43:
631:
312:
617:
1678:"Visit to Gateshead [near Newcastle] a yeshiva town called "the last shtetl in Europe": relics and ephemera include short photocopy of writings by the famous Gateshead figure Rebbitzen Zipa Lopian ["Auntie Zipa"] and a note by me about her; short letter from me to Rav Mattisyahu Salomon, the mashgiach [spiritual director] of Gateshead Yeshiva, after my meeting with him; an account of the trip, with photograph, written for Rabbi Joseph Freilich's yeshiva magazine [see also "Gallery of photographs" in this series for views of this trip], 1984 January 18-22 | Archives at Yale"
432:, it is assumed that everything has deeper and secondary meanings, which must be probed. All subjects have implications and ramifications. Moreover, the person who makes a statement must have a reason, and this too must be probed. Often a comment will evoke an answer to the assumed reason behind it or to the meaning believed to lie beneath it, or to the remote consequences to which it leads. The process that produces such a response—often with lightning speed—is a modest reproduction of the
672:
as well as the market places. When the scholar converses with his intellectual peers, incomplete sentences, a hint, a gesture, may replace a whole paragraph. The listener is expected to understand the full meaning on the basis of a word or even a sound... Such a conversation, prolonged and animated,
467:
started from about the 1840s. Contributing factors included poverty as a result of changes in economic climate (including industrialisation which hurt the traditional Jewish artisan and the movement of trade to the larger towns), repeated fires destroying the wooden homes, and overpopulation. Also,
427:
tradition. The picture includes the tendency to examine, analyze and re-analyze, to seek meanings behind meanings and for implications and secondary consequences. It includes also a dependence on deductive logic as a basis for practical conclusions and actions. In life, as in the
804:
movement. Yiddish and Hebrew literature can only to a degree be considered to represent the complete reality. It mostly focused on the elements that attract attention, rather than on an "average Jew". Also, in successful
America, memories of
42:
294:
as a phenomenon of
Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe was destroyed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. The term is sometimes used to describe largely Jewish communities in the United States, such as existed on the
700:. Discouraged from Talmudic study, women would perform the necessary tasks of a household. In addition, shtetls offered communal institutions such as synagogues, ritual baths and ritual food processors.
761:
formed an entire town and community, residents worked diverse jobs such as shoe-making , metallurgy, or tailoring of clothes. Studying was considered the most valuable and hardest work of all. Learned
102:. The term is used in the context of former East European Jewish societies as mandated islands within the surrounding non-Jewish populace, and thus bears certain connotations of discrimination.
788:, "was in a state of permanent crisis, both political and economic, of social uncertainty and cultural conflicts". Rosenberg outlines a number of reasons for the image of "disintegrating
1256:
722:
Jews, many of whom lived in poverty. Acts of philanthropy aided social institutions such as schools and orphanages. Jews viewed giving charity as an opportunity to do a good deed (
630:
922:, a town in south-eastern Poland. As a child, Singer lived in Biłgoraj for periods with his family, and he wrote that life in the small town made a deep impression on him.
673:
may be as incomprehensible to the uninitiated as if the excited discussants were talking in tongues. The same verbal economy may be found in domestic or business circles.
2253:
2176:
476:. From the 1880s until 1915 up to 2 million Jews left Eastern Europe. At the time about three-quarters of its Jewish population lived in areas defined as
472:
of the
Russian Imperial administrators and the Polish landlords, as well as the resultant pogroms in the 1880s, made life difficult for residents of the
448:
in 1882 banned Jews from rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people. In the 20th century, revolutions, civil wars, industrialisation and
2050:
351:, inhabited mostly but not exclusively by Jews" and from the 1790s onward and until 1915 shtetls were also "subject to Russian bureaucracy", as the
501:
inhabitants were able to emigrate before and after the
Holocaust, which resulted in many Ashkenazi Jewish traditions being passed on. However, the
1797:
1066:(1897–1990), Russian-, later American-Jewish biologist and photographer; photographed traditional Jewish life in Eastern Europe in 1935–39.
1060:(1885–1941), Jewish writer (Yiddish-language prose and poetry) and photographer; immortalized Jewish life in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s.
782:
argued that this alleged cultural break-up is never clearly defined. He argued that the whole Jewish life in
Eastern Europe, not only in
778:
disintegrated before it was destroyed during World War II; however, Joshua
Rosenberg of the Institute of East-European Jewish Affairs at
311:
1300:
1215:
755:. Learning and education were the ultimate measures of worth in the eyes of the community, while money was secondary to status. As the
688:"at its heart, it was a community of faith built upon a deeply rooted religious culture". A Jewish education was most paramount in
654:, a language rarely spoken by outsiders, but they also had a unique rhetorical style, rooted in traditions of Talmudic learning:
411:
The attitudes and thought habits characteristic of the learning tradition are as evident in the street and market place as the
1913:
485:. The Holocaust resulted in the total extermination of these towns. It was not uncommon for the entire Jewish population of a
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2013:
1963:
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specifically for the film, and was set to become a historical museum. However, it is still unknown if the set survived the
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is noted both for volubility and for laconic, allusive speech. Both pictures are true, and both are characteristic of the
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272:
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in
Eastern Europe, as well as much of the culture specific to this way of life, was all but eradicated by the Nazis.
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173:
1834:
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1044:. Their contribution is in making a permanent record in color of the life that is described in literature—the
399:
saw periods of relative tolerance and prosperity as well as times of extreme poverty and hardships, including
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1723:
1225:
1220:
1194:
595:
1783:
2177:
Education/Newsletter/March 2017/Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish communities that perished in the
Holocaust
1475:
602:, thought to be the only 100% Jewish community not in Israel or the United States, has been described as a
2352:
1839:
1158:
2031:
1629:
1092:
2089:
Klier, John D. (2000). "What
Exactly Was a Shtetl?". In Ėstraĭkh, Gennadiĭ; Krutikov, Mikhail (eds.).
369:
culture describes the traditional way of life of East
European Jews. In literature by authors such as
1677:
927:
769:
men who did not provide bread and relied on their wives for money were not frowned upon but praised.
2214:
1807:
1026:
Many Jewish artists in Eastern Europe dedicated much of their artistic careers to depictions of the
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1985:
1134:
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1001:
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On three things the world stands. On Torah, On service , And on acts of human kindness.
710:(charity) is a key element of Jewish culture, both secular and religious, to this day.
626:
in the South African Jewish Museum in Cape Town, as it would have appeared in Lithuania
360:
316:
181:
177:
133:
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2009:
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1511:
1316:
1077:
871:
832:
733:
This approach to good deeds finds its roots in Jewish religious views, summarized in
537:" to refer to these enclaves in Yiddish, particularly those with village structures.
235:
with the meaning 'little town'. Despite the existence of Jewish self-administration (
1343:
2362:
2320:
2258:
2196:
2181:
2141:
2094:
2005:
1566:
1308:
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576:, has a significant Jewish history and Yiddish words are part of the now dying-out
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238:
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1948:
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1534:
The Image of the Shtetl and Other Studies of Modern Jewish Literary Imagination
1503:
1063:
1037:
1005:
573:
559:
508:
404:
352:
276:
271:, in Russian bureaucracy), a type of settlement which originated in the former
137:
91:
51:
2248:
2145:
1457:
How the Concept of Shtetl Moved From Small-Town Reality to Mythic Jewish Idyll
1404:
2336:
2233:
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1860:
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953:
863:
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811:, in addition to sufferings, were colored with nostalgia and sentimentalism.
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300:
99:
31:
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In keeping with his own conception of contradictory reality, the man of the
1943:
1100:
1048:, the weddings, the marketplaces and the religious aspects of the culture.
1033:
694:. Men and boys could spend up to 10 hours a day dedicated to studying at a
577:
469:
2098:
2132:
Rogovin, Or (2009). "Chelm as Shtetl: Y. Y. Trunk's Khelemer Khakhomim".
1997:
942:
888:
854:(based on other stories of Sholem Aleichem), are other notable fictional
734:
491:
to be rounded up and murdered in a nearby forest or taken to the various
344:
2280:
1989:
997:, Roth, et al., but soon reveals a plot twist which subverts the genre.
919:
2002:
Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews
838:
599:
381:, socially stable and unchanging despite outside influence or attacks.
260:
192:
772:
There is a belief found in historical and literary writings that the
555:
145:
2202:
1589:"Kiryas Joel: A Hasidic Shtetl in Suburban New York - Berman Center"
749:
Material things were neither disdained nor extremely praised in the
419:. The popular picture of the Jew in Eastern Europe, held by Jew and
251:), officially there were no separate Jewish municipalities, and the
1973:
1914:"Ukraine-Shot Shoah Feature 'Shttl' Boarded By Upgrade Productions"
1257:
List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust
1180:
705:
441:
132:) were mainly found in the areas that constituted the 19th-century
2028:
The Golden Age Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe
2315:
1633:
1130:
1045:
981:" broadcast; it was about Polish Christian and Jewish relations.
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545:
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348:
153:
149:
141:
87:
57:
1759:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
2305:
1370:"Shtetl: A Word that Holds a Special Place in Hearts and Minds"
867:
725:
433:
424:
400:
165:
161:
157:
1657:"Gateshead's Twenty-First Century Shtetl - Mishpacha Magazine"
1125:
902:
875:
794:'" and other kinds of stereotyping. For one, it was an "anti-
640:, reconstructed in the South African Jewish Museum, Cape Town
429:
246:
2186:
1559:"Forever Changed, A Belarus Shtetl 70 Years After the Nazis"
2325:
2238:
1703:"Jewish shtetl in Azerbaijan survives amid Muslim majority"
1476:"Jewish Communities (Shtetls) of Ukraine genealogy project"
1305:
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English
1154:
569:
188:
2290:
634:
Interior of a wooden dwelling in a traditional Lithuanian
2243:
827:
figures prominently in the Jewish humor as the legendary
395:
began around the 13th century. Throughout this history,
2311:
Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland. History of Shtetl
2074:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
987:'s 2011 short story "Shtetl Days", begins in a typical
377:, shtetls are portrayed as pious communities following
523:
founded new communities in the United States, such as
2306:
Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Virtual Shtetl
1630:"Diverse and Divided: Who Are the Jews of Belgium?"
918:. Singer's mother was the daughter of the rabbi of
279:as well. For clarification, the expression "Jewish
2291:The Journey to Trochenbrod and Lozisht August 2006
2048:
1947:
1752:
874:in 1910, after a pogrom destroyed her shtetl near
403:in the 19th-century Russian Empire. According to
2334:
2244:Remembering Luboml: images of a Jewish Community
2022:
1431:
1502:
1450:
1448:
1446:
935:, tells a fictional story set in the Ukrainian
1508:Life Is With People: The Culture of the Shtetl
884:life long after she had arrived in Palestine.
562:Orthodox community is also sometimes called a
1295:
1248:
1242:
1198:
1148:
1138:
1027:
1009:
988:
976:
961:
936:
913:
892:
879:
855:
845:'s stories, and Anatevka, the setting of the
806:
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783:
773:
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266:
252:
230:
224:
210:
196:
127:
121:
115:
109:
103:
80:
72:
63:
55:
1724:"How the Mountain Jews of Azerbaijan Endure"
1443:
1427:
1425:
762:
723:
711:
703:
695:
665:
412:
280:
258:
244:
236:
581:
389:The history of the oldest Eastern European
27:Town with a predominantly Jewish population
1795:
1216:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
682:provided a strong sense of community. The
2072:Shtetl: A Vernacular Intellectual History
1537:. Syracuse University Press. p. 17.
1422:
620:A reconstruction of a traditional Jewish
2254:Pre-1939 Kresy (now Ukraine) photo album
2249:Towns in the Encyclopedia of Jewish Life
2069:
1996:
1755:A Time for Building: The Third Migration
1721:
1608:. Oxford University Press. p. 199.
1601:
1367:
1274:
1272:
1197:– the world's last surviving historical
629:
615:
310:
90:term for small towns with predominantly
41:
2131:
1911:
912:'s short stories and novels are set in
554:, composed of about 12,000 people. The
519:In the later part of the 20th century,
359:, and was administering the area where
14:
2335:
2328:Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
2316:Shoshana Eden, paintings of her shtetl
2057:. Mainz: Institute of European History
1498:
1496:
819:
814:
315:Map showing percentage of Jews in the
2271:The Lost Jewish Communities of Poland
2088:
1942:
1912:Wiseman, Andreas (16 December 2022).
1750:
1746:
1744:
1530:
1269:
540:In Europe, the Orthodox community in
1390:Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland
1313:10.1093/acref/9780199891573.001.0001
1236:List of Hasidic dynasties and groups
956:, is an adaptation of a traditional
361:the settlement of Jews was permitted
1972:
1654:
1493:
1368:Sacharow, Fredda (22 August 2014).
531:, and they sometimes use the term "
275:and was formally recognized in the
220:
206:
24:
2199:(formerly: JewishGen ShtetlSeeker)
2192:The JewishGen Communities Database
2049:Schumacher-Brunhes, Marie (2015).
1935:
1741:
1722:Pheiffer, Evan (25 October 2022).
878:. But she continued writing about
548:, is widely described as the last
357:annexed the eastern part of Poland
347:in private possession of a Polish
25:
2404:
2302:. In German and Russian languages
2259:Jewish Web Index – Polish Shtetls
2230:Multimedia Learning Center Online
2170:
1796:Rothenberg, Joshua (March 1981).
1211:History of the Jews in Bessarabia
901:and most notably on his hometown
1976:(1984). "Inventing the Shtetl".
1806:. pp. 25–31. Archived from
1165:
187:In Yiddish, a larger city, like
1905:
1892:National Center for Jewish Film
1880:
1867:
1853:
1822:
1789:
1777:
1715:
1695:
1670:
1648:
1622:
1595:
1581:
1551:
1524:
1137:drama depicting the lives of a
514:
1468:
1397:
1380:
1361:
1336:
1299:; LaFlaur, Mark, eds. (1999).
1289:
1206:History of the Jews in Ukraine
1051:
1016:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
977:
897:on the Eastern fringes of the
413:
273:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
2276:History of the Jews in Poland
2091:The Shtetl: Image and Reality
2055:EGO - European History Online
1605:Flanders – A Cultural History
1439:. Princeton University Press.
1262:
1226:History of the Jews in Russia
1221:History of the Jews in Poland
1000:The award-winning 2014 novel
952:, written and illustrated by
644:Not only did the Jews of the
407:and Elizabeth Herzog (1962):
324:
209:), and a village is called a
2296:Shtetl gallery. 80 paintings
1798:"Demythologizing the Shtetl"
1506:; Herzog, Elizabeth (1962).
993:reminiscent of the works of
7:
2348:Historic Jewish communities
1840:Public Broadcasting Service
1307:. Oxford University Press.
1249:
1243:
1199:
1188:
1181:Return to My Shtetl Delatyn
1149:
1139:
1028:
1021:
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989:
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937:
914:
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463:
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391:
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335:
306:
303:in the early 20th century.
290:
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245:
237:
231:
225:
211:
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128:
122:
116:
110:
104:
81:
73:
64:
56:
54:of a Jewish wedding with a
10:
2409:
2358:Jews and Judaism in Europe
2239:Jewish history of Radziłów
2182:Boris Feldblyum Collection
2070:Shandler, Jeffrey (2014).
2032:Princeton University Press
1954:. New Haven, Connecticut:
1278:Marie Schumacher-Brunhes,
611:
384:
29:
2383:Yiddish words and phrases
2368:Jewish Belarusian history
2154:10.2979/pft.2009.29.2.242
2146:10.2979/pft.2009.29.2.242
2030:. Princeton, New Jersey:
2024:Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan
1433:Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan
948:The 1992 children's book
928:Everything Is Illuminated
841:, the setting of many of
592:) refers to Brno itself.
140:(constituting modern-day
96:existed in Eastern Europe
30:For the documentary, see
2373:Jewish Ukrainian history
1655:Doe, John (4 May 2011).
1602:de Vries, Andre (2007).
1409:JewishVirtualLibrary.org
1286:, published July 3, 2015
341:Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern
2228:Simon Wiesenthal Center
2197:The JewishGen Gazetteer
1950:The Death of the Shtetl
1784:Excerpt from Pirke Avot
1284:European History Online
1070:
1014:communities across the
899:Austro-Hungarian Empire
446:Alexander III of Russia
2264:12 August 2004 at the
2205:(formerly: ShtetLinks)
1873:Tokarczuk, O. (2022).
1751:Sorin, Gerald (1992).
1344:"Definition of SHTETL"
950:Something from Nothing
891:'s books are based on
747:
675:
641:
627:
582:
452:destroyed traditional
438:
423:alike, is true to the
330:
281:
259:
68:
2343:Ashkenazi Jews topics
2203:JewishGen KehilaLinks
2099:10.4324/9781351198394
1956:Yale University Press
1830:"Reactions to Shtetl"
1437:The Golden Age Shtetl
1387:"History of Shtetl",
1153:was built outside of
910:Isaac Bashevis Singer
743:
656:
633:
619:
409:
375:Isaac Bashevis Singer
343:as "an East European
314:
257:was referred to as a
45:
2388:Types of communities
2281:History of Berdychiv
1978:The American Scholar
1145:Operation Barbarossa
933:Jonathan Safran Foer
800:" propaganda of the
741:'s "three pillars":
2286:Antopol Yizkor Book
2219:Jewish Encyclopedia
1708:The Times of Israel
1531:Miron, Dan (2000).
1348:Merriam-Webster.com
1094:Fiddler on the Roof
960:set in a fictional
851:Fiddler on the Roof
820:Literary references
815:Artistic depictions
780:Brandeis University
493:concentration camps
461:The decline of the
444:introduced by Tsar
229:is a diminutive of
2353:Jewish communities
2093:. pp. 23–35.
1877:, Riverhead Books.
1875:The Books of Jacob
1464:. 3 February 2014.
1118:An American Pickle
1002:The Books of Jacob
716:was essential for
642:
628:
507:as a community of
331:
317:Pale of Settlement
285:" was often used.
182:Kingdom of Hungary
178:Kingdom of Romania
134:Pale of Settlement
94:populations which
69:
2108:978-1-900755-41-2
2081:978-0-813-56273-5
2041:978-0-691-16074-0
2015:978-0-395-82295-1
1965:978-0-300-15209-8
1728:New Line Magazine
1682:archives.yale.edu
1322:978-0-19-989157-3
872:Ottoman Palestine
833:Wise Men of Chelm
363:. The concept of
168:), as well as in
16:(Redirected from
2400:
2224:Cities of Poland
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2019:
2006:Houghton Mifflin
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1863:. 14 April 2011.
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1159:Russian invasion
1152:
1142:
1032:. These include
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985:Harry Turtledove
980:
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958:Jewish folk tale
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2266:Wayback Machine
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925:The 2002 novel
843:Sholem Aleichem
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2171:External links
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1984:(3): 329–349.
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1810:on 7 June 2010
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1770:978-0801851223
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1023:
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1006:Olga Tokarczuk
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596:Qırmızı Qəsəbə
586:" (pronounced
574:Czech Republic
560:United Kingdom
516:
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509:Ashkenazi Jews
405:Mark Zborowski
386:
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353:Russian Empire
339:is defined by
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277:Russian Empire
195:, is called a
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52:Isaak Asknaziy
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2054:
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1949:
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1917:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1888:"The Dybbuk"
1882:
1874:
1869:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1814:15 September
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1801:
1791:
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1754:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1706:
1697:
1687:17 September
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
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1662:17 September
1660:. Retrieved
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1624:
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1571:. Retrieved
1562:
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1510:. Schocken.
1507:
1483:. Retrieved
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580:. The word "
578:Hantec slang
568:
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521:Hasidic Jews
518:
515:Modern usage
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186:
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1845:15 December
1563:VOANews.com
1129:, 2023 – a
1052:Photography
975:programme "
943:Trochenbrod
889:Joseph Roth
735:Pirkei Avot
525:Kiryas Joel
458:existence.
345:market town
328: 1905
50:the artist
48:painting by
2337:Categories
2134:Prooftexts
2004:. Boston:
1733:26 October
1462:Vox Tablet
1263:References
1078:The Dybbuk
839:Kasrilevke
600:Azerbaijan
529:New Square
282:miasteczko
261:miasteczko
193:Chernivtsi
123:shtetelach
62:band in a
2187:JewishGen
2162:163047588
2125:249174895
2117:606487250
1974:Gay, Ruth
1923:6 January
1897:7 January
1835:Frontline
1803:Midstream
1135:Ukrainian
1086:The Fixer
1042:Mané-Katz
972:Frontline
556:Gateshead
268:mestechko
146:Lithuania
129:shtetlekh
117:shtetlach
2262:Archived
2215:Diaspora
2051:"Shtetl"
2026:(2014).
2000:(1997).
1990:41211052
1946:(2010).
1918:Deadline
1480:Geni.com
1435:(2014).
1405:"Shtetl"
1353:28 March
1328:28 March
1301:"shtetl"
1280:"Shtetl"
1241:List of
1189:See also
1046:klezmers
1022:Painting
995:Aleichem
920:Biłgoraj
908:Many of
887:Many of
713:Tzedakah
706:Tzedakah
442:May Laws
436:process.
425:Talmudic
307:Overview
180:and the
111:shtetels
46:An 1893
2363:Shtetls
2211:Galicia
2061:8 March
1640:9 March
1634:Haaretz
1573:5 April
1485:5 April
1414:5 April
1244:shtetls
1131:Yiddish
915:shtetls
894:shtetls
857:shtetls
847:musical
802:Zionist
785:shtetls
765:yeshiva
697:yeshiva
691:shtetls
679:Shtetls
668:yeshiva
652:Yiddish
647:shtetls
612:Culture
546:Belgium
542:Antwerp
495:. Some
421:Gentile
415:yeshiva
401:pogroms
397:shtetls
392:shtetls
385:History
349:magnate
239:kehilla
217:Yiddish
203:Yiddish
154:Ukraine
150:Moldova
142:Belarus
136:in the
105:Shtetls
98:before
88:Yiddish
82:shtetel
58:klezmer
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2038:
2012:
1988:
1962:
1767:
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1541:
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1319:
1250:shtots
1200:shtetl
1184:, 1992
1176:, 1996
1173:Shtetl
1150:shtetl
1140:shtetl
1121:, 2020
1113:, 1998
1105:, 1983
1097:, 1971
1089:, 1968
1081:, 1937
1040:, and
1029:shtetl
1011:shtetl
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978:Shtetl
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831:: the
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455:shtetl
434:pilpul
366:shtetl
336:shtetl
291:shtetl
254:shtetl
226:Shtetl
176:, the
166:Russia
162:Latvia
158:Poland
74:Shtetl
65:shtetl
35:(film)
33:Shtetl
2158:S2CID
2150:JSTOR
2121:S2CID
1986:JSTOR
1126:Shttl
1102:Yentl
931:, by
903:Brody
876:Minsk
866:made
825:Chełm
598:, in
583:štetl
430:Torah
247:kahal
232:shtot
221:דאָרף
207:שטאָט
198:shtot
86:is a
2326:YIVO
2113:OCLC
2103:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2063:2021
2036:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1925:2023
1899:2022
1847:2009
1816:2010
1765:ISBN
1735:2022
1689:2024
1664:2024
1642:2022
1610:ISBN
1575:2019
1539:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1487:2019
1416:2019
1355:2021
1330:2021
1317:ISBN
1247:and
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1147:. A
1071:Film
570:Brno
527:and
468:the
440:The
373:and
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319:and
288:The
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189:Lviv
164:and
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