2687:. The lower part of the press contains a V-shaped groove called the die. The upper part of the press contains a punch that presses the sheet metal down into the v-shaped die, causing it to bend. There are several techniques used, but the most common modern method is "air bending". Here, the die has a sharper angle than the required bend (typically 85 degrees for a 90 degree bend) and the upper tool is precisely controlled in its stroke to push the metal down the required amount to bend it through 90 degrees. Typically, a general purpose machine has an available bending force of around 25 tons per meter of length. The opening width of the lower die is typically 8 to 10 times the thickness of the metal to be bent (for example, 5 mm material could be bent in a 40 mm die). The inner radius of the bend formed in the metal is determined not by the radius of the upper tool, but by the lower die width. Typically, the inner radius is equal to 1/6 of the V-width used in the forming process.
217:" later as manufacturers of the period did not use the term. The popularity of both shingles and ceilings encouraged widespread production. With further advances of steel sheet metal production in the 1890s, the promise of being cheap, durable, easy to install, lightweight and fireproof gave the middle-class a significant appetite for sheet metal products. It was not until the 1930s and WWII that metals became scarce and the sheet metal industry began to collapse. However, some American companies, such as the W.F. Norman Corporation, were able to stay in business by making other products until
2486:
38:
20:
2672:
2881:, splicing, etc. to make the final product we want (such as computer chassis, washing machine shells, refrigerator door panels, etc.), we generally called sheet metal fabrication. The academic community currently has no uniform definition, but this process has a common feature of the process is that the material is generally a thin sheet, and will not change the thickness of most of the material of the part.
2752:
371:
208:
Hand-hammered metal sheets have been used since ancient times for architectural purposes. Water-powered rolling mills replaced the manual process in the late 17th century. The process of flattening metal sheets required large rotating iron cylinders which pressed metal pieces into sheets. The metals
2852:
The process of using an
English wheel is called wheeling. It is basically a metal working or metal forming process. An English wheel is used by a craftsperson to form compound curves from a flat sheet of metal of aluminium or steel. It is costly, as highly skilled labour is required. It can produce
2709:
Punching is performed by placing the sheet of metal stock between a punch and a die mounted in a press. The punch and die are made of hardened steel and are the same shape. The punch is sized to be a very close fit in the die. The press pushes the punch against and into the die with enough force to
2455:
The curling process is used to form an edge on a ring. This process is used to remove sharp edges. It also increases the moment of inertia near the curled end. The flare/burr should be turned away from the die. It is used to curl a material of specific thickness. Tool steel is generally used due to
2721:
has a choice of up to 60 tools in a "turret" that can be rotated to bring any tool to the punching position. A simple shape (e.g. a square, circle, or hexagon) is cut directly from the sheet. A complex shape can be cut out by making many square or rounded cuts around the perimeter. A punch is less
2694:
to position depth of the bend along the workpiece. The backgauge can be computer controlled to allow the operator to make a series of bends in a component to a high degree of accuracy. Simple machines control only the backstop, more advanced machines control the position and angle of the stop, its
356:
For forming limit curves of materials aluminium, mild steel and brass. Theoretical analysis is carried out by deriving governing equations for determining of equivalent stress and equivalent strain based on the bulging to be spherical and Tresca's yield criterion with the associated flow rule. For
2523:
and then stretching the sheet open in accordion-like fashion. It is used in applications where air and water flow are desired as well as when light weight is desired at cost of a solid flat surface. A similar process is used in other materials such as paper to create a low cost packing paper with
1862:
process the rollers bow slightly, which results in the sheets being thinner on the edges. The tolerances in the table and attachments reflect current manufacturing practices and commercial standards and are not representative of the
Manufacturer's Standard Gauge, which has no inherent tolerances.
424:
Use of gauge numbers to designate sheet metal thickness is discouraged by numerous international standards organizations. For example, ASTM states in specification ASTM A480-10a: "The use of gauge number is discouraged as being an archaic term of limited usefulness not having general agreement on
2621:
CNC laser involves moving a lens assembly carrying a beam of laser light over the surface of the metal. Oxygen, nitrogen or air is fed through the same nozzle from which the laser beam exits. The metal is heated and burnt by the laser beam, cutting the metal sheet. The quality of the edge can be
2644:
Photochemical machining, also known as photo etching, is a tightly controlled corrosion process which is used to produce complex metal parts from sheet metal with very fine detail. The photo etching process involves photo sensitive polymer being applied to a raw metal sheet. Using CAD designed
428:
Manufacturers' Standard Gauge for Sheet Steel is based on an average density of 41.82 lb per square foot per inch thick, equivalent to 501.84 pounds per cubic foot (8,038.7 kg/m). Gauge is defined differently for ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous metals (e.g. aluminium and brass).
352:
In sheet hydroforming, variation in incoming sheet coil properties is a common problem for forming process, especially with materials for automotive applications. Even though incoming sheet coil may meet tensile test specifications, high rejection rate is often observed in production due to
2598:
Ironing is a sheet metal working or sheet metal forming process. It uniformly thins the workpiece in a specific area. This is a very useful process. It is used to produce a uniform wall thickness part with a high height-to-diameter ratio. It is used in making aluminium beverage cans.
432:
The gauge thicknesses shown in column 2 (U.S. standard sheet and plate iron and steel decimal inch (mm)) seem somewhat arbitrary. The progression of thicknesses is clear in column 3 (U.S. standard for sheet and plate iron and steel 64ths inch (delta)). The thicknesses vary first by
144:
process is adopted as needed to prevent it from rusting due to constant exposure to the outdoors. Sometimes a layer of color coating is applied to the surface of the cold-rolled sheet to obtain a decorative and protective metal sheet, generally called a color-coated metal sheet.
2695:
height and the position of the two reference pegs used to locate the material. The machine can also record the exact position and pressure required for each bending operation to allow the operator to achieve a perfect 90 degree bend across a variety of operations on the part.
85:) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is measured in ounces, representing the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform thickness for ideal results.
2617:
up to very large powered shears. With the advances in technology, sheet metal cutting has turned to computers for precise cutting. Many sheet metal cutting operations are based on computer numerically controlled (CNC) laser cutting or multi-tool CNC punch press.
2568:
to the workpiece or to a bladder that is in contact with the workpiece, rather than by the movable part of a die in a mechanical or hydraulic press. Unlike deep drawing, hydroforming usually does not involve draw reductionsβthe piece is formed in a single step.
2501:, etc. Deep drawing is generally done in multiple steps called draw reductions. The greater the depth, the more reductions are required. Deep drawing may also be accomplished with fewer reductions by heating the workpiece, for example in sink manufacture.
2583:
Incremental sheet forming or ISF forming process is basically sheet metal working or sheet metal forming process. In this case, sheet is formed into final shape by a series of processes in which small incremental deformation can be done in each series.
353:
inconsistent material behavior. Thus there is a strong need for a discriminating method for testing incoming sheet material formability. The hydraulic sheet bulge test emulates biaxial deformation conditions commonly seen in production operations.
2815:
Stamping includes a variety of operations such as punching, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining; simple or complex shapes can be formed at high production rates; tooling and equipment costs can be high, but labor costs are low.
386:. In particular, it does not explain the difference among the various gauge standards like Manufacturers' Standard Gauge, Standard Decimal Gauge, U.S. Standard Gauge, Birmingham Gage and British Standard Gauge and their appropriate application.
2714:, a coil of stock is fed into a long die/punch set with many stages. Multiple simple shaped holes may be produced in one stage, but complex holes are created in multiple stages. In the final stage, the part is punched free from the "web".
283:
is widely used in sheet metal form due to its flexibility, wide range of options, cost effectiveness, and other properties. The four most common aluminium grades available as sheet metal are 1100-H14, 3003-H14, 5052-H32, and 6061-T6.
2771:
Rolling is metal working or metal forming process. In this method, stock passes through one or more pair of rolls to reduce thickness. It is used to make thickness uniform. It is classified according to its temperature of rolling:
2622:
mirror smooth and a precision of around 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) can be obtained. Cutting speeds on thin 1.2 mm (0.047 in) sheet can be as high as 25 m (82 ft) per minute. Most laser cutting systems use a CO
2801:). Rollers or rigid tools press the stock against the form, stretching it until the stock takes the shape of the form. Spinning is used to make rocket motor casings, missile nose cones, satellite dishes and metal kitchen funnels.
2470:
It is a metal working process of removing camber, the horizontal bend, from a strip shaped material. It may be done to a finite length section or coils. It resembles flattening of leveling process, but on a deformed edge.
340:
is a common heat-treated structural aluminium alloy. It is weldable, corrosion resistant, and stronger than 5052, but not as formable. It loses some of its strength when welded. It is used in modern aircraft structures.
2837:
A water jet cutter, also known as a waterjet, is a tool capable of a controlled erosion into metal or other materials using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance.
271:
Grade 430 is a popular grade, low-cost alternative to series 300's grades. This is used when high corrosion resistance is not a primary criterion. Common grade for appliance products, often with a brushed finish.
476:
Some steel tubes are manufactured by folding a single steel sheet into a square/circle and welding the seam together. Their wall thickness has a similar (but distinct) gauge to the thickness of steel sheets.
3167:
Baptiste, R., Clark, D.L. and Matin, P., 2017, June. Designing a Strain
Measurement System based on Circle Grid Analysis for Sheet Metal Forming Applications. In 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.
2504:
In many cases, material is rolled at the mill in both directions to aid in deep drawing. This leads to a more uniform grain structure which limits tearing and is referred to as "draw quality" material.
77:
In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the U.S., the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its
329:
Grade 5052-H32 is much stronger than 3003 while still maintaining good formability. It maintains high corrosion resistance and weldability. Common applications include electronic chassis, tanks, and
2659:
Perforating is a cutting process that punches multiple small holes close together in a flat workpiece. Perforated sheet metal is used to make a wide variety of surface cutting tools, such as the
2412:
213:." Sheet metals appeared in the United States in the 1870s, being used for shingle roofing, stamped ornamental ceilings, and exterior façades. Sheet metal ceilings were only popularly known as "
2722:
flexible than a laser for cutting compound shapes, but faster for repetitive shapes (for example, the grille of an air-conditioning unit). A CNC punch can achieve 600 strokes per minute.
349:
Brass is an alloy of copper, which is widely used as a sheet metal. It has more strength, corrosion resistance and formability when compared to copper while retaining its conductivity.
209:
suited for this were lead, copper, zinc, iron and later steel. Tin was often used to coat iron and steel sheets to prevent it from rusting. This tin-coated sheet metal was called "
2542:
Hemming is a process of folding the edge of sheet metal onto itself to reinforce that edge. Seaming is a process of folding two sheets of metal together to form a joint.
3386:"The influence of the laser and plasma traverse cutting speed process parameter on the cut-edge characteristics and durability of Yellow Goods vehicle applications"
2497:. In deep drawing the depth of the part being made is more than half its diameter. Deep drawing is used for making automotive fuel tanks, kitchen sinks, two-piece
2557:
81:. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (
3347:
3551:
3649:
298:
Grade 3003-H14 is stronger than 1100, while maintaining the same formability and low cost. It is corrosion resistant and weldable. It is often used in
200:. Sheet metal workers are also known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering of panel seams when installing tin roofs.
3179:"ASTM A480/A480M-13b Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip"
3041:
3536:
3611:
2725:
A typical component (such as the side of a computer case) can be cut to high precision from a blank sheet in under 15 seconds by either a
2645:
photo-tools as stencils, the metal is exposed to UV light to leave a design pattern, which is developed and etched from the metal sheet.
2993:
3264:
3093:
70:
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a
3642:
3520:
3024:
3570:
3152:
2359:
2955:
3304:
249:
Grade 316 possesses more corrosion resistance and strength at elevated temperatures than 304. It is commonly used for
172:
for buildings (architecture), and many other applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high magnetic
3635:
3604:
3501:
3111:
2987:
2743:
A continuous bending operation for producing open profiles or welded tubes with long lengths or in large quantities.
411:
3182:
2710:
cut a hole in the stock. In some cases the punch and die "nest" together to create a depression in the stock. In
173:
291:
and weldable, but has low strength. It is commonly used in chemical processing equipment, light reflectors, and
287:
Grade 1100-H14 is commercially pure aluminium, highly chemical and weather resistant. It is ductile enough for
3340:
3555:
2797:
Spinning is used to make tubular (axis-symmetric) parts by fixing a piece of sheet stock to a rotating form (
3962:
3663:
3597:
2519:
Expanding is a process of cutting or stamping slits in alternating pattern much like the stretcher bond in
2556:
Hydroforming is a process that is analogous to deep drawing, in that the part is formed by stretching the
63:, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate, such as plate steel, a class of
234:
Grade 304 is the most common of the three grades. It offers good corrosion resistance while maintaining
2915:
264:
stainless steel, but it has a lower corrosion resistance than the other grades. It is commonly used in
169:
3584:
2578:
2426:
3879:
3720:
389:
3931:
3750:
3725:
3715:
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2847:
2810:
2639:
299:
2820:
132:). These metal sheets are processed through different processing technologies, mainly including
3957:
3775:
3770:
3710:
3705:
3659:
2862:
2760:
2680:
2593:
2450:
2349:
1859:
307:
157:
3208:
2853:
different panels by the same method. A stamping press is used for high numbers in production.
2977:
2926:
218:
141:
3760:
3260:
2910:
2711:
2683:
used to produce long, thin sheet metal parts. The machine that bends the metal is called a
2565:
2514:
337:
8:
2561:
2533:
2494:
381:
315:
3097:
2630:; some more recent systems use a YAG based laser with a wavelength of around 1 ΞΌm.
2485:
3530:
2537:
257:, chemical equipment, and marine applications. Available finishes are #2B, #3, and #4.
165:
2766:
177:
3906:
3901:
3836:
3730:
3679:
3516:
3497:
3405:
3020:
2983:
2898:
2782:
Warm rolling: In this temperature is used is in between Hot rolling and cold rolling.
78:
30:
25:
3493:
3397:
2890:
2874:
2832:
393:
323:
185:
64:
3385:
37:
3811:
3755:
3401:
3308:
3156:
3149:
330:
153:
3513:
Building
Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II
2861:
The use of sheet metal, through a comprehensive cold working process, including
3859:
3780:
2792:
303:
3235:
2564:. The force required is generated by the direct application of extremely high
3951:
3854:
3849:
3409:
2921:
2870:
2726:
2608:
357:
experimentation circular grid analysis is one of the most effective methods.
261:
243:
71:
3042:"Historic Decorative Metal Ceilings and Walls: Use, Repair, and Replacement"
2493:
Drawing is a forming process in which the metal is stretched over a form or
2437:
are the length and thickness of the sheet metal, respectively. The variable
3790:
3745:
3620:
2738:
2718:
2551:
2498:
2480:
319:
288:
214:
149:
133:
88:
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as
56:
19:
3178:
2936:
2931:
2779:
Cold rolling: In this temperature is below recrystallisation temperature.
2684:
2654:
2465:
239:
235:
189:
181:
137:
55:
Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered
2776:
Hot rolling: in this temperature is above recrystallisation temperature.
3926:
3921:
3684:
2691:
2421:
is a factor taking into account several parameters including friction.
311:
197:
196:, and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in
60:
3017:
Cheap, Quick, & Easy: Imitative
Architectural Materials, 1870-1930
3916:
3911:
3844:
3821:
3735:
2614:
2520:
280:
89:
2979:
Wobblies, pile butts, and other heroes : laborlore explorations
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2704:
210:
161:
129:
125:
113:
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3806:
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3740:
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292:
265:
193:
52:
formed into thin, flat pieces, usually by an industrial process.
3864:
3589:
2613:
Sheet metal can be cut in various ways, from hand tools called
443:
inch in higher thicknesses and then step down to increments of
246:
are #2B, #3, and #4. Grade 303 is not available in sheet form.
117:
109:
97:
3816:
2894:
2878:
2751:
254:
101:
93:
49:
2823:
have low tooling and equipment costs, but high labor costs.
2627:
250:
121:
116:. For decorative uses, some important sheet metals include
82:
2354:
The equation for estimating the maximum bending force is,
2889:
Fasteners that are commonly used on sheet metal include:
105:
3019:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 31.
463:
inch, with the final increments at decimal fractions of
3657:
2626:
based laser source with a wavelength of around 10
188:. Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in
221:
projects aided the revival of ornamental sheet metal.
2362:
2982:. Urbana u.a.: Univ. of Illinois Press. p. 20.
2524:
better supportive properties than flat paper alone.
2407:{\displaystyle F_{\text{max}}=k{\frac {TLt^{2}}{W}}}
2406:
3314:Standard gauge for sheet and plate iron and steel
3949:
3263:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
3580:. Sachiya Steel International. September 2023.
41:Microscopic close-up of mild steel sheet metal
3643:
3605:
3323:
3321:
2572:
2441:is the open width of a V-die or wiping die.
392:. There might be a discussion about this on
128:(platinum sheet metal is also utilized as a
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3282:
3650:
3636:
3612:
3598:
3535:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3112:"Sustainability of Aluminium in Buildings"
2856:
2633:
3318:
3096:. precisionsheetmetal.com. Archived from
412:Learn how and when to remove this message
3585:Milestones in the History of Sheet Metal
3486:Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D. (2004).
3279:
3137:Central Steel & Wire Company Catalog
2750:
2670:
2484:
36:
18:
3258:
3014:
2956:"Design Guide: Sheet Metal Fabrication"
2203:Stainless steel sheet metal tolerances
3950:
3552:"Manufacturers Standard Gauge History"
3383:
3341:"ASTM-AISI Thickness Tolerance Ranges"
3088:
3086:
2918:, also known as Corrugated Sheet Metal
2819:Alternatively, the related techniques
2666:
2527:
2456:the amount of wear done by operation.
3631:
3593:
3554:. Steel Market Update. Archived from
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3082:
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268:. The only available finish is dull.
3571:"Sheet Steel Gauges and Thicknesses"
2826:
2338:
364:
2690:The press usually has some sort of
150:automobile and truck (lorry) bodies
16:Metal formed into thin, flat pieces
13:
3390:Journal of Manufacturing Processes
3353:from the original on 5 August 2012
3294:
3225:
3063:
2767:Tinplate Β§ Strip mill process
229:
14:
3974:
3544:
3384:Thomas, Daniel J. (August 2011).
3267:from the original on 19 July 2013
3139:(2006β2008 ed.), p. 151
2996:from the original on 14 July 2015
2045:Aluminium sheet metal tolerances
3619:
3185:from the original on 2014-02-22.
3150:All Metal Construction Made Easy
3117:. European Aluminium Association
2755:Bending sheet metal with rollers
2602:
369:
3479:
3464:
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3440:
3428:
3416:
3377:
3365:
3333:
3252:
3201:
3189:
3171:
2732:
2545:
2474:
3261:"Sheet Metal Thickness Gauges"
3259:Rowlett, Ross (26 July 2002).
3161:
3143:
3129:
3104:
3033:
3008:
2969:
2948:
2648:
2459:
1:
2942:
2675:Forming metal on a pressbrake
2201:
2043:
1867:Steel sheet metal tolerances
1865:
1853:
3402:10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.02.002
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2508:
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555:
481:Standard sheet metal gauges
275:
224:
7:
3510:
3492:(27th ed.). New York:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3371:
3209:"How Is Steel Tubing Made?"
3015:Simpson, Pamela H. (1999).
2904:
2841:
2804:
2786:
2698:
1067:
1038:
1009:
10:
3979:
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3240:Tech Steel & Materials
3195:
2916:Corrugated galvanised iron
2845:
2830:
2808:
2790:
2764:
2758:
2746:
2736:
2702:
2652:
2637:
2606:
2591:
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2531:
2512:
2489:Example of deep drawn part
2478:
2463:
2448:
2444:
2347:
2343:
980:
951:
922:
893:
203:
29:stainless steel cover the
3892:
3835:
3799:
3698:
3672:
3627:
2579:Incremental sheet forming
2573:Incremental sheet forming
2427:ultimate tensile strength
2211:
2207:
2053:
2049:
3721:Electrohydraulic forming
3473:, pp. 17, 22, 29β30, 117
2729:or a laser CNC machine.
360:
344:
3726:Electromagnetic forming
2857:Sheet metal fabrication
2640:Photochemical machining
2634:Photochemical machining
2238:0.031β0.041 (0.79β1.04)
2227:0.017β0.030 (0.43β0.76)
2091:0.037β0.045 (0.94β1.14)
2080:0.029β0.036 (0.74β0.91)
2069:0.018β0.028 (0.46β0.71)
148:Sheet metal is used in
3711:Casting (metalworking)
3181:. ASTM International.
3094:"Sheet metal material"
2976:Green, Archie (1993).
2756:
2676:
2490:
2408:
180:, has applications in
42:
34:
3932:Tools and terminology
3040:Staveteig, Kaaren R.
2927:Forming limit diagram
2754:
2674:
2488:
2409:
2326:0.147β0.187 (3.7β4.7)
2315:0.132β0.146 (3.4β3.7)
2304:0.116β0.131 (2.9β3.3)
2293:0.100β0.115 (2.5β2.9)
2282:0.085β0.099 (2.2β2.5)
2271:0.074β0.084 (1.9β2.1)
2260:0.060β0.073 (1.5β1.9)
2249:0.042β0.059 (1.1β1.5)
2190:0.204β0.249 (5.2β6.3)
2179:0.173β0.203 (4.4β5.2)
2168:0.141β0.172 (3.6β4.4)
2157:0.126β0.140 (3.2β3.6)
2146:0.109β0.125 (2.8β3.2)
2135:0.097β0.108 (2.5β2.7)
2124:0.077β0.096 (2.0β2.4)
2113:0.069β0.076 (1.8β1.9)
2102:0.046β0.068 (1.2β1.7)
219:Historic preservation
178:laminated steel cores
40:
22:
3761:Progressive stamping
3489:Machinery's Handbook
2911:Circle grid analysis
2821:repoussΓ© and chasing
2712:progressive stamping
2566:hydrostatic pressure
2515:Expanded sheet metal
2360:
382:confusing or unclear
3963:Fabrication (metal)
3837:Finishing processes
3346:. CoyoteSteel.com.
3236:"Tube Sizing Chart"
3049:Preservation Briefs
2667:Press brake forming
2534:Hemming and seaming
2528:Hemming and seaming
2204:
2046:
1868:
504:64ths inch (delta)
500:for sheet and plate
491:for sheet and plate
482:
390:clarify the article
158:fuselages and wings
142:hot-dip galvanizing
3155:2012-02-18 at the
2899:sheet metal screws
2757:
2679:This is a form of
2677:
2560:over a stationary
2538:Automotive Hemming
2491:
2404:
2202:
2044:
1866:
495:decimal inch (mm)
480:
43:
35:
3945:
3944:
3888:
3887:
3800:Joining processes
3731:Explosive forming
3699:Forming processes
3578:Sheet Steel Facts
3522:978-0-9897906-0-4
3026:978-1-62190-157-0
2875:water jet cutting
2833:Water jet cutting
2827:Water jet cutting
2402:
2370:
2339:Forming processes
2336:
2335:
2200:
2199:
2042:
2041:
1851:
1850:
422:
421:
414:
186:electric machines
31:Chrysler Building
3970:
3667:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3507:
3494:Industrial Press
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3292:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2205:
2047:
1869:
516:Galvanized steel
483:
479:
472:
471:
467:
462:
461:
457:
452:
451:
447:
442:
441:
437:
417:
410:
406:
403:
397:
373:
372:
365:
331:pressure vessels
176:, also known as
154:major appliances
65:structural steel
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3884:
3831:
3795:
3756:Press hardening
3694:
3668:
3666:, and finishing
3658:
3656:
3623:
3618:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3547:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3515:. Cypress, CA.
3511:Parker (2013).
3504:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3157:Wayback Machine
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2907:
2887:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2813:
2807:
2795:
2789:
2769:
2763:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2707:
2701:
2669:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2532:Main articles:
2530:
2517:
2511:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2086:0.0025 (0.064)
2075:0.0025 (0.064)
2064:
2060:
2051:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1856:
637:0.4063 (10.32)
608:0.4375 (11.11)
579:0.4688 (11.91)
550:0.5000 (12.70)
541:
536:
531:
529:
527:
522:
521:Stainless steel
517:
512:
511:for Sheet Steel
510:
509:Standard Gauge
508:
507:Manufacturers'
503:
502:iron and steel
501:
499:
494:
492:
490:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
418:
407:
401:
398:
387:
374:
370:
363:
347:
278:
260:Grade 410 is a
232:
230:Stainless steel
227:
206:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3860:Mass finishing
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3567:
3546:
3545:External links
3543:
3542:
3541:
3521:
3508:
3502:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3396:(2): 120β132.
3376:
3364:
3332:
3317:
3293:
3278:
3251:
3224:
3200:
3188:
3170:
3160:
3142:
3128:
3103:
3100:on 2009-06-15.
3062:
3032:
3025:
3007:
2988:
2968:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2886:
2883:
2858:
2855:
2846:Main article:
2843:
2840:
2831:Main article:
2828:
2825:
2809:Main article:
2806:
2803:
2793:Metal spinning
2791:Main article:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2759:Main article:
2748:
2745:
2737:Main article:
2734:
2731:
2717:A typical CNC
2703:Main article:
2700:
2697:
2668:
2665:
2653:Main article:
2650:
2647:
2638:Main article:
2635:
2632:
2623:
2607:Main article:
2604:
2601:
2592:Main article:
2589:
2586:
2577:Main article:
2574:
2571:
2550:Main article:
2547:
2544:
2529:
2526:
2513:Main article:
2510:
2507:
2479:Main article:
2476:
2473:
2464:Main article:
2461:
2458:
2449:Main article:
2446:
2443:
2429:of the metal.
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2348:Main article:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:0.0105 (0.27)
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:0.0075 (0.19)
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:0.0055 (0.14)
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:0.0045 (0.11)
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:0.003 (0.076)
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2233:0.002 (0.051)
2231:
2230:0.0015 (0.038)
2228:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:0.0035 (0.089)
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2097:0.003 (0.076)
2095:
2094:0.0025 (0.064)
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2038:0.0129 (0.33)
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:0.0159 (0.40)
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2010:0.0209 (0.53)
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1996:0.0269 (0.68)
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:0.0329 (0.84)
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:0.0438 (1.11)
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:0.0548 (1.39)
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1940:0.0697 (1.77)
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1926:0.0986 (2.50)
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:0.1136 (2.89)
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1898:0.1285 (3.26)
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:0.400 (-0.025)
1827:
1826:0.0063 (0.16)
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:0.425 (-0.025)
1798:
1797:0.0066 (0.17)
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:0.0070 (0.18)
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:0.0078 (0.20)
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:0.0086 (0.22)
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:0.0094 (0.24)
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:0.0102 (0.26)
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:0.0109 (0.28)
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:0.0125 (0.32)
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:0.0141 (0.36)
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:0.0156 (0.40)
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:0.0172 (0.44)
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:0.0188 (0.48)
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:0.0219 (0.56)
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:0.0250 (0.64)
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:0.0281 (0.71)
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:0.0313 (0.80)
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:0.0344 (0.87)
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:0.0375 (0.95)
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:0.0375 (0.95)
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:0.0438 (1.11)
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:0.0500 (1.27)
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:0.0500 (1.27)
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:0.0563 (1.43)
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:0.0625 (1.59)
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:0.0625 (1.59)
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:0.0703 (1.79)
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:0.0781 (1.98)
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:0.0781 (1.98)
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:0.0938 (2.38)
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:0.1094 (2.78)
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:0.1094 (2.78)
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:0.1250 (3.18)
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:0.1250 (3.18)
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:0.1406 (3.57)
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:0.1406 (3.57)
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:0.1563 (3.97)
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:0.1563 (3.97)
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:0.1719 (4.37)
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:0.1719 (4.37)
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:0.1875 (4.76)
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:0.1875 (4.76)
925:
921:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
898:0.2031 (5.16)
896:
892:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:0.2188 (5.56)
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:0.2344 (5.95)
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:0.2500 (6.35)
809:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:0.2656 (6.75)
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:0.2813 (7.15)
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:0.3125 (7.94)
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:0.3438 (8.73)
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:0.3750 (9.53)
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
538:
533:
524:
519:
514:
505:
496:
493:iron and steel
487:
420:
419:
377:
375:
368:
362:
359:
346:
343:
277:
274:
262:heat treatable
231:
228:
226:
223:
205:
202:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Metal forming
3956:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Heat treating
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
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3558:on 2013-09-28
3557:
3553:
3549:
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3509:
3505:
3503:0-8311-2700-7
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2989:9780252019630
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2923:
2922:Diamond plate
2920:
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2912:
2909:
2908:
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2872:
2871:laser cutting
2868:
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2609:Laser cutting
2603:Laser cutting
2600:
2595:
2585:
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2500:
2499:aluminum cans
2496:
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2389:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:0.009 (0.23)
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:0.007 (0.18)
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:0.006 (0.15)
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:0.003 (0.076)
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:0.004 (0.10)
2254:
2252:0.003 (0.076)
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:0.002 (0.051)
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2196:0.011 (0.28)
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:0.010 (0.25)
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:0.008 (0.20)
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:0.005 (0.13)
2162:
2160:0.0045 (0.11)
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:0.005 (0.13)
2151:
2149:0.0045 (0.11)
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:0.005 (0.13)
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:0.004 (0.10)
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:0.004 (0.10)
2118:
2116:0.003 (0.076)
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:0.004 (0.10)
2107:
2105:0.003 (0.076)
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:0.002 (0.051)
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:0.002 (0.051)
2071:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2037:
2035:0.0169 (0.43)
2034:
2032:0.0149 (0.38)
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:0.0199 (0.51)
2020:
2018:0.0179 (0.45)
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:0.0269 (0.68)
2006:
2004:0.0239 (0.61)
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:0.0329 (0.84)
1992:
1990:0.0299 (0.76)
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:0.0389 (0.99)
1978:
1976:0.0359 (0.91)
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:0.0518 (1.32)
1964:
1962:0.0478 (1.21)
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:0.0648 (1.65)
1950:
1948:0.0598 (1.52)
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:0.0797 (2.02)
1936:
1934:0.0747 (1.90)
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:0.1106 (2.81)
1922:
1920:0.1046 (2.66)
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:0.1256 (3.19)
1908:
1906:0.1196 (3.04)
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:0.1405 (3.57)
1894:
1892:0.1345 (3.42)
1891:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1832:0.0060 (0.15)
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1803:0.0064 (0.16)
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1774:0.0067 (0.17)
1773:
1771:0.45 (-0.05)
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1745:0.0075 (0.19)
1744:
1742:0.50 (-0.05)
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1716:0.0082 (0.21)
1715:
1713:0.55 (-0.05)
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1687:0.0090 (0.23)
1686:
1684:0.60 (-0.05)
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1658:0.0097 (0.25)
1657:
1655:0.65 (-0.05)
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1641:0.0089 (0.23)
1640:
1635:0.011 (0.28)
1634:
1632:0.0142 (0.36)
1631:
1629:0.0105 (0.27)
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1612:0.0100 (0.25)
1611:
1606:0.013 (0.33)
1605:
1603:0.0157 (0.40)
1602:
1600:0.0120 (0.30)
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1583:0.0113 (0.29)
1582:
1577:0.014 (0.36)
1576:
1574:0.0172 (0.44)
1573:
1571:0.0135 (0.34)
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:0.0126 (0.32)
1553:
1548:0.016 (0.41)
1547:
1545:0.0187 (0.47)
1544:
1542:0.0149 (0.38)
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1519:0.017 (0.43)
1518:
1516:0.0202 (0.51)
1515:
1513:0.0164 (0.42)
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1490:0.019 (0.48)
1489:
1487:0.0217 (0.55)
1486:
1484:0.0179 (0.45)
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1461:0.022 (0.56)
1460:
1458:0.0247 (0.63)
1457:
1455:0.0209 (0.53)
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:0.025 (0.64)
1431:
1429:0.0276 (0.70)
1428:
1426:0.0239 (0.61)
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:0.028 (0.71)
1402:
1400:0.0306 (0.78)
1399:
1397:0.0269 (0.68)
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:0.031 (0.79)
1373:
1371:0.0336 (0.85)
1370:
1368:0.0299 (0.76)
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:0.034 (0.86)
1344:
1342:0.0366 (0.93)
1341:
1339:0.0329 (0.84)
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:0.0320 (0.81)
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:0.0396 (1.01)
1312:
1310:0.0359 (0.91)
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:0.0456 (1.16)
1283:
1281:0.0418 (1.06)
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:0.0403 (1.02)
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:0.0516 (1.31)
1254:
1252:0.0478 (1.21)
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:0.0575 (1.46)
1225:
1223:0.0538 (1.37)
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:0.0508 (1.29)
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:0.0635 (1.61)
1196:
1194:0.0598 (1.52)
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:0.0710 (1.80)
1167:
1165:0.0673 (1.71)
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:0.036 (0.91)
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:0.0785 (1.99)
1138:
1136:0.0747 (1.90)
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:0.032 (0.81)
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:0.0934 (2.37)
1109:
1107:0.0897 (2.28)
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:0.028 (0.71)
1092:
1090:0.0808 (2.05)
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:0.1084 (2.75)
1080:
1078:0.1046 (2.66)
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:0.024 (0.61)
1063:
1061:0.0907 (2.30)
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:0.1233 (3.13)
1051:
1049:0.1196 (3.04)
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:0.020 (0.51)
1034:
1032:0.1019 (2.59)
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:0.1382 (3.51)
1022:
1020:0.1345 (3.42)
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:0.018 (0.46)
1005:
1003:0.1144 (2.91)
1002:
999:
996:
994:0.1532 (3.89)
993:
991:0.1495 (3.80)
990:
987:
984:
981:
977:0.016 (0.41)
976:
974:0.1285 (3.26)
973:
970:
967:
965:0.1681 (4.27)
964:
962:0.1644 (4.18)
961:
958:
955:
952:
948:0.014 (0.36)
947:
945:0.1443 (3.67)
944:
941:
938:
933:0.1793 (4.55)
932:
929:
926:
923:
919:0.012 (0.30)
918:
915:
912:
904:0.1943 (4.94)
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:0.010 (0.25)
889:
883:
875:0.2092 (5.31)
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
861:0.008 (0.20)
860:
854:
846:0.2242 (5.69)
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
832:0.006 (0.15)
831:
825:
817:0.2391 (6.07)
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
796:
784:
781:
778:
777:
767:
755:
752:
749:
748:
738:
726:
723:
720:
719:
709:
697:
694:
691:
690:
668:
665:
662:
661:
639:
636:
633:
632:
610:
607:
604:
603:
581:
578:
575:
574:
552:
549:
546:
545:
539:
534:
525:
520:
515:
506:
498:U.S. standard
497:
489:U.S. standard
488:
485:
484:
478:
474:
430:
426:
416:
413:
405:
395:
394:the talk page
391:
385:
383:
378:This article
376:
367:
366:
358:
354:
350:
342:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
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285:
282:
273:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
222:
220:
216:
212:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
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151:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
75:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
39:
32:
28:
27:
21:
3791:Tube bending
3746:Hydroforming
3689:
3621:Metalworking
3577:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:the original
3512:
3487:
3480:Bibliography
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3425:, pp. 29, 83
3418:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3374:, pp. 20, 85
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3335:
3313:
3269:. Retrieved
3254:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3216:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3191:
3173:
3163:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3106:
3098:the original
3053:. Retrieved
3048:
3035:
3016:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2978:
2971:
2962:
2950:
2888:
2865:, shearing,
2860:
2851:
2836:
2818:
2814:
2796:
2770:
2742:
2739:Roll forming
2733:Roll forming
2724:
2719:turret punch
2716:
2708:
2689:
2678:
2658:
2643:
2620:
2612:
2597:
2582:
2555:
2552:Hydroforming
2546:Hydroforming
2541:
2518:
2503:
2492:
2481:Deep drawing
2475:Deep drawing
2469:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2356:
2353:
2329:0.007 (0.18)
2318:0.006 (0.15)
2307:0.005 (0.13)
2296:0.005 (0.13)
2285:0.004 (0.10)
2274:0.004 (0.10)
2212:Sheet width
2193:0.009 (0.23)
2182:0.007 (0.18)
2171:0.006 (0.15)
2138:0.004 (0.10)
2054:Sheet width
1857:
1525:0.014 (0.36)
1496:0.017 (0.43)
1467:0.018 (0.46)
1441:0.125 (3.2)
1435:0.022 (0.56)
1412:0.100 (2.5)
1409:0.023 (0.58)
1406:0.025 (0.64)
1383:0.090 (2.3)
1380:0.025 (0.64)
1377:0.028 (0.71)
1354:0.080 (2.0)
1351:0.028 (0.71)
1348:0.032 (0.81)
1325:0.070 (1.8)
1319:0.035 (0.89)
1296:0.060 (1.5)
1293:0.036 (0.91)
1287:0.044 (1.1)
1267:0.055 (1.4)
1238:0.050 (1.3)
1229:0.056 (1.4)
1209:0.045 (1.1)
1180:0.040 (1.0)
1113:0.094 (2.4)
475:
431:
427:
423:
408:
399:
388:Please help
379:
355:
351:
348:
335:
328:
297:
289:deep drawing
286:
279:
270:
259:
248:
242:. Available
233:
215:tin ceilings
207:
182:transformers
174:permeability
147:
140:. Sometimes
134:cold rolling
87:
76:
72:roll slitter
69:
54:
45:
44:
24:
3902:Fabrication
3850:Galvanizing
3690:Sheet metal
3680:Fabrication
3664:fabrication
2963:xometry.com
2937:Temper mill
2932:Strip steel
2685:press brake
2655:Perforation
2649:Perforating
2466:Decambering
2460:Decambering
2221:48 (1,219)
2217:36 (914.4)
2059:36 (914.4)
1858:During the
1626:0.7 (-0.1)
1597:0.8 (-0.1)
1568:0.9 (-0.1)
1539:1.0 (-0.1)
1510:1.1 (-0.1)
1481:1.2 (-0.2)
1452:1.4 (-0.2)
1438:0.02 (0.51)
1394:1.8 (-0.2)
1365:2.0 (-0.2)
1336:2.2 (-0.2)
1307:2.4 (-0.4)
1290:0.042 (1.1)
1278:2.8 (-0.4)
1261:0.049 (1.2)
1235:0.045 (1.1)
1232:0.058 (1.5)
1203:0.065 (1.7)
1191:4.0 (-0.5)
1177:0.057 (1.4)
1174:0.072 (1.8)
1171:0.07 (1.8)
1148:0.063 (1.6)
1145:0.083 (2.1)
1119:0.072 (1.8)
1116:0.095 (2.4)
1087:0.109 (2.8)
1058:0.120 (3.0)
1029:0.134 (3.4)
1000:0.148 (3.8)
971:0.165 (4.2)
942:0.180 (4.6)
916:0.162 (4.1)
913:0.203 (5.2)
884:0.220 (5.6)
855:0.238 (6.0)
826:0.259 (6.6)
797:0.284 (7.2)
768:0.300 (7.6)
739:0.340 (8.6)
710:0.380 (9.7)
526:Steel Tube
453:inch, then
240:weldability
236:formability
190:plate armor
156:, airplane
138:hot rolling
46:Sheet metal
3952:Categories
3922:Metallurgy
3865:Patination
3685:Piece work
3562:2013-06-19
3330:, p. 2502.
3309:Β§ 206
3245:2021-05-12
3218:2021-05-12
3198:, p. 2522.
2943:References
2765:See also:
2692:back gauge
2063:48 (1,219)
1854:Tolerances
1423:1.6 (-0.2)
1249:3.2 (-0.4)
1220:3.6 (-0.4)
1162:4.5 (-0.5)
542:inch (mm)
532:inch (mm)
530:Thickness
523:inch (mm)
425:meaning."
384:to readers
312:mail boxes
198:horse tack
83:iron-based
23:Sheets of
3917:Machining
3912:Jewellery
3880:Polishing
3845:Anodizing
3822:Soldering
3736:Extrusion
3531:cite book
3410:1526-6125
3305:15 U.S.C.
3291:, p. 387.
3213:Sciencing
3055:March 20,
3051:(49): 1β3
2885:Fasteners
2615:tin snips
2521:brickwork
2509:Expanding
2208:Thickness
2050:Thickness
537:inch (mm)
535:Aluminium
518:inch (mm)
513:inch (mm)
402:June 2013
300:stampings
281:Aluminium
276:Aluminium
225:Materials
90:aluminium
3927:Smithing
3817:Riveting
3812:Crimping
3781:Spinning
3766:Punching
3751:Stamping
3437:, p. 115
3348:Archived
3265:Archived
3183:Archived
3153:Archived
2994:Archived
2905:See also
2879:riveting
2867:punching
2848:Wheeling
2842:Wheeling
2811:Stamping
2805:Stamping
2787:Spinning
2705:Punching
2699:Punching
1875:Nominal
988:10 (-1)
959:11 (-1)
930:12 (-1)
901:13 (-1)
872:14 (-1)
843:15 (-1)
326:blades.
316:cabinets
244:finishes
211:tinplate
192:worn by
166:tin cans
162:tinplate
130:catalyst
126:platinum
114:titanium
3937:Welding
3907:Forming
3897:Casting
3875:Plating
3870:Peening
3827:Welding
3807:Brazing
3786:Swaging
3776:Sinking
3771:Rolling
3741:Forging
3716:Drawing
3706:Coining
3673:General
3660:Forming
3461:, p. 70
3449:, p. 89
3357:20 June
3271:21 June
3121:20 June
3000:14 July
2863:bending
2799:mandrel
2761:Rolling
2747:Rolling
2681:bending
2661:surform
2594:Ironing
2588:Ironing
2451:Curling
2445:Curling
2425:is the
2350:Bending
2344:Bending
1860:rolling
1847:......
1838:......
1818:......
1809:......
1789:......
1780:......
1760:......
1751:......
1731:......
1722:......
1702:......
1693:......
1673:......
1664:......
1644:......
1615:......
1586:......
1557:......
1528:......
1499:......
1470:......
1075:7 (-1)
1046:8 (-1)
1017:9 (-1)
910:......
881:......
852:......
823:......
814:16 (-1)
803:......
794:......
785:17 (-1)
774:......
765:......
756:18 (-2)
745:......
736:......
727:20 (-2)
716:......
707:......
698:22 (-2)
687:......
669:24 (-2)
658:......
640:26 (-2)
629:......
611:28 (-2)
600:......
582:30 (-2)
571:......
547:0000000
468:⁄
458:⁄
448:⁄
438:⁄
380:may be
338:6061-T6
310:parts,
293:jewelry
266:cutlery
204:History
194:cavalry
170:roofing
26:Nirosta
3519:
3500:
3471:Parker
3459:Parker
3447:Parker
3435:Parker
3423:Parker
3408:
3372:Parker
3307:
3023:
2986:
2897:, and
2895:rivets
2891:clecos
2417:where
1844:......
1841:......
1835:......
1815:......
1812:......
1806:......
1786:......
1783:......
1777:......
1757:......
1754:......
1748:......
1728:......
1725:......
1719:......
1699:......
1696:......
1690:......
1670:......
1667:......
1661:......
1638:......
1609:......
1580:......
1551:......
1522:......
1493:......
1464:......
1133:5 (-1)
1104:6 (-1)
936:......
907:......
887:......
878:......
858:......
849:......
829:......
820:......
800:......
791:......
788:......
771:......
762:......
759:......
742:......
733:......
730:......
713:......
704:......
701:......
684:......
681:......
678:......
675:......
672:......
655:......
652:......
649:......
646:......
643:......
626:......
623:......
620:......
617:......
614:......
597:......
594:......
591:......
588:......
585:......
576:000000
568:......
565:......
562:......
559:......
556:......
553:32 (-)
473:inch.
336:Grade
322:, and
255:valves
124:, and
118:silver
110:nickel
98:copper
3574:(PDF)
3351:(PDF)
3344:(PDF)
3328:Oberg
3289:Oberg
3196:Oberg
3115:(PDF)
3045:(PDF)
2959:(PDF)
2727:press
2558:blank
1872:Gauge
605:00000
528:Wall
486:Gauge
361:Gauge
345:Brass
320:tanks
308:drawn
251:pumps
102:steel
94:brass
79:gauge
50:metal
3537:link
3517:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3406:ISSN
3359:2013
3273:2013
3123:2013
3057:2019
3021:ISBN
3002:2015
2984:ISBN
2536:and
2433:and
1883:Min
634:0000
540:Zinc
306:and
304:spun
238:and
184:and
164:for
136:and
122:gold
112:and
61:leaf
57:foil
3398:doi
3168:p.3
2562:die
2495:die
2369:max
1879:Max
663:000
460:128
324:fan
106:tin
59:or
48:is
3954::
3662:,
3576:.
3533:}}
3529:{{
3496:.
3404:.
3394:13
3392:.
3388:.
3320:^
3312::
3296:^
3281:^
3238:.
3227:^
3211:.
3065:^
3047:.
2992:.
2961:.
2901:.
2893:,
2877:,
2873:,
2869:,
2663:.
2628:ΞΌm
2414:,
2029:28
2015:26
2001:24
1987:22
1973:20
1959:18
1945:16
1931:14
1917:12
1903:11
1889:10
1823:38
1794:37
1765:36
1736:35
1707:34
1678:33
1649:32
1620:31
1591:30
1562:29
1533:28
1504:27
1475:26
1446:25
1417:24
1388:23
1359:22
1330:21
1301:20
1272:19
1243:18
1214:17
1185:16
1156:15
1127:14
1098:13
1069:12
1040:11
1011:10
692:00
470:64
450:64
440:32
333:.
318:,
314:,
302:,
295:.
253:,
168:,
160:,
152:,
120:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
74:.
67:.
3651:e
3644:t
3637:v
3613:e
3606:t
3599:v
3565:.
3539:)
3525:.
3506:.
3412:.
3400::
3361:.
3275:.
3248:.
3221:.
3125:.
3059:.
3029:.
3004:.
2965:.
2624:2
2439:W
2435:t
2431:L
2423:T
2419:k
2400:W
2394:2
2390:t
2386:L
2383:T
2377:k
2374:=
2365:F
982:9
953:8
924:7
895:6
866:5
837:4
808:3
779:2
750:1
721:0
466:1
456:1
446:1
436:1
415:)
409:(
404:)
400:(
396:.
33:.
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