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199:. In this process, a freeze wall is first to be constructed to isolate the processing area from surrounding groundwater. To maximize the functionality of the freeze walls, adjacent working zones will be developed in succession. 2,000 feet (610 m) wells, eight feet apart, are drilled and filled with a circulating super-chilled liquid to cool the ground to −60 °F (−50 °C). Water is then removed from the working zone. Heating and recovery wells are drilled at 40 feet (12 m) intervals within the working zone. Electrical
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operations would be similar to that for conventional oil and gas drilling. However, the dimensions of Shell's 2005 trial indicate that a much larger footprint is required. Production of 50,000 bbl/day would require that land be developed at a rate on the order of 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) per year.
235:
Shell's underground conversion process requires significant development on the surface. The separation between drilled wells is less than five meters and wells must be connected by electrical wiring and by piping to storage and processing facilities. Shell estimates that the footprint of extraction
215:
A RAND study in 2005 estimated that production of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m/d) of oil (5.4 million tons/year) would theoretically require a dedicated power generating capacity of 1.2 gigawatts (10 billion kWh/year), assuming deposit richness of 25 US gallons (95 L;
271:
In Jordan, Shell subsidiary JOSCO plans to use ICP technology to achieve commercial production by the "late 2020s." In
October, 2011, it was reported that JOSCO had drilled more than 100 test holes over the prior two years, apparently for the sake of testing shale samples.
227:" would be significantly better than that achieved in the Mahogany trials. For the 1996 trial, Shell applied 440,000 kWh (which would require about 96 toe energy input in a coal-fired plant), to generate 250 barrels (40 m) of oil (37 toe output).
267:
is planning a shale pilot based on ICP technology. The project would produce a total of 1,500 barrels. However, IEI has also announced that any subsequent projects would not use ICP technology, but would instead utilize horizontal wells and hot gas heating methods.
216:
21 imp gal) per ton, with 100% pyrolysis efficiency, and 100% extraction of pyrolysis products. If this amount of electricity were to be generated by a coal-fired power plant, it would consume five million ton of coal annually (about 2.2 million
167:. Since 2000, additional research and development activities have carried on as a part of the Mahogany Research Project. The oil shale heating at Mahogany started early 2004. From this test site, Shell has recovered 1,700 barrels (270 m) of shale oil.
255:
lease to pursue a large demonstration with a capacity of 1,500 barrels per day (240 m/d); Shell has since dropped those plans and is planning a test based on ICP that would produce a total of minimum 1,500 barrels (240 m), together with
608:
The trial produced a total of 1800 barrels over the course of a year from wells spaced over an area of 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft). For 50,000 bbl/day, the calculated land area per year is 365*50,000*100/1800 = 1 million m2, or 1
154:
conversion process has been under development since the early 1980s. In 1997, the first small scale test was conducted on the 30-by-40-foot (9.1 by 12.2 m) Mahogany property test site, located 200 miles (320 km) west of
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649:
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are lowered into the heating wells and used to heat oil shale to between 650 °F (340 °C) and 700 °F (370 °C) over a period of approximately four years.
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Oil Shale
Development in the United States. Prospects and Policy Issues. Prepared for the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy
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589:, et al., "In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using exposed metal heat source", issued 2004-09-14, assigned to
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In 2006, Shell estimated that over the project life cycle, for every unit of energy consumed, three to four units would be produced. Such an "
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in oil shale is slowly converted into shale oil and gases, which then flow to the surface through recovery wells.
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Secure Fuels from
Domestic Resources: The Continuing Evolution of America's Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries
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The
Mahogany Oil Shale Project has been abandoned by Shell in 2013 due to unfavorable project economics
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Bartis, James T.; LaTourrette, Tom; Dixon, Lloyd; Peterson, D.J.; Cecchine, Gary (2005).
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from the rock so that it can be pumped to the surface and made into
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Lee, Sunggyu; Speight, James G.; Loyalka, Sudarshan K. (2007).
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Synthetic Fuels
Handbook: Properties, Process, and Performance
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770:"Shell: More Than 100 Oil Wells Drilled in Jordan in 2 Years"
813:
491:. Shell Frontier Oil and Gas Inc. 2006-02-15. Archived from
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453:"Shell produces 1,700 barrels of oil from Piceance shale"
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The process heats sections of the vast oil shale field
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See discussions related to Figs. 104, 175, and 176.
687:(1). National Oil Shale Association. June 2011: 2
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1207:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
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552:The Investor's Guide to the Energy Revolution
650:"NEPA approval DOI-BLM-CO-110-2011-0042-DNA"
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243:are the technology's greatest challenges.
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1181:Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex
522:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 186.
359:Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies
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621:"Oil shale may finally have its moment"
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239:Extensive water use and the risk of
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431:United States Department of Energy
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225:energy returned on energy invested
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796:> Page visited on 30 May 2015.
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433:. September 2011. pp. 62–63
263:In Israel, IEI, a subsidiary of
792:Denver Post. Available in: <
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191:, releasing the shale oil and
1:
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768:Hafidh, Hassan (2011-10-05).
389:Reiss, Spencer (2005-12-13).
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1161:Shell Development Emeryville
583:US application 6,789,625
260:, over a seven-year period.
7:
732:. October 2010. p. 18.
451:Colson, John (2012-03-02).
278:
10:
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1300:In situ conversion process
619:Birger, Jon (2007-11-01).
585:, Eric de Rouffignac,
516:Speight, James G. (2008).
362:. CRC Press. p. 290.
251:In 2006, Shell received a
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429:(Report) (5th ed.).
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138:. It is developed by the
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1212:Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell
1023:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields
992:North West Shelf Venture
555:. Lulu.com. p. 85.
391:"Tapping the Rock Field"
161:Colorado's Western Slope
1310:Novelty Service Station
746:. JOSCO. Archived from
247:Current implementations
179:Shells Freeze Wall for
1197:Corrib gas controversy
1156:Shell Centre (Calgary)
1136:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
1121:Montreal East Refinery
1111:Hancock Whitney Center
878:Shell Energy Australia
707:Cite journal requires
549:Farkas, Tamas (2008).
290:ExxonMobil Electrofrac
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126:technology to convert
895:Shell Gas & Power
241:groundwater pollution
231:Environmental impacts
178:
1369:Oil shale technology
324:The RAND Corporation
183:shale oil production
165:Piceance Creek Basin
124:shale oil extraction
42:Industrial sector(s)
774:Dow Jones Newswires
18:
1379:1997 introductions
1043:Shell-Mex & BP
941:Woodside Petroleum
936:Showa Shell Sekiyu
678:"Oil Shale Update"
211:Energy consumption
185:
111:conversion process
16:
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1141:Scotford Upgrader
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659:. 2011. p. 2
562:978-1-4092-0285-1
529:978-0-07-149023-8
369:978-0-8247-4069-6
333:978-0-8330-3848-7
140:Shell Oil Company
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98:Shell Oil Company
80:Shell Oil Company
76:Leading companies
46:chemical industry
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1073:Quaker State
982:Albian Sands
885:Shell Canada
854:subsidiaries
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777:. Retrieved
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748:the original
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94:Developer(s)
50:oil industry
34:Process type
1248:Gale Norton
1166:Shell Haven
1131:Plaza Shell
977:Aera Energy
1363:Categories
1290:Foundation
1279:Answer Man
1106:Brent Spar
1094:and places
1092:Facilities
1063:Jiffy Lube
987:Brunei LNG
931:MonteShell
779:2012-03-12
754:2012-03-12
691:2011-10-10
663:2011-10-10
635:2007-11-17
568:2009-03-14
535:2009-03-14
502:2007-06-30
462:2012-03-12
437:2012-03-12
400:2009-03-14
375:2009-03-14
339:2007-06-29
296:References
66:Product(s)
1374:Shell plc
1258:Rob Routs
1002:Pearl GTL
910:Shell USA
845:Shell plc
591:Shell Oil
265:IDT Corp.
258:nahcolite
136:shale oil
132:oil shale
115:Shell ICP
70:shale oil
60:oil shale
56:Feedstock
17:Shell ICP
1338:Category
1286:(former)
1068:Pennzoil
997:Oman LNG
279:See also
150:Shell's
117:) is an
37:chemical
1348:Commons
1083:V-Power
1078:Rotella
1033:Cellana
970:Current
861:Current
625:Fortune
205:Kerogen
189:in situ
181:in situ
171:Process
163:in the
152:in situ
146:History
128:kerogen
120:in situ
109:in situ
1295:Guides
1221:People
1056:Brands
1038:Motiva
1016:Former
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157:Denver
107:Shell
1171:Shell
730:(PDF)
681:(PDF)
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489:(PDF)
427:(PDF)
320:(PDF)
1284:Club
1116:Mars
713:help
609:km2.
557:ISBN
524:ISBN
364:ISBN
328:ISBN
220:).
197:fuel
105:The
873:QGC
218:toe
159:on
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130:in
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