to the end of their growth spurt
676:, it is also the principal hormone driving the pubertal growth spurt and epiphyseal maturation and closure.
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7303:
6304:
Rivest RW (1991). "Sexual maturation in female rats: hereditary, developmental and environmental aspects".
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3415:
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1615:
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272:
727:, a compound responsible for triggering direct release of GnRH as well as indirect release of LH and FSH.
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1790:
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848:. The penis also increases in size, and a male develops pubic hair. A male's testicles also begin making
446:
95:
6833:
Ducros, A. and Pasquet, P. "Evolution de l'âge d'apparition des premières règles (ménarche) en France".
5222:
Apter D (1980). "Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: a partly longitudinal study".
2254:, are critical parts of the control system that switches on the release of GnRH at the start of puberty.
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These physical changes are the first visible signs of neural, hormonal, and gonadal function changes.
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4798:"Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis: association with atopy and genital washing"
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The first physical sign of puberty in females is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the
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6661:"Chapter 21: Nutritional disorders: integration of energy metabolism and its disorders in childhood"
1817:, which signals to the brain the availability of resources for initiation of puberty and fertility.
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One possible cause of a delay in the onset of puberty past the age 14 in females and 15 in males is
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Hair growth develops under the arms, starting out sparse before thickening and darkening over time.
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7658:
7505:
6471:
5536:
Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p357.
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Papadimitriou A (2016). "The Evolution of the Age at Menarche from Prehistorical to Modern Times".
3648:
Buck Louis GM, Gray LE, Marcus M, Ojeda SR, Pescovitz OH, Witchel SF, et al. (February 2008).
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Values are mean plasma levels, with ranges in parentheses. = Pre-adrenarche. = Post-adrenarche. (
2768:
2757:
2658:
2647:
1942:
1931:
1772:
1602:). Kallmann syndrome and other forms of HH affect both men and women. It is caused by a failure in
1506:
803:
297:
262:
232:
218:
5828:"Age at menarche as a fitness trait: nonadditive genetic variance detected in a large twin sample"
5133:"Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth"
7002:
4050:
Meister B, Håkansson ML (2001). "Leptin receptors in hypothalamus and circumventricular organs".
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2721:, during puberty are told the effects are temporary in some male teenagers due to high levels of
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The onset of this neurohormonal process may precede the first visible body changes by 1–2 years.
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2123:
Rising levels of estradiol and testosterone produce the body changes of female and male puberty.
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5668:"Age of menarche in contemporary British teenagers: survey of girls born between 1982 and 1986"
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1995:
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Male at 11.3 yo (prepubertal), 12.5 yo, 14.9 yo and 16.3 yo (post pubertal)
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In males, testicular enlargement is the first physical manifestation of puberty (and is termed
450:
7031:
6784:
6761:
6660:
6582:
6277:
Sizonenko PC, Aubert ML (1986). "Neuroendocrine changes characteristic of sexual maturation".
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3439:
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7387:
7216:
5277:
Southam AL, Richart RM (1966). "The prognosis for adolescents with menstrual abnormalities".
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stimulating hormone) is another protein hormone secreted into the general circulation by the
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1232:. In about 15% of females, the earliest pubic hair appears before breast development begins.
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237:
1634:
1618:) levels with the subsequent result of a failure to commence or complete puberty, secondary
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The hormonal maturation of females is considerably more complicated than in males. The main
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1394:, a skin condition that is characteristic of puberty. Acne varies greatly in its severity.
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8:
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section, occurs as a separate event and can precede puberty onset by 1 to 2 years.)
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During this period, also in response to rising levels of estrogen, the lower half of the
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above, body odor, acne. The bioactivity of testosterone is to a large degree limited by
32:"Sexual development" redirects here. For sexual development of non-human organisms, see
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469:, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average around age 12½. For males, first
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6785:"Chapter 18: The testes: disorders of sexual differentiation and puberty in the male"
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Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. (2008).
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Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. (2009).
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Guillette EA, Conard C, Lares F, Aguilar MG, McLachlan J, Guillette LJ (March 2006).
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1274:) are a normal effect of estrogen as well. In the two years following thelarche, the
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2460:. Adrenal androgens contribute to the androgenic events of early puberty in females.
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6644:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 120–155.
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hormone secreted into the general circulation by gonadotrope cells of the anterior
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There is theoretical concern, and animal evidence, that environmental hormones and
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Mental illnesses occur in puberty. The brain undergoes significant development by
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in a male. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate
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Comparison of two individual with vast difference in the age of onset of puberty:
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6141:"Modern correlates of Freudian psychology. Infant sexuality and the unconscious"
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respond to the rising amounts of LH and FSH by growing and beginning to produce
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Gluckman PD, Hanson MA (2006). "Evolution, development and timing of puberty".
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which generate and release pulses of GnRH into the portal venous system of the
1783:, but mild effects and the other potential exposures outlined above would not.
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1091:
1040:
453:, are sex characteristics that distinguish males and females. Puberty leads to
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Newer data suggesting that lower age thresholds for evaluation should be used.
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5683:
5589:
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2838:, increased fat composition, growth of the uterus, increased thickness of the
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the prepubertal "gonadostat", which becomes sensitive to negative feedback by
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in the ovaries increase in size. The ovaries usually contain small follicular
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3550:
Understanding Child Maltreatment: An Ecological and Developmental Perspective
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of the ovaries and the adrenal cortex. Testosterone is the primary mammalian
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of the vagina. Typically, estradiol will also cause pronounced growth of the
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1067:
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Highly useful growth charts with integrated standards for stages of puberty.
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5907:
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3601:"Altered breast development in young girls from an agricultural environment"
1840:, are associated with later onset and slower progression of female puberty.
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becomes wider, progressively allowing for retraction down the shaft of the
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628:; while testosterone is produced, all males' changes are characterized as
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Krueger H, Osborn L (1986). "Effects of hygiene among the uncircumcised".
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and sex steroid levels fall to low levels (nearly undetectable by current
2409:
throughout the body. The largest amounts of estradiol are produced by the
1598:(HH). Kallmann syndrome is also associated with a lack of sense of smell (
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7748:
7536:
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7262:
7037:
Pictures and detailed information about breast development during puberty
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Ishikawa E, Kawakita M (2004). "Preputial development in Japanese boys".
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2713:) in a large proportion of males. Males who develop mild gynecomastia, a
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subject of investigation for decades and remain incompletely understood.
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1813:(beyond growth and activity requirements) are reflected in the amount of
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1183:, occurring on average at about 10½ years of age. This is referred to as
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4), the breasts are approaching mature size and shape, with areolae and
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5955:"Are Bisphenol A (BPA) Plastic Products Safe for Infants and Children?"
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Robinson D, Cardozo L (2011). "Estrogens and the lower urinary tract".
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3761:
3668:
3650:"Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs"
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1739:, which are used in many cosmetics, toys, and plastic food containers.
1513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and possibly has important effects on the growth and maturation of the
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810: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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5479:"Everything You Wanted to Know About Puberty (for Teens) - KidsHealth"
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5405:
4347:
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3576:"Girls now reaching puberty before 10—a year sooner than 20 years ago"
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cells of the anterior pituitary. The main target cells of FSH are the
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due to effect of estrogen increasing its resistance to infection. The
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7472:
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3728:"Children aren't starting puberty younger, medieval skeletons reveal"
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2472:) rises substantially during puberty in response to rising levels of
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are a second source for steroid hormones. Adrenal maturation, termed
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and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
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play important physiological functions in puberty. The production of
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effect is often amplified by a lower body fat mass and cholesterol.
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levels (estradiol stimulates, prolactin decreases SHBG synthesis).
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In males, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and
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632:. A substantial product of testosterone metabolism in males is the
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its relation to secondary sexual characteristics and height].
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5553:. National Research Center for Women and Families. Archived from
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might be the cause of the GnRH rise. Leptin has receptors in the
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111:
6970:"Neurobiological mechanisms of the onset of puberty in primates"
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a rough indicator of adipose mass for purposes of regulation of
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unknown, though a variety of physiological processes, including
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7204:
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6031:"Anorexia nervosa: definition, epidemiology, and cycle of risk"
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Siegel MJ, Surratt JT (1992). "Pediatric gynecologic imaging".
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affecting timing are not yet known. Among the candidates is an
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is putting females at greater long-term risk of breast cancer.
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1406:(the primary female sex hormone) causes thickening of lips and
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1134:
1126:
1051:
975:
During puberty, if not before, the tip and opening of a male's
929:
888:
711:
673:
438:
422:
414:
204:
106:
90:
85:
6029:
Bulik CM, Reba L, Siega-Riz AM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (2005).
5619:
Hugh Jones, ed. (2008). "Chapter 9. Puberty & Fertility".
1718:
1437:
Estradiol is also responsible for the increased production of
539:
7782:
7760:
7738:
7729:
7690:
7627:
7160:
6684:"Estimation of Spermarche from Longitudinal Spermaturia Data"
6239:
5790:
5575:
5501:
4955:
4940:
4371:
2584:
Some investigators have attributed the onset of puberty to a
2457:
2414:
2314:
2184:
2156:
2105:
2063:
1708:
1411:
1390:) from the skin. This change increases the susceptibility to
1387:
1279:
1229:
1221:
1083:
1036:
1032:
853:
849:
533:
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describes the physical changes to sexual maturation, not the
502:
426:
406:
402:
386:
378:
209:
153:
117:
100:
4651:
4576:
What's Happening to My Body? Book for Girls: Revised Edition
2811:. Much of the testosterone moves into nearby cells known as
1346:
Development of a female from childhood to the end of puberty
39:"Pubescence" redirects here. For the 2011 Chinese film, see
7081:
5012:
4549:
What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition
4470:
What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition
4416:"h2g2 - The Morning Glory (or Nocturnal Penile Tumescence)"
3598:
2821:
2553:
2464:
2258:
2083:
1725:
1574:
The average age at which puberty begins may be affected by
1287:
991:
found that 1% of those unable to fully retract experienced
925:
418:
417:
and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain,
7042:
Puberty in females: interactive animation of Tanner stages
6791:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 565–628.
6768:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 455–518.
6745:(2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. pp. 171–209.
6681:
6667:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 689–724.
6069:
5763:
5130:
4353:
4141:
3982:"Leptin, growth hormone, and the onset of primate puberty"
3546:
2842:
and the vaginal mucosa, and widening of the lower pelvis.
2187:) respond to rising levels of LH and FSH by producing the
2074:. A simple description of hormonal puberty is as follows:
920:
Development of a male from childhood to the end of puberty
730:
7406:
5666:
Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Odoki K, Taylor SJ, Cook DG (2001).
5623:. Oxford Endocrinology Library. Oxford University Press.
5036:
3828:, C. T. Onions ed. Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 720.
3647:
7047:
Puberty in males: interactive animation of Tanner stages
5866:
2857:
Growth hormone levels rise steadily throughout puberty.
1414:. In the vulva and vagina, estradiol causes thickening (
561:
to early adulthood. Puberty is marked in green at right.
489:, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as
7027:
University of Maryland guide to puberty and adolescence
6584:
Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism
4660:(5). American Urological Association, Inc.: 1813–1815.
4052:
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
3320:(approximately age 10½ in females and age 11½ in males)
536:, which overlaps much of the body's period of puberty.
7003:"Research shows how evolution explains age of puberty"
5665:
4714:
Beaugé M (1997). "The causes of adolescent phimosis".
3160:
2627:
Temporary gynecomastia of a male going through puberty
1266:, which in future plays important part in maintaining
1212:. The pubic hairs are usually visible first along the
954:
during sleep or when waking up are medically known as
6814:
5928:
5356:
3332:(approximately age 11 in females and age 12 in males)
2815:. Smaller increases of FSH induce an increase in the
1768:
could produce some or all of the changes of puberty.
532:
is the period of mental transition from childhood to
5359:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5194:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. Archived from
5126:
5124:
4359:
3986:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2968:
2824:
which in turn is mainly controlled by estradiol and
6917:
Role of sex steroids during development—integration
5131:Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
4392:
Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation
4268:
4266:
2030:(the first pubic hairs) can precede, respectively,
1322:, the average age of menarche is 12.72, and in the
856:, which contains sperm and other fluids, is called
377:is the process of physical changes through which a
6587:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 889.
6012:"US Girls' Early Puberty Attracts Research Flurry"
5981:"Childhood obesity brings early puberty for girls"
5869:Human Biology; an International Record of Research
5092:
5057:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
4914:
4207:
3740:
2733:in target organs (especially that of the bowels).
2401:of testosterone. Estradiol is the principal human
2215:, typically precedes gonadarche in mid-childhood.
1775:), which can bind and trigger estrogen receptors.
1338:Body shape, fat distribution, and body composition
911:
695:pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones,
7597:
6967:
5121:
4389:
3515:Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy
2147:is the driver of the reproductive system. It has
1843:
1258:also changes in response to increasing levels of
908:will also start to enlarge to adult proportions.
586:8 Pregnancy – hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
7816:
5972:
5184:
5088:
5086:
4686:
4290:
4263:
4049:
3915:
1986:, have been suggested based on animal research.
1903:. Females aged between 15 and 19 make up 40% of
1097:
557:Approximate outline of development periods from
6658:
6276:
5434:
5332:
4795:
3879:Abbassi V (1998). "Growth and normal puberty".
2444:in both sexes. The major adrenal androgens are
2131:Components of the endocrine reproductive system
1887:which can contribute to mood disorders such as
1793:out of plastic into liquids and foods, and the
1082:(preauricular) hair, periareolar hair, and the
6840:
6762:"Chapter 16: Female puberty and its disorders"
6736:
6682:Jorgensen M, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE (1991).
6611:Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico
5276:
5264:
5180:
5178:
5030:
4966:
4949:
4838:
4572:
4545:
4466:
4377:
4092:
3965:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3793:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
3195:
2736:
1860:
1764:substances that activate estrogen or androgen
1448:Testosterone will cause an enlargement of the
1112:"Squeaky-voiced Teen" redirects here. For the
924:By the end of puberty, adult men have heavier
7583:
7067:
6399:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York
6035:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
5825:
5646:"Average age at menarche in various cultures"
5391:
5279:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5083:
5054:
4768:
3790:
3684:
3592:
3437:
1310:, and typically occurs about two years after
1297:
691:The onset of puberty is associated with high
355:
6937:
6639:
6348:
6279:Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum
5569:
5544:
5542:
5018:
4983:
2618:
2452:(which are precursors of testosterone), and
1910:
1398:Visual and other effects of hormonal changes
1314:. The average age of menarche is 12½ in the
943:. It is usually not a permanent phenomenon.
520:and cultural maturation denoted by the term
27:Physical transition from a child to an adult
6574:
6558:"Sex Determination _ Dr Mahmoud Ahmad Fora"
5648:. Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health
5175:
5048:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4889:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4383:
3872:
3836:
3834:
3469:
3467:
3465:
2904:
2775:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2665:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2521:becomes functional by the end of the first
1949:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1719:Genetic influence and environmental factors
540:Differences between male and female puberty
506:
7590:
7576:
7074:
7060:
6759:
5618:
5344:
5217:
5215:
5042:
3826:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
3507:
3505:
1795:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1235:
362:
348:
6985:
6815:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP (1996).
6533:
6366:
6208:
6122:"Key to regulation of puberty discovered"
6103:
6046:
5929:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP (1996).
5843:
5691:
5548:
5539:
5158:
5148:
4821:
4745:
4628:
4167:
4118:
4025:(6th Rev ed.). Blackwell Publishers.
3997:
3667:
3641:
3624:
3547:Scannapieco M, Connell-Carrick K (2005).
3473:
2795:Learn how and when to remove this message
2685:Learn how and when to remove this message
2476:and may be the principal mediator of the
2456:which is present in large amounts in the
2385:in responsive tissue throughout the body.
2021:
1969:Learn how and when to remove this message
1848:Scientific researchers have linked early
1578:as well. For example, the average age of
1529:Learn how and when to remove this message
1418:) of the skin and the growth of both the
826:Learn how and when to remove this message
4972:
4859:
4598:
4596:
4354:Jorgensen, Keiding & Skakkebaek 1991
3831:
3553:. Oxford University Press. p. 195.
3511:
3462:
2622:
2512:
2496:. The leptin level seems to provide the
2045:
1800:
1746:
1707:, the average in 1840 was 16½ years. In
1660:
1641:
1633:
1606:at puberty which results in low or zero
1540:
1341:
1152:
1050:
1018:
915:
871:
565:
6191:"In Memoriam: Ernst Knobil (1926-2000)"
5978:
5270:
5212:
4493:
4439:
4020:
3878:
3573:
3502:
2568:Neurons of the arcuate nucleus secrete
2163:tissue and a variety of other systems.
1046:
731:Effects of early and late puberty onset
710:The cause of the GnRH rise is unknown.
461:, which further distinguish the sexes.
14:
7817:
6843:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
6743:Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise
6580:
6513:
6423:
6389:
6303:
6138:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5739:
4713:
4645:
4522:"Erections in Babies | LIVESTRONG.COM"
4308:
4298:"Male Reproductive System Information"
4205:
3433:
3431:
3165:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
2417:, but lesser amounts are derived from
2301:. The main target cells of LH are the
1646:Two females from 8.0 to 14.5 years old
1410:as well as further development of the
1125:Under the influence of androgens, the
970:
876:Five Tanner stages of male genitalia;
7571:
7445:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
7055:
6782:
6392:"Puberty and resonance: a hypothesis"
6188:
5221:
4602:
4593:
4365:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
3979:
3741:Lewis M, Shapland F, Watts R (2016).
3725:
1638:Two males from 11.5 to 16.6 years old
1365:
1164:
1148:
572:1 Follicle-stimulating hormone – FSH
5495:
4796:Birley HD, Luzzi GA, Bell R (1993).
4394:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders.
4234:
3863:
2973:Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone
2773:adding citations to reliable sources
2740:
2663:adding citations to reliable sources
2630:
1947:adding citations to reliable sources
1914:
1654:
1511:adding citations to reliable sources
1482:
808:adding citations to reliable sources
779:
7440:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
6642:Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
6243:The New England Journal of Medicine
6041:(Suppl 1): S2–9, discussion S20–1.
5752:
4573:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-06).
4546:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-08).
4467:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-08).
3428:
3122: (200–2500)
1650:
775:
24:
7032:Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas
6807:
6741:. In Falkner F, Tanner JM (eds.).
6440:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1986.tb00759.x
5832:American Journal of Human Genetics
5766:Journal of Research on Adolescence
5643:
5313:"Hips widen during female puberty"
5236:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02125.x
4443:Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity
4184:
3441:Human Development: A Lifespan View
3338:(approximately age 12½ in females)
3326:(approximately age 10½ in females)
2704:However, a significant portion of
2492:. Its primary target organ is the
2361:hormone produced primarily by the
2293:(luteinizing hormone) is a larger
1670:appears to contradict the article
1270:. Whitish secretions (physiologic
928:and nearly twice as much skeletal
867:
25:
7856:
7014:
6968:Terasawa E, Fernandez DL (2001).
5716:"Girls maturing slightly earlier"
3750:American Journal of Human Biology
2488:is a protein hormone produced by
2218:
1458:corpora cavernosa of the clitoris
1137:, because the longer and thicker
6601:
6550:
6507:
6145:The American Journal of Medicine
5778:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00546.x
5742:"Girls now begin puberty aged 9"
4237:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
4099:Archives of Disease in Childhood
4064:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03493.x
3705:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01051.x
3344:(approximately age 13½ in males)
2745:
2635:
1919:
1659:
1487:
1470:
958:and colloquially referred to as
784:
679:
670:secondary sexual characteristics
546:
329:
69:
6737:Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1986).
6659:Gungor N, Arslanian SA (2002).
6462:
6417:
6383:
6342:
6297:
6270:
6233:
6182:
6132:
6063:
6022:
6004:
5947:
5922:
5887:
5860:
5819:
5784:
5733:
5708:
5659:
5637:
5612:
5530:
5471:
5428:
5385:
5350:
5305:
4789:
4762:
4730:"Circumcision Policy Statement"
4722:
4707:
4680:
4566:
4539:
4514:
4500:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
4487:
4460:
4433:
4408:
4326:
4228:
4135:
4093:Clayton PE, Trueman JA (2000).
4086:
4043:
4029:
4014:
3973:
3819:
3784:
3734:
2369:, and in lesser amounts by the
1836:intakes, as occur with typical
1557:
1498:needs additional citations for
1200:
912:Male musculature and body shape
795:needs additional citations for
655:, testosterone, estradiol, and
457:through the development of the
5826:Treloar SA, Martin NG (1990).
5621:Testosterone Deficiency in Men
4846:"Puberty -- Changes for Males"
4316:"The Male Reproductive System"
4214:. New York: Worth Publishers.
3719:
3567:
3540:
3438:Kail RV, Cavanaugh JC (2010).
3200:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
2570:gonadotropin releasing hormone
2454:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
1844:Obesity influence and exercise
1430:and to a lesser degree of the
1382:, resulting in a more "adult"
1004:American Academy of Pediatrics
894:Tanner scale for male genitals
451:primary sexual characteristics
13:
1:
7840:Human female endocrine system
7599:Development of the human body
6952:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80501-1
6349:Yellon SM, Newman SW (1991).
5333:Gungor & Arslanian (2002)
5069:10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00504-0
4998:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80501-1
4922:"The structure of the larynx"
4666:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65544-7
3482:Jones & Bartlett Learning
3422:
3411:Seclusion of girls at puberty
2519:endocrine reproductive system
2436:are steroids produced by the
1596:hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
1478:
1098:Voice change and Adam's apple
1014:
459:secondary sex characteristics
6485:10.1016/0031-9384(95)00021-A
6157:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90172-4
5437:Neurourology and Urodynamics
5291:10.1016/0002-9378(66)90398-X
5265:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
5031:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
4967:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
4950:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
4872:"Getting The Facts: Puberty"
4378:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
3416:Secondary sex characteristic
2470:insulin-like growth factor 1
2082:begins to release pulses of
1821:nutrition, and increases in
946:
512:(age of maturity), the word
273:Developmental stage theories
134:Emerging and early adulthood
7:
6910:The Neurobiology of Puberty
6256:10.1056/NEJM197209212871203
5805:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1188
5185:Hamilton-Fairley D (2004).
4210:Invitation to the Life Span
3497:occurs around age 12 or 13.
3348:
2909:Tooltip Luteinizing hormone
2737:Hormonal changes in females
1861:Physical and mental illness
956:nocturnal penile tumescence
574:2 Luteinizing hormone – LH
10:
7861:
7430:Reproductive endocrinology
6632:
6427:Journal of Pineal Research
6368:10.1095/biolreprod45.3.440
5188:Obstetrics and Gynaecology
5019:Gordon & Laufer (2005)
4390:Jones, Kenneth W. (2006).
4274:"Puberty: Adolescent Male"
3805:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002
3477:Women's Gynecologic Health
1867:inflammatory bowel disease
1358:widen (providing a larger
1298:Menstruation and fertility
1168:
1111:
1101:
1039:as part of the developing
837:
739:
219:Development and psychology
38:
31:
7791:
7699:
7641:
7605:
7519:
7498:Human reproductive system
7496:
7463:
7428:
7405:
7317:
7215:
7131:
7093:
6940:The Journal of Pediatrics
6855:10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.006
6787:. In Sperling, MA (ed.).
6764:. In Sperling, MA (ed.).
6472:Physiology & Behavior
5684:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1095
5590:10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.002
5371:10.1210/jcem.77.3.8370691
4986:The Journal of Pediatrics
4589:– via Google Books.
4562:– via Google Books.
4510:– via Google Books.
4483:– via Google Books.
4456:– via Google Books.
4334:"Male puberty milestones"
4249:10.1007/s10964-006-9039-4
3842:"Puberty and adolescence"
3305:
3284:
2966:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2619:Hormonal changes in males
2266:-releasing hormone) is a
2038:by a few months. Rarely,
1994:in childhood, or who are
1911:Stress and social factors
1889:major depressive disorder
1066:. The usual sequence is:
570:Hormone feedback cycles:
6663:. In Sperling MA (ed.).
5979:McKenna P (2007-03-05).
5793:Developmental Psychology
5578:Trends Endocrinol. Metab
5551:"Early Puberty in Girls"
5549:Zuckerman D (May 2009).
5150:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736
4494:Attwood S (2008-05-15).
4440:Carroll J (2009-01-29).
4021:Johnson M (2007-06-29).
3730:. University of Reading.
3605:Environ. Health Perspect
3584:. London. Archived from
3574:Alleyne R (2010-06-13).
3314:(approximately ages 6—8)
1773:polychlorinated biphenyl
1068:underarm (axillary) hair
758:
298:Psychosexual development
6908:Plant TM, Lee PA, eds.
6789:Pediatric Endocrinology
6766:Pediatric Endocrinology
6665:Pediatric Endocrinology
6355:Biology of Reproduction
5908:10.1111/1467-8624.00456
5740:Rogers L (2010-06-13).
5394:Pharmacological Reviews
4927:Encyclopædia Britannica
3939:(inactive 2024-08-27).
3893:10.1542/peds.102.S3.507
2054:system consists of the
1236:Vagina, uterus, ovaries
1035:and upward towards the
684:Puberty is preceded by
7520:Diseases and disorders
7329:Sexual differentiation
6987:10.1210/edrv.22.1.0418
6760:Rosenfield RL (2002).
6210:10.1210/edrv.22.6.8566
5516:10.1542/peds.108.2.347
5224:Clinical Endocrinology
5107:10.1542/peds.111.4.844
4874:. ppwr. Archived from
4747:10.1542/peds.103.3.686
4621:10.1136/adc.43.228.200
4603:Øster J (April 1968).
4278:Johns Hopkins Medicine
4023:Essential Reproduction
3846:University of Maryland
3726:Lewis M (2020-07-13).
2943:<0.1 (<0.1–0.2)
2628:
2446:dehydroepiandrosterone
2281:cells of the anterior
2072:central nervous system
2022:Variations of sequence
1677:Please discuss at the
1647:
1639:
1546:
1347:
1161:
1059:
1024:
921:
900:will increase and the
880:
595:
522:adolescent development
507:
7552:Premature ejaculation
7547:Hard flaccid syndrome
7217:Human sexual activity
6893:10.1542/peds.99.4.505
4899:. PBS. Archived from
3662:(Suppl 3): S192–207.
2626:
2513:Endocrine perspective
2478:pubertal growth spurt
2101:into the circulation.
2093:respond by secreting
2046:Neurohormonal process
1801:Nutritional influence
1747:Hormones and steroids
1645:
1637:
1544:
1345:
1187:. By the widely used
1160:of puberty in females
1156:
1143:fundamental frequency
1054:
1022:
919:
878:The Adolescent Period
875:
569:
393:. It is initiated by
336:Psychology portal
238:Nature versus nurture
162:Biological milestones
7542:Erectile dysfunction
6739:"Chapter 8: Puberty"
4814:10.1136/sti.69.5.400
4446:. Cengage Learning.
4095:"Leptin and puberty"
4039:. MERCK. 2008-05-16.
4037:"Precocious Puberty"
3512:Phillips DC (2014).
3356:Adolescent sexuality
2769:improve this section
2659:improve this section
2556:) double in number.
2397:hormone produced by
1943:improve this section
1507:improve this article
1047:Body and facial hair
804:improve this article
479:endocrine disruptors
190:Language acquisition
7321:reproductive system
7309:Vaginal lubrication
7087:sexual reproduction
5678:(7294): 1095–1096.
5335:, pp. 699–700.
5267:, pp. 196–197.
5101:(4 Pt 1): 844–850.
5033:, pp. 186–187.
4897:"The No-Hair Scare"
4740:(3): 686–93. 1999.
3999:10.1210/jc.86.1.459
3887:(2 Pt 3): 507–513.
3581:The Daily Telegraph
3128:Hydroxyprogesterone
2922:6.7 (<1.0–14.6)
2869:
2731:dihydrotestosterone
2377:and the "original"
2246:), both present in
1832:intakes and higher
1420:myoepithelial layer
1228:upward towards the
1120:Squeaky-Voiced Teen
971:Foreskin retraction
391:sexual reproduction
313:Cultural-historical
7754:Emerging adulthood
7319:Development of the
7230:Sexual intercourse
7009:, December 1, 2005
6922:2013-07-04 at the
6837:(1978), 13, 35–43.
6581:Becker KL (2001).
6521:Discovery Medicine
6320:10.1007/bf01923338
4206:Berger KS (2014).
4111:10.1136/adc.83.1.1
3762:10.1002/ajhb.22761
3669:10.1542/peds.1813E
3522:. pp. 18–19.
3474:Schuiling (2016).
3396:Precocious puberty
3112:175 (<10–2500)
3010:3.5 (<0.5–6.6)
3007:2.1 (<0.5–5.4)
2983:4.6 (<1.0–7.2)
2949:2.1 (<0.1–6.8)
2946:0.7 (<0.1–2.8)
2919:4.2 (<1.0–9.0)
2916:2.7 (<1.0–5.5)
2868:
2629:
2407:estrogen receptors
2383:androgen receptors
2273:released from the
2091:anterior pituitary
1781:precocious puberty
1648:
1640:
1569:Vandenbergh effect
1547:
1366:Body odor and acne
1348:
1306:is referred to as
1304:menstrual bleeding
1264:vaginal epithelium
1171:Breast development
1165:Breast development
1162:
1149:Changes in females
1060:
1025:
922:
881:
862:nocturnal emission
596:
594:12 Prolactin – PRL
582:6 Pituitary gland
496:Notable among the
487:precocious puberty
228:Pre- and perinatal
18:Sexual development
7845:Sexuality and age
7835:Human development
7812:
7811:
7676:Adult development
7654:Child development
7565:
7564:
7334:Sexual dimorphism
7299:Postpartum period
7021:Support for teens
6974:Endocrine Reviews
6835:Biométrie Humaine
6819:. Little, Brown.
6817:Our Stolen Future
6798:978-0-7216-9539-6
6783:Styne DM (2002).
6775:978-0-7216-9539-6
6752:978-0-306-41952-2
6674:978-0-7216-9539-6
6651:978-0-7817-4493-5
6594:978-0-7817-1750-2
6514:Lehrer S (2015).
6390:Lehrer S (1983).
6314:(10): 1027–1038.
6196:Endocrine Reviews
6189:Neill JD (2001).
6139:Lehrer S (1984).
6048:10.1002/eat.20107
6010:Molly, M. Ginty,
5933:. Little, Brown.
5931:Our Stolen Future
5896:Child Development
5630:978-0-19-954513-1
5449:10.1002/nau.21106
5406:10.1124/pr.56.4.4
5345:Rosenfield (2002)
5137:BMC Public Health
5043:Rosenfield (2002)
4586:978-1-55704-764-9
4579:. HarperCollins.
4559:978-1-55704-769-4
4552:. HarperCollins.
4507:978-1-84642-797-8
4480:978-1-55704-769-4
4473:. HarperCollins.
4453:978-0-495-60274-3
4401:978-0-7216-0615-6
4221:978-1-4292-8352-6
3980:Plant TM (2001).
3937:10.1159/000053061
3560:978-0-19-803563-3
3529:978-1-4833-6475-9
3520:SAGE Publications
3491:978-1-284-12501-6
3455:978-0-495-60037-4
3391:Kallmann syndrome
3303:
3302:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2506:energy metabolism
2335:ovarian follicles
2277:which stimulates
1979:
1978:
1971:
1823:childhood obesity
1730:androgen receptor
1696:
1695:
1592:Kallmann syndrome
1539:
1538:
1531:
1370:Rising levels of
1330:is necessary for
1224:and sometimes as
906:corpora cavernosa
852:. The release of
836:
835:
828:
705:premature puberty
624:is the principal
455:sexual dimorphism
409:in a female, the
397:signals from the
372:
371:
41:Pubescence (film)
16:(Redirected from
7852:
7792:Social and legal
7592:
7585:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7304:Mechanics of sex
7113:Follicular phase
7083:Human physiology
7076:
7069:
7062:
7053:
7052:
6999:
6989:
6963:
6904:
6874:
6830:
6802:
6779:
6756:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6678:
6655:
6627:
6626:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6537:
6528:(110): 191–196.
6511:
6505:
6504:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6396:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6212:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6167:. Archived from
6136:
6130:
6129:
6126:(e) Science News
6117:
6107:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6026:
6020:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5989:. Archived from
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5957:. Archived from
5951:
5945:
5944:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5902:(4): 1046–1051.
5891:
5885:
5884:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5799:(6): 1188–1198.
5788:
5782:
5781:
5761:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5546:
5537:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4981:
4970:
4964:
4953:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4868:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4615:(228): 200–202.
4600:
4591:
4590:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4524:. Archived from
4518:
4512:
4511:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4418:. Archived from
4412:
4406:
4405:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4302:Cleveland Clinic
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4203:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3956:
3931:(Suppl 1): 2–8.
3925:Hormone Research
3919:
3913:
3912:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3848:. Archived from
3838:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3617:10.1289/ehp.8280
3596:
3590:
3589:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3446:Cengage Learning
3444:(5th ed.).
3435:
3294:adrenal androgen
3201:
3197:
3166:
3162:
2974:
2970:
2910:
2906:
2870:
2867:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2749:
2741:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2639:
2631:
2379:anabolic steroid
2014:provided in the
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1923:
1915:
1905:anorexia nervosa
1893:bipolar disorder
1880:are widespread.
1838:vegetarian diets
1691:
1688:
1682:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1651:Historical shift
1534:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1491:
1483:
1454:vestibular bulbs
831:
824:
820:
817:
811:
788:
780:
776:Changes in males
665:gonadal steroids
653:steroid hormones
550:
510:
389:body capable of
385:matures into an
364:
357:
350:
334:
333:
332:
233:Infant and child
73:
48:
47:
21:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7804:Age of majority
7787:
7720:Early childhood
7695:
7642:Birth and after
7637:
7633:Gestational age
7601:
7596:
7566:
7561:
7515:
7492:
7459:
7432:and infertility
7431:
7424:
7401:
7320:
7313:
7211:
7141:Spermatogenesis
7127:
7095:Menstrual cycle
7089:
7080:
7017:
7012:
6924:Wayback Machine
6915:Sizonenko, PC.
6827:
6810:
6808:Further reading
6805:
6799:
6776:
6753:
6728:
6726:
6700:10.2307/2532505
6675:
6652:
6635:
6630:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6579:
6575:
6566:
6564:
6562:www.just.edu.jo
6556:
6555:
6551:
6512:
6508:
6467:
6463:
6422:
6418:
6394:
6388:
6384:
6347:
6343:
6302:
6298:
6275:
6271:
6250:(12): 582–586.
6238:
6234:
6187:
6183:
6174:
6172:
6137:
6133:
6120:
6118:
6084:Nature Genetics
6068:
6064:
6027:
6023:
6009:
6005:
5996:
5994:
5977:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5927:
5923:
5892:
5888:
5865:
5861:
5824:
5820:
5789:
5785:
5762:
5753:
5738:
5734:
5725:
5723:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5664:
5660:
5651:
5649:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5617:
5613:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5500:
5496:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5433:
5429:
5390:
5386:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5220:
5213:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5183:
5176:
5129:
5122:
5091:
5084:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
4982:
4973:
4965:
4956:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4794:
4790:
4767:
4763:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4718:(Sept/Oct): 26.
4712:
4708:
4685:
4681:
4650:
4646:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4204:
4185:
4148:Nature Genetics
4140:
4136:
4091:
4087:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4019:
4015:
3978:
3974:
3958:
3957:
3920:
3916:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3789:
3785:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3720:
3689:
3685:
3646:
3642:
3597:
3593:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3510:
3503:
3492:
3472:
3463:
3456:
3448:. p. 296.
3436:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3406:Puberty blocker
3376:Delayed puberty
3361:Child sexuality
3351:
3308:
3292:, or increased
3271:26 (<10–40)
3268:18 (<10–29)
3265:10 (<10–22)
3237:26 (<10–50)
3230:Androstenedione
3208:
3199:
3173:
3164:
3153:
3148:
3135:33 (<10–84)
3121:
3116:
3103:22 (<10–32)
3089:
3084:
3057:
3052:
3026:5.4 (1.8–10.5)
3025:
3020:
3016:6.2 (1.1–11.3)
2998:
2993:
2989:7.4 (3.3–10.5)
2986:6.8 (3.3–10.5)
2972:
2961:
2956:
2934:
2929:
2925:7.7 (2.8–15.0)
2908:
2880:
2813:granulosa cells
2801:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2766:
2750:
2739:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2656:
2640:
2621:
2578:Robert M. Boyar
2546:clinical assays
2515:
2450:androstenedione
2438:zona reticulosa
2411:granulosa cells
2299:pituitary gland
2221:
2169:pituitary gland
2153:pituitary gland
2138:arcuate nucleus
2133:
2048:
2024:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1940:
1924:
1913:
1863:
1846:
1803:
1749:
1721:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1676:
1664:
1653:
1632:
1560:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1504:
1492:
1481:
1473:
1462:urethral sponge
1400:
1378:composition of
1374:can change the
1368:
1340:
1300:
1238:
1203:
1179:of one or both
1173:
1167:
1151:
1129:(or voice box)
1123:
1118:character, see
1110:
1102:Main articles:
1100:
1064:androgenic hair
1049:
1017:
983:and behind the
973:
949:
914:
870:
868:Testicular size
842:
832:
821:
815:
812:
801:
789:
778:
761:
742:
733:
682:
617:For males, the
593:
591:
589:
588:9 Testosterone
587:
585:
583:
581:
580:5 Hypothalamus
579:
577:
576:3 Progesterone
575:
573:
571:
564:
563:
562:
556:
551:
542:
526:Western culture
491:delayed puberty
447:Physical growth
368:
330:
328:
275:
130:
114:
103:
63:and development
62:
44:
37:
34:Sexual maturity
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7858:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7744:Preadolescence
7736:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7651:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7595:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7411:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7325:
7323:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7225:Sexual arousal
7221:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7146:spermatogonium
7137:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7016:
7015:External links
7013:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6965:
6935:
6913:
6906:
6875:
6838:
6831:
6825:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6797:
6780:
6774:
6757:
6751:
6734:
6694:(1): 177–193.
6679:
6673:
6656:
6650:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6613:(in Spanish).
6600:
6593:
6573:
6549:
6506:
6461:
6434:(4): 375–378.
6416:
6382:
6361:(3): 440–446.
6341:
6296:
6269:
6232:
6203:(6): 721–723.
6181:
6151:(6): 977–980.
6131:
6096:10.1038/ng.306
6090:(3): 354–358.
6062:
6021:
6003:
5971:
5946:
5939:
5921:
5886:
5875:(5): 739–753.
5859:
5838:(1): 137–148.
5818:
5783:
5772:(4): 767–788.
5751:
5732:
5707:
5658:
5636:
5629:
5611:
5568:
5538:
5529:
5494:
5483:kidshealth.org
5470:
5443:(5): 754–757.
5427:
5400:(4): 581–631.
5384:
5365:(3): 692–698.
5349:
5337:
5325:
5304:
5285:(5): 637–645.
5269:
5257:
5230:(2): 107–120.
5211:
5174:
5120:
5082:
5063:(1): 103–127.
5047:
5045:, p. 462.
5035:
5023:
5021:, p. 151.
5011:
4992:(3): 317–329.
4971:
4969:, p. 188.
4954:
4952:, p. 187.
4939:
4913:
4888:
4858:
4837:
4808:(5): 400–403.
4802:Genitourin Med
4788:
4761:
4721:
4706:
4689:Hinyokika Kiyo
4679:
4644:
4609:Arch Dis Child
4592:
4585:
4565:
4558:
4538:
4513:
4506:
4486:
4479:
4459:
4452:
4432:
4407:
4400:
4382:
4380:, p. 180.
4370:
4368:, p. 598.
4358:
4346:
4325:
4307:
4289:
4262:
4243:(3): 380–390.
4227:
4220:
4183:
4160:10.1038/ng.306
4154:(3): 354–358.
4134:
4085:
4058:(7): 610–617.
4042:
4028:
4013:
3992:(1): 458–460.
3972:
3914:
3871:
3862:
3830:
3818:
3799:(6): 527–530.
3783:
3733:
3718:
3693:Int. J. Androl
3683:
3640:
3591:
3588:on 2010-06-14.
3566:
3559:
3539:
3528:
3501:
3490:
3484:. p. 22.
3461:
3454:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3224:538 (215–855)
3222:
3219:
3218:394 (240–768)
3216:
3215:328 (190–620)
3213:
3212:297 (150–540)
3210:
3207:35 (<10–70)
3205:
3202:
3191:
3190:
3189:220 (118–320)
3187:
3184:
3183:195 (106–320)
3181:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:13 (<9–23)
3069:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3045:27 (<9–60)
3043:
3042:15 (<9–30)
3040:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:6.6 (1.9–10.8)
3022:
3017:
3014:
3013:4.9 (0.7–9.0)
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:6.0 (3.4–8.6)
2995:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2980:4.0 (<1–5)
2978:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2962:3.5 (1.5–8.0)
2958:
2953:
2952:3.6 (0.9–8.1)
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2850:necessary for
2803:
2802:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2693:
2692:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2620:
2617:
2598:Regulation of
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2490:adipose tissue
2481:
2474:growth hormone
2461:
2442:adrenal cortex
2426:
2386:
2350:
2345:tissue of the
2318:
2286:
2255:
2220:
2219:Major hormones
2217:
2208:adrenal glands
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2102:
2087:
2068:adrenal glands
2050:The endocrine
2047:
2044:
2023:
2020:
1977:
1976:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1862:
1859:
1845:
1842:
1802:
1799:
1748:
1745:
1720:
1717:
1694:
1693:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1628:
1559:
1556:
1537:
1536:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1416:stratification
1399:
1396:
1367:
1364:
1339:
1336:
1324:United Kingdom
1299:
1296:
1237:
1234:
1226:abdominal hair
1202:
1199:
1189:Tanner staging
1169:Main article:
1166:
1163:
1150:
1147:
1099:
1096:
1076:upper lip hair
1048:
1045:
1041:abdominal hair
1016:
1013:
972:
969:
948:
945:
913:
910:
869:
866:
834:
833:
792:
790:
783:
777:
774:
760:
757:
741:
738:
732:
729:
719:encoding both
681:
678:
602:involved, the
592:11 Incentives
553:
552:
545:
544:
543:
541:
538:
370:
369:
367:
366:
359:
352:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
277:
276:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
222:
221:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
164:
163:
159:
158:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
125:
120:
115:
109:
104:
98:
93:
88:
80:
79:
75:
74:
66:
65:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7857:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7588:
7586:
7581:
7579:
7574:
7573:
7570:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7489:
7488:Breastfeeding
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:Fertilization
7278:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7214:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7133:Gametogenesis
7130:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7070:
7065:
7063:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6980:(1): 111–51.
6979:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6946:(3): 317–29.
6945:
6941:
6936:
6934:. pp 299–306.
6933:
6932:0-444-50296-3
6929:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6887:(4): 505–12.
6886:
6882:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6800:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6577:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6171:on 2011-09-21
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6128:. 2008-12-11.
6127:
6123:
6119:Lay summary:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6017:Women's eNews
6013:
6007:
5993:on 2008-04-19
5992:
5988:
5987:
5986:New Scientist
5982:
5975:
5961:on 2020-08-06
5960:
5956:
5950:
5942:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5584:(7): 249–58.
5583:
5579:
5572:
5557:on 2013-11-09
5556:
5552:
5545:
5543:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5510:(2): 347–53.
5509:
5505:
5498:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5341:
5334:
5329:
5314:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5201:on 2018-10-09
5197:
5190:
5189:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4903:on 2009-02-05
4902:
4898:
4892:
4878:on 2008-01-04
4877:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4528:on 2012-10-04
4527:
4523:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4422:on 2016-03-07
4421:
4417:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3866:
3852:on 2013-09-24
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:(2): 346–59.
3698:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:172 (74–284)
3251:
3248:
3246:147 (70–245)
3245:
3243:126 (55–190)
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:127 (72–180)
3206:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3180:155 (85–290)
3179:
3177:129 (60–240)
3176:
3174:106 (40–200)
3171:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3154:178 (35–290)
3151:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:130 (70–300)
3055:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:9 (<9–20)
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2960:3.8 (1.6–8.1)
2959:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2788:
2785:November 2011
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2754:This section
2752:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2686:
2678:
2675:November 2011
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2644:This section
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:Sigmund Freud
2533:
2532:latency stage
2529:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2425:testosterone.
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:aromatization
2396:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2381:. It acts on
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2343:spermatogenic
2340:
2339:Sertoli cells
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:Cells in the
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2007:epidemiologic
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1973:
1970:
1962:
1959:November 2011
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1928:This section
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:schizophrenia
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:dietary fiber
1831:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1668:This section
1666:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1496:This section
1494:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1471:Underarm hair
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:smooth muscle
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:United States
1313:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1158:Tanner stages
1155:
1146:
1144:
1141:have a lower
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:perianal hair
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
944:
942:
937:
933:
931:
927:
918:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
879:
874:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
830:
827:
819:
809:
805:
799:
798:
793:This section
791:
787:
782:
781:
773:
769:
765:
756:
753:
749:
747:
737:
728:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
680:Puberty onset
677:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
568:
560:
555:
549:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:xenoestrogens
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
345:
343:
342:
337:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
274:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Fertilization
168:
167:
166:
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
129:
126:
124:
123:Preadolescent
121:
119:
116:
113:
110:
108:
105:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
7771:Middle adult
7706:Early years
7668:
7606:Before birth
7392:Paternal age
7388:Maternal age
7361:Tanner scale
7350:
7344:Virilization
7339:Feminization
7289:Implantation
7275:Insemination
7259:Ejaculation
7235:Masturbation
7151:spermatocyte
7123:Luteal phase
7108:Menstruation
7007:ScienceDaily
7006:
6977:
6973:
6943:
6939:
6909:
6884:
6880:
6846:
6842:
6834:
6816:
6788:
6765:
6742:
6727:. Retrieved
6691:
6687:
6664:
6641:
6617:(1): 12–17.
6614:
6610:
6603:
6583:
6576:
6565:. Retrieved
6561:
6552:
6525:
6519:
6509:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6405:(1): 39–43.
6402:
6398:
6385:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6200:
6194:
6184:
6173:. Retrieved
6169:the original
6148:
6144:
6134:
6125:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6073:
6065:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6015:
6006:
5995:. Retrieved
5991:the original
5984:
5974:
5963:. Retrieved
5959:the original
5949:
5930:
5924:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5769:
5765:
5745:
5735:
5724:. Retrieved
5722:. 2001-05-03
5719:
5710:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5650:. Retrieved
5639:
5620:
5614:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5559:. Retrieved
5555:the original
5532:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5486:. Retrieved
5482:
5473:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5317:. Retrieved
5307:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5260:
5227:
5223:
5203:. Retrieved
5196:the original
5187:
5140:
5136:
5098:
5094:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
4989:
4985:
4931:. Retrieved
4925:
4916:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:the original
4891:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:the original
4850:. Retrieved
4840:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4777:(4): 353–5.
4774:
4770:
4764:
4737:
4733:
4724:
4716:Br J Sex Med
4715:
4709:
4695:(5): 305–8.
4692:
4688:
4682:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4612:
4608:
4575:
4568:
4548:
4541:
4530:. Retrieved
4526:the original
4516:
4496:
4489:
4469:
4462:
4442:
4435:
4424:. Retrieved
4420:the original
4410:
4391:
4385:
4373:
4366:Styne (2002)
4361:
4349:
4338:. Retrieved
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4281:. Retrieved
4277:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4209:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4031:
4022:
4016:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3961:cite journal
3928:
3924:
3917:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:the original
3825:
3821:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3756:(1): 48–56.
3753:
3749:
3736:
3721:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3659:
3653:
3643:
3611:(3): 471–5.
3608:
3604:
3594:
3586:the original
3579:
3569:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3514:
3495:
3476:
3440:
3297:
3285:
3258:Testosterone
3240:77 (40–112)
3144:97 (17–235)
3141:75 (10–185)
3096:Progesterone
3090:75 (39–160)
2856:
2844:
2830:
2809:progesterone
2806:
2791:
2782:
2767:Please help
2755:
2727:
2711:gynecomastia
2706:testosterone
2703:
2699:
2696:
2681:
2672:
2657:Please help
2645:
2597:
2594:
2583:
2567:
2558:
2542:Gonadotropin
2540:
2528:sex steroids
2516:
2494:hypothalamus
2483:
2463:
2428:
2405:and acts on
2388:
2363:Leydig cells
2354:Testosterone
2352:
2320:
2303:Leydig cells
2288:
2275:hypothalamus
2264:gonadotropin
2257:
2252:hypothalamus
2248:KNDy neurons
2244:neuropeptide
2237:
2226:Neurokinin B
2224:
2206:
2204:
2196:testosterone
2192:sex hormones
2176:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2144:hypothalamus
2142:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2118:testosterone
2080:hypothalamus
2078:The brain's
2056:hypothalamus
2052:reproductive
2049:
2025:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:sexual abuse
1988:
1980:
1965:
1956:
1941:Please help
1929:
1882:
1871:tuberculosis
1864:
1855:
1847:
1827:
1819:
1804:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1761:Sex steroids
1757:progestogens
1750:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1713:
1697:
1684:
1669:
1629:
1620:hypogonadism
1608:gonadotropin
1594:, a form of
1589:
1585:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1558:Age of onset
1551:
1548:
1525:
1516:
1505:Please help
1500:verification
1497:
1474:
1466:
1447:
1436:
1432:labia majora
1428:labia minora
1402:In females,
1401:
1380:perspiration
1369:
1349:
1301:
1239:
1204:
1174:
1124:
1115:The Simpsons
1113:
1108:Adam's apple
1104:Voice change
1061:
1026:
1001:
996:
989:
974:
960:morning wood
959:
950:
941:gynecomastia
938:
934:
923:
882:
877:
843:
840:Tanner scale
822:
816:October 2009
813:
802:Please help
797:verification
794:
770:
766:
762:
754:
750:
743:
734:
721:neurokinin B
716:hypothalamus
709:
690:
683:
657:progesterone
650:
630:virilization
622:testosterone
616:
612:
600:sex steroids
597:
590:10 Testicle
521:
518:psychosocial
513:
505:
495:
463:
374:
373:
318:Evolutionary
293:Psychosocial
194:
144:Middle adult
61:Human growth
45:
29:
7830:Adolescence
7776:Elder adult
7766:Young adult
7749:Adolescence
7613:Development
7537:Dyspareunia
7532:Dysorgasmia
7478:Development
6849:(1): 7–12.
6479:(1): 9–13.
6307:Experientia
6285:: 159–181.
5347:, p. .
4771:J Fam Pract
3401:Puberphonia
3280:40 (27–70)
3274:38 (24–62)
3138:52 (10–98)
3109:36 (10–75)
3106:30 (10–51)
3080:36 (23–69)
3077:26 (17–58)
3074:18 (10–37)
3056:50 (30–100)
3048:55 (16–85)
2997:10.3 (6–15)
2935:6.6 (3–18)
2879:Prepubertal
2840:endometrium
2538:described.
2371:theca cells
2331:gonadotrope
2311:theca cells
2279:gonadotrope
1806:Nutritional
1787:Bisphenol A
1624:infertility
1439:pheomelanin
1408:oral mucosa
1360:birth canal
1290:visible by
1245:keratinizes
1218:pubic mound
1139:vocal folds
1056:Facial hair
902:glans penis
858:ejaculation
659:as well as
626:sex hormone
578:4 Estrogen
530:adolescence
498:morphologic
471:ejaculation
253:Young adult
139:Young adult
7819:Categories
7686:Senescence
7557:Vaginismus
7527:Anorgasmia
7381:Adrenarche
7376:Spermarche
7356:Gonadarche
6881:Pediatrics
6826:0316875465
6729:2023-03-03
6688:Biometrics
6567:2022-07-06
6175:2009-05-03
5997:2010-05-22
5965:2013-11-09
5940:0316875465
5726:2007-08-02
5652:2007-08-02
5644:Finley H.
5561:2010-07-13
5504:Pediatrics
5488:2019-08-23
5319:2013-11-09
5315:. Columbia
5205:2013-11-09
5143:(1): 736.
5095:Pediatrics
4933:2009-02-20
4907:2009-02-20
4882:2009-02-20
4852:2009-02-20
4848:. pamf.org
4734:Pediatrics
4532:2012-01-07
4426:2013-11-09
4340:2020-02-27
4336:. Health24
4283:2020-02-27
4105:(1): 1–4.
3881:Pediatrics
3856:2013-09-13
3655:Pediatrics
3423:References
3386:Hebephilia
3371:Andropause
3342:spermarche
3318:gonadarche
3312:adrenarche
3290:Adrenarche
3172:49 (20–95)
3152:48 (12–90)
3147:Follicular
3120:35 (13–75)
3115:Follicular
3088:44 (30–89)
3083:Follicular
3051:Follicular
3019:Follicular
2992:Follicular
2955:Follicular
2933:7.6 (3–18)
2928:Follicular
2846:mid cycle
2600:adrenarche
2574:oscillator
2550:germ cells
2419:testicular
2239:kisspeptin
2231:tachykinin
2213:adrenarche
2066:, and the
2032:gonadarche
1984:pheromones
1878:infections
1737:phthalates
1687:April 2021
1479:Variations
1376:fatty acid
1302:The first
1292:ultrasound
1282:, and the
1272:leukorrhea
1268:vaginal pH
1206:Pubic hair
1201:Pubic hair
1028:Pubic hair
1015:Pubic hair
1009:dermatitis
885:gonadarche
838:See also:
746:body image
725:kisspeptin
686:adrenarche
528:, wherein
475:spermarche
443:sex organs
288:Ecological
283:Attachment
243:Adolescent
180:Childbirth
128:Adolescent
7761:Adulthood
7725:Childhood
7483:Lactation
7473:Thelarche
7450:Andrology
7397:Menopause
7294:Pregnancy
7284:Fertility
7239:Erection
7195:Germ cell
7168:Oogenesis
7156:spermatid
7118:Ovulation
7023:(archive)
6708:0006-341X
5748:. London.
5746:The Times
4257:143325699
3535:average).
3366:Menopause
3324:thelarche
3032:Estradiol
2863:epiphyses
2852:ovulation
2826:prolactin
2817:aromatase
2756:does not
2723:estradiol
2715:swellings
2701:puberty.
2646:does not
2613:body odor
2611:), adult
2605:androgens
2586:resonance
2523:trimester
2433:androgens
2390:Estradiol
2283:pituitary
2114:estradiol
2060:pituitary
2036:thelarche
2018:article.
1930:does not
1897:dysthymia
1766:receptors
1753:chemicals
1679:talk page
1576:ethnicity
1404:estradiol
1384:body odor
1372:androgens
1354:and thus
1332:fertility
1328:Ovulation
1312:thelarche
1284:follicles
1185:thelarche
1092:abdominal
1058:of a male
952:Erections
947:Erections
661:prolactin
641:epiphyses
637:estradiol
608:estrogens
604:androgens
559:childhood
534:adulthood
508:puberatum
411:testicles
308:Cognitive
200:Menopause
175:Pregnancy
149:Old adult
7420:Vivipary
7390: /
7371:Menarche
7366:Pubarche
7248:Clitoral
7200:gonocyte
7173:oogonium
7103:Menarche
6996:11159818
6920:Archived
6871:26141301
6863:16311040
6544:26562472
6501:43118869
6456:41436917
6336:28120306
6219:11739328
6114:19079066
6057:15852310
5916:12146732
5813:15535766
5720:BBC News
5702:11337438
5606:23578201
5598:21511493
5524:11483799
5465:36951754
5457:21661025
5422:15746586
5414:15602011
5252:19913395
5169:21110899
5115:12671122
4756:10049981
4701:15237481
4178:19079066
4129:10868988
4080:72146698
4072:11458889
4008:11232044
3953:72138474
3909:24733669
3813:26703478
3778:26111310
3770:26238500
3713:20487042
3678:18245512
3635:16507474
3349:See also
3336:menarche
3330:pubarche
3298:Sources:
2893:Stage 5
2890:Stage 4
2887:Stage 3
2884:Stage 2
2881:Stage 1
2873:Hormone
2848:LH surge
2609:pubarche
2552:(future
2534:, which
2502:appetite
2403:estrogen
2375:androgen
2337:and the
2327:follicle
2309:and the
2200:estrogen
2040:menarche
2028:pubarche
2016:menarche
1885:hormones
1875:parasite
1815:body fat
1811:calories
1672:Menarche
1604:HPG axis
1580:menarche
1552:nubility
1519:May 2008
1450:clitoris
1422:and the
1308:menarche
1260:estrogen
1241:Perineal
1210:pubarche
1080:sideburn
993:phimosis
977:foreskin
634:estrogen
619:androgen
606:and the
584:7 Ovary
481:such as
467:menarche
395:hormonal
263:Maturity
53:a series
51:Part of
7825:Puberty
7715:Toddler
7669:Puberty
7455:Hormone
7351:Puberty
6960:3875704
6901:9093289
6724:2049498
6716:2532505
6633:Sources
6623:1304761
6535:4809356
6493:7667433
6448:3783418
6411:6601758
6377:1782292
6328:1936201
6291:3462329
6264:4341276
6227:1634732
6165:6507468
6105:4312696
5881:8543288
5854:2349942
5845:1683767
5379:8370691
5299:5906589
5244:6249519
5160:3001737
5077:1584537
5006:3875704
4832:8244363
4823:1195128
4783:3958682
4674:8863623
4639:5689532
4630:2019851
4169:4312696
4120:1718397
3945:9554463
3901:9685454
3626:1392245
3149:Luteal
3117:Luteal
3085:Luteal
3064:Estrone
3053:Luteal
3021:Luteal
2994:Luteal
2977:mIU/mL
2957:Luteal
2930:Luteal
2913:mIU/mL
2777:removed
2762:sources
2719:nipples
2667:removed
2652:sources
2440:of the
2430:Adrenal
2423:adrenal
2415:ovaries
2413:of the
2395:steroid
2365:of the
2359:steroid
2315:ovaries
2313:of the
2295:protein
2271:hormone
2268:peptide
2250:of the
2234:peptide
2189:steroid
2185:ovaries
2161:adipose
2149:neurons
2141:of the
2106:ovaries
1996:adopted
1951:removed
1936:sources
1907:cases.
1850:obesity
1830:protein
1791:leaches
1705:England
1600:anosmia
1567:is the
1280:ovaries
1254:of the
1252:surface
1249:mucosal
1194:nipples
1181:breasts
964:teenage
846:scrotum
740:Females
514:puberty
439:breasts
407:ovaries
401:to the
375:Puberty
195:Puberty
185:Walking
112:Toddler
7710:Infant
7700:Phases
7681:Ageing
7659:Stages
7623:Embryo
7618:Zygote
7511:Female
7465:Breast
7268:Female
7255:Orgasm
7243:Penile
7205:gamete
7178:oocyte
6994:
6958:
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3381:Eunuch
3306:Stages
3286:Notes:
3262:ng/dL
3234:ng/dL
3204:ng/dL
3169:μg/dL
3161:DHEA-S
3132:ng/dL
3100:ng/dL
3068:pg/mL
3036:pg/mL
2898:Phase
2876:Units
2836:growth
2833:breast
2717:under
2562:Leptin
2485:Leptin
2367:testes
2347:testes
2307:testes
2236:) and
2181:testes
2177:gonads
2157:gonads
2110:testes
2064:gonads
2062:, the
2058:, the
1732:gene.
1701:Norway
1443:areola
1352:pelvis
1320:Canada
1276:uterus
1256:vagina
1222:thighs
1177:areola
1135:octave
1127:larynx
1033:thighs
930:muscle
889:Testes
712:Leptin
674:uterus
645:taller
441:, and
423:muscle
415:libido
405:: the
403:gonads
205:Ageing
107:Infant
96:Embryo
91:Zygote
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7799:Minor
7783:Dying
7739:Youth
7730:Child
7691:Death
7664:Early
7649:Birth
7628:Fetus
7183:ootid
7161:sperm
6867:S2CID
6712:JSTOR
6497:S2CID
6452:S2CID
6395:(PDF)
6332:S2CID
6223:S2CID
6078:TACR3
5693:31261
5602:S2CID
5461:S2CID
5418:S2CID
5248:S2CID
5199:(PDF)
5192:(PDF)
4320:WebMD
4253:S2CID
4076:S2CID
3949:S2CID
3905:S2CID
3774:S2CID
3746:(PDF)
2590:beats
2498:brain
2458:blood
2393:is a
2357:is a
1726:genes
1709:Japan
1412:vulva
1388:sebum
1288:cysts
1243:skin
1230:navel
1214:labia
1131:grows
1088:chest
1084:beard
1037:navel
997:et al
985:glans
981:penis
926:bones
898:penis
854:semen
850:sperm
759:Males
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427:blood
419:bones
399:brain
387:adult
379:child
303:Moral
258:Adult
248:Youth
210:Death
154:Dying
118:Child
101:Fetus
7506:Male
7415:Ovum
7263:Male
7188:ovum
6992:PMID
6956:PMID
6928:ISBN
6897:PMID
6859:PMID
6821:ISBN
6793:ISBN
6770:ISBN
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6704:ISSN
6669:ISBN
6646:ISBN
6619:PMID
6589:ISBN
6540:PMID
6489:PMID
6444:PMID
6407:PMID
6373:PMID
6324:PMID
6287:PMID
6260:PMID
6215:PMID
6161:PMID
6110:PMID
6076:and
6074:TAC3
6053:PMID
5935:ISBN
5912:PMID
5877:PMID
5850:PMID
5809:PMID
5698:PMID
5625:ISBN
5594:PMID
5520:PMID
5453:PMID
5410:PMID
5375:PMID
5295:PMID
5240:PMID
5165:PMID
5111:PMID
5073:PMID
5002:PMID
4828:PMID
4779:PMID
4752:PMID
4697:PMID
4670:PMID
4635:PMID
4581:ISBN
4554:ISBN
4502:ISBN
4475:ISBN
4448:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4216:ISBN
4174:PMID
4125:PMID
4068:PMID
4004:PMID
3967:link
3941:PMID
3897:PMID
3809:PMID
3766:PMID
3709:PMID
3674:PMID
3631:PMID
3555:ISBN
3524:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3196:DHEA
3004:U/L
2940:U/L
2859:IGF1
2822:SHBG
2760:any
2758:cite
2650:any
2648:cite
2554:eggs
2517:The
2504:and
2465:IGF1
2421:and
2341:and
2259:GnRH
2205:The
2198:and
2183:and
2175:The
2166:The
2135:The
2116:and
2104:The
2097:and
2084:GnRH
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1934:any
1932:cite
1899:and
1869:and
1622:and
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1460:and
1392:acne
1356:hips
1106:and
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699:and
693:GnRH
435:hair
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7407:Egg
7085:of
6982:doi
6948:doi
6944:107
6889:doi
6851:doi
6696:doi
6530:PMC
6526:110
6481:doi
6436:doi
6363:doi
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6252:doi
6248:287
6205:doi
6153:doi
6100:PMC
6092:doi
6043:doi
5904:doi
5840:PMC
5801:doi
5774:doi
5688:PMC
5680:doi
5676:322
5672:BMJ
5586:doi
5512:doi
5508:108
5445:doi
5402:doi
5367:doi
5287:doi
5232:doi
5155:PMC
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4994:doi
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4742:doi
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