Shasta people - Knowledge

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Afterwards they claimed the Shasta were preparing for an attack on Americans. This false rumor created a panic among settlers. 28 men gathered to attack the cave. In the skirmish four Americans and one Shasta died. Federal troops from Fort Jones and local volunteers assembled on the Klamath River five miles away from the cave. In total about fifty armed Americans were present. Additional forces from Fort Lane arrived with a howitzer. It was fired at the cave multiple times. Representatives of the headman known to settlers as "Bill" pressed for peace and of their innocence. Military officials concluded that this was the case. American colonists were held accountable for the outbreak of violence. Smith's decision to cease hostilities with Bill's people was unpopular with local American settlers. He was claimed to have left Americans "wholly unprotected from the ruthless and murderous incursions of these savages..."

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was then residing. Headman Bill and several Shasta accompanied the American officer. Upon reaching the village the man was collected. On 24 May while returning to Yreka the Shasta group was attacked on the Klamath River by a group of American settlers and "De Chutes". The American officer told the Shasta to flee while he attempted to talk the party down. The armed men refused to allow the Shasta to leave peaceably and shot at them. Two Shasta were killed instantly and three seriously injured. Headman Bill was among those wounded and struggled against being scalped by Americans. Eventually they succeeded in removing his scalp and threw him into the Klamath River while he remained alive. Lt. Bonnycastle decried the "cowardly and brutal murder" committed by the American settlers who apparently escaped unpunished for their actions.

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that the individual had to be materially wealthy. This came from the expectation for them to use their property in negotiations to settle disputes between members of their village or with other settlements. In raids on enemies the headman did not participate but negotiated with enemy headmen to establish peaceable relations. Each of the four Shasta bands had individual headmen as well. While only the Ikirukatsu were reported to have had hereditary succession to the position it is thought the other three bands had some form of hereditarian succession as well. While each of the four band headmen were considered equal, in particularly trying disputes the Ikirukatsu headman would negotiate an end to the issue.

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the establishment of US Army post at or near the confluence of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers. He felt it was necessary to maintain peaceable relations between the colonists and various natives peoples in the Klamath Basin. The government was suggested to model its native policies in Northern California after those of employed by the Hudson's Bay Company in the Columbia Department. Select individuals would be given material patronage which would assist them in gaining prominence among their local settlements. This in turn would simplify interactions with various native cultures as power gradually centralized under amendable leadership. There wasn't a fort located in this vicinity until 1858, when

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some commercial and cultural exchanges between the peoples. The Wintu were an active source of Tan oak acorns and abalone beads. The Shasta were the primary distributors of dentalia to the Wintu, along with some obsidian and buckskin. A drink made by both the Shasta and the Wintu was a cider created from Manzanita berries. Members of both cultures were inspired by the manufactured goods created by the other nation. Ahotireitsu Shasta considered clothing made by Wintu fashionable and made hats from Indian hemp after their style. Upper Sacramento Valley and McCloud Wintu admired the smooth headgear used by the Shasta. These twine hats were copied by the Wintu, who used material from

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Shasta river had been prospected to varying amounts by April 1851. Scott River became touted as having "the richest mines in all California." Contemporaries described an influx of miners into the northern region. "The tide of emigration to Scott's River flows due north, sweeping everything in its way..." Redick McKee visited the Scott River in October 1851. He reported that "squatter' tents and cabins may be seen on almost every little patch or strip where the soil promises a reward to cultivation." Additionally he noted the Scott River was under heavy modification by miners. "Every yard almost for three or four miles is either dam or race work."

428:". They inhabited portions of the north and south forks of the Salmon River, in addition to part of the combined waterway. Seventeen settlements are recorded to have existed within Konomihu territory. Political authority was more fragmented than the Shasta, reportedly there being no form of appointed or hereditary village headmen. Most knowledge of Konomihu interactions with neighboring peoples has been lost. It is known that despite occasional disputes with the Irauitsu Shasta, intermarriage was common. The Irauitsu appear to have been important trading partners as well. In return for their buckskin garments the Konomihu received abalone beads. 501: 665: 779: 648:

had only 3 families, while Dixon has suggested that both Irauitsu and Ahotireitsu villages usually had more families. The beginning of a winter house started with excavating a pit. Common dimensions rectangular or oval shaped excavation were 16.3 feet (5.0 m) by 19.8 feet (6.0 m), with a depth of 3.3 feet (1.0 m). Once the area was cleared load bearing wooden poles were placed in the excavated corners. Additional wooden supports and posts placed throughout the structure. After the pit walls were covered with cedar-bark, the sugar-pine or cedar wooden roof was finally put into place.

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argued that "the Indians must soon be removed by the Government Agents, or be exterminated by the sword of the whites." Violence and murder against natives were often promoted as the only way to end their "thieving and other annoying propensities." Violence began to erupt across the Klamath River in the summer of 1850. In August it was reported that miners had killed fifty to sixty Hupa and burnt down three of their villages around the juncture of the Klamath and Trinity rivers. At the junction of the Shasta and Klamath rivers in October a confrontation erupted in which miners killed six Shasta.

727:"Their bows and arrows are beautifully made: the former are of yew and about three feet long; they are flat, and an inch and a half to two inches wide: these are backed very neatly with sinew, and painted. The arrows are upwards of thirty inches long; some of them were made of a close-grained wood, a species of spiraea, while others were of reed; they were feathered for a length of from five to eight inches, and the barbed heads were beautifully wrought from obsidian... Their quivers are made of deer, raccoon, or wild-cat skin; these skins are generally whole, being left open at the tail end." 982:" from the Shasta word for "lake", the Modoc were traditionally held in low regard and were seen as without much material wealth by the Shasta. For example, a Shasta informant reported that "How could you settle anything with them? They didn't have any money." There was an amount of commercial transactions between the Shasta and the Klamath but these were apparently rare occurrences. Spier reported that Shasta manufactured beads were exchanged for animal pelts and blankets. Outside of trading with the Modoc, this was some of the only trading done between the Klamath and the 306: 652:

such as seasonal religious ceremonies and dances. Dixon incorrectly reported that okwá'ŭmma were used as sweat houses. If a villager had too many guests for their house, permission would be secured to use the okwá'ŭmma instead. Okwá'ŭmma were owned by a prominent individual, often the headman, and constructed with communal labor. They were uncommon buildings, as along the Klamath River perhaps only three existed. Male relatives of the owner inherited the structure, if only female relatives remained it was burnt down.

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opened and the meat dried with sunlight for future use. Grasshoppers and crickets were consumed by both the Ahotireitsu and Ikirukatsu Shasta. Parcels of grasslands were set ablaze by Shasta men. After the fires had died down the cooked grasshoppers were collected and dried. When grasshoppers were served with particular grass seeds the insects were pounded into a fine powder. Visitors to Shasta Valley would join Ahotireitsu during periods of abundant insect populations to collect their own food stores.

447:. There were at least five reported settlements inhabited by Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta according to information gained from particular informants. Residents of the New River forks were proposed by Merriam to speak a distinct language from the Salmon River inhabitants. Dixon criticized the idea and presented evidence for the linguistic unity of the cultural group. Merriam's conclusion of there being two differing languages between the Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta group has not been adopted by other scholars. 1186: 64: 1433:. Incoming colonists implemented agricultural operations across the Rogue Valley in 1852 and 1853. Open meadows became plowed and fenced into private farms. Oak forests were timbered for building supplies and additional agricultural land. Livestock such as pigs dug and ate the bulbs and roots to important flowering species. These practices quickly ruined many food sources for the indigenous of the region, including camas, acorns and seeds from a variety of grass species. 4668: 1226:

sources. The Shasta weren't seen favorably by incoming miners, being considered to have "inherited a spirit of warfare, and delight in perilous incidents of daring thefts or bold fighting. This image of native aggression was repeatedly mentioned in contemporary newspapers. The Shasta and other natives in the north were apparently found to be "more warlike than those of any other section of the State, and bear the most implacable hatred towards all pale faces."

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commissioners were stated to have always consulted with local American colonists and miners in establishing the borders of each reservation. Pointedly he went on to argue that unless if someone were to "propose a more humane and available system" the reservations had to be acknowledged by the California Government. The state rejected all treaties and instructed its representatives in Washington, D.C. to lobby against them as well.

89: 895: 871:". Along with the Yurok, both nations inspired many facets of Shasta society and were their principal trading partners. These peoples were particularly similar to the Shasta and these ethnicities formed the southern terminus "of that great and distinctive culture common to all peoples of the Pacific coast from Oregon to Alaska." Additional members of this grouping included the 1381:

the miners. They feared that this breach of the new treaty would provoke conflict with the Shasta. McKee was requested to return to the area and mediate a solution. Although one of the murderers escaped two of the men were captured by the miners. The slain man's familial relations were given six blankets as compensation pending a ruling of the three murderers.

226:. In the late 1850s the Shastan peoples of California were forcibly removed from their territories and also sent to the same two distant reservations. By the early years of the 20th century perhaps only 100 Shasta individual existed. Some Shasta descendants still reside at the Grand Ronde and Siletz Reservations, while others are in Siskiyou county at the 512:

animals in the Shasta territories led to many confrontations with other California Natives keen on gaining animal meat and pelts. Strategies to procure and later store these foodstuffs shared similarities with adjoining cultures. Undergrowth in forests was removed with controlled fires to promote advantageous plant species that were often food sources.

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necessary to create treaties with every native group. This meant they were operating independent of each other. McKee was assigned the task of creating treaties with natives of Northern California. He and his entourage created agreements with natives in Humboldt Bay and the lower Klamath River. Later in September 1851 he arrived in Shasta territory.

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government throughout 1852 and 1853. Funding was to be appropriated in Congress for employing a carpenter, a group of farmers and several teachers on the reservation. Prospecting along the Scott river was to be allowed for two additional years. Any additional mining operations within the reservation had a single year to continue.

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groups, although its terms were far from clear to the indigenous leaders. The fifth article stipulated that the Federal government was to fund and staff several facilities on the eventual reservation the Oregon Shasta and their neighbors were to be relocated to. This included a hospital, a schoolhouse, and two blacksmith shops.

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the rape attempt wasn't from Bill's band. Despite this Bill pushed for a guarantee that the man wouldn't be hanged. Fort Jones command insisted this wasn't possible. The commanding officer declared that if the man wasn't delivered soon all Shasta would be held responsible for his actions. A large party of "

293:, in addition to a third group of people that was named Shatasla. Maloney argued that Shatasla was an archaic variant of Shasta. something Garth later conjectured as well. This interpretation has been contested by other scholars based on linguistic and historical evidence. Previous to Maloney's assertion, 1395:

In May 1854 a Shasta man was accused of attempting to rape an American woman. A directive issued from Fort Jones called for the man to be captured and eventually presented to civil authorities in Yreka. Indian agent Rosborough informed representatives of Bill of the military order. The man accused of

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Violence against the Shasta continued after the agreement with McKee. On 18 January 1852 three American men attacked and killed a Shasta individual without provocation on Humbug Creek. A panic arose among the local Shasta who fled into the nearby mountains. This senseless killing caused a panic among

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Armed warriors came largely from the Klamath River and Ahotireitsu Shasta in conflicts with the Modoc. These clashes have been speculated to have been the most violent for the Shasta by scholars. While disputes and raids occurred with the Wintu, they were apparently not as destructive as warfare with

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The okwá'ŭmma ("big house") was a structure maintained in populous Shasta villages. A pit up to 26.3 feet (8.0 m) wide, 39 feet (12 m) wide and 6.6 feet (2.0 m) deep was dug, with a building process similar to winter dwellings employed. Their functionality was primarily for assemblies,

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genus were known as "ipos" to the Shasta who relished them. Once the bulb was husked ipos roots were consumed raw or dried in sunlight and later stored. Shastan cuisine had many meals that included dried ipos. Guests were often given small servings of serviceberries and dried ipos while the main meal

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Eventually the Shasta and Takelma were pressed into accepting deportation from the Rogue Valley. American officials under Joel Palmer met with the leadership of the Irkirukatsu Shasta, "Grave Creek Umpqua" and the unrelated Shasta Costa on 18 November 1854. The "Chasta Treaty" was signed between the

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A group of 150 to 300 Shasta gathered in the upper Rogue River basin in the winter of 1851 to 1852. Reportedly they had congregated to settle a dispute over a woman and were close to finishing negotiations. The American witness to the proceedings considered it largely a "war expedition". However the

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The area specified in the treaty for the reservation was estimated by McKee to contain four or five square miles of arable land. The Shasta were promised to receive "free of charge" 20,000 pounds of flour, 200 cattle, a large inventory of garments, and a multitude of household goods from the Federal

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was a member of McKee's delegation and left a record of its activities. There was a repeating cycle of violence and reprisals then ongoing in northern California. Local American militias were reported to be excessively violent in "revenging outrages" supposedly committed by natives. Gibbs argued for

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By August 1850 there were over 2,000 miners prospecting on Klamath and Salmon rivers. Over a hundred miles of the Klamath River had been searched for gold deposits and portions were occupied by mining operations. While the Shasta River hadn't yet been exploited it was considered by miners to contain

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in search of more gold. During 1850 discoveries of gold were made on the Trinity and Klamath rivers. In the Shasta heartland along the banks of the Salmon, Scott and upper Klamath gold was found during the following two years. Incoming miners founded the towns of Scott Bar and Yreka near these newer

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during the summer of 1841. During September and October they traveled through Shasta territories by generally following the Siskiyou Trail. On 1 October the party crossed the Klamath River. The explorers visited a Shasta village where inhabitants gave them salmon and sold several yew bows and arrows

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recorded that the cattle drivers were "at their mercy, but they have offered no injury to ourselves or property." A Shasta boy estimated by Edwards to be the age of ten accompanied the settlers for some time. As the group continued north some of the cattle men began to discuss killing natives of the

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The Karuk culture was held in a favorable regard by most Shasta, particularly for their manufactured items. Shasta merchants would bring stockpiles of trade goods in demand down river, which included a variety of preserved foodstuffs, animal pelts, and obsidian blades. Merchandise found desirable by

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trees and woven together tightly with twine. As a rule head coverings were made from elk hide, sometimes placed in several layers thick. Notably Shasta women could join in both preparations for an upcoming attack and as active participants in the battle itself. Dixon recorded in such instances women

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were an important possession for the Shasta. Principally they were used for ornamentation through being sown into clothing, in addition to usage as a bartering medium. Konomihu produced buckskin leggings, robes and skirts that were painted with black, red and white patterns and adorned with dentalia

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deer were forced by controlled burning of oak leaves into gaps between the flames where hunters would wait. Shasta also chased deer into nooses that were tied to trees. Alternatively dogs were trained to chase deer into creeks. Hidden until their prey was in the water, Shasta hunters would then kill

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In July 1852 a party of miners found and killed fourteen Shasta people in Shasta Valley in revenge for the murder of a white man. This escalation of violence continued to deplete the number of Shasta. Their reprisals against white violence were to protect "their communities from assault, abduction,

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in June 1852. After a closed session the treaties were rejected. Ellison suggested that the vast amount of land set aside by the treaties and the expenditures allocated by the commissioners made the agreements unpopular in Congress. In total about 11,700 square miles (30,000 km) or about 7% of

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The treaties negotiated by McKee, Barbour, and Wozencraft amounted to 18. McKee pressed for the California legislature to accept the treaties. He argued the reservations were designed to allocate natives to keep portions of their traditional lands while keeping open the many areas bearing gold. The

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of California as an American state the topic of relations with its indigenous peoples was raised in the Senate once more. Charles Fremont presented legislation that promoted the forced seizure of their lands for resale to American colonists. He however felt that the natives had legal right to their

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to trap beavers in the Klamath Mountains. Arriving from the east, Ogden's party was favorably received by Shasta. Ogden was disappointed by the small number of beaver in the mountainous region and shifted the party north to the Rogue Valley across the Siskiyous. Shasta guides accompanied them until

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basin. Not much has been recorded on interactions the Shasta had with them. It is known that the Shasta were the principal source of dentalia for both peoples. There was some direct contact with the Atsugewi though it was probably minimal. Atsugewi informants agreed that they traditionally had many

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Warfare was principally performed in asymmetrical small raids. Leaders of these attacks were determined by raiding party members. An armed group was organized usually to redress aggression and violence against village members. Prisoners gained in raids were not often killed and instead were allowed

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Dwellings utilized by the Konomihu varied according to season like the Shasta. During the salmon runs of spring and summer huts created from plant brush were used. These were abandoned in the autumn in favor of bark houses while deer were hunted. These winter houses were markedly different from the

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Fishing runs began in the spring and continued throughout the summer and autumn. The White Deerskin dance by the Karuk determined the appropriate time for the Shasta to eat fish. Held sometime in July, the dance was an important event for Shasta to witness and known as "kuwarik". Prior to the event

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reported that some of the terms of the 1854 "Chasta Treaty" had yet to be implemented by 1858. Once relocated to the Siletz Reservation the promised blacksmiths, school teachers and medical officials had to be shared among all natives residing there, rather than just the signatories of the "Chasta

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Life on the reservations was a challenging adjustment for the Shasta. The Grand Ronde in November 1856 had an estimated population of 1,025 natives, with 909 either Takelma or Shasta although this perhaps including some Shasta Costa or other natives of Southern Oregon. In May 1857, the majority of

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The accused Shasta was eventually presented to authorities in Yreka. As Fort Jones' commanding officer was absent from the area he was allowed to temporarily depart the town on the condition he remain in the area. A captain was eventually ordered to visit the nearby Shasta settlement where the man

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Americans in Cottonwood organized the "Squaw Hunters" in January 1854. It was an armed group made to "get squaws, by force, if necessary…" That month they went to a nearby cave where over 50 Shasta were residing. The Squaw Hunters attacked the Shasta there and killed 3 children, 2 women and 3 men.

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and in the Upper Sacramento Valley had the majority of interactions with the Shasta. While clashes did occur with Wintu speakers, it wasn't nearly as common as conflict with the Modoc. These conflicts earned the Shasta the Wintun name of "yuki" or "enemy". Despite the occasional skirmish there was

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Shasta architecture appears to have largely been derived from the downriver Hupa, Karuk and Yurok peoples. Permanent houses were constructed by the Shasta for the winter. These dwellings were built in the same locations annually, commonly near a creek. Klamath River Shasta winter villages commonly

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the nuts were turned into a dough. Black Oak meal was preferred compared to the slimier and less popular White Oak meal for both consumption and trade. Canyon Oak acorns were often buried and allowed to turn black before being cooked. Often nuts from Sugar pines were steamed, dried, and stored for

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were collected from the Klamath River by women and children that dived for the organisms. During the autumn the river shrunk in size, leaving exposed populations of mussels along the river banks. Once gathered in a sufficient quantity the mussels were steamed in earthen ovens. Then the shells were

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Shasta settlements often only contained a single family. In larger villages headmen held sway. The responsibilities of this position were varied. They were expected "to exhort the people to live in peace, do good, have kind hearts, and be industrious." A common requirement to hold the position was

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those Shasta, Takelma and other Rogue River peoples held at Grand Ronde encampment temporarily, were removed to the Upper Farm on the Siletz Reservation. On 21 September 1857 a federal government official visited the Siletz Reservation. He estimated the Shasta and Takelma to number 544 there. The

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The terms drafted by McKee for an agreement were not particularly favored by the Shasta or American settlers. The reservation was placed in Scott Valley although the majority of the valley was to remain in colonist possession. The location of the Shasta reservation was apparently accepted, albeit

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McKee toured the Shasta territories; inspecting the Shasta and Scott Valleys in particular. It was concluded that only the Scott could support a reservation and the agricultural work necessary to feed the Shasta. This assessment was due to the scarcity of agriculturally viable land in the Klamath

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As the population of non-natives rose in the north genocide of the indigenous was considered. Miners argued that natives along the Klamath River and its tributaries impeded access to gold deposits. They were deemed "the only obstacle to complete success in those mines." The Sacramento Daily Union

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In early August 1853 a settler named Edwards residing near modern-day Phoenix was found slain in his cabin. Edwards' death incited a harsh response from American settlers. Militias were organized to begin indiscriminately attacking any natives in the Rogue River basin. About a month prior he had

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had to be released before the Karuk dance. Not doing so was seen as particularly egregious and made one liable to be killed. Spears were reportedly uncommon for use in fishing among the Shasta. Fires were created and maintained at weirs to enable efficient night fishing. Fishing net designs were

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The Shastan peoples had a diet based around locally available food sources. Many plant and animal species that existed in Shasta territories were located in adjacent areas. These food sources were commonly gathered and used by the Shasta and other regional cultures. The large populations of game

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promoting the mineral potential of the Klamath River basin. These notices appealed for Americans to venture north where opportunities for acquiring wealth abound. In addition to maintaining extensive mining operations, whites began to cut forests down for sale in Sacramento. A thousand acres of

1136:, getting injured and losing several companions. They considered the Shasta to be acceptable targets to attack for revenge. A Shasta man was found and shot to death by Gay and Bailey. They also attempted to murder the Shasta youth that had joined the cattle herders but he escaped. While officer 955:

Based on a review on accounts by Takelma and Shasta informants and the journal of Ogden, Gray has determined and proposed a revised cultural boundary. During the early 19th century the southern Bear Creek valley was used by both the Shasta and Takelma peoples as Sapir had speculated. The higher

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and stole a Shasta slave. The abduction was tolerated by Americans and claims for compensation from the former slave owner were ignored. Contemporaries in Jacksonville considered this dispute to the cause of the murder. The Irkirukatsu Shasta were targeted in particular as they were considered

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The Indian Superintendency gave a report to Congress in November 1848. It was an overview on native population figures in the recently gained Pacific Coast and Southwest. Congress was advised to fund and hire new Indian agents in these new territories. A report presented to Congress in 1850 by

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Permanent tattooing was performed by elder women who used small obsidian flakes. Tattoos for women were generally several vertical marks on the chin that occasionally were prolonged to the edges of the mouth. Women without chin tattoos were seen as unattractive and targets of ridicule. For men

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largely agreed with Kroeber and concluded there were about 2,210 Shasta proper and another 1,000 related peoples. Subsequently, however Cook raised the figure to 5,900 total Shasta, inclusive of the smaller related cultures. Kroeber estimated the population of the Shasta proper in 1910 as 100.

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in the late 1840s eager to gain mineral wealth. For the Shasta, this was a devastating process as their lands soon had thousands of miners operating along various waterways. Conflicts arose as the outsiders did not respect the Shasta or their homeland. Introduction to new diseases and fighting

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were appointed and began negotiations in 1851. However, they collectively lacked expertise and familiarity with either California natives or how their societies utilized their territories. The Commissioners eventually divided California into three areas to cover the large amount of travelling

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or "plain speakers". Variations of Shasta used by whites include Chasta, Shasty, Tsashtl, Sasti, and Saste. Dixon noted that the Shastan peoples didn't use "Shasta" as a place name and likely wasn't a word at all in their languages. In interviews with Shasta informants Dixon was informed of a

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as they maintained their territorial autonomy and protected position against European descendants. Sometime around the 1820s the Modoc and Klamath adopted horses from the Sahaptin peoples to the north. With their new equestrian rides they began to attack the Shasta, Achomawi and Atsugewi for

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Body decoration and modification were common practices among the Shasta. For example, they employed dyes of red, yellow, blue, black and white in their artwork. These dyes were created from plant matter and natural clay deposits. Reportedly body painting was largely used by shamans and those

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the deer with arrows. There were a number of societal conventions related to the ownership of the deer. For example, whoever killed the prey had right to its pelt and hind legs. Other reported conventions regulated the divisions of meat in a fair manner and when Shasta were allowed to hunt.

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based Konomihu and Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta. There is little recorded information on the Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta, Konomihu and Okwanuchu. Merriam concluded that "any extended discussion of their culture, customs, beliefs, and ceremonies is out of the question..." Each group had particularly small

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Some ethnographic informants gave accounts of three thousand Shasta being present at the ceremony. They were reportedly served beef poisoned with strychnine by American officials. Survivors told of spending weeks locating the deceased. Only around 150 Shasta were said to have survived.

986:. Both the Modoc and their Klamath relatives gained horses in the 1820s. This greatly enhanced their military capabilities which began a period of attacks on their southern and western neighbors. Both the Ahotireitsu and Klamath River Shasta bands were targets of Modoc slave raiding. 717:

and abalone beads. Okwanuchu crafted tubular wooden pipes similar in design to those made by Wintu. Raccoon and fox pelts were used for protection against the harsh mountain winters. Moccasins were kept waterproof and soft with oils derived from either deer, fish, cougars or bears.

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An important item for Shasta households were baskets which principally came from the Karuk. The Konomihu likewise largely imported their baskets from abroad. Baskets made by Shasta were generally a composite of plant materials gathered from the Ponderosa pine,

1333:"In the morning, November 4th, the treaty was explained carefully as drawn up and the bounds of the reservation pointed out on a plat. In the afternoon it was signed in the presence of a large concourse of whites and Indians, with great formality." 1288:

contended for possession of the valley as well. Federal officials consulted with them for what they desired in a treaty with the Shasta. They called for the removal of all Shasta to a reservation placed on the headwaters of the Shasta River.

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the total land area of California was to contain the 18 reservations. Heizer concluded that the process of drafting treaties made by the Commissioners and their eventual rejection in the U.S. Congress "was a farce from beginning to end..."

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prominent man of Scott Valley that lived up until the 1850s with the name of Susti or Sustika. This was the probable origin of the term according to Dixon, an interpretation that Kroeber agreed with. Merriam reviewed information from

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U.S. Congress (1855). "President of the United States, communicating the instructions and correspondence between the government and Major General Wool, in regard to his operations on his operations on the coast of the Pacific...".

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and drew in outsiders by the hundreds of thousands. The newly arriving miners and colonists had little respect for California Natives and frequently spread violence against indigenous peoples. Miners progressively went north from

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in exchange for trade goods. Inhabitants of the village demonstrated their archery skills by repeatedly shooting a button from 20 yards (18 m) distant. At this demonstration was an elder Shasta man who was a father-in-law to

705:, Karuk and Yurok peoples. Pigments were made by the Shasta for the beautification of baskets and other personal possessions. Red and black dyes were the most commonly used and come from acorns and alder bark respectively. 790:

The Shasta were located at the crossroads of several major cultural regions. This was reflected in their neighbors, each with distinct material and cultural conditions. To the southwest on the lower Klamath River were the

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own territories and had to be compensated for their territorial losses. This was far from a universal opinion in the Senate as some legislators felt California Indigenous had no legal right to their own homelands.

1404:) visiting the area were threatened to be employed in military reprisals against the Shasta. Dignitaries from the Irauitsu expressed support in capturing the man though they also didn't want him to be hung. 1171:. Shortly after this peaceable dialogue and trade Emmons ordered the party to depart for "Destruction river" (the Upper Sacramento River) exiting Shasta lands for those of the Okwanuchu and later the Wintu. 758:

to live as a slave. Slavery was reportedly not widespread among the Shasta and wasn't seen as a favorable practice. Dixon stated that "persons owning slaves were said to be, in a way, looked down upon."

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William Carey Jones surmised information he gathered on land title in California. Jones concluded that Spanish and Mexican law didn't recognize the right of natives to owning their homelands. After the

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Sluices and other techniques used to acquire gold dust contributed to the degradation of fish habitat in the Klamath River basin, in addition to causing other environmental destruction of the watershed.

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in 1910 noted the word Shatalsa as being related to word Sahaptin. This older etymology was defended by Stern against Maloney's interpretation, in addition to recently being accepted by Clark as well.

3667:(1853). "Journal of the Expedition of Colonel Redick McKee, United States Indian Agent, through North-Western California. Performed in the Summer and Fall of 1851". In Schoolcraft, Henry R. (ed.). 1093:. The HBC continued to send expeditions southward through the Klamath Mountains to harvest beaver populations in Alta California. These groups of fur trappers and their families traveled along the 1329:

At the end of the discussions a bull was presented to the Shasta. A celebration was held which lasted late into the evening. Gibbs recorded the day assigned for the formal signing of the treaty:

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resided in settlements typically near a water source. Their villages often had only either one or two families. Larger villages had more families and additional buildings used by the community.

364:. Four bands of Shasta existed with variations in custom and differing dialects. Each band had names derived from nearby waterways. In this way people from Shasta River or Ahotidae were the " 1280:

Mountains. More promising areas did exist nearby but they were in Oregon. The Shasta wanted to retain the entirety of Scott Valley for their designated reservation. American colonists from

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was expected to soon be enacted in California. Financial compensation from Congress or the Indian Department was expected by Americans with properties within the reservation boundaries.

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likely did. Scholars have largely accepted Dixon's etymology for Shasta. Renfro questions its validity however as Ogden used a variation of the term before Sustika was likely prominent.

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On 17 May 1854 some Shasta warriors attacked a mule train in the Siskiyou Mountains. Two Americans were leading the mules. One was killed in the skirmish while the other man escaped to

417:

territories. The Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta held 45 square miles (120 km), the Okwanuchu had 60 square miles (160 km), and the Konomihu only occupied 20 square miles (52 km).

525:

nearly identical to those created by Karuk and Yurok. Catfish and crawfish were caught with bait tied to lines. Once stuck on the line, the prey would be captured with a thin basket.

1140:

was furious at the murder, the majority of the party condoned the murder. Bailey and Gay faced no punishment for their actions and the party continued toward the Willamette Valley.

1115:. Driving their herd north along the Siskiyou Trail, they encountered several Shasta settlements. The Shasta were welcoming to the outsiders despite difficulties in communication. 1009:

shared cultural traits with the Shasta especially their similar "religion, mythology, social organization, political organization, puberty customs, and paucity of ceremonial." The

761:

Shasta warriors wore protective adornments when headed into a conflict. Stick armor was preferred over the alternative elkhide. Materials for stick armor were largely sourced from

737:

preparing for warfare. The latter group generally used white and black colors during their war preparations. Red was applied by shamans upon their buckskins in geometric patterns.

891:

beads. The Karuk also were the primary source of dentalia for the Konomihu as well. Baskets and hats used by the Shasta were acquired primarily with these Klamath River nations.

1258:

In September the Senate passed two bills that formulated Federal policy with Californian Natives. Three commissioners were authorized to draft treaties with California Natives.

4576: 1446:

particularly unwelcoming and aggressive against American colonists. They received help from some Klamath River Shasta who were expelled from their home territories by miners.

4556:

Indian tribes of California: hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of Representatives, Sixty-sixth Congress, second session, March 23, 1920

960:

were Shasta areas. Regardless of their conflicts over the Bear Creek Valley, the Takelma were active trading partners with the Shasta and were a major source of dentalia.

443:" or "person of ka·sah". The Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta largely lived in the Salmon River basin despite the scholarly appellation, though they did reside on the forks of the 4656: 1209:

in 1850. Once it was firmly in control by American colonists it was speculated to become an important region for its agricultural and mineral potential. In 1852

1193:

The irregular contact with European descendants became far more frequent by the 1840s. Military forces of the United States conquered Alta California during the

741:

tattoos had an important functionality in bartering and exchanges. Applied in lines on their hands or arms, these lines were used to measure dentalia and beads.

250:

Preceding contact with European descendants the term Shasta likely wasn't used by the Shastan peoples themselves. Among the Shasta proper they called themselves

1073:

property, food stores and slaves to be sold at the Dalles. The Shasta actively fought against the invaders although they didn't gain sizable numbers of horses.

4634: 174:. Scholars have generally divided the Shastan peoples into four languages, although arguments in favor of more or fewer existing have been made. Speakers of 3926:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 23. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 297–332 1412: 3234: 1267: 1392:

In late April 1854 a group of miners found and killed 15 Shasta. These murders were committed in retaliation for some cattle having been stolen.

5032: 5027: 4649: 712:. During the winter snowshoes were often necessary to traverse their homeland. These were made primarily from deer hide with the fur left on. 3442:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 36. University of California Press. pp. 1–147 470:

Estimates for historic Shasta, Okwanuchu, New River Shasta, and Konomihu population figures have substantially varied, as is true for most

770:

the Modoc. Attacks on Wintu and Modoc villages included torching the settlement. This was not practiced in raids between Shasta villages.

623:

was cooked. One particularly popular dish was powdered ipos root mixed into manzanita cider. Another consumed flowering plant species was

450:

What information has been preserved about the Okwanuchu amounts to little. The origin of the word Okwanuchu is unknown. They were called "

1109: 1052:

word for an American, "Boston," the Shasta word for whites is "pastin." The Shasta were isolated from the Spanish to the south and their

3271:

Executive Documents printed by order of the House of Representatives during the first session of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1857-1858.

1318:

grudgingly, by most American colonists of the area. Some had purchased expensive land grants from other Americans. A variation of the

928:

The delimitation of territory with the Takelma to the north has been a matter of controversy between scholars. Shasta informants told

656:

Shasta, Karuk and Yurok. While partially underground their houses were built in 15 to 18 foot wide circles with sloped conical roofs.

587:

was pounded into a fine dust and consumed or used as chewing gum. Many fruits were harvested once ripe and often dried. This included

5022: 5017: 4642: 539: 431:

It is not known what the autonym of the Tlohomtah’hoi Shasta was. However it is known that the Shasta likely referred to them as "

1460: 1213:

was formed from the northern portions of Shasta County. This new American division contained the Shasta homelands of California.

4448: 4098: 3965: 3921: 3646: 4335: 3801: 3702:

The Takelmas and Their Athapascan Neighbors: A New Ethnographic Synthesis for the Upper Rogue River Area of Southwestern Oregon

4664: 4477: 4324: 4018: 3737: 3295: 136: 4517:

Documents of the Senate of the United States, printed by order of the Senate during the Special Session called March 4, 1853

4453:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 30. University of California Press 1429:

The Irkirukatsu Shasta joined their Takelma neighbors in militarily resisting American territorial encroachment during the

4581:. University of California Anthropological Records. Vol. 7. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 47–251 3268:

Browne, J. Ross (1858), "Report on the condition of the Indian reservations in the Territories of Oregon and Washington",

1437:

peaceable conclusion to the matter through material compensation followed traditional Shasta means of dispute resolution.

826:, with whom the Shasta have some linguistic affiliations. Kroeber placed the Achomawi and Atsugewi with the northeastern 444: 4537:

Executive Documents printed by order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Third Congress, 1854-'55

478:

put the 1770 population of the Shasta proper as 2,000 and the New River, Konomihu, and Okwanuchu groups, along with the

1144: 341: 3783: 3700: 3682: 3389: 3340: 3258: 4672: 983: 471: 4495: 344:. This area had four important waterways, each of which had a distinct group of resident Shasta. These were the 1360: 1061: 227: 17: 3750:

The Eighteen Unratified Treaties of 1851-1852 between the California Indians and the United States Government

1476: 913:. They were used by the Shasta in personal adornments, artistic additions to clothing or as a trading medium. 3200: 1197:. American control was initially limited to areas that had been administered by the Mexican government. The 4743: 1202: 884: 548: 329: 266:, concluding that while the Shastan peoples didn't refer to themselves as Shasta traditionally; the nearby 3748: 3708:. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press. Archived from 3437: 1368: 1057: 282: 4467: 4424: 4403: 3990: 3458:

California in 1837. Diary of Col. Philip L. Edwards Containing An Account of a Trip to the Pacific Coast

4596:

Oregon and the Collapse of Illahee U.S. Empire and the Transformation of an Indigenous World, 1792-1859

4535: 3664: 1297: 937: 808: 766:

would be armed with obsidian knives and attempt to disarm or destroy the weapons of enemy combatants.

664: 3670:

Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States

1206: 1105: 956:

portions of the local Neil and Emigrant Creeks, in addition to the northern Siskiyou slopes close to

413: 187: 148: 1104:

colonists traversed Shasta territories in the autumn of 1837. With them were several hundred cattle

4572: 1397: 1194: 1100:

The following known interaction with whites wasn't peaceable as Ogden's visit had been. A group of

933: 376:". Shasta families located directly along the Klamath River were referred to by the Ikirukatsu as " 239: 215: 4609:

Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842

1201:

was established in 1849 although much of the claimed land still remained in indigenous hands. The

500: 320:

were the numerically largest of the Shastan speakers. Their territories spread from around modern

312:

is a prominent landmark among the Siskiyou Mountains and has cultural significance for the Shasta.

4941: 3862: 1364: 1319: 1077: 274: 1013:

band of Achomawi were known to have had occasional disputes. Villages in the vicinity of modern

708:

Ropes, cordage and manufactured goods such as mats, nets and clothing were largely derived from

5012: 4270: 4207: 3217: 1112: 940:. He was additionally given Shasta place names of this area. This information was forwarded to 592: 256: 171: 168: 164: 4291: 4249: 4228: 4186: 4165: 4144: 4123: 3841: 3820: 3608:

Garth, Thomas R. (1964). "Early Nineteenth Century Tribal Relations in the Columbia Plateau".

887:, Yurok produced redwood canoes, a gamut of baskets of varying designs, seaweed, dentalia and 3588: 3567: 3546: 3525: 3504: 1281: 1232: 1069: 948:. Alfred Kroeber would in turn claim that Shasta territories extended as far north as modern 3329: 778: 531:

were hunted according to one of several strategies employed by the Shasta. In the autumn at

3769: 3406: 3369: 1217: 1198: 1180: 1116: 1014: 929: 528: 380:" after their particular words for the Klamath River and gulch. The Irauistu knew them as " 294: 194: 8: 1032: 709: 624: 567: 357: 203: 202:

against invading Americans rapidly reduced the number of Shasta. The Shasta residents of

4011:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873

474:. In the 1990s some Shasta stated upwards of 10,000 Shastan peoples lived in the 1840s. 4381: 4058: 4037: 3633: 3625: 3491: 1251: 1168: 807:. They were the northernmost extension of a central Californian culture focused on the 600: 290: 278: 219: 183: 3806:. Anthropological Records. Vol. 3. University of California Press. pp. 1–338 1076:

The first recorded encounter with European descendants for the Shasta came in 1826. A

404:

speakers resided adjacent to the Shasta proper. These were the Okwanuchu of the upper

305: 4473: 4320: 4313: 4014: 3961: 3939: 3779: 3733: 3678: 3637: 3385: 3357: 3336: 3324: 3291: 3254: 1306: 1285: 1148: 1121: 1101: 1081: 694: 588: 571: 544: 483: 475: 459: 401: 263: 231: 179: 143:. They traditionally inhabited portions of several regional waterways, including the 140: 111: 3306: 944:

who suggested that the Shasta and Takelma both utilized this disputed region of the

4723: 4629: 4371: 4083: 3900: 3674: 3621: 3617: 3483: 3422: 1463: 1442: 1430: 1424: 1356: 1263: 1222: 1151: 835: 698: 615: 604: 575: 566:

were a valuable foodstuff in Shasta cuisine. Local sources of the nut included the

556: 479: 424:", related to the term used for the Karuk. The Konomihu referred to themselves as " 405: 337: 207: 152: 107: 4554: 4515: 4088: 4071: 3943: 3883: 3474:

Ellison, William H. (1922). "The Federal Indian Policy in California, 1846-1860".

3427: 3410: 3269: 627:. Commonly called "chwau", the bulbs were prepared by either roasting or boiling. 4857: 4607: 4376: 4359: 3773: 3651:. Anthropological Records. Vol. 14. Berkeley: University of California Press 3456: 3373: 1210: 1154:(1838–1842) visited the Klamath Mountains. Emmons had been given instructions by 1065: 1053: 957: 898: 742: 713: 686: 672:

made baskets. These were quite popular among the Shasta and frequently purchased.

584: 439:" or "those from upcountry (away from the stream)", while the Karok called them " 321: 175: 160: 834:

into the "Northeast" cultural group. They received cultural influences from the

4903: 4728: 4603: 1155: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1049: 973: 902: 876: 839: 831: 720: 267: 4936: 3730:

California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names

5006: 4956: 4836: 4497:

American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico

1401: 1185: 1125: 1010: 949: 596: 521: 409: 345: 286: 156: 144: 69: 4520:. United States Congressional serial set. Washington, D.C.: Robert Armstrong 4830: 4707: 4630:

Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770

4444: 4355: 3970:

University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology

3899:(M.S.), Dissertations and Theses, Portland, OR: Portland State University, 1363:

and the recently appointed superintendent of Indian affairs for California

1259: 1159: 1133: 1026: 969: 945: 941: 910: 858: 827: 796: 783: 640: 532: 361: 349: 333: 325: 309: 234:. Many former members of the Shasta tribe have also been inducted into the 31: 3709: 867:

Coming from the Shasta word for "down the river" the Karuk were known as "

680:

Basketry hat, attributed to the Shasta, made before 1916 from plant fibers

4986: 4976: 4841: 4754: 4733: 4693: 3668: 1302: 1230:

rich gold deposits. In the winter of 1850 advertisements appeared in the

1163: 1137: 1060:

erupted Mexican officials assumed control of the Spanish settlements and

762: 745:

were made to hold either a long dentalia shell or ornate feathers, while

619: 517: 504: 353: 4062: 4041: 555:

Additional nutritional sources included several smaller animal species.

4861: 4804: 4718: 4688: 4667: 4393:

Silver, Shirley (1978). "Shastan Peoples". In Heizer, Robert F. (ed.).

3894: 3629: 3495: 1037: 260: 198: 82: 4809: 4385: 3905: 1385:

unfree labor, rape, murder, massacre, and, ultimately, obliteration."

1040:

ferns in their reproductions more often than among their own designs.

676: 4971: 4875: 4825: 4788: 4703: 4624: 1005: 635: 123: 4738: 4625:

The Shasta Nation, an organization maintained by contemporary Shasta

3487: 3253:. Northwest reprints. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 786:

man in a redwood canoe. These vehicles were prized among the Shasta.

643:

winter dwelling. Shasta residencies were largely the same in design.

4920: 4914: 4798: 4783: 4713: 4698: 4683: 4397:. Handbook of North American Indian. Vol. 8. pp. 211–224. 3673:. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co. pp. 1068:

territory. This didn't change matters for the natives north of the

999: 995: 842: 823: 819: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3024: 3022: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 4946: 4898: 4892: 4852: 4847: 4819: 4767: 4763: 4749: 4472:. Vol. 1. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. 3989:

Library, University of Oregon (12 May 1854), Lyons, D. J. (ed.),

3331:

The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization

3092: 3090: 1129: 923: 888: 746: 579: 211: 2808: 2523: 388:", terms derived from "down river" and "up river" respectively. 4981: 4930: 4925: 4882: 4867: 3058: 3019: 2974: 2798: 2796: 2729: 2727: 872: 815: 223: 94: 3151: 3149: 3087: 2857: 2855: 2853: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1162:

rivers. The assembled men had departed from Fort Vancouver to

1004:

The Achomawi and Atsugewi speakers resided to the east in the

894: 507:

were traditionally a major source of nutrition for the Shasta.

482:, as 1,000. Using population information on a nearby culture, 4991: 4966: 4961: 4951: 4814: 4778: 4773: 4469:

Chiefs and Chief Traders, Indian Relations at Fort Nez Percés

4340:

Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey

3861:

Kemble, Edward C.; Durivage, J. E., eds. (8 November 1850c).

3778:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2213: 2211: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1832: 1830: 1790: 1788: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 906: 854: 804: 792: 690: 669: 611: 563: 235: 3888:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 3840:

Kemble, Edward C.; Durivage, J. E., eds. (20 August 1850b).

3819:

Kemble, Edward C.; Durivage, J. E., eds. (14 August 1850a).

2925: 2923: 2921: 2867: 2793: 2781: 2724: 2685: 2625: 2613: 2513: 2511: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1680: 1678: 1651: 1567: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 803:. Past the southern borders of Shasta territory resided the 4887: 4793: 4759: 3146: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2744: 2742: 2486: 2484: 2292: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2092: 2090: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2060: 2058: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 1981: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1914: 1695: 1693: 862: 811: 800: 702: 4290:

Taylor, R. H.; Massett, Stephen, eds. (25 February 1851).

4028:

Maloney, Alice Bay (1945). "Shasta Was Shatasla in 1814".

3732:(4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 3136: 3134: 3132: 3107: 3105: 3034: 2962: 2940: 2938: 2702: 2700: 2673: 2433: 2208: 2045: 2043: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1881: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1785: 1720: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1158:

to explore the headwaters of the Klamath, Sacramento, and

614:

were gathered seasonally to supplement other food stores.

4099:"Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. Part II" 3566:

Ewer, F. C.; Fitch, G. Kenyon, eds. (14 February 1851b).

3524:

Ewer, F. C.; Fitch, G. Kenyon, eds. (12 December 1850a).

2918: 2754: 2508: 2126: 1741: 1675: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1517: 368:", those from the Upper Rogue Valley or Ikiruk were the " 3547:"Intelligence Respecting the Klamath and Scott's Rivers" 3545:

Ewer, F. C.; Fitch, G. Kenyon, eds. (20 January 1851a).

3251:

Requiem for a people: The Rogue Indians and Frontiersmen

3176: 3166: 3164: 2896: 2894: 2835: 2771: 2769: 2739: 2540: 2538: 2481: 2469: 2411: 2409: 2280: 2162: 2087: 2070: 2055: 2017: 2005: 1931: 1690: 1488: 4598:, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press 3503:

Ewer, F. C.; Fitch, G. Kenyon, eds. (14 October 1850).

3290:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., Inc. 3129: 3117: 3102: 2935: 2825: 2823: 2697: 2661: 2649: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2114: 2102: 2040: 1993: 1960: 1948: 1812: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1579: 1500: 458:" by the Achomawi. Intermarriage between Okwanuchu and 4578:

Culture Element Distributions: XX Northeast California

4049:

Merriam, C. Hart (1926). "Source of the name Shasta".

3587:

Ewer, F. C.; Fitch, G. Kenyon, eds. (18 April 1851c).

3075: 3007: 2995: 2567: 2565: 2394: 2348: 2346: 2223: 2198: 2196: 2194: 1847: 1845: 1710: 1708: 1603: 1544: 4360:"Notes on the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon" 3966:"Culture element distributions: III, Area and climax" 3161: 3046: 2891: 2879: 2766: 2535: 2496: 2457: 2445: 2421: 2406: 2309: 2307: 2268: 2150: 1615: 1591: 372:", and inhabitants of Scott River or Iraui were the " 159:

rivers. Shastan lands presently form portions of the

4404:"Letter from the Mines.–Difficulty with the Indians" 4315:

The Shasta Indians of California and their neighbors

3274:, Washington, D.C.: James B. Steedman, pp. 2–44 2950: 2906: 2820: 2577: 2550: 2382: 2370: 2256: 2235: 2179: 2138: 1902: 1857: 1800: 1762: 1663: 1639: 3362:

The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970

2712: 2637: 2601: 2589: 2562: 2358: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2191: 1842: 1705: 1627: 1415:. Five horses and a mule were taken by the Shasta. 4447:(1930). Kroeber, Alfred L.; Lowie, Robert (eds.). 4312: 3378:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3328: 2304: 1869: 1216:The lure of achieving material wealth created the 1097:which traversed portions of the Shasta homelands. 5004: 701:. Their designs took influences from the nearby 27:Indigenous ethnic group of Western United States 4319:. Happy Camp, CA: Naturegraph Publishers, Inc. 3860: 3839: 3818: 3800:Holt, Catherine (1946). Kroeber, Alfred (ed.). 3308:Four Years in a Government Exploring Expedition 2733: 2631: 2619: 4559:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office 4540:. Vol. 6. Beverley Tucker. pp. 1–128 4103:University of California Archaeological Survey 3948:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office 4650: 4552: 4532: 4513: 4289: 4051:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 3304: 3069: 3028: 2989: 2873: 2861: 2814: 2802: 2787: 2691: 2679: 2529: 1128:had previously had fought against a group of 1017:were liable to be raided by Shasta warriors. 520:could be caught and dried, but not consumed. 4109:(2). University of California Press: 167–256 3976:(4). University of California Press: 101–115 3775:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico 3335:. Berkeley: University of California press. 4493: 4336:"Trade and Trails in Aboriginal California" 3364:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1494: 1043: 4657: 4643: 4402:Schnebly, D. J., ed. (24 February 1852a). 3586: 3565: 3544: 3523: 2706: 2667: 2655: 848: 547:were commonly consumed, although imported 285:and an assembled Sahaptin congregation of 4422: 4401: 4375: 4187:"Late from Shasta Plains–Indian Troubles" 4087: 4072:"THE NEW RIVER INDIANS TLÓ-HŌTM-TAH'-HOI" 3904: 3502: 3426: 3111: 2944: 4612:. Vol. 5. Philadelphia: C. Sherman. 4571: 4185:Morse, John F., ed. (9 February 1852a). 4164:Morse, John F., ed. (8 November 1851d). 4013:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3896:The Siletz Indian Reservation, 1855-1900 3476:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3380:. The Huntington California Expedition. 3232: 3215: 3198: 3081: 3013: 3001: 2108: 1999: 1987: 1954: 1925: 1821: 1441:visited an Dakubetede settlement in the 1355:The treaties were endorsed by President 1184: 989: 893: 777: 773: 675: 663: 634: 618:were commonly collected. Members of the 538: 499: 304: 214:until they were forcibly removed to the 4143:Morse, John F., ed. (29 August 1851c). 4096: 4069: 4048: 4030:California Historical Society Quarterly 4027: 3988: 3960: 3938: 3919: 3881: 3473: 3454: 3435: 3248: 3155: 3140: 3123: 3096: 2929: 2748: 2490: 2475: 2463: 2439: 2427: 2415: 2400: 2262: 2229: 2217: 1896: 1836: 1794: 1735: 1621: 1597: 1538: 1244: 723:described Shasta made weaponry in 1845: 551:acorns were considered more appetizing. 14: 5005: 4602: 4593: 4423:Schnebly, D. J., ed. (2 March 1852b). 4392: 4366:. American Anthropologist New Series. 4333: 4310: 4268: 4247: 4226: 4214:. Vol. 3, no. 315. p. 4 4206:Morse, John F., ed. (25 March 1852b). 4205: 4184: 4163: 4142: 4121: 4008: 3746: 3267: 3182: 3170: 3040: 2968: 2956: 2912: 2900: 2775: 2760: 2718: 2643: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2544: 2517: 2502: 2451: 2364: 2337: 2274: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 1908: 1851: 1756: 1684: 1609: 1375: 300: 135:are a group of linguistically related 5033:Native American history of California 5028:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians 4638: 4465: 4443: 4354: 4269:Morse, John F., ed. (19 July 1852e). 4248:Morse, John F., ed. (16 June 1852d). 4227:Morse, John F., ed. (1 April 1852c). 4122:Morse, John F., ed. (24 July 1851a). 3945:Handbook of the Indians of California 3768: 3727: 3663: 3644: 3607: 3568:"Highly Important from Scott's River" 3405: 3368: 3356: 3323: 3311:. New York: Cornish, Lamport & Co 3285: 3052: 2885: 2844: 2829: 2556: 2388: 2376: 2352: 2325: 2298: 2286: 2250: 2185: 2173: 2096: 2081: 2064: 2034: 2011: 1942: 1875: 1863: 1806: 1779: 1699: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1585: 1573: 1511: 1143:Several years later a portion of the 1031:Bands of Wintu located around modern 818:. To the east and southeast were the 749:held an assembled group of dentalia. 659: 395: 4746:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 3892: 3799: 3756:. Berkeley: University of California 3698: 3610:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3199:Anthony, James (14 February 1854a). 2313: 2202: 2049: 1975: 1714: 1561: 1337: 1174: 963: 731: 197:drew in an influx of outsiders into 56:Regions with significant populations 4342:(8). University of California: 1–30 1453: 1418: 1274: 583:future consumption. Pitch from the 490: 384:" and the Ahotireitsu called them " 24: 4208:"The Address of Col. Redick McKee" 3411:"Dr. Merriam's "Tló-hom-tah'-hoi"" 3201:"Indian Difficulties in the North" 1145:United States Exploring Expedition 932:that they previously occupied the 25: 5044: 4618: 3885:Indian affairs. Laws and treaties 3882:Kappler, Charles J., ed. (1904). 3305:Colvocoresses, George M. (1852). 3216:Anthony, James (24 April 1854b). 1359:, commissioner of Indian affairs 1292: 245: 5023:Native American tribes in Oregon 5018:Indigenous peoples of California 4673:Indigenous peoples of California 4666: 4292:"Sacramento City Correspondence" 4166:"From Scott's River–The Indians" 3589:"The Discovery in Shasta Valley" 3286:Clark, Patricia Roberts (2009). 984:Indigenous peoples of California 845:, far more than the Shasta did. 462:speakers was apparently common. 420:The Shasta called the Konomihu " 348:and two of its tributaries, the 228:Quartz Valley Indian Reservation 188:Tlohomtah’hoi "New River" Shasta 87: 75: 62: 3233:Anthony, James (27 May 1854c). 578:. After leaching the acorns of 4844:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 3622:10.1086/soutjanth.20.1.3629411 3455:Edwards, Philip Leget (1890). 936:southward and eastward of the 328:to the east, southward to the 324:in the north, Jenny Creek and 13: 1: 4089:10.1525/aa.1930.32.2.02a00030 3428:10.1525/aa.1931.33.2.02a00250 3249:Beckham, Stephen Dow (1996). 3191: 1477:Shasta traditional narratives 1367:. The treaties were sent the 465: 4377:10.1525/aa.1907.9.2.02a00010 4334:Sample, Laetitia L. (1950). 3893:Kent, Willam Eugene (2000), 3288:Tribal Names of the Americas 1203:California State Legislature 875:further to the west and the 7: 4277:. Vol. 3, no. 413 4256:. Vol. 3, no. 386 4235:. Vol. 3, no. 321 4193:. Vol. 2, no. 279 4172:. Vol. 2, no. 200 4151:. Vol. 1, no. 139 4130:. Vol. 1, no. 109 3869:. Vol. 1, no. 280 3848:. Vol. 1, no. 201 3827:. Vol. 1, no. 193 3526:"Editors of the Transcript" 3511:. Vol. 1, no. 141 3505:"The North-Western Indians" 3237:. Vol. 7, no. 991 3220:. Vol. 7, no. 967 3203:. Vol. 6, no. 904 2734:Kemble & Durivage 1850b 2632:Kemble & Durivage 1850c 2620:Kemble & Durivage 1850a 1470: 1369:Committee on Indian Affairs 1058:Mexican War of Independence 668:An assembled collection of 593:Whiteleaf manzanita berries 472:native groups in California 277:a meeting occurred between 10: 5049: 4311:Renfro, Elizabeth (1992). 4298:. Vol. 1, no. 59 3821:"Latest from Humboldt Bay" 3747:Heizer, Robert F. (1972). 3595:. Vol. 3, no. 17 3574:. Vol. 2, no. 95 3553:. Vol. 2, no. 73 3532:. Vol. 2, no. 42 3235:"More Indian Depredations" 1422: 1346: 1305:was established in modern 1178: 1024: 993: 967: 921: 917: 852: 752: 630: 29: 4679: 4097:Merriam, C. Hart (1967). 4070:Merriam, C. Hart (1930). 4009:Madley, Benjamin (2017). 3920:Kniffen, Fred B. (1928). 3842:"New Harbor Improvements" 3645:Garth, Thomas R. (1953). 3461:. A. J. Johnston & Co 2680:Taylor & Massett 1851 1312: 691:several species of Willow 435:", the Hupa called them " 332:, and westward to modern 122: 117: 106: 101: 60: 55: 50: 45: 4466:Stern, Theodore (1993). 3728:Gudde, Erwin G. (2010). 3699:Gray, Dennis J. (1987). 1576:, pp. 48, 218, 224. 1482: 1044:Early nineteenth century 1020: 400:Three related groups of 30:Not to be confused with 4942:Plains and Sierra Miwok 4801:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 4425:"From the Shasta mines" 4364:American Anthropologist 4296:Marysville Daily Herald 4076:American Anthropologist 3415:American Anthropologist 1365:Edward Fitzgerald Beale 1320:Donation Land Claim Act 1080:(HBC) expedition under 901:were imported from the 849:Klamath River societies 495: 275:Willamette Trading Post 4553:U.S. Congress (1920). 4514:U.S. Congress (1853). 4275:Sacramento Daily Union 4254:Sacramento Daily Union 4233:Sacramento Daily Union 4212:Sacramento Daily Union 4191:Sacramento Daily Union 4170:Sacramento Daily Union 4149:Sacramento Daily Union 4128:Sacramento Daily Union 4124:"The Northern Indians" 3436:Du Bois, Cora (1935). 3099:, pp. 81–82, 129. 2707:Ewer & Fitch 1850a 2668:Ewer & Fitch 1851b 2656:Ewer & Fitch 1851c 1660:, p. 218 cit. 33. 1400:" natives (likely the 1335: 1190: 1089:shortly before modern 914: 879:located to the north. 787: 729: 681: 673: 644: 552: 508: 313: 257:Albert Samuel Gatschet 4911:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 4744:Eel River Athapaskans 4594:Whaley, Gray (2010), 4431:. No. 1852/03/02 4410:. No. 1852/02/24 3995:Umpqua Weekly Gazette 3962:Kroeber, Alfred Louis 3940:Kroeber, Alfred Louis 3867:Daily Alta California 3863:"The town of Klamath" 3846:Daily Alta California 3825:Daily Alta California 3593:Sacramento Transcript 3572:Sacramento Transcript 3551:Sacramento Transcript 3530:Sacramento Transcript 3509:Sacramento Transcript 2301:, p. 253 cit. 3. 1331: 1233:Daily Alta California 1188: 1147:under the command of 1108:from Alta California 1048:Originating from the 990:Achomawi and Atsugewi 897: 781: 774:Neighboring societies 725: 679: 667: 638: 601:San Diego raspberries 542: 503: 308: 118:Related ethnic groups 4573:Voegelin, Erminie W. 4494:U.S. Census (2010), 4229:"Letter from Shasta" 3991:"Killing of Indians" 3648:Atsugewi Ethnography 3218:"From Yreka–Indians" 1245:Federal peace effort 1218:California Gold Rush 1199:California Territory 1195:Mexican–American War 1181:California Gold Rush 1117:Philip Leget Edwards 1078:Hudson's Bay Company 883:the Shasta included 597:Pacific blackberries 572:California Black Oak 545:California Black Oak 529:California mule deer 195:California Gold Rush 4450:Klamath Ethnography 4271:"From the Interior" 3770:Hodge, Frederick W. 3158:, pp. 655–656. 2971:, pp. 198–199. 2847:, pp. 171–172. 2817:, pp. 219–220. 2763:, pp. 163–164. 2532:, pp. 292–293. 2520:, pp. 237–239. 2442:, pp. 131–132. 2289:, pp. 398–399. 2220:, pp. 899–904. 2176:, pp. 439–441. 2135:, pp. 239–240. 2099:, pp. 412–413. 2084:, pp. 396–399. 2067:, pp. 447–449. 2052:, pp. 305–308. 2037:, pp. 416–422. 2014:, pp. 423–424. 1990:, pp. 177–181. 1978:, pp. 308–309. 1945:, pp. 431–432. 1928:, pp. 174–175. 1899:, pp. 293–294. 1839:, pp. 883–884. 1797:, pp. 288–289. 1759:, pp. 221–223. 1738:, pp. 233–235. 1702:, pp. 251–252. 1687:, pp. 211–214. 1588:, pp. 384–385. 1564:, pp. 301–302. 1541:, pp. 285–291. 1376:Continued conflicts 1070:Californian Ranchos 1056:colonies. When the 1033:McCloud, California 687:California hazelnut 625:Fritillaria recurva 301:Social organization 220:Siletz Reservations 42: 3923:Achomawi Geography 3803:Shasta Ethnography 3715:on 5 December 2013 3358:Cook, Sherburne F. 3325:Cook, Sherburne F. 3070:U.S. Congress 1855 3043:, p. 202-203. 3029:U.S. Congress 1855 2990:U.S. Congress 1855 2874:U.S. Congress 1853 2862:U.S. Congress 1920 2815:U.S. Congress 1853 2803:U.S. Congress 1853 2788:U.S. Congress 1853 2692:U.S. Congress 1853 2530:Colvocoresses 1852 1514:, p. 387-390. 1191: 1169:Michel Laframboise 915: 788: 699:Five-fingered fern 682: 674: 660:Manufactured items 645: 553: 509: 396:Affiliated peoples 314: 279:North West Company 273:In 1814, near the 137:Indigenous peoples 40: 5000: 4999: 4479:978-0-87071-368-2 4326:978-0-87961-221-4 4020:978-0-300-18136-4 3906:10.15760/etd.2114 3739:978-0-520-26619-3 3439:Wintu Ethnography 3297:978-0-7864-3833-4 3185:, pp. 37–38. 3072:, pp. 80–83. 3031:, pp. 77–78. 2992:, pp. 18–19. 2932:, pp. 57–58. 2751:, pp. 44–46. 2493:, pp. 42–43. 2478:, pp. 40–41. 2123:, pp. 44–45. 1612:, pp. 8, 15. 1338:Alleged poisoning 1286:Shasta Butte City 1268:George W. Barbour 1175:Discovery of gold 1122:William J. Bailey 1102:Willamette Valley 1082:Peter Skene Ogden 964:Lutuamian peoples 934:Bear Creek Valley 732:Body modification 605:Blue elderberries 484:Sherburne F. Cook 476:Alfred L. Kroeber 356:, along with the 264:Peter Skene Ogden 210:and assisted the 178:proper-Kahosadi, 141:Klamath Mountains 129: 128: 112:Shastan languages 16:(Redirected from 5040: 4671: 4670: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4613: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4429:Oregon Spectator 4419: 4417: 4415: 4408:Oregon Spectator 4398: 4389: 4379: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4330: 4318: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4093: 4091: 4066: 4045: 4024: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3889: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3755: 3743: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3641: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3499: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3432: 3430: 3407:Dixon, Roland B. 3402: 3400: 3398: 3370:Dixon, Roland B. 3365: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3301: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2085: 2079: 2068: 2062: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2032: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1929: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1834: 1825: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1783: 1777: 1760: 1754: 1739: 1733: 1718: 1712: 1703: 1697: 1688: 1682: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1542: 1536: 1515: 1509: 1498: 1495:U.S. Census 2010 1492: 1454:Reservation life 1443:Applegate Valley 1431:Rogue River Wars 1425:Rogue River Wars 1419:Rogue River Wars 1357:Millard Fillmore 1275:Local conditions 1264:O. M. Wozencraft 1152:George F. Emmons 899:Dentalium shells 836:Columbia Plateau 743:Septum piercings 714:Dentalium shells 576:Oregon White Oak 543:Acorns from the 491:Historic culture 412:rivers, and the 342:Marble Mountains 208:Rogue River Wars 93: 91: 90: 81: 79: 78: 68: 66: 65: 46:Total population 43: 39: 21: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4858:Northern Paiute 4675: 4665: 4663: 4621: 4616: 4604:Wilkes, Charles 4584: 4582: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4541: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4456: 4454: 4434: 4432: 4413: 4411: 4345: 4343: 4327: 4301: 4299: 4280: 4278: 4259: 4257: 4250:"Novel Arrival" 4238: 4236: 4217: 4215: 4196: 4194: 4175: 4173: 4154: 4152: 4145:"Shasta County" 4133: 4131: 4112: 4110: 4057:(19): 522–525. 4021: 4000: 3998: 3979: 3977: 3951: 3949: 3929: 3927: 3911: 3909: 3872: 3870: 3851: 3849: 3830: 3828: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3740: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3654: 3652: 3598: 3596: 3577: 3575: 3556: 3554: 3535: 3533: 3514: 3512: 3488:10.2307/1886099 3464: 3462: 3445: 3443: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3314: 3312: 3298: 3277: 3275: 3261: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2851: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2778:, pp. 4–5. 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277:, pp. 8–9. 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2088: 2080: 2071: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1932: 1924: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1778: 1763: 1755: 1742: 1734: 1721: 1713: 1706: 1698: 1691: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1545: 1537: 1518: 1510: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1473: 1456: 1427: 1421: 1378: 1349: 1340: 1315: 1295: 1277: 1247: 1211:Siskiyou County 1183: 1177: 1066:Alta California 1064:by forming the 1046: 1029: 1023: 1002: 992: 976: 966: 958:Siskiyou Summit 930:Roland B. Dixon 926: 920: 865: 851: 776: 755: 734: 662: 633: 498: 493: 468: 398: 330:Scott Mountains 303: 295:Frederick Hodge 283:Alexander Henry 248: 206:were active in 133:Shastan peoples 88: 86: 76: 74: 72: 63: 61: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5046: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4865: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4619:External links 4617: 4615: 4614: 4600: 4591: 4569: 4550: 4530: 4511: 4491: 4478: 4463: 4441: 4420: 4399: 4390: 4370:(2): 251–275. 4352: 4331: 4325: 4308: 4287: 4266: 4245: 4224: 4203: 4182: 4161: 4140: 4119: 4094: 4082:(2): 280–293. 4067: 4046: 4036:(3): 229–234. 4025: 4019: 4006: 3986: 3958: 3936: 3917: 3890: 3879: 3858: 3837: 3816: 3797: 3784: 3766: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3696: 3683: 3661: 3642: 3605: 3584: 3563: 3542: 3521: 3500: 3471: 3452: 3433: 3421:(2): 264–267. 3403: 3390: 3384:(5): 381–498. 3366: 3354: 3341: 3321: 3302: 3296: 3283: 3265: 3259: 3246: 3230: 3213: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3160: 3145: 3143:, p. 125. 3128: 3126:, p. 115. 3116: 3112:Schnebly 1852b 3101: 3086: 3074: 3057: 3055:, p. 283. 3045: 3033: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2945:Schnebly 1852a 2934: 2917: 2905: 2890: 2888:, p. 173. 2878: 2876:, p. 211. 2866: 2849: 2834: 2832:, p. 144. 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 224. 2792: 2790:, p. 226. 2780: 2765: 2753: 2738: 2723: 2711: 2696: 2694:, p. 212. 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2561: 2559:, p. 325. 2549: 2547:, p. 240. 2534: 2522: 2507: 2505:, p. 518. 2495: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2454:, p. 212. 2444: 2432: 2420: 2405: 2403:, p. 314. 2393: 2391:, p. 198. 2381: 2379:, p. 131. 2369: 2357: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2253:, p. 436. 2234: 2232:, p. 102. 2222: 2207: 2205:, p. 313. 2190: 2188:, p. 452. 2178: 2161: 2159:, p. 218. 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2111:, p. 202. 2101: 2086: 2069: 2054: 2039: 2016: 2004: 2002:, p. 179. 1992: 1980: 1959: 1957:, p. 170. 1947: 1930: 1913: 1901: 1880: 1868: 1866:, p. 177. 1856: 1841: 1826: 1824:, p. 209. 1811: 1809:, p. 264. 1799: 1784: 1782:, p. 496. 1761: 1740: 1719: 1717:, p. 316. 1704: 1689: 1674: 1672:, p. 224. 1662: 1650: 1648:, p. 520. 1638: 1626: 1624:, p. 232. 1614: 1602: 1600:, p. 525. 1590: 1578: 1566: 1543: 1516: 1499: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1461:Superintendent 1455: 1452: 1423:Main article: 1420: 1417: 1377: 1374: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1314: 1311: 1294: 1293:Gibbs proposal 1291: 1276: 1273: 1246: 1243: 1179:Main article: 1176: 1173: 1156:Charles Wilkes 1095:Siskiyou Trail 1086:Fort Vancouver 1084:departed from 1050:Chinook Jargon 1045: 1042: 1022: 1019: 991: 988: 978:Known as the " 974:Klamath people 965: 962: 919: 916: 885:Tan Oak acorns 850: 847: 840:Columbia River 775: 772: 754: 751: 733: 730: 721:Charles Wilkes 661: 658: 632: 629: 585:Ponderosa pine 497: 494: 492: 489: 467: 464: 397: 394: 302: 299: 247: 246:Origin of name 244: 127: 126: 120: 119: 115: 114: 104: 103: 99: 98: 58: 57: 53: 52: 48: 47: 36: 26: 18:Shasta (tribe) 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5045: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:Shasta people 5011: 5010: 5008: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4445:Spier, Leslie 4442: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356:Sapir, Edward 4353: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4007: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3787: 3785:9780722208281 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3711: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3686: 3684:9780665404474 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3665:Gibbs, George 3662: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3393: 3391:9781555674298 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3344: 3342:9780520031425 3338: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3260:9780870715211 3256: 3252: 3247: 3236: 3231: 3219: 3214: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3184: 3179: 3173:, p. 22. 3172: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3082:Anthony 1854c 3078: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3014:Anthony 1854b 3010: 3003: 3002:Anthony 1854a 2998: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2903:, p. 92. 2902: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2864:, p. 50. 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2586:, p. 91. 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2472: 2466:, p. 29. 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2430:, p. 25. 2429: 2424: 2418:, p. 37. 2417: 2412: 2410: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2355:, p. 31. 2354: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2328:, p. 41. 2327: 2322: 2316:, p. 18. 2315: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2147:, p. 46. 2146: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2109:Voegelin 1942 2105: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2013: 2008: 2001: 2000:Voegelin 1942 1996: 1989: 1988:Voegelin 1942 1984: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1955:Voegelin 1942 1951: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1926:Voegelin 1942 1922: 1920: 1918: 1911:, p. 34. 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1823: 1822:Voegelin 1942 1818: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1636:, p. 48. 1635: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1599: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1497:, p. 10. 1496: 1491: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1344: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1223:Sutter's Mill 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1207:Shasta County 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:George K. Gay 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1001: 997: 987: 985: 981: 975: 971: 961: 959: 953: 951: 950:Trail, Oregon 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 925: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 890: 886: 880: 878: 874: 870: 864: 860: 856: 846: 844: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810: 809:Russian River 806: 802: 798: 794: 785: 780: 771: 767: 764: 759: 750: 748: 747:ear piercings 744: 738: 728: 724: 722: 718: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 678: 671: 666: 657: 653: 649: 642: 637: 628: 626: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:Chokecherries 586: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 558: 550: 546: 541: 537: 534: 533:mineral licks 530: 526: 523: 522:Rainbow trout 519: 513: 506: 502: 488: 485: 481: 477: 473: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 441:Kà·sahʔára·ra 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 418: 415: 411: 407: 403: 393: 389: 387: 383: 382:Wiruwhikwatsu 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346:Klamath River 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 311: 307: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 262: 258: 253: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 125: 121: 116: 113: 109: 105: 100: 96: 84: 71: 70:United States 59: 54: 49: 44: 41:Shasta people 33: 19: 4933:(Gabrieliño) 4917:(Fernandeño) 4908: 4822:(Bear River) 4608: 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4577: 4561:. Retrieved 4555: 4542:. Retrieved 4536: 4522:. Retrieved 4516: 4504:, retrieved 4496: 4483:. Retrieved 4468: 4455:. Retrieved 4449: 4433:. Retrieved 4428: 4412:. Retrieved 4407: 4394: 4367: 4363: 4344:. Retrieved 4339: 4314: 4300:. Retrieved 4295: 4279:. Retrieved 4274: 4258:. Retrieved 4253: 4237:. Retrieved 4232: 4216:. Retrieved 4211: 4195:. Retrieved 4190: 4174:. Retrieved 4169: 4153:. Retrieved 4148: 4132:. Retrieved 4127: 4111:. Retrieved 4106: 4102: 4079: 4075: 4054: 4050: 4033: 4029: 4010: 3999:, retrieved 3997:(1854/05/12) 3994: 3978:. Retrieved 3973: 3969: 3950:. Retrieved 3944: 3928:. Retrieved 3922: 3910:, retrieved 3895: 3884: 3871:. Retrieved 3866: 3850:. Retrieved 3845: 3829:. Retrieved 3824: 3808:. Retrieved 3802: 3789:. Retrieved 3774: 3758:. Retrieved 3749: 3729: 3717:. Retrieved 3710:the original 3701: 3688:. Retrieved 3669: 3653:. Retrieved 3647: 3616:(1): 43–57. 3613: 3609: 3597:. Retrieved 3592: 3576:. Retrieved 3571: 3555:. Retrieved 3550: 3534:. Retrieved 3529: 3513:. Retrieved 3508: 3482:(1): 37–67. 3479: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3457: 3444:. Retrieved 3438: 3418: 3414: 3395:. Retrieved 3381: 3377: 3374:"The Shasta" 3361: 3346:. Retrieved 3330: 3313:. Retrieved 3307: 3287: 3276:, retrieved 3270: 3250: 3239:. Retrieved 3222:. Retrieved 3205:. Retrieved 3178: 3156:Kappler 1904 3141:Beckham 1996 3124:Beckham 1996 3119: 3114:, p. 2. 3097:Beckham 1996 3084:, p. 2. 3077: 3048: 3036: 3016:, p. 2. 3009: 3004:, p. 2. 2997: 2964: 2959:, p. 2. 2952: 2947:, p. 2. 2930:Ellison 1922 2915:, p. 4. 2908: 2881: 2869: 2810: 2783: 2756: 2749:Ellison 1922 2736:, p. 3. 2721:, p. 2. 2714: 2709:, p. 2. 2687: 2682:, p. 2. 2675: 2670:, p. 2. 2663: 2658:, p. 2. 2651: 2646:, p. 2. 2639: 2634:, p. 3. 2627: 2622:, p. 2. 2615: 2610:, p. 2. 2603: 2598:, p. 2. 2591: 2579: 2574:, p. 2. 2552: 2525: 2498: 2491:Edwards 1890 2476:Edwards 1890 2471: 2464:Edwards 1890 2459: 2447: 2440:Du Bois 1935 2435: 2428:Du Bois 1935 2423: 2416:Du Bois 1935 2401:Kniffen 1928 2396: 2384: 2372: 2367:, p. 8. 2360: 2340:, p. 3. 2333: 2321: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2265:, p. 1. 2263:Kroeber 1925 2258: 2230:Kroeber 1936 2225: 2218:Kroeber 1925 2181: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1950: 1904: 1897:Kroeber 1925 1878:, p. 6. 1871: 1859: 1854:, p. 9. 1837:Kroeber 1925 1802: 1795:Merriam 1930 1736:Merriam 1967 1665: 1653: 1641: 1629: 1622:Maloney 1945 1617: 1605: 1598:Merriam 1926 1593: 1581: 1569: 1539:Kroeber 1925 1490: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1410: 1406: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1298:George Gibbs 1296: 1278: 1260:Redick McKee 1257: 1248: 1239: 1231: 1228: 1215: 1192: 1142: 1134:Rogue Valley 1099: 1075: 1047: 1030: 1027:Wintu people 1003: 979: 977: 970:Modoc people 954: 946:Rogue Valley 942:Edward Sapir 927: 881: 868: 866: 859:Yurok people 789: 768: 763:serviceberry 760: 756: 739: 735: 726: 719: 707: 683: 654: 650: 646: 609: 562: 554: 527: 514: 510: 469: 455: 451: 449: 440: 436: 432: 430: 425: 421: 419: 414:Salmon River 399: 390: 385: 381: 378:Wasudigwatsu 377: 373: 369: 365: 362:Rogue Valley 350:Shasta River 334:Seiad Valley 326:Mount Shasta 317: 315: 310:Mount Shasta 272: 251: 249: 216:Grande Ronde 192: 132: 130: 37:Ethnic group 32:Shasta Costa 4937:Tübatulabal 4755:Halchidhoma 4734:Coast Miwok 4694:Ahwahnechee 4585:11 February 4563:18 February 4524:22 February 4506:27 February 4435:26 February 4414:26 February 4218:27 February 4001:26 February 3930:27 February 3912:17 February 3760:27 February 3719:27 February 3655:27 February 3465:16 February 3278:18 February 3183:Browne 1858 3171:Browne 1858 3041:Whaley 2010 2969:Madley 2017 2957:Morse 1852e 2913:Morse 1852b 2901:Renfro 1992 2776:Heizer 1972 2761:Madley 2017 2719:Morse 1852c 2644:Morse 1852d 2608:Morse 1852a 2596:Morse 1851a 2584:Renfro 1992 2572:Morse 1851c 2545:Wilkes 1845 2518:Wilkes 1845 2503:Wilkes 1845 2452:Silver 1978 2365:Sample 1950 2338:Sample 1950 2275:Sample 1950 2157:Silver 1978 2145:Renfro 1992 2133:Wilkes 1845 2121:Renfro 1992 1909:Renfro 1992 1852:Renfro 1992 1757:Silver 1978 1685:Silver 1978 1610:Renfro 1992 1303:Fort Gaston 1164:Fort Umpqua 1138:Ewing Young 1054:Californian 938:Table Rocks 710:Indian hemp 620:calochortus 616:Camas roots 518:Coho salmon 505:Coho salmon 433:tax·a·ʔáycu 426:Ḱunummíhiwu 366:Ahotireitsu 354:Scott River 291:Walla Walla 110:, formerly 5007:Categories 4862:Kucadikadi 4805:Lake Miwok 4719:Chemehuevi 4689:Acjachemen 4485:29 January 4457:28 January 4395:California 4346:28 January 4302:5 February 4281:5 February 4260:5 February 4239:5 February 4197:5 February 4176:5 February 4155:5 February 4134:5 February 4113:3 February 3980:2 February 3952:28 January 3873:5 February 3852:5 February 3831:5 February 3810:28 January 3791:29 January 3690:2 February 3599:5 February 3578:5 February 3557:5 February 3536:5 February 3515:5 February 3446:2 February 3397:28 January 3348:28 January 3241:2021-11-23 3192:References 3053:Clark 2009 2886:Gibbs 1853 2845:Gibbs 1853 2830:Gibbs 1853 2557:Gudde 2010 2389:Garth 1953 2377:Garth 1953 2353:Spier 1930 2326:Spier 1930 2299:Sapir 1907 2287:Dixon 1907 2251:Dixon 1907 2186:Dixon 1907 2174:Dixon 1907 2097:Dixon 1907 2082:Dixon 1907 2065:Dixon 1907 2035:Dixon 1907 2012:Dixon 1907 1943:Dixon 1907 1876:Cook 1976b 1864:Cook 1976a 1807:Dixon 1931 1780:Dixon 1907 1700:Dixon 1907 1670:Clark 2009 1658:Stern 1993 1646:Hodge 1910 1634:Garth 1964 1586:Dixon 1907 1574:Clark 2009 1512:Dixon 1907 1413:Cottonwood 1205:organized 1149:Lieutenant 1038:Woodwardia 1025:See also: 994:See also: 968:See also: 922:See also: 853:See also: 697:, and the 695:Bear grass 568:Canyon Oak 466:Population 406:Sacramento 386:Wiruwhitsu 370:Ikirukatsu 358:Bear Creek 261:fur trader 252:"Kahosadi" 204:Bear Creek 199:California 153:Sacramento 83:California 4972:Wukchumni 4876:Ramaytush 4872:Costanoan 4833:(Klamath) 4826:Mechoopda 4789:Kitanemuk 4724:Chimariko 4704:Bay Miwok 3638:164203291 3360:(1976b). 3327:(1976a). 2314:Gray 1987 2203:Holt 1946 2050:Holt 1946 1976:Holt 1946 1715:Holt 1946 1562:Holt 1946 1467:Treaty". 1282:Scott Bar 1252:admission 1106:purchased 1006:Pit River 843:Sahaptins 480:Chimariko 456:Ikusadewi 445:New River 184:Okwanuchu 139:from the 124:Okwanuchu 102:Languages 4921:Timbisha 4915:Tataviam 4799:Kumeyaay 4784:Kawaiisu 4714:Cahuilla 4699:Atsugewi 4684:Achomawi 4606:(1845). 4575:(1942). 4358:(1907). 4063:24522525 4042:25155920 3964:(1936). 3942:(1925). 3772:(1910). 3409:(1931). 3372:(1907). 1471:See also 1464:Newsmith 1398:De Chute 1361:Luke Lea 1113:Alvarado 1110:Governor 1062:missions 1015:Big Bend 1000:Atsugewi 996:Achomawi 980:Ipaxanai 824:Atsugewi 820:Achomawi 814:and the 574:and the 460:Achomawi 452:ye·tatwa 437:Yɨdahčɨn 374:Irauitsu 336:and the 281:officer 242:tribes. 180:Konomihu 172:counties 161:Siskiyou 4947:Vanyume 4904:Serrano 4899:Salinan 4893:Quechan 4853:Nomlaki 4848:Nisenan 4820:Mattole 4810:Luiseño 4768:Whilkut 4764:Chilula 4750:Esselen 4729:Chumash 4544:4 March 3630:3629411 3496:1886099 3315:5 March 3224:5 March 3207:5 March 1347:Failure 1132:of the 1130:Takelma 1011:Madhesi 924:Takelma 918:Takelma 903:Takelma 889:abalone 877:Takelma 832:Klamath 753:Warfare 631:Housing 610:Flower 580:tannins 557:Mussels 549:Tan Oak 454:" and " 410:McCloud 402:Shastan 360:in the 322:Ashland 268:Klamath 240:Alturas 212:Takelma 169:Jackson 165:Klamath 157:McCloud 145:Klamath 108:English 4982:Yokuts 4957:Washoe 4931:Tongva 4926:Tolowa 4909:Shasta 4895:(Yuma) 4883:Patwin 4868:Ohlone 4837:Mohave 4739:Cupeño 4708:Saklan 4476: 4386:659586 4384: 4323: 4061: 4040: 4017: 3782: 3736: 3681: 3677:–177. 3636: 3628: 3494: 3388: 3339: 3294: 3257: 1402:Tenino 1313:Treaty 1266:, and 1160:Umpqua 1120:area. 1091:Talent 873:Tolowa 869:Iwampi 861:, and 816:Patwin 603:, and 564:Acorns 422:Iwáppi 338:Salmon 318:Shasta 287:Cayuse 224:Oregon 186:, and 176:Shasta 149:Salmon 95:Oregon 92: 80: 67: 4992:Yurok 4967:Wiyot 4962:Wintu 4952:Wappo 4831:Modoc 4815:Maidu 4779:Cahto 4774:Karuk 4501:(PDF) 4382:JSTOR 4059:JSTOR 4038:JSTOR 3754:(PDF) 3713:(PDF) 3706:(PDF) 3634:S2CID 3626:JSTOR 3492:JSTOR 1483:Notes 1307:Hoopa 1021:Wintu 911:Yurok 907:Karuk 855:Karuk 828:Modoc 805:Wintu 797:Yurok 793:Karuk 784:Yurok 670:Karuk 641:Yurok 612:bulbs 236:Karuk 232:Yreka 4987:Yuki 4977:Yana 4888:Pomo 4842:Mono 4794:Kizh 4760:Hupa 4587:2018 4565:2018 4546:2018 4526:2018 4508:2018 4487:2018 4474:ISBN 4459:2018 4437:2018 4416:2018 4348:2018 4321:ISBN 4304:2018 4283:2018 4262:2018 4241:2018 4220:2018 4199:2018 4178:2018 4157:2018 4136:2018 4115:2018 4015:ISBN 4003:2018 3982:2018 3954:2018 3932:2018 3914:2018 3875:2018 3854:2018 3833:2018 3812:2018 3793:2018 3780:ISBN 3762:2018 3734:ISBN 3721:2018 3692:2018 3679:ISBN 3657:2018 3601:2018 3580:2018 3559:2018 3538:2018 3517:2018 3467:2018 3448:2018 3399:2018 3386:ISBN 3350:2018 3337:ISBN 3317:2018 3292:ISBN 3280:2018 3255:ISBN 3226:2018 3209:2018 1284:and 1124:and 998:and 972:and 909:and 863:Hupa 838:and 830:and 822:and 812:Pomo 801:Hupa 799:and 703:Hupa 496:Diet 408:and 352:and 340:and 316:The 289:and 259:and 238:and 218:and 193:The 167:and 155:and 131:The 4372:doi 4084:doi 3901:doi 3618:doi 3484:doi 3423:doi 230:or 222:in 51:653 5009:: 4766:, 4427:. 4406:. 4380:. 4362:. 4338:. 4294:. 4273:. 4252:. 4231:. 4210:. 4189:. 4168:. 4147:. 4126:. 4107:68 4105:. 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