1107:
2213:
1180:
1552:
2091:
of income or another job. Many artists and film producers have accepted the role of piracy in media distribution. The spread of material through file sharing is a source of publicity for artists and builds fan bases that may be inclined to see the performer live (live performances make up the bulk of successful artists' revenues, however not all artists can make live performances, for example photographers typically only have a single source of income: the licensing of their photos).
1095:
1395:, consumers found in possession of stolen goods can have them confiscated if they are traced, even if they did not know they were stolen. Though they themselves do not usually face criminal prosecution, they are still left without the goods they paid for and have little if any recourse to get their money back. This may make some averse to buying goods that they think may be from the underground market, even if in fact they are legitimate (for example, items sold at a
1494:
2020:
1685:
1051:
1272:" circumvents the costs of, and is excluded from the benefits and rights incorporated in, the laws and administrative rules covering property relationships, commercial licensing, labor contracts, torts, financial credit, and social security systems. A summary measure of the informal economy is the income generated by economic agents that operate informally. The informal sector is the part of an economy that is
1967:
2071:
duplicated repeatedly with no loss of quality, and passed on electronically at little to no cost, the effective underground market value of media is zero, differentiating it from nearly all other forms of underground economic activity. The issue is compounded by widespread indifference to enforcing copyright law, both with governments and the public at large. Additionally,
1434:
studies show that it tends to flourish more in poorer countries, and in areas with large numbers of unattached men, such as around military bases. For instance, an empirical study showed that the supply of prostitutes rose abruptly in Denver and
Minneapolis in 2008 when the Democratic and Republican National Conventions took place there.
1861:, wherein a person or group (e.g., a criminal gang) indicates to a store owner that they could protect her/his store from potential damage, damage that the same person or group would otherwise inflict, while the correlation of threat and protection may be more or less deniably veiled, distinguishing it from the more direct act of
2228:) will generally be payable by the final customer at the physical place of making the purchase. When fuel is transported across borders for resale, such taxes can often be recovered and then relevant taxes are payable in the country of sale, but there are no customs checks on borders between countries within the
1856:
offered to solve a problem, such as for a problem that does not actually exist or that would not otherwise exist if the racket did not exist. Conducting a racket is called racketeering. The potential problem may be caused by the same party that offers to solve it, although that fact may be concealed,
1198:
There is no single underground economy; there are many. These underground economies are omnipresent, existing in market-oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape, or are excluded from the institutional
2176:
If foreign currency is difficult or illegal for local citizens to acquire, they will pay a premium to acquire it. U.S. currency is viewed as a relatively stable store of value and, since it does not leave a paper trail, it is also a convenient medium of exchange for both illegal transactions and for
2090:
or other means. Copyright holders also say that they did work creating their copyrighted material and they wish to get compensated for their work. No other system than copyright has been found to compensate artists and other creators for their work, and many artists do not have an alternative source
1798:
to a high-tax state can result in a profit of up to $ 3 million. Because traffic crossing U.S. state borders is not usually stopped or inspected to the same extent as happens at the country's international borders, interdicting this sort of smuggling (especially without causing major disruption
1319:
does not have to pay for production costs and/or taxes. This is usually the case in the underground economy. Criminals steal goods and sell them below the legal market price, but there is no receipt, guarantee, and so forth. When someone is hired to perform work and the client is unable to write off
2404:
had gone to the black market" and "prosecutions were like trying to stop a leak in a battleship", and it was said that official prices of such foods were set so low that their producers often sold their produce on the black market for higher prices; one such route (seen to operate at the market at
2298:
In some countries including Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and India sex toys are illegal, and are sold illegally, without compliance with regulations on safety, etc. Platforms used to sell sex toys on the black market include consumer-to-consumer online auction websites and private pages on social media
2282:, because a colored dye is added so it can be detected if used in other vehicles (e.g. a red dye in the UK, a green dye in Ireland). The saving is attractive enough to make for a black market in agricultural diesel, which was estimated in 2007 to cost the UK ÂŁ350 million annually in lost tax.
1829:
justifies its stance on the issue by stating, "Payment for... organs is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and human trafficking." Despite prohibitions, it was estimated that 5% of all organ recipients
1137:
or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services whose production and distribution is prohibited or restricted by law, non-compliance with the rule constitutes a black-market trade
1248:
The "unrecorded economy" circumvents the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. A summary measure of the unrecorded economy is the amount of unrecorded income, namely the amount of income that should (under existing rules and conventions) be
1932:
homes where the tenant illegally rents out the government-subsidized home at a higher rent. In Sweden, rental contracts with regulated rent can be bought on the black market, either from the current tenant or sometimes directly from the property owner. Specialized black-market dealers assist the
1781:
The United
Kingdom has some of the highest taxes on tobacco products in the world and strict limits on the amount of tobacco that can be imported duty-free from other countries, leading to widespread attempts to smuggle relatively cheap tobacco from low tax countries into the U.K. Such smuggling
1433:
is illegal or highly regulated in many countries. This demonstrates the underground economy, because of consistent high demand from customers, relatively high pay, but labor-intensive and low-skilled work, which attracts a continual supply of workers. While prostitution exists in every country,
1240:
The "unreported economy" circumvents or evades institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. A summary measure of the unreported economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. A complementary measure of the unreported
2086:" and other such material copied to tape or disk. Copyright holders typically attest the act of theft to be in the profits forgone to the pirates. However, this makes the unsubstantiated assumption that the pirates would have bought the copyrighted material if it had not been available through
2070:
technology make this cheap and easy to do. Copyright-holders and other proponents of copyright laws have found this phenomenon hard to stop through the courts, as the operations are distributed and widespread, traversing national borders and thus legal systems. Since digital information can be
1891:
Where taxicabs, buses, and other transportation providers are strictly regulated or monopolized by government, a black market typically flourishes to provide transportation to poorly served or overpriced communities. In the United States, some cities restrict entry to the taxicab market with a
2285:
In countries including India and Nepal, the price of fuel is set by the government, and it is illegal to sell the fuel at a higher price. During the petrol crisis in Nepal, black marketing in fuel became common, especially during mass petrol shortage. At times, people queued for hours or even
1145:
Participants try to hide their illegal behavior from the government or regulatory authority. Cash is the preferred medium of exchange in illegal transactions, since cash transactions are less easily traced. Common motives for operating in black markets are to trade contraband, avoid taxes and
1614:
In
England and Wales, certain categories of weapons used for hunting may be owned by qualified residents but must be registered with the local police force and kept within a locked cabinet. Among those who may purchase weapons on the black market are people who are unable to pass the legal
1892:
medallion system (taxicabs must get a special license and display it on a medallion in the vehicle). In most such jurisdictions it is legal to sell the medallions, but the limited supply and resulting high prices of medallions have led to a market in unlicensed
2124:
The government sets ("pegs") the local currency at some arbitrary level to another currency that does not reflect its true market value. Certain purchases of foreign currency may be permitted at the official rate; otherwise a less favourable black market rate
1332:
They may be more expensive than legal market prices. For example, if the product is difficult to acquire or produce, dangerous to handle, is strictly rationed, or is not easily available legally if at all. If exchange of goods is made illegal by some sort of
2449:– taxes levied on products deemed harmful such as alcohol and tobacco – may increase the black market supply. One argument for legalizing marijuana is the elimination of the black market, and taxes from that economy becoming available for the government.
1199:
system of rules, rights, regulations, and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate:
1602:
the arms from countries where they were bought legally or stolen, or by stealing from arms manufacturers within the country itself, using insiders. In cases where the underground economy is unable to smuggle firearms, they can also satisfy requests by
1786:. British authorities have aggressively tried to detect and confiscate such illegal imports, and to prosecute those caught. Nevertheless, it has been reported that "27% of cigarettes and 68% of roll your own tobacco is purchased on the black market".
1351:
No government, no global nonprofit, no multinational enterprise can seriously claim to be able to replace the 1.8 billion jobs created by the economic underground. In truth, the best hope for growth in most emerging economies lies in the shadows.
1245:": the difference between the amount of tax revenues due the fiscal authority and the amount of tax revenue actually collected. In the U.S. unreported income is estimated to be $ 2 trillion resulting in a "tax gap" of $ 450–600 billion.
3253:
2428:
entertainment. Also if a
Vietnamese civilian wanted something that was hard to get, he would buy it at double the price from one of the soldiers, who had a monthly ration card and thus had access to the military stores. The transactions
2165:, and has been observed in transition countries such as Cambodia and in some Latin American countries. Some countries, such as Ecuador, abandoned their local currency and use U.S. dollars, essentially for this reason, a process known as
1528:
Although law enforcement agencies intercept a fraction of drug traffickers and incarcerate thousands of wholesale and retail sellers and users, the demand for such drugs and profit margins encourage new distributors to enter the market.
1732:, the term "bootlegging" was popularized when thousands of city dwellers would sell liquor from flasks they kept in their boot leg all across major cities and rural areas. The term "rum-running" most likely originated at the start of
1403:
However, in some situations, consumers may conclude that they are better off using black market services, particularly when government regulations hinder what would otherwise be a legitimate competitive service. For example, in
2135:
A government may officially set the rate of exchange of its currency with that of other, "harder" currencies. When it does so, the peg may overvalue the local currency relative to what its market value would be if it were a
2050:, sometimes even before the official release of the title. A determined counterfeiter with a few hundred dollars can make copies that are digitally identical to an original with no loss in quality; innovations in consumer
1449:, where prostitution is legal but regulated, illegal prostitutes exist whose services are offered more cheaply without regard for the legal requirements or procedures—health checks, standards of accommodation, and so on.
2151:
is viewed as a relatively stable and safe currency and is often used abroad as a second currency. In 2012, US$ 340 billion, roughly 37 percent of all U.S. currency, was believed to be circulating abroad. The
3254:
https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2012/August/drug-trafficking-a-business-affecting-communities-globally.html#:~:text=Drug%20trafficking%20%2D%20the%20global%20illicit,be%20a%20%2432%20billion%20industry
1216:
The "illegal economy" consists of economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes that define the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. Illegal-economy participants produce and distribute prohibited
1157:, in which commodities are distributed through channels that, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer, and the white market, in which trade is legal and official.
1328:
services), the client may be inclined to request a lower price (usually paid in cash) in exchange for foregoing a receipt, which enables the service provider to avoid reporting the income on his or her tax
1479:. People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen.
3398:
3384:
2156:
study of the amount of currency held overseas suggests that only 25 percent of U.S. currency was held abroad in 2014. The widespread substitution of U.S. currency for local currency is known as
1265:. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded (non-observed) economy. But little consensus exists on the size of the unreported economies of transitional countries.
5249:
2224:, it is legal for a person or business to buy fuel in one EU state for use in a vehicle in another, as well as a small amount of fuel in a container, but as with other goods, taxes (such as
1517:. Many people nonetheless continue to use illegal drugs, and a black market exists to supply them. Despite law enforcement efforts to intercept them, demand remains high, providing a large
2385:
than had actually happened. Another in
Britain was supplies from the U.S., intended only for use on U.S. army bases on British land, but leaked into the local native British black market.
2075:
with copyright laws, on the grounds that they unfairly criminalize competition, allowing the copyright-holder to effectively monopolize related industries. Copyright-holders also may use
5076:
2299:
websites. In black market venues in
Cambodia, sex toys have been seized alongside aphrodisiac products. It has been suggested that if efforts in North America to ban realistic-looking
4045:
2286:
overnight to get fuel. Petrol pump operators were alleged to hoard the fuel and sell it to black marketeers. Black marketing in vehicle/cooking fuel became widespread during the
2409:) was to sell live poultry to members of the public; each purchaser would sign a form promising that he was buying the birds to breed from, but then take them home for eating.
1598:). The black market supplies the demands for weaponry that cannot be obtained legally or may only be obtained legally after obtaining permits and paying fees. This may be by
1171:, a process used to conceal the illegitimate source of the money. Because of the clandestine nature of the black economy, it is not possible to determine its size and scope.
1374:
They may prefer legal suppliers, as these are strictly regulated and easier to contact. In contrast, black market vendors are unregulated and difficult to hold accountable;
3548:
Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (2011). "A Criminological
Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward".
3982:
E. L. Feige et al. "Unofficial
Dollarization in Latin America: Currency Substitution, Network Externalities and Irreversibility", in Dean, Salvatore and Willett (eds.)
3996:
2105:
Money itself may be subject to a black market. Money may be exchangeable for a differing amount of the same currency if it has been acquired illegally and needs to be
1799:
to interstate commerce) is difficult. Low-tax states are generally the major tobacco producers, and have come under criticism for their reluctance to increase taxes.
5371:
4032:
You can carry 10 litres (maximum) in a portable container, in addition to the fuel contained in your fuel tank. This rule applies to any type of motorised vehicle.
3796:
2979:"Global Bazaar: Street Markets and Shantytowns Forge the World's Urban Future Shantytowns, favelas and jhopadpattis turn out to be places of surprising innovation"
4156:
Klein, Wilhelm EJ, and Vivian Wenli Lin. "Sex robots revisited: A reply to the campaign against sex robots." ACM SIGCAS Computers and
Society 47.4 (2018): 107-121
1977:
3385:
https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1933?amount=200000#:~:text=Value%20of%20%24200%2C000%20from%201933,cumulative%20price%20increase%20of%202%2C179.05%25
2433:
the on-base maids to the local populace. Although these activities were illegal, only flagrant or large-scale black-marketeers were prosecuted by the military.
5310:
4582:
Official March 2000 French
Parliamentary Report on the obstacles on the control and repression of financial criminal activity and of money-laundering in Europe
2381:
encouraged widespread black market activity. One source of black-market meat under wartime rationing was farmers declaring fewer domestic animal births to the
5168:
5127:
5109:
2838:
Feige, Edgar L.; Urban, Ivica (2008). "Measuring underground (unobserved, non-observed, unrecorded) economies in transition countries: Can we trust GDP?".
1803:
eventually agreed to raise its taxes from 5 cents to 35 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes, although this remains far below the national average. As of 2010,
1768:, where prices ran high. It was said that some ships carried $ 200,000 (roughly equivalent to US$ 4.5 million in 2022) in contraband in a single run.
3402:
4235:
4101:
1081:
2278:
In some countries, diesel fuel for agricultural vehicles or domestic use is taxed at a much lower rate than that for other vehicles. This is known as
1611:
to use for illegal activities, gun collectors, and otherwise law-abiding citizens interested in protecting their dwellings, families, or businesses.
1311:
Goods and services acquired illegally and/or transacted for in an illegal manner may exchange above or below the price of legal market transactions:
3703:
1191:
The literature on the black market has not established a common terminology and has instead offered many synonyms including: subterranean, hidden,
4505:
Feige, Edgar L (2016). "Reflections on the meaning and measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the "Shadow Economy"?".
2892:
Portes, Alejandro; Sassen-Koob, Saskia (1987). "Making it underground: Comparative material on the informal sector in western market economies".
1988:
1947:
Items such as medicines as well as essential aircraft and automobile parts (e.g. brakes, motor parts, etc.) are counterfeited on a large scale.
5145:
3206:
3455:"North Carolina's Cigarette Tax Increase Is A Small Step In The Right Direction But Kids and Taxpayers Will Miss Benefits of Greater Increase"
5278:
4055:
1146:
regulations, or evade price controls or rationing. Typically, the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article, e.g., "
1834:
estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $ 600 million and $ 1.2 billion per year across many countries.
5381:
5361:
4592:, third section on "Luxembourg's political dependency toward the financial sector: the Clearstream affair" (pp. 83–111 on PDF version)
4129:
1870:
4143:
1655:
In many developing countries, living animals are captured in the wild and sold as pets. Wild animals are also hunted and killed for their
5419:
5254:
5098:
1924:, which provide housing below the market cost, there may be a black market for housing rentals. For instance, in the UK there is illegal
5266:
5162:
4604:
3224:
1782:
efforts range from vacationers concealing relatively small quantities of tobacco in their luggage to large-scale enterprises linked to
1262:
4615:
3752:
2290:; even after it was eased and petrol imports resumed, people were not getting the fuel as intended, and resorted to the black market.
3599:
3594:
3672:
David Witwer, "'The Most Racketeer-Ridden Union in America': The Problem of Corruption in the Teamsters Union During the 1930s", in
2719:
1830:
engaged in commercial organ transplant in 2005. Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by
5196:
3287:
3145:
Cunningham, S.; Kendall, T. D. (2011). "The Economic Returns to Good Looks and Risky Sex in the Bangladesh Commercial Sex Market".
2756:
Feige, Edgar L. (2016). "The Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the "Shadow Economy"?".
1437:
Prostitutes in the black market generally operate with some degree of secrecy, sometimes negotiating prices and activities through
3088:
5238:
5103:
920:
1670:, and sometimes in raw-milk cheese which is legal in a number of EU countries but banned in the U.S. if aged less than 60 days.
5326:
5243:
4318:
2932:
1874:
1074:
4402:
3969:, "Dynamics of Currency Substitution, Asset Substitution and De facto Dollarisation and Euroisation in Transition Countries",
3055:
2144:
workers, may be able to use the black market to buy the local currency at better exchange rates than they can get officially.
5190:
5132:
5061:
4412:
4200:
3687:
3189:
2942:
2147:
In situations of financial instability and inflation, citizens may substitute a foreign currency for the local currency. The
1525:
to keep drugs supplied. The United Nations has reported that the retail market value of illegal drugs is $ 502 billion.
235:
5409:
5404:
5185:
5115:
4646:
1250:
1370:
Even when the underground market offers lower prices, consumers may still buy on the legal market when possible, because:
5331:
5226:
5220:
3550:
3511:
1825:(WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. The
1408:, many consumers actively prefer illegal taxi cabs, citing that they are more available, convenient, and fairly priced.
5056:
4291:
4016:
1468:
1106:
509:
5232:
5156:
4560:
3769:
2382:
2006:
1067:
444:
4367:"Where Has the Currency Gone? And Why? The Underground Economy and Personal Income Tax Evasion in the US, 1970–2008"
5424:
5414:
5321:
2840:
2389:
1733:
17:
2116:
The rate of exchange between a local and foreign currency may be subject to a black market, often described as a "
5434:
5121:
3595:"The State of the International Organ Trade: A Provisional Picture Based on Integration of Available Information"
2192:
have been used as a medium of exchange in black market transactions. Cryptocurrencies are sometimes favored over
1908:, for example, it is not uncommon for private individuals to provide illegal taxicab service for city residents.
1292:. This is hidden from the state for tax, social security, or labour law purposes but is legal in other aspects.
5439:
5208:
5202:
4674:
4459:
2494:
2469:
2225:
610:
3845:
2776:"America's Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S."
5316:
5214:
5174:
3679:
2894:
2464:
1055:
950:
670:
660:
31:
4115:
3331:
Murphy, Mary (1994). "Bootlegging Mothers and Drinking Daughters: Gender and Prohibition in Butte Montana".
1456:, where legal prostitution is regulated, hotels may require both parties to identify themselves, to prevent
5499:
5376:
5366:
5260:
5150:
4705:
4595:
2417:
2324:
Often certain types of illegal products are traded for each other, depending on the geographical location.
2229:
1438:
1195:, shadow, informal, clandestine, illegal, unobserved, unreported, unrecorded, second, parallel, and black.
980:
35:
3716:
4428:
3266:
2642:
1659:, hide, and organs, the latter of which and other animal parts are sold for use in traditional medicine.
5071:
4581:
1942:
1831:
1509:
From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many countries began to ban the possession or use of some
4497:
Frey, B. S., and Schneider, F. (2015). Informal and Underground Economics. In: James D. Wright (ed.),
4424:"Defining And Estimating Underground And Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach"
3425:
2638:"Defining And Estimating Underground And Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach"
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5474:
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1897:
1886:
1822:
1453:
903:
831:
252:
228:
5092:
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4457:
Schneider, Friedrich; Enste, Dominik H. (2000). "Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences".
4357:
3131:
2854:
4829:
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2349:
often impose restrictions on use of critical resources that are needed for the war effort, such as
1728:
1615:
requirements for registration—convicted felons or those suffering from mental illness for example.
439:
4552:
4071:
2131:
The government taxes officially exchanging the local currency for another currency, or vice versa.
1981:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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5484:
4710:
3506:
2978:
1005:
955:
836:
564:
434:
172:
3182:
Data thieves in action : examining the international market for stolen personal information
2216:
A black market fuel vendor in Tunisia sells smuggled gasoline to a passerby at a roadside stand.
2128:
A government makes it difficult or illegal for its citizens to own much or any foreign currency.
1748:. Rum's cheapness made it a low-profit item for the rum-runners, and they moved on to smuggling
5509:
4841:
4468:
2849:
2678:
2221:
2197:
2117:
1956:
1281:
1015:
414:
102:
5341:
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3823:
3025:
1807:
has refused to follow suit and raise taxes from seven cents per pack (the lowest in the USA).
5066:
4846:
4809:
4344:
3454:
3118:
2801:"New estimates of overseas U.S. currency holdings, the Underground economy and the "Tax Gap""
2679:"New Estimates of U.S. Currency Abroad, the Domestic Money Supply and the Unreported Economy"
2539:
2166:
1816:
1289:
1010:
655:
345:
315:
300:
4166:
3313:
3232:
5494:
4764:
4689:
4612:
3721:
3634:
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since the transaction itself is illegal. Such transactions include the illegal drug trade,
915:
723:
620:
584:
429:
362:
310:
221:
4257:
2531:, a book about those involved with the underground economies and grey markets of the world
8:
5464:
4871:
4632:
4216:
4050:
3430:
2983:
2727:
2397:
2287:
2244:
2100:
1637:, is an industry worth almost as much as the drug production industry in some countries.
1472:
1362:
1258:
1222:
1025:
970:
965:
898:
888:
574:
409:
107:
62:
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4814:
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3350:
3333:
3162:
2911:
2867:
2701:
2659:
2595:
2527:
2499:
2318:
1921:
1857:
with the intent to engender continual patronage for the racketeer. An archetype is the
1706:
where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling is usually done to circumvent
1703:
1488:
1457:
1338:
1134:
1030:
990:
861:
766:
385:
367:
357:
350:
3915:
3648:
3479:
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1984:
5002:
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4589:
4556:
4527:
4514:
4441:
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4297:
4287:
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3756:
3683:
3626:
3567:
3563:
3530:
3185:
3000:
2938:
2915:
2705:
2655:
2565:
2479:
2137:
2110:
2059:
1858:
1689:
1551:
1530:
1510:
1425:
1392:
1285:
1273:
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635:
615:
402:
395:
390:
152:
67:
4423:
4393:
4325:
3579:
2871:
2637:
2259:. The direction of smuggling can change depending on variation in the taxes and the
5336:
5046:
5017:
4904:
4834:
4824:
4804:
4548:
4478:
4449:
4437:
4381:
4279:
3882:
3875:"New Estimates of U.S. Currency Abroad, the Underground Economy, and the "Tax Gap""
3616:
3608:
3559:
3520:
3342:
3166:
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1591:
1546:
1382:
1316:
1269:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1168:
876:
811:
796:
748:
738:
732:
705:
690:
461:
424:
207:
202:
197:
3942:
2800:
2775:
2581:
2369:. A black market then develops to supply rationed goods at exorbitant prices. The
2275:; indeed sometimes diesel will be smuggled in one direction and petrol the other.
2212:
5293:
4997:
4992:
4669:
4619:
4585:
4271:
4265:
4111:
3943:"The myth of the "cashless society": How much of America's currency is overseas?"
2474:
2425:
2312:
2067:
2023:
A street vendor in Thailand has set up a display of illegal copies of DVD movies.
1866:
1783:
1749:
1624:
1522:
1498:
1321:
1179:
1000:
960:
925:
821:
781:
776:
743:
589:
569:
559:
549:
534:
514:
449:
335:
260:
3997:"Follow The Bitcoin: How We Got Busted Buying Drugs On Silk Road's Black Market"
3207:"The ripple effect of identity theft: What happens to my data once it's stolen?"
1936:
5469:
5051:
5007:
4924:
4275:
3966:
3870:
3525:
2484:
2374:
2272:
2185:
2079:
to discriminate against selected populations price-wise and availability-wise.
2072:
1929:
1849:
1843:
1804:
1800:
1650:
1476:
1334:
985:
801:
695:
539:
4283:
3886:
2863:
2697:
2236:
even when prices before tax are equal, in a form that is illegal as a form of
5458:
4971:
4914:
4577:
Havocscope Black Markets – Database and statistics on black market activities
4309:
4261:
3480:"State Sales, Gasoline, Cigarette, and Alcohol Tax Rates by State, 2000–2010"
2505:
2406:
2260:
2170:
2161:
2031:
2027:
1761:
1663:
1518:
1396:
1378:
1035:
1020:
826:
816:
806:
791:
771:
700:
544:
466:
377:
340:
330:
320:
167:
1094:
5012:
4964:
4959:
4919:
4819:
4789:
4528:"Professor Schneider's Shadow Economy: What do we really Know? A Rejoinder"
4385:
3630:
3571:
3534:
3288:"Illegal logging industry worth almost as much as drug production industry"
3158:
3004:
2378:
2193:
2087:
1917:
1575:
1514:
1471:, financial information like credit card and bank account information, and
1430:
1234:
1139:
910:
786:
650:
645:
640:
625:
554:
529:
524:
471:
325:
82:
3612:
2317:
People engaged in the black market may run their business hidden behind a
1873:
in June 1927 in a statement about the influence of organized crime in the
1666:, laws requiring the pasteurization of milk have created black markets in
1142:(where prohibited), illegal currency transactions, and human trafficking.
4976:
4934:
4929:
4894:
4861:
4744:
3399:"Illegal Cigarettes Partnership Must Address All Aspects of Black Market"
3383:
Inflation Calculator. "$ 200,000 in 1933 is worth $ 4,558,092.31 today."
3369:
2489:
2442:
2413:
2401:
2268:
2256:
2237:
2178:
2148:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1646:
1534:
1493:
1446:
1325:
1299:
can also be used in reference to a specific part of the economy in which
1192:
1154:
975:
930:
893:
871:
866:
479:
454:
157:
72:
46:
4482:
3874:
3734:
2964:
2120:" or similar terms. This may happen for one or more of several reasons:
5429:
5250:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
4944:
4899:
4856:
4655:
4490:
4106:
3354:
2515:
2141:
2047:
1893:
1795:
1595:
1300:
1277:
305:
273:
162:
3026:"Jury orders student to pay $ 675,000 for illegally downloading music"
1925:
4866:
4794:
4754:
4735:
3739:
3365:
2370:
2366:
2342:
2279:
2233:
2019:
1901:
1862:
1753:
1745:
1699:
1608:
1599:
1567:
1502:
1405:
1163:
is the proceeds of an illegal transaction, on which income and other
1111:
1099:
995:
519:
484:
419:
283:
278:
142:
117:
77:
3346:
30:"Black Market" and "Black money" redirect here. For other uses, see
4939:
4909:
4679:
4076:
3846:"Drug Wars: Special Reports: The Black Peso Money Laudering System"
3824:"Labels may be losing money, but artists are making more than ever"
2907:
2566:"Risky business: Harlem pimps' work decisions and economic returns"
2544:
2521:
2441:
A classic example of new regulation creating a black market is the
2354:
2201:
2158:
2063:
2043:
1905:
1684:
1667:
1656:
1634:
1604:
1579:
1555:
A tower of confiscated smuggled weapons about to be incinerated in
372:
147:
112:
4301:
2445:
of alcohol. When such a law disappears, so does the black market.
4851:
4749:
4404:
The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion
2618:
The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion
2459:
2446:
2189:
2083:
1587:
1583:
1556:
1442:
1242:
1131:
728:
504:
137:
4499:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
4144:"Meeting a Dildo Dealer in Cambodia, Where Sex Toys Are Illegal"
3396:
1533:
activists draw parallels between the illegal drug trade and the
5179:
4606:
The Underground Economy: Global Evidence of Its Size and Impact
4001:
3755:(in Swedish, "The rental one-bedroom is yours for 300 000 "),
2358:
2300:
2252:
2034:, particularly in Asia and Latin America, often sell copies of
1765:
1737:
1630:
1571:
1184:
1050:
856:
4195:(facsimile ed.). London: Imperial War Museum. July 1945.
2773:
2232:. Differences in tax rates can thus lead to opportunities for
1341:, their prices will tend to rise as a result of that sanction.
5139:
4799:
4624:
4576:
2362:
1937:
Counterfeit medicine, essential aircraft and automobile parts
1853:
1560:
3674:
Kreike, Emmanuel, Ed.; Jordan, William Chester, Ed. (2004).
4784:
2886:
The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World
2421:
2350:
2264:
2082:
Copyright infringement law goes as far as to deem illegal "
2035:
1978:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1698:, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting (
1566:
The laws of many countries forbid or restrict the personal
1253:) but is not. Unrecorded income is a particular problem in
5175:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
3507:"Organ Trafficking: Global Solutions for a Global Problem"
2140:. Those in possession of the harder currency, for example
1416:
Some examples of underground economic activities include:
4501:, 2nd edition, Vol. 12. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 50–55.
4046:"IRA fuel smuggling 'drove oil giants to abandon Ulster'"
2563:
2346:
2338:
2051:
1826:
1757:
1741:
1723:
1707:
1688:
Broken barrels of liquor after a police raid in 1925, in
1167:
have not been paid. Black money is often associated with
1164:
5372:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
2596:"Internal Revenue Service Summary of Estimation Methods"
2564:
Horning, A.; Thomas, C.; Marcus, A.; Sriken, J. (2019).
4319:"Estimating the Underground Economy using MIMIC Models"
3180:
Holt, Thomas J.; Smirnova, Olga; Chua, Yi-Ting (2016).
3053:
2055:
2039:
1607:
their own firearms. Those who may buy this way include
1419:
4407:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 378.
3086:
2934:
A Commodified World?: Mapping the limits of capitalism
2774:
Feige, Edgar L. & Cebula, Richard (January 2011).
27:
Market in which goods or services are traded illegally
5169:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
5128:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
4613:
The Effects of a Black Market Using Supply and Demand
4167:"Organized Crime: The World's Largest Social Network"
3843:
3797:"Illegal downloading: What happens if you're caught?"
2113:
may be sold for a lesser amount of genuine currency.
1794:
Smuggling one truckload of cigarettes from a low-tax
5110:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
3770:"Documentary Filmmaker Supports BitTorrent Uploader"
1722:
is applied to smuggling over land. According to the
5311:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
3717:
Tracking down England's council house sublet cheats
2518:, black and grey markets in post-famine North Korea
1740:in the western Bahamas transported cheap Caribbean
1385:
if they knowingly participate in the black economy;
3397:Scottish Grocers' Federation (February 25, 2009).
3364:, Episode 1, "A Nation of Drunkards". Directed by
3147:The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy
2769:
2767:
2030:in countries where there is little enforcement of
1718:is more commonly applied to smuggling over water;
1320:the expense (particularly common for work such as
1315:They may be cheaper than legal market prices. The
3547:
3144:
3098:(1). Journal of Political Economy. Archived from
2930:
2891:
1388:They may have a moral dislike of black marketing;
5456:
3452:
3179:
1582:, either altogether or by classification (e.g.,
3940:
3735:'Egalitarian' Stockholm rents feed black market
2798:
2764:
1249:recorded in national accounting systems (e.g.,
5279:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
5146:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
5077:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
4456:
1640:
1537:of alcohol in the United States in the 1920s.
4640:
3916:"Federal Reserve Flow of Funds Z.1 Table 204"
3821:
2826:Measuring the Non-Observed Economy A Handbook
1075:
229:
5382:United Nations Convention against Corruption
5362:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
4185:
4173:. Vol. 19, no. 2. January 31, 2011
4130:"The fight to legalise sex toys in Thailand"
4043:
3702:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3673:
3049:
3047:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
1411:
1183:Mercado Negro, so called "Black Market", in
5420:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
5255:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
5099:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
2058:writers and the widespread availability of
1880:
5267:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
5163:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
4647:
4633:
3054:Christina Royster-Hemby (April 21, 2004).
2837:
2303:succeed, it may result in a black market.
1618:
1574:. These restrictions can range from small
1441:and subtle gestures. In countries such as
1082:
1068:
236:
222:
4553:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588459.001.0001
4542:
4472:
4236:"Boston's black-market cigarette problem"
3973:, September 2003, Vol. 45 #3 pp. 358–383.
3620:
3600:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3592:
3586:
3524:
3426:"Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism"
3314:"Inside the World of Black Market Cheese"
3044:
2853:
2742:
2251:, there has often been a black market in
2007:Learn how and when to remove this message
5197:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
4599:from National Center for Policy Analysis
4255:
4233:
4220:February 17, 1945, reprinted on page 30
3423:
3229:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
2976:
2970:
2211:
2200:and their ability to be traded over the
2018:
1933:property owners with such transactions.
1865:. Racketeering is often associated with
1683:
1550:
1492:
1337:sanction, such as with certain drugs or
1288:the informal sector is characterized by
1178:
1105:
1093:
5239:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
5104:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
3794:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2436:
1463:
14:
5457:
5327:Freedom of information laws by country
5244:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
4364:
3330:
3087:Lena Edlund & Evelyn Korn (2002).
1817:Organ trade § Illegal organ trade
1153:The black market is distinct from the
5191:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
5133:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
5062:International Anti-Corruption Academy
4628:
4525:
4504:
4421:
4400:
3869:
3504:
3498:
3204:
2965:https://www.ice.gov/features/wildlife
2755:
2676:
2635:
2615:
1284:(GNP), unlike the formal economy. In
5410:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
5405:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
5186:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
5116:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
4234:Hartnett, Kevin (February 2, 2014).
4102:"Red diesel abuse costs UK millions"
4017:"Alcohol, tobacco and excise duties"
3941:Feige, Edgar L. (February 2, 2012).
3541:
2977:Neuwirth, Robert (August 18, 2011).
2624:
2609:
1960:
1950:
1810:
1420:Sexual exploitation and forced labor
1251:National Income and Product Accounts
5332:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
5227:National Anticorruption Directorate
5221:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
4547:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4316:
3822:Cory Doctorow (November 13, 2009).
3551:American Journal of Transplantation
3512:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
3453:Matthew L. Myers (August 5, 2005).
24:
5057:Group of States Against Corruption
4267:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
4249:
4114:. November 7, 2007. Archived from
3844:Oriana Zill & Lowell Bergman.
3056:"Feature: A Baltimore Way of Life"
2799:Feige, Edgar L. (September 2009).
2502:, black market in post WWII Europe
2377:enforced in many countries during
2306:
1469:Personally identifying information
1381:, customers may be charged with a
1377:In some jurisdictions such as the
1345:
25:
5521:
5233:Investigative Committee of Russia
4570:
4507:Journal of Tax Administration Vol
4072:"Fuel smuggling down say customs"
4044:Tom Peterkin (January 31, 2006).
2997:10.1038/scientificamerican0911-56
2888:. Harper and Row, New York, 1989
1911:
1871:Employers' Association of Chicago
1776:
1056:Business and economics portal
5425:Russian anti-corruption campaign
5415:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
5322:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
3795:Verkaik, Robert (July 8, 2009).
3564:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03864.x
2841:Journal of Comparative Economics
2416:, American soldiers would spend
2390:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1965:
1789:
1734:Prohibition in the United States
1513:, such as in the United States'
1482:
1049:
5261:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
5122:National Supervisory Commission
4545:Black Market Britain: 1939–1955
4227:
4209:
4159:
4150:
4136:
4122:
4094:
4037:
4009:
3989:
3976:
3960:
3934:
3908:
3863:
3837:
3815:
3788:
3762:
3753:"Hyrestvåan är din för 300 000"
3746:
3728:
3710:
3666:
3641:
3472:
3446:
3424:Horiwitz, Sari (June 8, 2004).
3417:
3390:
3377:
3324:
3306:
3280:
3259:
3247:
3217:
3198:
3173:
3138:
3080:
3018:
2958:
2924:
2878:
2831:
2818:
2345:or other large-scale, extended
1837:
1263:UN standard national accounting
5209:Investigation Task Force Sweep
5203:National Accountability Bureau
4675:Corruption in local government
4663:Corruption in different fields
4654:
4460:Journal of Economic Literature
4256:Aligicia, Paul Dragos (2008).
3459:Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids
2792:
2712:
2670:
2588:
2557:
2495:Household electricity approach
2470:Black market in wartime France
2337:Black markets flourish during
2321:business that is not illegal.
2109:before the money can be used.
1475:is bought and sold, mostly in
1391:In some jurisdictions such as
13:
1:
5317:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
5215:Central Anticorruption Bureau
4532:Journal of Tax Administration
4324:. Ideas.repec. Archived from
3680:University of Rochester Press
3256:. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
2937:. Zed Books. pp. 73–74.
2895:American Journal of Sociology
2758:Journal of Tax Administration
2620:. Cambridge University Press.
2582:10.1080/01639625.2018.1556863
2551:
2465:Black hat (computer security)
2418:Military Payment Certificates
2169:(see also the example of the
1869:. The term was coined by the
1736:(1920–1933), when ships from
1174:
951:Commons-based peer production
671:Socialism of the 21st century
32:Black Market (disambiguation)
5377:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
5367:International asset recovery
5151:Central Vigilance Commission
4706:Corruption Perceptions Index
4442:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90081-8
3971:Comparative Economic Studies
3879:Crime, Law and Social Change
2686:Crime, Law and Social Change
2656:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90081-8
2230:European Union Customs Union
2181:both in the U.S and abroad.
1452:In other countries, such as
1150:black market in bush meat".
36:Black money (disambiguation)
7:
5435:2017–2019 Romanian protests
4374:Review of Economic Analysis
3205:Rossi, Ben (July 8, 2015).
2967:Retrieved 28 December 2023.
2692:(3). pp. 239-263: 239–263.
2605:. Internal Revenue Service.
2452:
2293:
2173:from the 1970s and 1980s).
2094:
1641:Animals and animal products
10:
5526:
5440:2017–2018 Russian protests
5072:Transparency International
5047:Global Financial Integrity
3593:Shimazono, Yosuke (2007).
3526:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.014
3089:"A Theory of Prostitution"
2931:Colin C. Williams (2005).
2365:, etc., typically through
2310:
2098:
1954:
1943:Counterfeit consumer goods
1940:
1884:
1841:
1832:Global Financial Integrity
1814:
1771:
1677:
1673:
1644:
1622:
1544:
1540:
1486:
1423:
1306:
1110:Illegal street traders in
29:
5400:2011 Azerbaijani protests
5390:
5350:
5301:
5292:
5085:
5039:
5030:
4985:
4887:
4877:Offshore financial centre
4728:
4719:
4698:
4680:Interest group corruption
4662:
4284:10.4135/9781412965811.n22
3887:10.1007/s10611-011-9348-8
3505:Jafar, Tazeen H. (2009).
2864:10.1016/j.jce.2008.02.003
2698:10.1007/s10611-011-9348-8
2327:
2271:) and Northern Ireland's
2243:For example, between the
1916:In places where there is
1898:illegal taxicab operation
1887:Illegal taxicab operation
1823:World Health Organization
1662:In several states in the
1523:organized criminal groups
1412:Traded goods and services
445:Socialist-oriented market
5342:Whistleblower protection
4830:Cryptocurrency and crime
4543:Roodhouse, Mark (2013).
4526:Feige, Edgar L. (2016).
4422:Feige, Edgar L. (2009).
4401:Feige, Edgar L. (1989).
4054:. London. Archived from
3984:The Dollarization Debate
3362:Prohibition (miniseries)
3225:"World Drug Report 2005"
2677:Feige, Edgar L. (2012).
2636:Feige, Edgar L. (2009).
2616:Feige, Edgar L. (1989).
1881:Transportation providers
4711:Economics of corruption
4618:March 26, 2009, at the
4597:The Underground Economy
3678:. Rochester, New York:
2332:
2263:between the Republic's
2207:
1629:The illegal logging of
1619:Illegally logged timber
173:Opposition to copyright
78:Stock market securities
5337:UK Bribery Act of 2010
5093:Oficina AnticorrupciĂłn
4842:Noble cause corruption
4699:Measures of corruption
4386:10.15353/rea.v6i1.1411
4352:Cite journal requires
4080:. Belfast. May 3, 2001
3267:"Illegal logging news"
3184:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3159:10.1515/1935-1682.3059
3126:Cite journal requires
2720:"Black Money in India"
2392:on February 17, 1945,
2222:European single market
2217:
2118:parallel exchange rate
2024:
1987:by rewriting it in an
1957:Copyright infringement
1692:
1563:
1506:
1368:
1282:gross national product
1209:The unrecorded economy
1206:The unreported economy
1188:
1115:
1103:
103:Copyright infringement
5067:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
4847:Professional courtesy
4810:Honest services fraud
4270:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
3986:, Oxford Press, 2003.
3637:on December 20, 2007.
3613:10.2471/blt.06.039370
3372:. Distributed by PBS.
3032:. ABC. August 3, 2009
2730:on September 18, 2018
2540:Unreported employment
2396:said that "the whole
2215:
2167:de jure dollarization
2022:
1852:is a service that is
1760:to major cities like
1687:
1554:
1501:has been termed as a
1496:
1349:
1290:unreported employment
1261:accounting system to
1257:that switched from a
1182:
1109:
1097:
5031:Institutions dealing
4765:Conflict of interest
4690:Political corruption
3920:U.S. Federal Reserve
3068:on February 14, 2012
3061:Baltimore City Paper
2437:Laws and regulations
2388:For example, in the
2341:. States engaged in
2194:centralized currency
2073:not all people agree
1464:Personal information
1339:wildlife trafficking
1255:transition countries
1212:The informal economy
981:Newly industrialized
724:Collective ownership
585:Vertical archipelago
5500:Underground culture
4872:Offshore investment
4483:10.1257/jel.38.1.77
4222:The Daily Telegraph
4217:The Daily Telegraph
4051:The Daily Telegraph
3431:The Washington Post
2984:Scientific American
2884:De Soto, Hernando,
2288:2015 Nepal blockade
2245:Republic of Ireland
2198:pseudonymous nature
2101:Fixed exchange rate
1704:alcoholic beverages
1363:Scientific American
1286:developed countries
1203:The illegal economy
1124:underground economy
966:Inclusive Democracy
108:First-sale doctrine
5273:Warioba Commission
5211:(Papua New Guinea)
4955:Regulatory capture
4760:Commercial bribery
4365:Cebula, R (2014).
4278:. pp. 36–37.
4146:. October 6, 2015.
4118:on August 7, 2009.
3922:. December 8, 2011
3725:, BBC, May 4, 2011
3334:American Quarterly
3320:. January 7, 2016.
3105:on October 5, 2013
2528:The Misfit Economy
2218:
2066:for most forms of
2025:
1989:encyclopedic style
1976:is written like a
1922:affordable housing
1693:
1564:
1511:recreational drugs
1507:
1489:Illegal drug trade
1458:child prostitution
1189:
1116:
1104:
1098:A black market in
904:Material balancing
386:Buddhist economics
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5288:
5287:
5026:
5025:
5003:Election security
4950:Political scandal
4685:Police corruption
4590:Arnaud Montebourg
4429:World Development
4414:978-0-521-26230-9
4317:Breusch, Trevor.
4224:February 17, 2015
4202:978-1-904897-11-8
3757:Svenska Dagbladet
3743:, August 30, 2010
3689:978-1-58046-173-3
3676:Corrupt histories
3191:978-1-137-58904-0
2944:978-1-84277-355-0
2643:World Development
2480:Counter-economics
2179:unreported income
2138:floating currency
2111:Counterfeit money
2017:
2016:
2009:
1951:Copyrighted media
1859:protection racket
1821:According to the
1811:Biological organs
1690:Elk Lake, Ontario
1592:automatic weapons
1531:Drug legalization
1426:Human trafficking
1393:England and Wales
1280:, or included in
1092:
1091:
602:By regional model
396:Sabbath economics
246:
245:
153:Counter-economics
131:Political aspects
16:(Redirected from
5517:
5505:Cyberpunk themes
5480:Informal economy
5475:Financial crimes
5299:
5298:
5037:
5036:
5018:Vote suppression
4905:Crony capitalism
4835:Hawala and crime
4825:Money laundering
4805:Graft (politics)
4785:Confidence trick
4726:
4725:
4720:Forms or aspects
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4566:
4539:
4522:
4494:
4476:
4453:
4418:
4397:
4371:
4361:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4323:
4313:
4244:
4243:
4231:
4225:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4132:. April 5, 2019.
4126:
4120:
4119:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3732:
3726:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3633:. Archived from
3624:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3519:(6): 1145–1157.
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3401:. Archived from
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3358:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3290:. Archived from
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3235:on July 20, 2006
3231:. Archived from
3221:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3064:. Archived from
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2857:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:. Archived from
2716:
2710:
2709:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2633:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2570:Deviant Behavior
2561:
2535:Repugnant market
2511:Informal economy
2432:
2383:Ministry of Food
2267:(and previously
2249:Northern Ireland
2186:cryptocurrencies
2155:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1547:Arms trafficking
1383:criminal offense
1366:
1322:home renovations
1270:informal economy
1241:economy is the "
1169:money laundering
1084:
1077:
1070:
1054:
1053:
812:Municipalization
797:Financialization
767:Collectivization
749:Social ownership
739:Private property
733:Common ownership
691:Common ownership
505:Closed (autarky)
462:State capitalism
440:Socialist market
425:Market socialist
261:Economic systems
248:
247:
238:
231:
224:
208:Victimless crime
203:Regional lockout
198:Informal economy
186:Related subjects
68:Broadcast piracy
43:
42:
21:
18:Shadow economies
5525:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5444:
5392:
5386:
5354:
5352:
5346:
5303:
5294:Anti-corruption
5284:
5081:
5033:with corruption
5032:
5022:
4998:Electoral fraud
4993:Ballot stuffing
4981:
4883:
4721:
4715:
4694:
4670:Corporate crime
4658:
4653:
4620:Wayback Machine
4586:Vincent Peillon
4573:
4563:
4474:10.1.1.716.8484
4436:(7): 989–1002.
4415:
4369:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4294:
4258:"Black Markets"
4252:
4250:Further reading
4247:
4232:
4228:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4112:Haymarket Group
4100:
4099:
4095:
4083:
4081:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4042:
4038:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3871:Feige, Edgar L.
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3801:The Independent
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3751:
3747:
3733:
3729:
3715:
3711:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3607:(12): 955–962.
3591:
3587:
3546:
3542:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3486:. April 1, 2010
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3405:on June 7, 2012
3395:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3347:10.2307/2713337
3329:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3294:on July 2, 2013
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:Information Age
3203:
3199:
3192:
3178:
3174:
3143:
3139:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3052:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2883:
2879:
2855:10.1.1.519.8803
2836:
2832:
2828:, Paris France.
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2765:
2754:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2650:(7): 989–1002.
2634:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2500:Hunger's Rogues
2475:Business ethics
2455:
2439:
2430:
2335:
2330:
2315:
2313:Organized crime
2309:
2307:Organized crime
2296:
2210:
2153:
2103:
2097:
2068:copy protection
2042:, and computer
2013:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1985:help improve it
1982:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1920:and subsidized
1914:
1889:
1883:
1867:organized crime
1846:
1840:
1819:
1813:
1792:
1784:organized crime
1779:
1774:
1750:Canadian whisky
1714:laws. The term
1682:
1676:
1653:
1645:Main articles:
1643:
1633:, according to
1627:
1625:Illegal logging
1621:
1549:
1543:
1491:
1485:
1477:darknet markets
1466:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1367:
1356:
1348:
1346:Consumer issues
1309:
1276:, monitored by
1177:
1088:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1006:Post-industrial
1001:Post-capitalist
961:Hunter-gatherer
946:
938:
937:
852:
844:
843:
822:Nationalization
782:Demutualization
777:Corporatization
762:
754:
753:
744:State ownership
719:
711:
710:
686:
678:
677:
603:
595:
594:
565:Robinson Crusoe
500:
499:By coordination
492:
491:
476:Traditionalist
336:Neomercantilist
296:
288:
269:
242:
213:
212:
188:
187:
178:
177:
133:
132:
123:
122:
98:
97:
88:
87:
73:Cellular phones
58:
57:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5490:Retail markets
5487:
5485:Price controls
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5052:Global Witness
5049:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Gerrymandering
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:Ghost soldiers
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4602:
4593:
4584:by French MPs
4579:
4572:
4571:External links
4569:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4540:
4523:
4502:
4495:
4454:
4419:
4413:
4398:
4362:
4354:|journal=
4331:on May 1, 2011
4314:
4293:978-1412965804
4292:
4276:Cato Institute
4262:Hamowy, Ronald
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4226:
4208:
4201:
4193:The Home Front
4184:
4158:
4149:
4135:
4121:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4058:on May 1, 2011
4036:
4008:
3988:
3975:
3967:Edgar L. Feige
3959:
3933:
3907:
3873:(April 2012).
3862:
3836:
3814:
3787:
3776:. May 14, 2009
3761:
3745:
3727:
3709:
3688:
3665:
3653:Dictionary.com
3649:"Racketeering"
3640:
3585:
3558:(3): 571–575.
3540:
3497:
3484:Tax Foundation
3471:
3445:
3416:
3389:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3341:(2): 174–194.
3323:
3305:
3279:
3258:
3246:
3216:
3197:
3190:
3172:
3137:
3128:|journal=
3079:
3043:
3017:
2969:
2957:
2943:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2908:10.1086/228705
2877:
2848:(2): 287–306.
2830:
2817:
2791:
2763:
2741:
2711:
2669:
2623:
2608:
2587:
2576:(2): 160–185.
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Darknet market
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2435:
2400:production of
2375:price controls
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2311:Main article:
2308:
2305:
2295:
2292:
2273:pound sterling
2209:
2206:
2184:More recently
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2099:Main article:
2096:
2093:
2028:Street vendors
2015:
2014:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1941:Main article:
1938:
1935:
1930:social housing
1913:
1912:Housing rental
1910:
1885:Main article:
1882:
1879:
1844:Racket (crime)
1842:Main article:
1839:
1836:
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1805:South Carolina
1801:North Carolina
1791:
1788:
1778:
1777:United Kingdom
1775:
1773:
1770:
1756:, and English
1678:Main article:
1675:
1672:
1651:Wildlife trade
1642:
1639:
1623:Main article:
1620:
1617:
1545:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1487:Main article:
1484:
1481:
1465:
1462:
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1375:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1326:cosmetological
1308:
1305:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1176:
1173:
1128:shadow economy
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:Resource-based
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
913:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
880:
879:
874:
869:
859:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
802:Liberalization
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
726:
720:
718:Property types
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
667:Latin America
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
630:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
407:
406:
405:
400:
399:
398:
388:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
303:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
264:
263:
257:
256:
244:
243:
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
99:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5522:
5511:
5510:Black markets
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5351:International
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5257:(South Korea)
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:International
5038:
5035:
5029:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:State capture
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Elite capture
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:of corruption
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4564:
4562:9780199588459
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4467:(1): 77–114.
4466:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4177:September 14,
4172:
4168:
4162:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3952:September 14,
3948:
3944:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3851:
3850:PBS Frontline
3847:
3840:
3825:
3818:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3759:, May 5, 2013
3758:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3434:. p. A04
3433:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3272:September 14,
3268:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3120:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2780:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2734:September 19,
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Illicit trade
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2407:Diss, Norfolk
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:exchange rate
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:due to their
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2171:Ghanaian cedi
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:dollarisation
2160:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2077:region-coding
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:copyright law
2029:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:This section
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1790:United States
1787:
1785:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:New York City
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:United States
1660:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:profit motive
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1497:In the U.S.,
1495:
1490:
1483:Illegal drugs
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1397:car boot sale
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:United States
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:Global Bazaar
1353:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Post-scarcity
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Expeditionary
954:
952:
949:
948:
942:
941:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
848:
847:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:Socialization
830:
828:
827:Privatization
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Mutualization
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Marketization
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:Expropriation
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:Communization
770:
768:
765:
764:
758:
757:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
715:
714:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
682:
681:
672:
669:
668:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
599:
598:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Decentralized
508:
506:
503:
502:
496:
495:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:Social credit
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Participatory
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
352:
349:
347:
346:Social market
344:
342:
341:Protectionist
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Laissez-faire
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
266:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
250:
249:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
217:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
168:Laissez-faire
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
127:
126:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
96:Legal aspects
92:
91:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5182:(Madagascar)
5106:(Bangladesh)
5013:Vote pairing
4965:Rent-setting
4960:Rent-seeking
4920:Failed state
4820:Match fixing
4790:Embezzlement
4769:Corporation
4741:Black market
4740:
4605:
4596:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4464:
4458:
4433:
4432:. Elsevier.
4427:
4403:
4380:(1): 36–52.
4377:
4373:
4345:cite journal
4333:. Retrieved
4326:the original
4266:
4240:Boston Globe
4239:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4192:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4170:
4161:
4152:
4138:
4124:
4116:the original
4105:
4096:
4082:. Retrieved
4075:
4060:. Retrieved
4056:the original
4049:
4039:
4031:
4024:. Retrieved
4020:
4011:
4000:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3946:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3919:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3878:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3800:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:TorrentFreak
3773:
3764:
3748:
3738:
3730:
3720:
3712:
3675:
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3652:
3643:
3635:the original
3604:
3598:
3588:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3516:
3510:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3429:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:the original
3392:
3379:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:the original
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3261:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3228:
3219:
3210:
3200:
3181:
3175:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3119:cite journal
3107:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3095:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3059:
3034:. Retrieved
3029:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2991:(3): 56–63.
2988:
2982:
2972:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2933:
2926:
2902:(1): 30–61.
2899:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2824:OECD (2002)
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:
2757:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:the original
2723:
2714:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2647:
2646:. Elsevier.
2641:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2590:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2526:
2440:
2424:service and
2411:
2387:
2379:World War II
2336:
2323:
2316:
2297:
2284:
2277:
2242:
2219:
2183:
2175:
2157:
2146:
2134:
2115:
2104:
2088:file sharing
2081:
2026:
2003:
1994:
1975:
1946:
1918:rent control
1915:
1890:
1854:fraudulently
1847:
1838:Racketeering
1820:
1793:
1780:
1727:
1726:documentary
1719:
1715:
1694:
1661:
1654:
1628:
1613:
1565:
1527:
1515:war on drugs
1508:
1473:medical data
1467:
1451:
1436:
1431:Prostitution
1429:
1415:
1402:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1310:
1297:black market
1296:
1294:
1267:
1247:
1239:
1235:prostitution
1215:
1197:
1190:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:prostitution
1127:
1123:
1120:black market
1119:
1117:
921:Peer-to-peer
916:Self-managed
851:Coordination
787:Deregulation
579:
472:Distributist
326:Mercantilist
193:Black market
192:
83:Green market
40:
5495:Tax evasion
5355:and efforts
5353:instruments
5304:enforcement
5246:(Singapore)
5159:(Indonesia)
5095:(Argentina)
4977:State crime
4935:Mafia state
4930:Kleptocracy
4895:Clientelism
4862:Tax evasion
4745:Grey market
4021:Your Europe
3370:Lynn Novick
3298:January 30,
3030:ABCnews.com
2490:Grey market
2443:prohibition
2431:ran through
2414:Vietnam War
2412:During the
2402:East Anglia
2238:tax evasion
2220:Within the
2154:most recent
2149:U.S. dollar
2048:video games
1746:speakeasies
1744:to Florida
1729:Prohibition
1720:bootlegging
1716:rum-running
1712:prohibition
1696:Rum-running
1680:Rum-running
1647:Ivory trade
1605:gunsmithing
1535:Prohibition
1447:Netherlands
1303:is traded.
1161:Black money
1155:grey market
1132:clandestine
1026:Traditional
976:Manorialism
971:Information
945:Other types
931:Open access
894:Cybernetics
636:Anglo-Saxon
621:Singaporean
580:Underground
575:Subsistence
480:Corporatist
455:Syndicalist
415:Communalist
301:Associative
295:By ideology
268:Major types
158:Free market
47:Grey market
5465:Corruption
5459:Categories
5430:Yo Soy 132
5275:(Tanzania)
5205:(Pakistan)
5118:(Cameroon)
4945:Plutocracy
4900:Coronelism
4857:Slush fund
4656:Corruption
4302:2008009151
3947:Mpra Paper
2805:Mpra Paper
2779:Mpra Paper
2552:References
2516:Jangmadang
2142:expatriate
1997:April 2017
1926:subletting
1894:carpooling
1796:U.S. state
1596:explosives
1301:contraband
1278:government
1225:, such as
1175:Definition
1031:Transition
991:Plantation
899:Indicative
761:Transition
611:East Asian
382:Religious
358:Democratic
331:Neoliberal
316:Democratic
306:Capitalist
274:Capitalism
163:Free trade
63:Automobile
5393:movements
5313:(pending)
5281:(Vietnam)
5269:(Ukraine)
5229:(Romania)
5223:(Romania)
5199:(Nigeria)
5193:(Myanmar)
5171:(Liberia)
5142:(Croatia)
5112:(Burundi)
4986:Elections
4867:Tax haven
4795:Extortion
4755:Collusion
4736:Baksheesh
4469:CiteSeerX
4335:March 25,
4310:750831024
4107:What Car?
3900:March 17,
3895:153877115
3740:The Local
3698:cite book
3366:Ken Burns
3318:vogue.com
2916:143609999
2850:CiteSeerX
2706:153877115
2447:Sin taxes
2371:rationing
2367:rationing
2343:total war
2280:dyed fuel
2234:arbitrage
2107:laundered
1902:Baltimore
1875:Teamsters
1863:extortion
1754:champagne
1752:, French
1700:smuggling
1609:criminals
1600:smuggling
1568:ownership
1503:cash crop
1454:Nicaragua
1439:codewords
1406:Baltimore
1295:The term
1274:not taxed
1259:socialist
1187:, Bolivia
1112:Barcelona
1100:Shinbashi
996:Plutonomy
877:Regulated
706:Voluntary
632:European
485:Feudalism
430:Mutualist
420:Communist
410:Socialist
391:Christian
311:Corporate
284:Communism
279:Socialism
143:Anarchism
118:Trademark
5302:Laws and
5235:(Russia)
5217:(Poland)
5165:(Latvia)
5124:(China)
5086:National
4940:Nepotism
4910:Cronyism
4815:Kickback
4616:Archived
4394:54666330
4084:March 6,
4077:BBC News
4062:March 6,
3926:March 5,
3855:March 6,
3829:March 5,
3807:March 5,
3803:. London
3780:March 5,
3722:Panorama
3658:June 29,
3631:18278256
3580:31587917
3572:22150956
3535:19880230
3490:March 6,
3464:March 6,
3438:March 5,
3409:March 5,
3239:March 5,
3109:March 6,
3072:March 5,
3010:March 5,
3005:21870444
2950:March 6,
2872:53489014
2810:March 5,
2784:March 5,
2545:Wide boy
2522:Koutouki
2453:See also
2355:gasoline
2294:Sex toys
2202:Internet
2188:such as
2159:de facto
2125:applies.
2095:Currency
2084:mixtapes
2064:Internet
2046:such as
2044:software
2038:, music
1906:Maryland
1708:taxation
1668:raw milk
1635:Interpol
1588:handguns
1580:firearms
1499:cannabis
1355:—
1317:supplier
1223:services
884:Planning
535:Informal
520:Dirigist
373:Georgist
368:Feminist
253:a series
251:Part of
148:Copyleft
113:Warranty
5391:Protest
5263:(Spain)
5153:(India)
4852:Scandal
4750:Bribery
4729:General
4519:2728060
4491:2565360
4450:7899012
4264:(ed.).
4026:June 2,
3622:2636295
3355:2713337
3167:1230622
3036:May 24,
2760:(30/1).
2664:7899012
2603:irs.gov
2460:Agorism
2394:members
2339:wartime
2301:sexbots
2190:bitcoin
2062:on the
1983:Please
1877:union.
1772:Tobacco
1674:Alcohol
1584:caliber
1572:weapons
1557:Nairobi
1541:Weapons
1445:or the
1443:Germany
1329:return.
1307:Pricing
1243:tax gap
1231:weapons
1114:in 2015
1102:in 1946
926:Sharing
889:In kind
837:Marxist
729:Commons
696:Private
685:Sectors
656:Rhenish
626:Keralan
616:Chinese
590:Virtual
570:Sharing
560:Planned
550:Natural
515:Digital
403:Islamic
363:Fascist
351:Welfare
138:Agorism
5180:BIANCO
4609:(1997)
4601:(1998)
4559:
4517:
4489:
4471:
4448:
4411:
4392:
4308:
4300:
4290:
4199:
4002:Forbes
3893:
3686:
3629:
3619:
3578:
3570:
3533:
3368:&
3353:
3188:
3165:
3003:
2941:
2914:
2870:
2852:
2704:
2662:
2426:sexual
2398:turkey
2359:rubber
2328:Causes
2257:diesel
2253:petrol
2060:cracks
1850:racket
1766:Boston
1738:Bimini
1631:timber
1594:, and
1576:knives
1233:, and
1185:La Paz
1135:market
986:Palace
862:Market
857:Barter
701:Public
661:Soviet
646:Nordic
641:German
607:Asian
540:Market
5470:Crime
5140:USKOK
4888:State
4800:Fraud
4778:Shell
4773:Dummy
4513:(1).
4487:JSTOR
4446:S2CID
4390:S2CID
4370:(PDF)
4329:(PDF)
4322:(PDF)
4260:. In
4171:WIRED
3891:S2CID
3576:S2CID
3351:JSTOR
3163:S2CID
3103:(PDF)
3092:(PDF)
2912:S2CID
2868:S2CID
2724:LawJi
2702:S2CID
2682:(PDF)
2660:S2CID
2599:(PDF)
2363:metal
2319:front
2036:films
1900:. In
1561:Kenya
1335:state
1268:The "
1227:drugs
1219:goods
1165:taxes
1130:is a
1126:, or
1036:World
1021:Token
911:Price
651:Dutch
545:Mixed
450:State
378:Green
56:Types
4588:and
4557:ISBN
4538:(2).
4515:SSRN
4409:ISBN
4358:help
4337:2011
4306:OCLC
4298:LCCN
4288:ISBN
4272:Sage
4197:ISBN
4179:2014
4086:2012
4064:2012
4028:2024
3954:2014
3928:2012
3902:2014
3857:2012
3831:2012
3809:2012
3782:2012
3704:link
3684:ISBN
3660:2012
3627:PMID
3568:PMID
3531:PMID
3492:2012
3466:2012
3440:2012
3411:2012
3300:2013
3274:2014
3241:2012
3186:ISBN
3132:help
3111:2012
3074:2012
3038:2018
3012:2012
3001:PMID
2952:2012
2939:ISBN
2812:2012
2786:2012
2736:2018
2422:maid
2373:and
2351:food
2347:wars
2333:Wars
2269:punt
2265:euro
2255:and
2247:and
2208:Fuel
2054:and
1764:and
1657:meat
1649:and
1521:for
1221:and
1193:grey
872:Open
867:Free
555:Open
530:Gift
525:Dual
34:and
5157:KPK
4549:doi
4479:doi
4438:doi
4382:doi
4280:doi
3883:doi
3617:PMC
3609:doi
3560:doi
3521:doi
3343:doi
3155:doi
3096:110
2993:doi
2989:305
2904:doi
2860:doi
2694:doi
2652:doi
2578:doi
2420:on
2226:VAT
2052:DVD
2040:CDs
1928:of
1827:WHO
1758:gin
1742:rum
1724:PBS
1710:or
1578:to
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