802:
739:
750:
43:
150:
112:
853:. The chronicle relates that the Spanish and English cavalrymen rode into Haddington carrying bags of gunpowder. Rather than return to Linton through enemy lines, they slaughtered their own horses outside the town gates, and after the French and Scottish had withdrawn, Pedro de Negro buried them in three pits. Odet de Selve wrote that Somerset told him about the exploit of 400 arquebusiers who carried powder into the town to relieve the shortage.
101:
123:
920:
902:. D'Essé organised a night raid on Haddington to increase their popularity among their potential Scottish supporters. The raid was repulsed after the English watch shouted, "Bows and Bills", which according to John Knox was the usual alarm of the time. While the French were away from Edinburgh the townsfolk killed some of their wounded. On 1 November 1548, Wilford wrote to
910:"The state of this town pities me both to see and to write it; but I hope for relief. Many are sick and a great number dead, most of the plague. On my faith there are not here this day of horse, foot, and Italians, 1000 able to go to the walls, and more like to be sick, than the sick to mend, who watch the walls every 5th night, yet the walls are un-manned."
886:
and retired to
Edinburgh and Leith. Edward VI was told that some of the departing besiegers had spoken to Captain Tiberio. They had pointed out the inadequacies of the fortifications and said all honour was due to the defenders and none to themselves. Edward also recorded a subsequent large but unsuccessful night raid against Haddington.
871:
and
Holcroft discovered that German gunners working with the Scots were building a platform for artillery in the church tower. At this time the English inside Haddington were countermining against the French and Scottish siegeworks. A Scots force joined the French troops on 16 July to storm the town
964:
made these suspects fight a duel in the market place of
Haddington. Newton won the duel, killing Hamilton, and was freed, even though the English soldiers recognised his voice. Fulwell describes various events of the siege of Haddington, and says that the cannon that nearly injured Mary of Guise at
885:
In August 1548 the Scots and French made a base at
Clerkington, defended by ditches 14 feet across. Shrewsbury arrived on 23 August with an army close in size to the English army at Pinkie. He camped for a few days Spittal Hill near Aberlady. The French and Scots abandoned their siege of Haddington
556:
on
Saturday 10 September 1547, he captured the town of Haddington. The intention was to form a network of mutually supporting English forts in lowland Scotland. The English forces built artillery fortifications and were able to withstand an assault by the besieging French and Scots troops supported
876:
ordered the heavy guns to be withdrawn on 17 July. With rumours of
English reinforcement, Methven took the Scottish and French guns to Edinburgh and Leith, while d'Essé kept the camp. D'Essé made his feelings known to Arran; that an earlier decisive assault before the English had time to entrench
825:
French and
Scottish troops began to seriously besiege the town in July 1548. On 5 July 1548 Mary of Guise held a council at nearby Elvingston or "Herdmandston", and the next day went to Clerkington, where the French and Italians were making a fortified camp and had demolished a bridge over the
685:
even showed Odet de Selve the plan, a large rectangle by the river Tyne, and said it was larger than the fortified area of Calais, and would hold 4,000 troops. Selve sent a spy to
Scotland for details, who reported the walls were as yet only the earth excavated from the ditches, but stone from
697:, Taylor, and Tiberio, after the commanders. Francisco Tiberio was the leader of a company of Italian mercenaries. The French ambassador was told that the tollbooth, a tall and solid stone structure, had been filled with earth to form a gun platform called a
623:
began to fortify the town in earnest after 24 April 1548. Wilton described how he viewed the town with Palmer, envisaging a fortification that would enclose all the "fair houses" of the town. He had cleared the ground and was entrenched against the enemy.
557:
by heavy cannon in July 1548. Although the siege was scaled down after this unsuccessful attempt, the
English garrison abandoned the town on 19 September 1549, after attrition by Scottish raids at night, sickness, and changing political circumstance.
959:
which was garrisoned by a
Scottish and Spanish force. When they surrendered they were all pardoned, except a soldier who had cursed the English leaders from the battlements. It was unclear if this man was one Newton, or a man called Hamilton, and
709:
Grey of Wilton hoped to trick the French by letting a false message about reinforcements fall into their hands. He thought this would make them reluctant to attack and win him time. He sent 100 Spanish soldiers with their commander
788:
English chronicles report the efforts of the English commander, James Wilsford, who every night repaired the damage caused by the artillery in the day, despite the large number of casualties. When Wilsford made a trip to London,
817:
The first Scottish effort to raise an army to expel the English from Haddington had limited success. On 20 July 1548, a justiciary court held St Mary's Abbey ordered Archibald Hamilton of Raploch and the bailies of
856:
Mary of Guise came to view the siege on 9 July and swooned in a faint when a cannon shot landed near her and injured some of her companions. On the other side of the country, Mary, Queen of Scots embarked with
722:
One English cavalry defeat at Haddington became known in Scotland as "Tuesday's Chase". English prisoners taken at Tuesday's Chase included Nicholas Gaynesford, who had served as a lieutenant of
785:
an optimistic report of the damage caused to the English defences by his guns. His fire had demolished the Tollbooth within the town, and he had advanced trenches towards the ramparts.
639:
The English strategy was for the siege of Haddington to consume Scottish and French resources. The soldiers built the fortifications alongside labourers from England who were called '
931:
The English withdrew because they were out of supplies, many of their men had died from disease or during the Scottish night raids, and more French re-inforcements had arrived under
1588:
British Library, (Hamilton Papers) Add MS 32657, ff. 4–6. Letter from Sir James Wilsford, Governor of Haddington, to Grey of Wilton, 2 July 1548, in cipher with decipher document
628:
brought 5,000 men to Musselburgh at the end of the month. An inventory of food stored in Haddington at this time includes "oxen alive", bacon, cereal and peas, claret wine,
452:
877:
would have been the best action. The English military engineer, Thomas Pettit, Surveyor of Calais, was captured and taken to Edinburgh to be held for ransom by d'Essé.
935:. The English (and their mercenary forces, which included German and Spanish professional soldiers) evacuated Haddington on 19 September 1549, travelling overland to
237:
726:
own men at arms at Pinkie. Gaynesford was captured by Andrew Ker of Littledean (died 1573). Gaynesford was released in August 1549 on payment of a ransom of ÂŁ800
401:
1533:
The Flower of Fame, with a discourse of the worthie service that was done at Haddington in Scotlande the second yere of the raigne of King Edward the Sixe
1595:
830:. The French troops prepared ladders for an assault on the town. The English army outside the town made plans to get supplies to the defenders.
701:. English pioneers digging the town ditch found curious ancient coins on 7 June which Grey of Wilton sent to Somerset for their strangeness.
230:
48:
223:
961:
723:
566:
170:
459:
166:
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903:
682:
361:
281:
266:
1639:
801:
1582:
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1634:
790:
549:
182:
140:
1659:
1644:
762:
601:
144:
858:
620:
178:
1516:
714:
to join the garrison at the end of June 1548, but they encountered the enemy and rode to safety at Berwick.
834:
655:
291:
845:, commanded by another Spanish captain, Pedro de Negro, and other soldiers rode through French lines from
569:, captured and garrisoned Haddington and outlying villages by 23 February 1548. The garrison included 200
486:
1649:
694:
496:
356:
336:
868:
597:
331:
1573:
781:
was also deployed. and the cannons from Broughty were placed on 3 July 1548. On 5 July Methven gave
738:
806:
698:
537:
481:
271:
72:
1587:
873:
416:
157:
1336:
753:
Information panel at the site of the Abbey of St Mary Haddington, the Scottish siege headquarters
677:, heard from a French mercenary serving on the English side that it was almost as impregnable as
553:
541:
296:
749:
704:
326:
951:
included some stories that he heard from Haddington veterans including Captain Dethick in his
690:
491:
445:
426:
391:
381:
286:
965:
the nunnery was called "roaring meg". Fulwell composed a verse naming the English captains.
849:
to relieve the siege. Negro's exploit was described in a Spanish chronicle now known as the
827:
810:
506:
406:
386:
376:
42:
8:
1160:
545:
371:
346:
301:
276:
247:
106:
30:
321:
936:
846:
640:
316:
128:
997:
924:
306:
1559:
Phillips, Gervase, 'In the Shadow of Flodden', Scottish military tactics, 1513–1550,
366:
311:
149:
115:
1583:
Chris Upton, "The Story of Scotland’s Longest Siege", Historic Environment Scotland
1064:
894:
The French troops in Edinburgh started a fight in Edinburgh in October 1548 over a
862:
501:
396:
981:
932:
872:
but were driven away by cannon fire. Following this set-back, the French officer
838:
766:
647:. Although the site had obvious drawbacks, overlooked by the ridge of the nearby
516:
341:
153:
1165:
Annals of Scotland: From the Yeir 1514 to the Yeir 1591, by George Marioreybanks
948:
822:
to punish tenants in that barony for not joining the force besieging the town.
743:
711:
648:
421:
351:
261:
1441:
Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle
111:
1628:
1610:
1597:
1213:
956:
782:
778:
758:
705:
Pedro de Negro and a Spanish force attempt to join the garrison at Haddington
674:
667:
605:
174:
161:
1542:, vol. 4 (1982), ed. H. M. Colvin, part iv, 'The Scottish Border', 607–726.
727:
663:
659:
625:
581:
577:
576:
who had previously fought in the French army. At the end of February 1548,
469:
34:
774:
629:
533:
906:
describing the state of Haddington, with a garrison stricken by plague:
899:
819:
644:
613:
651:
and four miles from the sea, the finished ramparts were much admired.
215:
1577:
589:
573:
570:
511:
895:
842:
770:
633:
609:
585:
919:
593:
437:
16:
1548–49 Siege of Haddington during the War of the Rough Wooing
678:
654:
Local landowners unwilling to collaborate had to relocate.
1178:
Acts of the lords of council in public affairs, 1501–1554
757:
Haddington's garrison of occupation was commanded by Sir
1464:, book 1, e.g., Lennox, Cuthbert, ed., (1905), 105–107.
898:
sent for repair and several Scots were killed on the
1097:(Tuckwell, 2000), p. 316: Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis,
84:
Scottish/French victory; Scots claim back Haddington
1151:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 131–3 nos. 265-269.
1029:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 111–2 no. 228-30.
765:, organised guns to be brought from the siege of
1626:
689:The design include four corner bastions, called
1428:The Chronicle and Political Papers of Edward VI
1230:Grafton's Chronicle: A Chronicle at Large, 1569
1190:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland
1326:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 135, 137, 139.
1270:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 139 nos. 281–3.
1016:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 150–151, 153.
777:. The great Scottish gun 'thrawinmouth' from
453:
231:
1322:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1892), pp. 603, 616–7:
889:
580:brought four cannon to besiege and take the
1404:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 162 no. 321.
1378:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 150, 153–4.
1364:Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine
1283:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 140 no. 284.
1218:Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine
1139:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 127 no. 259.
1535:, William Hoskins, London (1575), 49r-59r.
1257:, vol. 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. lxv, 438.
604:held for England, and summoned the men of
460:
446:
238:
224:
1443:, vol. 1 (1862), 230; also in John Knox,
1307:Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve
1296:(George Bell: London, 1889), pp. 203–206.
1126:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 117, 118.
1112:Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve
1099:Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve
1002:History of the Campaigns in 1548 and 1549
540:, East Lothian, Scotland, as part of the
1430:(George Unwin & Allen, 1966), p. 10.
1391:, vol. 2 (London, 1892), p. 616 no. 453.
1084:, vol. 4 part 2 (London, 1982), 718–719.
918:
800:
761:. The Master of the Scottish Artillery,
748:
737:
643:.' Timber was brought from the woods of
1340:, vol. 2 (London, 1892), p. 603 no. 445
245:
1627:
1460:(Tuckwell, 2000), p. 321: Knox, John,
1245:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1890), pp. 747-8.
532:were a series of sieges staged at the
1513:Supplement to the Harleian Miscellany
1014:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland
988:(Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 84.
560:
441:
219:
1476:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 165–166.
769:in June. These guns were shipped to
1042:, vol. 1 (London, 1791), pp. 124-5.
914:
874:André de Montalembert, Sieur d'Essé
51:, heavily damaged during the sieges
13:
717:
14:
1676:
1567:
1517:Text from Oxford Text Partnership
1353:, vol. 9 (London, 1912), 569–570.
1110:Marcus Merriman (1982), 719–721:
942:
686:demolished houses would be used.
673:The French ambassador in London,
1576:: Research Project supported by
1366:(Edinburgh, 1927), 245, 249–251.
1232:, vol. 2 (London, 1809), p. 505.
1204:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 136.
1192:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), 216.
1180:(Edinburgh: HMSO, 1932), p. 592.
1040:Illustrations of British History
939:. Mary of Guise was triumphant.
923:Maréchal Paul de Thermes, after
467:
148:
121:
110:
99:
41:
1574:The Siege of Haddington 1548-49
1540:The History of the King's Works
1505:
1492:
1479:
1467:
1450:
1433:
1420:
1407:
1394:
1381:
1369:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1248:
1235:
1223:
1220:(Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 248–250.
1207:
1195:
1183:
1170:
1154:
1142:
1129:
1117:
1104:
1069:History of the House of Seytoun
986:An Historical Atlas of Scotland
602:Alexander Crichton of Brunstane
1474:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1402:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1376:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1351:Calendar of State Papers Spain
1324:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1281:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1268:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1202:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1137:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1087:
1074:
1058:
1055:(Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 313–314.
1045:
1032:
1027:Calendar State Papers Scotland
1019:
1007:
991:
975:
880:
859:Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon
1:
1515:(London, 1812), pp. 368-374:
49:Church of St. Mary the Virgin
1578:Haddington's History Society
1294:Chronicle of King Henry VIII
1101:(Paris, 1888), pp. 366, 376.
968:
796:
656:George Seton, 6th Lord Seton
7:
1655:Battles of the Rough Wooing
1489:, Tuckwell (2000), 344–345.
1082:History of the King's Works
773:, the nearest haven on the
63:July 1548–19 September 1549
10:
1681:
1561:Scottish Historical Review
1525:
1511:Reprinted in Thomas Park,
1462:History of the Reformation
1445:History of the Reformation
1305:Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis,
955:. He describes a siege at
1640:Sieges involving Scotland
1502:(Tuckwell, 2000), p. 368.
1417:(Tuckwell, 2000), p. 321.
1167:(Edinburgh, 1814), p. 12.
890:October and November 1548
837:reported that on 8 July,
733:
662:moved from their home at
598:John Cockburn of Ormiston
477:
257:
201:
188:
134:
92:
55:
40:
28:
23:
1665:Haddington, East Lothian
1635:Sieges involving England
730:or 400 old rose nobles.
1660:History of East Lothian
1645:Sieges involving France
1071:(Glasgow, 1829), p. 42.
851:Chronicle of Henry VIII
565:The English commander,
554:battle of Pinkie Cleugh
542:War of the Rough Wooing
1309:(Paris, 1888), p. 408.
928:
912:
814:
754:
746:
135:Commanders and leaders
1563:, 77 (1998), 162–182.
1545:Merriman, Marcus H.,
1538:Merriman, Marcus H.,
922:
908:
813:to the south and west
804:
793:served in his place.
752:
741:
202:Casualties and losses
158:André de Montalembert
1554:The Anglo-Scots Wars
1176:Robert Kerr Hannay,
658:and his French wife
530:sieges of Haddington
171:Baron Grey of Wilton
24:Sieges of Haddington
1607: /
1556:, Woodbridge (1999)
1552:Phillips, Gervase,
1292:Martin Sharp Hume,
1161:John Graham Dalyell
962:Lord Grey of Wilton
947:The English writer
833:An English soldier
546:Anglo-Scottish Wars
249:Anglo-Scottish Wars
107:Kingdom of Scotland
31:Anglo-Scottish Wars
1531:Fullwell, Ulpian,
1485:Merriman, Marcus,
1413:Merriman, Marcus,
1362:Annie I. Cameron,
984:, 'Rough Wooing',
937:Berwick upon Tweed
929:
815:
809:is bounded by the
755:
747:
561:The English dig in
544:, one of the last
167:Earl of Shrewsbury
129:Kingdom of England
1650:1540s in Scotland
1549:, Tuckwell (2000)
1547:The Rough Wooings
1500:The Rough Wooings
1498:Marcus Merriman,
1487:The Rough Wooings
1456:Marcus Merriman,
1093:Marcus Merriman,
1080:Marcus Merriman,
1051:Marcus Merriman,
839:Pedro de Gamboa's
645:Broun of Colstoun
552:'s defeat at the
525:
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497:St Andrews Castle
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179:Sir Thomas Palmer
175:Sir James Wilford
116:Kingdom of France
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1611:55.955°N 2.782°W
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1458:The Rough Wooing
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863:Dumbarton Castle
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982:Marcus Merriman
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933:Paul de Thermes
925:François Clouet
917:
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883:
835:Thomas Holcroft
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767:Broughty Castle
736:
720:
718:Tuesday's Chase
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563:
526:
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517:Broughty Castle
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1616:55.955; -2.782
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1568:External links
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1004:(1707), p. 38.
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616:to the field.
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359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
243:
242:
235:
228:
220:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
164:
137:
136:
132:
131:
118:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1677:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1415:Rough Wooings
1410:
1403:
1400:Joseph Bain,
1397:
1390:
1387:Joseph Bain,
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:Joseph Bain,
1332:
1325:
1321:
1318:Joseph Bain,
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1279:Joseph Bain,
1276:
1269:
1266:Joseph Bain,
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1241:Joseph Bain,
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1135:Joseph Bain,
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1095:Rough Wooings
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1053:Rough Wooings
1048:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1025:Joseph Bain,
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
999:
994:
987:
983:
978:
974:
966:
963:
958:
957:Yester Castle
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
926:
921:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
887:
878:
875:
870:
869:Thomas Palmer
866:
864:
860:
854:
852:
848:
847:Linton bridge
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
823:
821:
812:
808:
803:
794:
792:
786:
784:
783:Mary of Guise
780:
779:Dunbar Castle
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:James Wilford
751:
745:
740:
731:
729:
725:
715:
713:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
675:Odet de Selve
671:
669:
668:Culross Abbey
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
621:Thomas Palmer
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
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476:
471:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
443:
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428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Flodden Field
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
297:Homildon Hill
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
256:
251:
241:
236:
234:
229:
227:
222:
221:
218:
209:
206:
205:
200:
196:
193:
192:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
163:
162:Henri Cleutin
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
141:Earl of Arran
139:
138:
133:
130:
119:
117:
113:
108:
97:
96:
91:
83:
80:
79:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
47:The restored
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1592:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1439:Teulet, A.,
1435:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1149:CSP Scotland
1148:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1124:CSP Scotland
1123:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
952:
946:
930:
909:
893:
884:
867:
865:for France.
855:
850:
843:arquebusiers
832:
824:
816:
791:Thomas Gower
787:
763:Lord Methven
756:
721:
708:
688:
672:
664:Seton Palace
660:Marie Pieris
653:
638:
626:Regent Arran
618:
582:East Lothian
578:Regent Arran
564:
550:Regent Arran
548:. Following
529:
527:
470:Rough Wooing
411:
197:Up to 15,000
183:Thomas Gower
145:Lord Methven
93:Belligerents
35:Rough Wooing
18:
1614: /
881:August 1548
724:Lord Grey's
534:Royal Burgh
492:Ancrum Moor
392:Ancrum Moor
382:Solway Moss
292:Nesbit Moor
287:Fulhope Law
1629:Categories
1599:55°57′18″N
900:Royal Mile
828:River Tyne
820:Lesmahagow
811:River Tyne
807:Haddington
614:Strathearn
584:houses of
538:Haddington
507:Haddington
412:Haddington
407:Drumlanrig
377:Haddon Rig
75:, Scotland
73:Haddington
1602:2°46′55″W
969:Footnotes
797:July 1548
619:Grey and
590:Brunstane
574:Stratioti
512:Inchkeith
487:Edinburgh
427:Redeswire
402:Inchkeith
387:Edinburgh
372:Hornshole
347:Piperdean
337:Beaugency
302:Yeavering
277:Otterburn
194:5000–6000
1447:, Bk. 2.
904:Somerset
896:culverin
841:mounted
771:Aberlady
699:cavalier
683:Somerset
641:pioneers
610:Menteith
606:Stirling
586:Ormiston
571:Albanian
357:Roxburgh
327:Herrings
317:Verneuil
189:Strength
68:Location
29:Part of
1526:Sources
927:, 1554.
695:Wyndham
634:Malmsey
594:Saltoun
362:Berwick
322:Orléans
312:Cravant
272:Melrose
210:Unknown
207:Unknown
734:Sieges
632:, and
612:, and
596:which
592:, and
502:Pinkie
397:Pinkie
126:
104:
81:Result
775:Forth
728:Scots
691:Bowes
679:Turin
422:Leith
342:Patay
307:Baugé
742:Sir
630:sack
600:and
528:The
352:Sark
282:1400
267:1385
262:Duns
60:Date
861:at
666:to
536:of
1631::
1216:,
1163:,
1067:,
1000:,
693:,
681:.
670:.
636:.
608:,
588:,
461:e
454:t
447:v
239:e
232:t
225:v
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