Siege of Kehl (1796–1797)

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the French considered these to be purely defensive and they were inclined to ignore the industrious Austrian diggers and focus instead on their own fortifications, which were sketchy and relied upon palisades unprotected by dirt; these could not withstand a vigorous attack until strengthened. After several days of strengthening their outer works by 30 October, several artillery pieces were brought up to augment the outer defense. In addition, released from the main army after the Battle of Schliengen, General Dessaix arrived to command the fortress and augment the garrison with his troops. Subsequently, French reconstruction of the fortress and its defensive lines increased. Several minor sorties against the Austrian lines resulted. On 14 November 1796, Dominique Vandamme, commanding a column of Dessaix's force, directed a small group of skirmishers and

188: 153: 1441:, which had fewer defenders than Kehl. Not only would this embarrass the French who had, up to that point, maintained a steady and secure retreat westward out of southern Germany, it would trap the French army in Germany between Petrasch and the approaching Archduke Charles. As it was, when Petrasch could not actually effect capture of the crossing, he was forced to remain outside Kehl, holding the approaches to the village. Despite the limited success of Petrarsch's action, it had a broad impact on the movements of the main armies of Moreau and Archduke Charles. By preventing French access to the Kehl/Strasbourg crossing, Petrasch forced Moreau to move south; any retreat into France must happen via the bridges at Hüningen. 1364:

concerted attack by the stronger Austrians, Scherb began a withdrawal. On 5–6 September, the Austrians and French spent most of the day skirmishing in advanced posts (Austrian) and rear guards (French); these skirmishes, though, masked the Austrian intention of approaching Kehl and securing the crossing over the Rhine between the village and Strasbourg. By 15 September, part of Scherb's force arrived in Kehl, after having been continually harassed between there and Bruchsal. Once established in Kehl, this small cadre sought to strengthened the fortifications but the lack of cooperation from villagers and local peasants, and the exhaustion of the troops, prevented enhancements from proceeding with any speed.

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within the fort itself. The next in command, Major Delas, was badly wounded, and there remained no one in overall command of the 38th Regiment. The French general, Schauenburg, who had gone to Strasburg for troops, returned with some reinforcements and met at once an impetuous Austrian attack. At 22:00 the Austrians still held the redoubt and the houses at the edge of the village; the arrival of a fresh battalion of the Habsburg Regiment Manfredini led to a new attack, but it was repulsed. The Austrians had insufficient reserves to meet the fresh troops from Strasbourg. By 23:00, the French had recovered the fort, Strasbourg, the village of Kehl and all of the French earthen works.

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Archduke Charles was present, the Austrians lost about three hundred men and an officer. They attacked again on the 10 and 11 December, but could not take the posts. The Austrians also launched fire ships to destroy the pontoon bridge, but these were repulsed and destroyed. The Austrians took the Ehrlinrhin, a large island on which several of the French reserve units had been positioned. General Lecourbe removed one of the flying bridges to cut off all hope of a (French) retreat, grabbed a standard and rallied a battalion to advance against the Austrians, repulsing them as far as their trenches. Lecourbe's quick thinking preserved half of the island for the French.

1028: 1719:) at 16:00. The French instantly repaired the bridge, rendered passable by 14:00, which gave them more than 24 hours to evacuate everything of value and to raze everything else. By the time Latour took possession of the fortress, nothing remained of any use: all palisades, ammunition, even the carriages of the bombs and howitzers, had been evacuated. The French ensured that nothing remained behind that could be used by the Austrian/Imperial army; even the fortress itself was but earth and ruins. The siege concluded 115 days after its investment, and following 50 days of open (digging) trenches, the point at which active fighting began. 1603: 1448:, though, Moreau had only one avenue of escape, via the smallest Rhine crossing at Hüningen, which he used to move his army back to France. The question remained, however, who would control the crossings after the 1796 campaign. Charles had formulated a plan to circumvent that issue, and to free enough of his troops to send a relief force into northern Italy, where Dagoburt von Wurmser held Mantua against the French. If the French would agree to an armistice, he could take command of the Rhine fortresses; the French would withdraw, and he could send a sizable force to northern Italy to help relieve Mantua. The 1036: 1638:

column forced the first two Imperial redoubts. Another penetrated the earthen works near the center and carried the village of Sundheim and the two redoubts that ran contiguously to the village. Three other redoubts between the two were not carried, though, and the Austrians sallied out of these fortifications and fell upon the French. This action was the principal assault on the Austrian/Imperial line and apparently took the besiegers by surprise. Latour and the archduke personally moved to the gap the French created, pulling six battalions of armed workmen and all the Austrian troops after them.

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and competition between the French generals came into play. Moreau could have joined up with Jourdan's army in the north, but did not; he proceeded eastward, pushing Charles into Bavaria, while Jourdan pushed eastward, pushing Wartensleben's autonomous corps into the Ernestine duchies. On either side, the union of two armies—Wartensleben's with Charles' or Jourdan's with Moreau's—could have crushed their opposition. This happened in August, Wartensleben's autonomous corps united with Charles' imperial troops and turned the tide against the French. The defeat of Jourdan's army at the battles of

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old stakes remained, the French rebuilt the bridge; where the stakes were missing, they filled in gaps with pontoon spans resting on boats. By 28 November, the Austrians had constructed enough parallels and batteries to fire upon the oldest of the bridges crossing the river. The bridge was entirely demolished; the French repaired it; the Austrians demolished it again. It lay so directly in the line of fire of one of the batteries that it was an easy target. The French could not keep it intact three days straight and furthermore, its wreckage threatened a pontoon bridge immediately downstream.

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French entrenchment, drove the French out, and immediately took possession of the earthen works and six pieces of artillery. French reserves had not been able to traverse the Rhine in sufficient time; boats intended to transport such troops had been damaged by the lengthy cannon fire. The connecting bridges, which had also been damaged, were repaired quickly, but by the time these repairs had been made, the Austrians were deeply entrenched in their new positions and the French could not force them out. Even miners, who had dug under the trenches, were unable to blow up the redoubt.

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The Aulic Council still believed Austrian forces could relieve Mantua. Consequently, by tying Charles down at the Rhine, besieging the highly defensible Vauban fortresses at the river at Kehl and Hüningen, the Council effectively sealed the fate of Wurmser's troops in Mantua. After it became clear that Charles was locked into place on the Rhine, Moreau moved 14 demi-brigades to Italy, leaving behind modest forces on the French border. Two Austrian columns sent from Vienna failed to reach their beleaguered counterparts in Mantua, which fell on 2 February 1797.

1473: 1691:. The Austrian troops on the island could cover the left flank and the entire besieging army was covered by considerable entrenchments on the Islands in the Kinzig. By the end of the week, the Austrian and Imperial defenses were connected in a grand parallel and a series of batteries in a semicircle around the village. The Austrians took the ruins of the church and the post house by bringing up artillery and bombarding the positions; this allowed them to complete the lines of contravallation. 1416:) toward Kehl. Quickly, the Austrians possessed all the earthworks of the town, the village itself, and the fortress; their skirmishers reached one side of the abutment of the old palisade bridge and advanced to the other side, crossing the islands formed by branches of the Kinzig and the Rhine. They halted almost under the eyes of the French sentinels; there is some confusion about why they stopped, but apparently they mistook the abutment for the last bridge itself. 1328: 1153:, Dutch, and royalist French emigres. Although initially the republican French experienced several victories, the campaigns of 1793 through 1795 had been less successful. However, the Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims, and their own efforts also faltered. In 1794 and 1795, French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war, and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe. At the end of the 1303:'s army would push south from Düsseldorf, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, while Moreau's army massed on the east side of the Rhine by Mannheim. According to plan, Jourdan's army feinted toward Mannheim, and Charles repositioned his troops. Once this occurred, Moreau's army turned and executed a forced march south and attacked the bridgehead at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000 imperial troops—troops recruited that spring from the 955: 1687:

flank of the contravallation, and linked the entire line to one of the Rhine islands, now exposed by receding water. The lines of contravallation, formed of several redoubts, were joined by entrenchments that entirely encircled Kehl and access to the bridges. These began at a dyke near Auenheim, traversed the route to Rastadt and Offenburg, the course of the Kintzig and the Schutter rivers, encircled the village of Sundheim, and finished at the

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inside: if patience failed, they bribed or coerced someone inside to betray the fortification. An attacker, aware of a prolonged siege's great cost in time, money and lives, might offer generous terms to a defender who surrendered quickly. The defending troops would be allowed to march away unharmed, often retaining their weapons. As a siege progressed, however, the defender's position became more precarious. The surrounding army would build

172: 141: 1646:. According to French accounts, thick fog favored the Imperial action, because it prevented the French from reconnoitering. Furthermore, as Moreau reported later, the humidity on the ground impeded the march of their columns, although it is unclear how the fog impeded only French visual reconnaissance and march but not the Austrian's. Regardless, fighting was heavy. General Moreau himself was wounded in the head and his 1679:, by the entrance to the old village of Kehl. Similarly, the French had made several night sorties on the works of the besiegers. In these forays, they would chase the diggers out of the lines, but the Austrian reserves always recovered the works before the French could capture any cannons or destroy the construction. Consequently, every day, the Austrians expanded their works and erected new batteries. 1385:

column, which included three companies of Serbians and a division of hussars, executed a false feint on the left bank of the river. One corps of reserve under command of Colonel Pongratz, approached as far as the French earthworks on the banks of the Rhine to support the columns ahead of him; another, which included a battalion of the 12th Regiment, moved past the hamlet of Neumuhl (

1123:(1679–81), resulting in the construction of the star-shaped fortresses and bridgeheads in both locations. The principal fortresses lay on the west side (French side) of the Rhine; the bridgeheads and the smaller fortifications surrounding those lay on the west side; these protected the various bridges, barrages and viaducts connecting the east and west sides of the river. 1460:, their envoy sent to negotiate between the Austrians and the French in Italy, could not convince Napoleon Bonaparte to allow the Habsburgs to keep Mantua. Napoleon flatly refused the suggestion, maintaining that Mantua was the keystone to the conquest of Habsburg Italy and to maintaining pressure on the Habsburgs in their capital of Vienna. 1590:(Erlen head), which supported a battery of artillery (known as Battery 2). The battery was protected only by posts, or palisades, connected to the mainland by a light wood bridge guarded by infantry. The river by the bridge was approximately 200 yd (183 m) wide, and by the exposed islands were about 100 yd (91 m) wide. 2206:

An autonomous corps, in the Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions, but probably not more than three, and functioned with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name "autonomous corps." Some,

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In the following days, the Austrians incorporated the newly acquired territory into their massive lines and batteries. The opened trenches on the left (south) of the Schutter) at the entrance to the old village of Kehl; within the week, the Austrian batteries connected the ruins at Kehl with the left

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Much of the Kehl fortification was built on old ruins. In particular, the oldest of the bridges, which had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, This was an ancient bridge of piles that had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, but which the French had been reconstructing. Where the

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to attack the most forward of the Austrian posts. This successful sortie took eighty Austrian prisoners. On 21 November, while the Austrians constructed their trenches on the right bank of the Kinzig, the French planned for a considerable sortie against the lines of contravallation between the Kinzig

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on the Upper Rhine and entered a gorge which led them to the outskirts of the village. The second column of the Regiment Ferdinand, under command of Major Busch, proceeded via Sundheim toward Kehl, and obtained possession of the village itself, although not the bridge leading to Strasbourg. The third

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In the 1790s, the Rhine was wild, unpredictable, and difficult to cross, in some places more than four times wider than it is in the twenty-first century, even under non-flood conditions. Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were

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Day-by-day, over time, the Austrians increased pressure on the French, who hampered by the lack of bridges or appropriate transport, could not bring up enough reserves to preserve the lost ground. Boats were stove by fire of the cannon; by the time bridges were repaired and sufficient reserves could

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Charles advised his brother of the French Directory's offer, but it was flatly refused by the Emperor and the civilian military advisers on the Aulic Council. Charles was instructed to lay siege to the fortresses, to take them, and secure any possible French access to southern Germany via the Rhine.

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The Austrian failure to hold Kehl and the Strasbourg crossing in September 1796 gave Moreau some measure of security in his actions in the Black Forest and the southern flood plain of the Rhine. If the Austrians had held the crossing, General Petrasch's entire corps could have fallen upon the French

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from four cannons that lined the principal road. The French cavalry tried to retire into Kehl via the Kinzig bridge, but heavy Austrian fire destroyed most of them. Not until 19:00 did fortune favor the French, when Lieutenant Colonel Aspré and two hundred men of the Regiment Ferdinand were captured

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river above the French position and proceeded toward the dykes of the Rhine above Kehl. This placed them between Scherb and his force, and Kehl. Using the dykes as protection, and guided by some peasants who had been previously employed in strengthening the Kehl defenses, they advanced as far as the

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At this point, in July, the French had conquered most of the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, forcing them into separate peace agreements. The French extracted large amounts of coin (hard specie) and materials to feed and clothe the troops. Despite their winning ways, though, the jealousies

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on the west. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some 19 mi (31 km) wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of

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Osprey Publishing, 2012, p. 24. Military historians usually maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside, but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first

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Moreau noted that out of 40 total battalions, 15 battalions were in daily service on the right bank. Six battalions defended the fortification of Kehl itself, three held the entrenchments, three occupied the Ehrlen islands and three held the island of Kinzig. A reserve of six battalions encamped on

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According to spies and deserters, the Archduke himself had been exhorting and cajoling his troops to lift their spirits, "prepared his troops by harangues and presents," Moreau reported. On 1 January, after a lengthy salvo, 12 Imperial battalions attacked the outer redoubt and the right wing of the

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Lélée was badly wounded. General Desaix's horse was killed under him, and he received a contusion in his leg, and General Latour's horse was also shot from under him. This action convinced the French that the Austrian and Imperial forces were too numerous and too well-established for them to shake.

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The village of Kehl stood on one of the hornworks, built along a single long street. At one end lay the Commandant's Bridge, which crosses the "old water", a subsidiary channel approximately 400 ft (122 m) wide, separated from the main channel of the Rhine. Beside the old water, stood the

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coverage. Behind these lay two other polygons, close the river, which held the magazines: these were 22 ft (7 m) high, 4 ft (1 m) long and 27 ft (8 m) wide. All walls were thick enough to repel most cannon fire. The inner spaces included a section of barracks that cold

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engaged the main French force at Kehl and Charles entrusted to Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg the command of the siege force at Hüningen. The process of laying siege in the eighteenth century was complicated. Most commonly, armies established positions around a city and waited for the surrender of those

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Prussia also governed territories outside the Empire structures, such as the Habsburg territories in eastern Europe and northern Italy. There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to Württemberg, the Count of Solm, the archbishopric of Trier, and Hesse-Darmstadt. Among

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On 9 December, in the night, the Austrians attacked the French advanced posts at the ruins of the old post house and church of the old village of Kehl. The fighting was bitter and short, but the Austrians finally took the post, to be driven out the next morning. In this subsequent attack, at which

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The French immediately ran into problems. Infantry intended to support the first wave did not arrive in time. The cavalry could not deploy properly, due to the marshy ground and close quarters. After four hours, the entire French sortie party withdrew, taking 700 prisoners, seven pieces of cannon,

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On 26 October, Baillet de Latour immediately lay the groundwork for a lengthy siege by ordering the construction of extensive earthworks around the bridgehead. The lines of contravallation (the trenches nearest to the French position) included a series of redoubts connected by trenches. Initially,

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consisted only of one battalion of the 24th Demi-brigade and some detachments of the 104th. This was too weak to defend a position of such importance, or to develop additional extensive works. Recognizing Kehl's weakness, General Moreau detached a demi-brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry

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Realizing that the siege was imminent, the French had destroyed most of the village of Kehl on 26 October, as the Battle of Schliengen concluded and Moreau's army withdrew toward Hüningen. Only the ruined walls of the church and post house remained. The French maintained control of the three main

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that nearly captured the Austrian artillery park. In early December, though, the Austrians expanded the siege, connecting a grand parallel with a series of batteries in a semi-circle around the village and the bridges. By late December, the completed Austrian batteries connected with the captured

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At daybreak on 22 November, 16,000 infantry and 3000–4000 cavalry moved against the combined Austrian and Württemberg positions between the Kinzig and the Rhine. The French infantry departed from the small island of Erlen, in the Rhine, and from the left of the entrenchment camp. The first

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In particular, the states involved in late 1796 included, for example, the Breisgau (Habsburg), Offenburg and Rottweil (imperial cities), the princely states of Fürstenberg, Neuenburg, and Hohenzollern, the Duke of Baden, the Duchy of Württemberg, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Many of

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to observe the garrisons of Mannheim and Philipsburg, and to defend passage into France. An initial attack on the French positioned resulted in favor of the French, who charged the Austrians with bayonet, and pushed Petrasch's troops back. Realizing that his command was too small to withstand a

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was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In 1790, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places more than four or more times wider than the twenty-first century, even under regular (non-flood)

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polities, inexperienced and untrained—which held the bridgehead for several hours, but then retreated toward Rastatt. Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard, and his troops poured into Baden unhindered. In the south, by Basel, Ferino's column moved quickly across the river and

2211:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of light infantry in the Habsburg Army in 1798. They provided the Army's skirmishing and scouting function; Frei-Corps were usually, but not always, raised from the provinces. See Philip Haythornthwaite, 2245:

in the last days of World War II, during the Battle in Berlin, that saw some of the heaviest urban fighting of the war, the Soviets did not attempt to storm the Spandau Citadel (built between 1559 and 1594), but chose to invest it and negotiate its surrender. See Antony Beevor,

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The fortresses at Hüningen and Kehl were both important bridgeheads across the river. At Strasbourg, a once imperial city, and Kehl, the German village across the river from it, the first permanent bridge had been erected in 1338. In 1678, Strasbourg was taken over by

1753:, the French commander who had replaced the deceased Jean Charles Abbatucci, pre-empted what would have been a costly attack, offering to surrender the bridge. On 5 February, Fürstenberg finally took possession. Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, appointed him as 1040:

these territories were not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity, but have a farmstead, a house, or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The light cream-colored territories are so subdivided they cannot be named.

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from his army in the Black Forest, with instructions to proceed by forced marches to Kehl, but General Petrasch sent Lieutenant Colonel Aspré, with two battalions, to occupy Renchen and to insure that Moreau's reinforcements did not augment the garrison at Kehl.

1667:. At four in the afternoon, they attacked a French position defended by 300 men. They succeeded in taking it, but the French recovered it with a counter-attacked, taking some prisoners. At the same time, though, the Austrians attacked another work, called the 1620:. Their control of these provided vital positions from which the French established their operations. The islands were connected to Kehl and to each other through a series of flying bridges (pontoon bridges); troops could also be moved by boat if necessary. 867:(1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Although initially successful in campaigns in 1792 and 1793, the French army lost some effectiveness during the 1308:

advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance, spreading into the southern end of the Black Forest. Worried that his supply lines would be overextended or his army would be flanked, Charles began a retreat to the east.

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until late October. Immediately after the Battle of Schliengen, while most of Moreau's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at Hüningen, Count Baillet Latour moved north to Kehl to begin the siege. On 22 November, the French defenders at Kehl, under

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The French plan called for a springtime (April–May–June) offensive during which the two armies would press against the flanks of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states while a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Specifically,

1671:, where only 20 men were posted. They secured it and afterward connected it to the network of fortifications. This gave Austrian marksmen close access to the bridges, where they could pick off French defenders with musket fire. It also allowed 1593:

In the other direction, between Kehl and the Schutter, which lay downstream, the fortifications were equally secured. The redoubt there held about 8 cannons and 400 men, and covered the street between the hamlet of Auenheim and Kehl.

1563:; the hornwork between the Rhine and the Kinzig was approximately 250 ft (76 m) in length. The hornworks themselves were faced with stone and mortar and had their own ravelines, a covered communication ditch, and an earthen 1099:

the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of

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declaring the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family. He and his fellow monarchs threatened ambiguous, but serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The French

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conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and at Hüningen, by Basel, where systems of

878:, the two sides called a truce. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under 1476:

Drawing of Vauban's plan for Strasbourg/Kehl fortifications, circa 1720. Note the multiple channels of the Rhine and its tributaries, and the double star points of the fortifications. The island with the small fortress is

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On 18 September 1796, General Petrasch's troops stormed the French-held bridgehead at Kehl. Although they originally pushed the French out, a prompt counter-attack forced them to retreat, leaving the French still in

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the left bank of the Rhine. He also rotated battalions through the trenches so none became so exhausted they could not function. He also had additional forces available from the Army of the Rhine and Moselle.

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Strasbourg and Kehl, both built on land and over the river channels, had lengthy systems of bridges connecting the land works to each other, such as this one, the Vauban barrage. This is a modern view of the

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river joined the Rhine. On one side of the confluence lay the hamlet of Auenheim; on the other the village of Neumuhl. The fortress stood between the bridge over the Rhine and the Kinzig. It was shaped as a

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The capitulation at Kehl on 9 January allowed Charles to send additional troops and heavy artillery to Hüningen. On 2 February 1797, as the Austrians prepared to storm the bridgehead, General of Division

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Strasbourgers assist in the demolition of the Redoubt of Kehl on 9 January 1797. Once the surrender occurred, the French took everything they could move, leaving the Austrians naught but a pile of rubble.

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As the Rhine passed the church, it made a sharp curve; this curve and the water where it and the old water rejoin, created a small island known as the Marlener Island. In dry weather, it was more of a

1575:; the breast work had room for at least four cannons and 150-200 troops. This entire installation, called the churchyard redoubt, approximately 100 yd (91 m) wide, dominated the vicinity. 1501:

Generally, time was on the side of the defenders; most armies could not afford to wait out the prosecution of a siege, especially of a well-fortified, well-provisioned city. Until the invention of

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Kehl church, graveyard, and portions of the hornwork, including an earthen dam that followed the shoreline of the river. The fortified wall by the churchyard, capped by a breastwork, had its own

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Louis Desaix led a rearguard action after Emmendingen, and crossed the Rhine north of Kehl. By 24 October, he had moved his forces south to assume command of the fortress and prepare for siege.

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Austrian losses amounted to 12 percent of total forces engaged, high for an eighteenth-century siege; the losses were due to sorties in which the French were able to inflict heavy damages.

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army, at that time debouching through the Black Forest defiles and congregating in Freiburg. With sufficient forces, Petrasch also could have advanced as far as Hüningen and carried its

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Throughout the summer of 1796, the French and the Austrians had chased each other back and forth across the south German states. By October, the Habsburg force, under the command of

734:, and the crossing at Kehl, gave them ready access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, south, or east, depending on their military goal. 1675:

to tunnel under the bridgehead walls and engineers to establish artillery batteries that could fire at closer range to the walls. They built some new trenches on the left of the

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called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May.

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The Austrians continued to expand their works and erect new batteries. On 6 December, the Austrians opened fire simultaneously with their batteries, and maintained a day-long

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At 10:00 on 9 January the French general Desaix proposed the evacuation to General Latour and they agreed that the Austrians would enter Kehl the next day, on 10 January (21

1505:-based weapons (and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the introduction of large-caliber 249: 749:, offered an armistice that the Archduke was inclined to accept. The Archduke wanted to secure the Rhine crossings so he could send troops to northern Italy to relieve 726:, when the French crossed into the German states on 23–24 June. Critical to French success was the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. The crossings at 1494:

to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besieged city. This was followed by the construction of a line of

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be moved, the Austrians were entrenched, and had brought up their artillery. The Austrians continued to advance their earth works, and perfect their batteries.

1538:, approximately 400 ft (122 m) in length, and two of its sides faced the Rhine. The main wall was approximately 12 feet (3.7 m) high. Below two 1375:

Before the break of dawn on 18 September (03:45), three Austrian columns attacked Kehl. The principal column, comprising the Regiment Ferdinand, crossed the

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Universal Geography, Or, a Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan: Spain, Portugal, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland

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Universal Geography, Or, a Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan: Spain, Portugal, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland

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alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons. At Kehl and the city of Strasbourg lay a complex of bridges, gates, fortifications and

1169: 879: 1107:), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. 808:. After the defenses were thoroughly riddled by heavy bombardment from the besiegers, the French defenders capitulated and withdrew on 9 January 1797. 608: 598: 1783: 3466: 3446: 3377: 407: 3461: 1188:

included 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army, the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine, secured the west bank behind the

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The French instead focused their efforts on reinforcing their palisades, strengthening batteries, and developing the redoubts and earthen works.

986:, it moves in torrents. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the 2074: 1935: 1698: 1482: 660: 192: 2391:

Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.

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was willing to give up Mantua in exchange for the Rhine bridgeheads, which they deemed more important for the direct defense of France;

1324:(16–19 September) allowed Charles to move more troops to the south, and effectively removed Jourdan from the remainder of the campaign. 1003:

the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains. The tributaries then wind in rivulets through the flood plain to the river.

826:

revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790,

384: 89: 1058:("little states") that covered no more than a few square miles to large and powerful states. Their governance varied: they included 938:

and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of

480: 1231:

On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to

1586:(Kehl's Rhine head, or bald head). The island was thick with bushes and shrubbery. Beside this lay a larger island, known as the 1049: 782:(bridgeheads) joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter-attack forced them to retreat. The situation remained in 583: 3216:

Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biographie de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre,

3456: 3451: 3033:

Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biographie de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre

2451: 1775: 1513:(in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege, although many of the 2136: 1220:

and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. After news arrived in Vienna of

377: 353: 2553:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

2431:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

2132: 1809: 1420: 1006:

The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to

550: 1555:, the barracks, gun emplacements, and walls had withstood a lengthy Austrian barrage. The fortress had stone and mortar 3339: 3290: 3205: 3165: 3112: 1368: 1268: 770: 3426: 3186: 3132: 3090: 2699: 2414: 2365: 738: 633: 3094: 1256: 1120: 871:, as its generals were intimidated and/or executed, and more and more of the officers left France for safer havens. 703: 3431: 1209: 927: 847: 1498:, especially if the besieged city had a nearby field army; the line of contravallation protected the besiegers. 1168:

The Austrian Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing, first under

3398: 1891: 1844: 1457: 827: 758: 20: 1818: 3095:

History of Europe from the commencement of the French revolution to the restoration of the Bourbons, Volume 3

2128: 1863: 1449: 1356: 1321: 1240: 902:

counted 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army was posted on the west bank behind the

831: 792: 754: 711: 706:

in the seventeenth century. The crossings had been contested before: in 1678 during the French-Dutch war, in

628: 613: 475: 465: 318: 3180: 2759: 1737:

estimated that of the 40,000 men who participated on the Coalition side, 4,800 were lost. Based on Moreau's

425: 1552: 1342: 1284: 1193: 907: 750: 719: 540: 333: 2228:, and became widely used in the European military as the size of armies grew in the 1790s and during the 1857: 1642:

and two howitzers. The want of horses prevented them from taking another 15 pieces of cannon, which they

1288: 1044:

The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in

470: 3365: 2805: 1745:

estimated that the Austrian losses were lower: 3,000 troops killed or wounded and 1,000 taken prisoner.

1546:, or fortified gun emplacements of 83 ft (25 m) long and 16 ft (5 m) wide, provided 1355:, where a sturdy bridge allowed for passage across the river. The troops there, under orders of General 1272: 3421: 3416: 2225: 1359:, included the 68th Demi-brigade and two squadrons of the 19th Dragoons, had remained behind after the 1292: 864: 860: 691: 565: 440: 401: 41: 1452:

was long and costly, and had tied up a significant portion of both the French and Austrian force. The

3122: 2078: 1758: 1264: 1138: 942:'s successes, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements. Reconsidering the situation, the 817: 688: 545: 338: 180: 1487: 1280: 1185: 1031:

The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.

899: 883: 746: 560: 535: 495: 328: 293: 283: 3280: 3141: 2999: 2776: 1802: 3441: 3436: 2068: 983: 851: 525: 435: 3271: 2616: 2490:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

1236: 1205: 1079: 919: 656: 54:

Habsburg and French troops skirmished for control of the crossing in the weeks before the siege.

3183:. Markus Stein, editor. Mannheim, Germany. 14 February 2010 version. Accessed 28 February 2010. 2766:. Markus Stein, editor. Mannheim, Germany. 14 February 2010 version. Accessed 28 February 2010. 2386: 1992: 1419:

The French executed several attempts to retake the bridges. The 68th, under command of general

1154: 1132: 963: 875: 796: 745:

on 24 October, the French army withdrew south and west toward the Rhine. The French commander,

684: 623: 618: 490: 273: 259: 37: 3245: 3225: 2526: 2322: 1267:

directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions under

2493: 2217: 2122: 1750: 1300: 1162: 1075: 723: 505: 455: 450: 420: 343: 288: 145: 2263:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally 1796: 1317: 1228:

gave Archduke Charles command over both Habsburg armies and ordered him to hold his ground.

1048:

called the Holy Roman Empire. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included

946:

gave Archduke Charles command over both Habsburg armies and ordered him to hold his ground.

530: 323: 3262: 2586:

Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich

2548: 2426: 1905: 1833: 1754: 1445: 931: 742: 715: 707: 348: 308: 79: 1728: 588: 83: 8: 1827: 1360: 1347:

While Charles and Moreau jockeyed for position on the eastern slope of the Black Forest,

1116: 769:

categorically refused such an armistice, forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at

593: 555: 515: 510: 303: 298: 1027: 982:) cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed; in such paces as the former rapids at 3175: 2751: 1221: 1071: 1070:; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy 1059: 939: 859:

continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution abroad. On 20 April 1792, the

762: 671:. The fortifications at Kehl represented an important bridgehead crossing the Rhine to 500: 485: 460: 430: 2475:

Helmut Volk, "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."

2442:

Laufenburg now has dams and barrages to control the flow of water. Thomas P. Knepper,

1423:, was repulsed three times by the superior Austrian numbers and the murderous fire of 3394: 3352: 3335: 3318: 3304: 3286: 3251: 3232: 3221: 3201: 3161: 3147: 3128: 3108: 3100: 2522: 2447: 2410: 2361: 2221: 1676: 1602: 1276: 1224:'s successes, however, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements, and the 1158: 1146: 1091: 835: 823: 680: 278: 187: 157: 152: 369: 3344: 3296: 2532: 1942: 1453: 1313: 1100: 999: 839: 520: 313: 3077:

According to Smith only the 1st Bn of the 3rd Regiment was present. Smith, p. 131.

2555:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278.

2433:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923-1933), p. 278.

2086: 1201: 915: 3241: 2763: 2446:, Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York, Springer, 2006, 2353: 2318: 2229: 1874: 1742: 1525:

The principal bridge crossing the main part of the river began approximately 400

1506: 1495: 1491: 1035: 958:

The broad Rhine River and its many tributaries prevented easy escape into France.

868: 445: 1172:, then Wilhelm von Wartensleben, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the 3200:

Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York, Springer, 2006.

3024: 3022: 1530: 1376: 1348: 1304: 1197: 1181: 1067: 1054: 1045: 911: 895: 663:, besieged and captured the French-controlled fortifications at the village of 1252: 962:

The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the

49: 3410: 3137: 3117: 2995: 1734: 1551:

hold up to 1500 men; indeed, in an earlier bombardment in the hostilities in

1517:

fortresses presented a formidable challenge well into the twentieth century.

1403: 1390: 1239:

had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf. The right wing of the

1225: 943: 842:, and her children, alarmed him. In August 1791, in consultation with French 805: 766: 757:; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that. However, his brother, 699: 668: 104: 91: 3019: 1243:

was positioned behind the Rhine from Hüningen northward, centered along the

1177: 891: 1260: 1232: 1189: 1095: 971: 903: 788: 176: 3349:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

2507:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

3386: 3327: 3322: 2727: 2564: 2302: 2107:

Grenadiers de Candiani, Szenassi, Albsaltern, and Bydeskuty, 4 battalions

2021:

Grenadiers de Retz, Reisinger, Dietrich and Pitsch, 4 battalions (1 each)

1780:

The French garrison consisted of headquarters and three mixed divisions:

1526: 995: 804:; from these positions, the Austrians bombarded the French defenses with 578: 227: 3378:"Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue." 3356: 3255: 3236: 3151: 1791:

Commanding: General Louis Desaix, relieved by Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr

1757:

of the Infantry Regiment Nr. 36, which bore his name until his death in

795:, Jean-Victor-Marie Moreau, almost ended the siege when they executed a 776:

On 18 September 1796, the Austrians temporarily acquired control of the

727: 16:

Part of the Rhine Campaign of 1796 during the War of the First Coalition

3308: 1643: 1173: 987: 975: 910:

led the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine. Its right wing occupied

887: 778: 672: 1141:

in which republican France pitted itself against a fluid coalition of

741:, had pushed the French back to the Rhine. With the conclusion of the 2775:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.

1579: 1502: 1424: 1381: 1087: 1007: 967: 3173:

Ebert, Jens-Florian. "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Fürst zu Fürstenberg,"

3282:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

2749:

Jens-Florian Ebert, "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Fürst zu Fürstenberg,"

1560: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1510: 1352: 1213: 1150: 1063: 1016: 923: 773:

and Kehl. These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter.

652: 3391:

German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871

3276:, History of war.org. 17 February 2009. Accessed 18 November 2014. 2621:, History of war.org. 17 February 2009, Accessed 18 November 2014. 2511:

German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871

1930:

The Austrian force included Infantry, three columns, and cavalry:

1472: 1119:

ordered the construction of the fortress by the famous architect,

3267:. History of war.org. 17 February 2009. Accessed 1 November 2014. 2756: 1672: 1556: 1535: 1327: 1142: 1012: 2276:

Riesch is frequently mis-identified in French sources as Reise.

1625: 1564: 1248: 1244: 1112: 676: 171: 140: 1216:

to Switzerland. The original Austrian strategy was to capture

954: 1664: 1336: 1217: 935: 930:

and his corps of French royalists patrolled the area between

731: 3264:

Siege of Huningue, 26 October 1796 – 19 February 1797

1572: 1115:, and the bridge became part of the city's defense system. 664: 75: 3191:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

2704:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

1090:"). Some states included non-contiguous pieces: both the 934:

and Basel. The original Austrian strategy was to capture

2250:

New York, Viking-Penguin Books, 2002, pp.372–375.

702:. These had been constructed by the fortress architect 2340:

University of Oklahoma Press, 2014, pp. 87–93. Smith.

3083: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2779:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 266–267. 2714: 2712: 2588:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154. 1137:

The campaign of 1796 was part of the larger, broader

399: 1776:

Army of the Rhine and Moselle § Order of Battle

1520: 3158:

Napoleon in Italy: the sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799,

2338:

Napoleon in Italy: the Sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799,

2309:, Connecticut, Greenhill Press, 1996, pp. 111, 131. 2213:

Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.

1275:. Desaix's command included three divisions led by 3367:Beitrag zur Geschichte des Feldzuges vom Jahr 1796 3050: 2840: 2807:Beitrag zur Geschichte des Feldzuges vom Jahr 1796 2709: 2259:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry: 2188: 1582:than an island; the exposed ground was called the 1287:. Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded by 3064: 3062: 3012: 3010: 2267:, which fought in tight formations. Smith, p. 15. 1901:, 97th, 100th Demi-brigade, three battalions each 886:, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the 3408: 3214:Lievyns, A., Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat, 1481:Once the Aulic Council refused Charles's plans, 1170:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 1062:, also of different sizes, such as the powerful 880:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 838:and by 1791, the danger surrounding his sister, 659:regulars numbering 40,000, under the command of 2638: 2636: 2012:Nr. 56, Joseph Colloredo, 1 battalion (3rd Bn.) 1597: 1082:. When viewed on a map, the Empire resembled a 966:. The 80 mi (130 km) stretch between 651:lasted from 26 October 1796 to 9 January 1797. 3143:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary 3059: 3031:A. Lievyns, Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat, 3007: 3001:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary 2516: 1938:, General of Artillery, commander of the Siege 1145:and Austrians and several other states of the 661:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour 2571:, Connecticut: Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 111. 998:bordered by the Black Forest on the east and 385: 243: 3364:Varnbüler, Ferdinand, von und zu Hemmingen, 2633: 2401: 2399: 2160:Prince of Lorraine, cuirassiers, 6 squadrons 1899:Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard 1052:. Their size and influence varied, from the 765:, and the civilian military advisers of the 3043: 3041: 3035:, Bureau de l'administration, 1844, p. 353. 2360:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 1925: 1200:on the west bank while the left wing under 914:on the west bank while the left wing under 822:Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the 3393:. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998. 3160:Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. 2804:Ferdinand Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen, 2742: 2740: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 1337:Preliminary action at Kehl: September 1796 1176:River, observing the French bridgehead at 890:River, observing the French bridgehead at 392: 378: 257: 250: 236: 48: 3285:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010. 3107:New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. 2513:, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998. 2409:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 2396: 1769: 1654: 1251:, and its left wing extended west toward 949: 3467:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe 3447:Sieges of the War of the First Coalition 3038: 2600: 2591: 2236:New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6. 1782: 1697: 1632: 1612:islands surrounding the Kehl crossings: 1601: 1471: 1326: 1196:, this force anchored its right wing in 1034: 1026: 990:, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ( 953: 791:and the overall commander of the French 683:stronghold. This battle was part of the 3176:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815 3004:. London, Clarendon Press, 1916, p. 40. 2752:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815 2737: 2650: 2648: 2609: 2371: 2289: 1948:Colonel Szeredai, Director of Engineers 3409: 3127:New York, Viking-Penguin Books, 2002. 2769: 2482: 1078:; and such durable dynastic states as 3462:Military history of Baden-Württemberg 2539:(nl), C. F. Stollmeyer, 1842, p. 210. 2176:Hohenzollern cuirassiers, 6 squadrons 2034:No. 3, Archduke Charles, 3 battalions 1259:led Moreau's right wing at Hüningen, 373: 231: 2645: 2505:See, for example, James Allen Vann, 2234:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815, 1952: 1908:, 103rd, 106th, 109th Demi-brigades 1881:three battalions, 93rd Demi-brigade 1614:Ilse de Estacade, Ilse de Escargots, 1367:The Kehl garrison, under command of 1022: 3381:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 2477:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 2327:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814, p. 279. 2173:Archduke John Dragoons, 4 squadrons 2043:Grand Duke of Tuscany, 2 battalions 1969:Bannat, 1 battalion (1st Battalion) 1963:Grün-Laudon Freicorps, 2 battalions 1764: 1421:Jean-Baptiste de Bressoles de Sisce 1126: 13: 3187:Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch 3084:Alphabetical listing of references 2860:Philippart, pp. 105, 108, 111–125. 2092:Nr. 28, Wartensleben, 3 battalions 1890:3rd Division: General of Division 1856:2nd Division: General of Division 1826:1st Division: General of Division 1369:Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg 14: 3478: 3218:Bureau de l'administration, 1844. 3146:. London, Clarendon Press, 1916. 2700:Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch 1521:Description of the fortifications 863:declared war on Austria. In this 3181:Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch 3097:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1847. 2810:, Altona, 1797, pp. 46–48. 2757:Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch 2170:Kaiser, carabiniers, 2 squadrons 2049:Wenceslas Colloredo, 1 battalion 186: 170: 151: 139: 66:26 October 1796 – 9 January 1797 3247:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 3071: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2795: 2782: 2721: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2624: 2574: 2558: 2542: 2499: 2466: 2393:Leonaur Ltd, 2011. pp. 286–287. 2324:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 2270: 2253: 2239: 2200: 2189:Notes, citations and references 1467: 1431: 1269:François Antoine Louis Bourcier 3303:, np: C. F. Stollmeyer, 1842. 3105:The French Revolutionary Wars. 2896:Philippart, pp. 104–105. 2869:Philippart, pp. 102–103. 2734:Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 126. 2584:Charles, Archduke of Austria. 2457: 2436: 2420: 2407:The French Revolutionary Wars, 2347: 2330: 2312: 2143:Hussars frontier, 10 squadrons 1892:Gilles Joseph Martin Bruneteau 1845:Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen 1836:3rd, 10th, 31st Demi-brigades 1810:Anne Marie François Boisgérard 1458:Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke 1257:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 1121:Sébastien Le Préstre de Vauban 704:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban 21:Siege of Kehl (disambiguation) 19:For other sieges of Kehl, see 1: 3457:1797 in the Holy Roman Empire 3452:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire 3250:. London, A. J. Valpy, 1814. 2537:General History of the World, 2358:The French Revolutionary Wars 1864:Jean Marie Rodolph Eickemayer 1559:and each bastion had its own 1529:above the point at which the 1241:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 1210:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 928:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 811: 793:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 712:War of the Spanish Succession 629:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 3383:, Band 10, pp. 159–167. 3301:General History of the World 2690:Philippart, pp. 76–77. 2672:Philippart, pp. 73–74. 2630:Philippart, pp. 66–68. 2283: 2061: 2031:Corps of Gyulay 2 battalions 2025: 2003:Olivier Wallis, 2 battalions 1985: 1904:Brigade: General of Brigade 1897:Brigade: General of Brigade 1873:Brigade: General of Brigade 1862:Brigade: General of Brigade 1843:Brigade: General of Brigade 1832:Brigade: General of Brigade 1722: 1706: 1598:Conduct of the siege at Kehl 1343:Second Battle of Kehl (1796) 1285:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles 1235:. On the army's left flank, 1194:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 908:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 800:French fortification called 751:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 720:War of the Polish Succession 7: 3334:NY, Greenhill Press, 1996. 2837:Varnbüler, pp. 45–58. 2828:Varnbüler, pp. 42–55. 2819:Varnbüler, pp. 49–52. 2706:London, (np), 1797, p. 126. 2405:See also Timothy Blanning, 2046:Michael Wallis, 1 battalion 2040:Karl Schröder, 2 battalions 2000:Archduke Anton, 1 battalion 1957: 1866:, 68th, 76th Demi-brigades 1858:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 1847:, 44th, 62nd Demi-brigades 1289:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 10: 3483: 3332:Napoleonic Wars Data Book, 3317:York (UK), Methuen, 1954. 2248:Berlin: The Downfall 1945. 2226:American Revolutionary War 2111: 2037:Franz Kinsky, 2 battalions 1773: 1726: 1340: 1293:Alexandre Camille Taponier 1130: 865:War of the First Coalition 861:French National Convention 850:of Prussia, he issued the 815: 692:War of the First Coalition 403:War of the First Coalition 42:War of the First Coalition 18: 3279:Rogers, Clifford, et al. 3123:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 2732:Napoleonic Wars Databook, 2569:Napoleonic Wars Data Book 2307:Napoleonic Wars Data Book 2222:Thirteen British Colonies 1941:Lieutenant Field Marshal 1265:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 1263:commanded the center and 1139:French Revolutionary Wars 818:French Revolutionary Wars 730:, near the Swiss city of 609:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 416: 269: 211: 198: 181:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 163: 132: 58: 47: 35: 30: 3427:Sieges involving Austria 3231:. (nl), A. Black, 1831. 2968:Philippart, pp. 118–121. 2923:Philippart, p. 105, 118. 2914:Philippart, pp. 107–113. 2792:Methuen, 1954, pp. 44–45 2580:Dodge, p. 290. See also 2193: 1945:, commander of Artillery 1926:Austrian order of battle 1812:, Commander of Engineers 1357:Marc Amand Élisée Scherb 1281:Antoine Guillaume Delmas 1273:Henri François Delaborde 1186:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress 1076:Archbishopric of Cologne 1050:more than 1,000 entities 884:Wilhelm von Wartensleben 747:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 3432:Sieges involving France 3315:Castles and Fortresses. 2790:Castles and Fortresses. 2098:Hohenlohe, 2 battalions 1991:Commanders: Burger and 1978:Benjowsky, 2 battalions 1972:Esclavons, 2 battalions 1912:, three battalions each 1894:(called Saint-Suzanne) 1870:, three battalions each 1840:, three battalions each 1212:guarded the Rhine from 922:guarded the Rhine from 852:Declaration of Pillnitz 667:in the German state of 2479:, Band 10, S. 159–167. 2387:Theodore Ayrault Dodge 2104:Gemmingen, 1 battalion 2101:Wenckheim, 1 battalion 2095:Esclavons, 1 battalion 2015:Gemmingen, 1 battalion 1805:Commander of Artillery 1788: 1770:French order of battle 1755:Colonel and Proprietor 1703: 1655:Expansion of the siege 1608: 1478: 1351:engaged the French at 1333: 1155:Rhine Campaign of 1795 1133:Rhine Campaign of 1796 1041: 1032: 1019:made access reliable. 959: 950:Geography and politics 882:, who was replaced by 876:Rhine Campaign of 1795 830:succeeded his brother 685:Rhine Campaign of 1796 624:Rhine campaign of 1796 619:Rhine campaign of 1795 584:Mediterranean campaign 261:Rhine campaign of 1796 164:Commanders and leaders 38:Rhine Campaign of 1796 3273:Battle of Emmendingen 2618:Battle of Emmendingen 2531:, A. Black, 1831 and 2265:d’infanterie de ligne 2218:French and Indian War 2216:emerged first in the 2052:De Ligne, 1 battalion 2009:D'Alton, 3 battalions 2006:Kaunitz, 2 battalions 1975:Starray, 3 battalions 1966:Szeckler, 1 battalion 1918:Total: 40 battalions 1851:three battalions each 1803:Jean-Baptiste Lobréau 1786: 1774:Further information: 1751:Georges Joseph Dufour 1701: 1633:Action of 22 November 1605: 1475: 1330: 1301:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1038: 1030: 957: 212:Casualties and losses 193:Maximilian Anton Karl 3047:Smith, pp. 111, 131. 2762:8 April 2000 at the 2549:Ramsay Weston Phipps 2427:Ramsay Weston Phipps 2117:Lieutenant Generals 1981:Nadasty, 1 battalion 1906:Jean Victor Tharreau 1877:, 84th Demi-brigade 1834:Louis-Nicolas Davout 1795:General of Division 1446:Battle of Schliengen 1404:48.57000°N 7.84389°E 1237:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 1206:Michael von Fröhlich 1060:free imperial cities 932:Freiburg im Breisgau 920:Michael von Fröhlich 848:Frederick William II 743:Battle of Schliengen 689:French Revolutionary 681:French Revolutionary 80:Margraviate of Baden 3196:Knepper, Thomas P. 3193:London, (np), 1797. 3056:Philippart, p. 283. 3016:Philippart, p. 279. 2986:Philippart, p. 127. 2977:Philippart, p. 121. 2959:Philippart, p. 119. 2950:Philippart, p. 115. 2941:Philippart, p. 122. 2932:Philippart, p. 118. 2905:Philippart, p. 106. 2887:Philippart, p. 104. 2878:Philippart, p. 103. 2851:Philippart, p. 114. 2597:Dodge, pp. 292–293. 2463:Knepper, pp. 19–20. 2261:d'infanterie légère 2232:. See David Gates, 2067:Lieutenant General 2018:Kaiser, 1 battalion 1828:Jean-Jacques Ambert 1808:General of Brigade 1400: / 1361:Battle of Ettlingen 1180:. The garrisons of 894:. The garrisons of 604:East Indies Theatre 594:War of the Pyrenees 319:Friedberg (Bavaria) 101: / 3222:Malte-Brun, Conrad 2718:Cuccia, pp. 87–93. 2681:Philippart, p. 75. 2663:Philippart, p. 72. 2654:Philippart, p. 71. 2642:Philippart, p. 69. 1797:Jean Baptiste Eblé 1789: 1704: 1609: 1479: 1334: 1320:(3 September) and 1222:Napoleon Bonaparte 1161:Coalition and the 1072:Abbey of Reichenau 1066:and the minuscule 1042: 1033: 960: 940:Napoleon Bonaparte 874:At the end of the 834:as emperor of the 763:Holy Roman Emperor 3422:Conflicts in 1797 3417:Conflicts in 1796 3345:Vann, James Allen 3297:Rotteck, Carl von 3156:Cuccia, Phillip. 3101:Blanning, Timothy 3091:Alison, Archibald 2523:Conrad Malte-Brun 2452:978-3-540-29393-4 2344:pp. 125, 131–133. 2224:and later in the 2185: 2184: 1816:Chef de Bataillon 1729:Siege of Hüningen 1409:48.57000; 7.84389 1277:Michel de Beaupuy 1163:French Republican 1147:Holy Roman Empire 1074:and the powerful 1023:Political terrain 836:Holy Roman Empire 722:, and earlier in 642: 641: 634:Anglo-Spanish War 614:Atlantic campaign 599:Italian campaigns 589:War in the Vendée 574:Flanders campaign 367: 366: 226: 225: 158:Habsburg monarchy 146:Republican France 128: 127: 84:Baden-Württemberg 3474: 3375: 3363: 3242:Philippart, John 3213: 3172: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3014: 3005: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2562: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2533:Carl von Rotteck 2520: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2488:Joachim Whaley, 2486: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2424: 2418: 2403: 2394: 2384: 2369: 2354:Timothy Blanning 2351: 2345: 2336:Phillip Cuccia, 2334: 2328: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2257: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2204: 1995:, Major Generals 1953: 1801:Chef de Brigade 1765:Orders of battle 1689:Bonnet de Prétre 1669:Bonnet de Prétre 1584:Kehler Rheinkopf 1454:French Directory 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1322:2nd Altenkirchen 1127:Campaign of 1796 1101:Imperial Circles 1088:patchwork carpet 1000:Vosges Mountains 926:to Switzerland; 840:Marie Antoinette 802:Bonnet de Prêtre 739:Archduke Charles 411: 404: 394: 387: 380: 371: 370: 264: 262: 252: 245: 238: 229: 228: 191: 190: 175: 174: 156: 155: 144: 143: 124:Habsburg victory 116: 115: 113: 112: 111: 106: 105:48.575°N 7.805°E 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 60: 59: 52: 28: 27: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3373: 3370:, Altona, 1797. 3361: 3313:Sellman, R. R. 3211: 3170: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2764:Wayback Machine 2746: 2745: 2738: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2614: 2610: 2606:Dodge, pp. 297. 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2563: 2559: 2547: 2543: 2521: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2487: 2483: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2441: 2437: 2425: 2421: 2404: 2397: 2385: 2372: 2352: 2348: 2335: 2331: 2319:John Philippart 2317: 2313: 2301: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2230:Napoleonic Wars 2205: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2114: 2073:Major Generals 2064: 2056: 2028: 1988: 1960: 1928: 1885:, one battalion 1875:Claude Lecourbe 1778: 1772: 1767: 1743:John Philippart 1731: 1725: 1709: 1677:Schutter stream 1657: 1635: 1629:and the Rhine. 1600: 1523: 1515:trace italienne 1496:contravallation 1492:circumvallation 1470: 1450:siege of Mantua 1434: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1345: 1339: 1192:. Commanded by 1149:, the British, 1135: 1129: 1025: 974:and Basel, the 952: 900:Ehrenbreitstein 869:Reign of Terror 820: 814: 755:besieged Mantua 645: 644: 643: 638: 570: 412: 402: 400: 398: 368: 363: 265: 260: 258: 256: 221: 185: 169: 150: 138: 109: 107: 103: 100: 95: 92: 90: 88: 87: 86: 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3480: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3442:1797 in Europe 3439: 3437:1796 in Europe 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3402: 3401: 3384: 3376:Volk, Helmut. 3371: 3359: 3342: 3340:978-1853672767 3325: 3311: 3294: 3291:978-0195334036 3277: 3268: 3259: 3239: 3219: 3209: 3206:978-3540293934 3194: 3184: 3168: 3166:978-0806144450 3154: 3138:Bodart, Gaston 3135: 3118:Beevor, Antony 3115: 3113:978-0340569115 3098: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3070: 3068:Smith, p. 131. 3058: 3049: 3037: 3018: 3006: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2794: 2788:R.R. Sellman. 2781: 2768: 2736: 2720: 2708: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2623: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2573: 2557: 2541: 2515: 2498: 2494:pp. 17–20 2481: 2465: 2456: 2435: 2419: 2395: 2370: 2346: 2329: 2311: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2269: 2252: 2238: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2127:Major General 2125: 2119:Mels-Colloredo 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089:, 2 battalions 2083: 2082: 2075:Baillet-Latour 2071: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1939: 1936:Baillet-Latour 1927: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1871: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1841: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1813: 1806: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1724: 1721: 1708: 1705: 1656: 1653: 1634: 1631: 1618:Isle de Ehrlin 1599: 1596: 1553:September 1796 1522: 1519: 1469: 1466: 1433: 1430: 1349:Franz Petrasch 1341:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1305:Swabian Circle 1198:Kaiserslautern 1182:Mainz Fortress 1131:Main article: 1128: 1125: 1084:Flickenteppich 1068:Weil der Stadt 1046:central Europe 1024: 1021: 951: 948: 912:Kaiserslautern 813: 810: 779:têtes-de-ponts 640: 639: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 569: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 417: 414: 413: 397: 396: 389: 382: 374: 365: 364: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 270: 267: 266: 255: 254: 247: 240: 232: 224: 223: 222:1,000 captured 218: 214: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 196: 195: 183: 179:, relieved by 166: 165: 161: 160: 148: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 45: 44: 33: 32: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3479: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3133:0-670-88695-5 3130: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3053: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2996:Gaston Bodart 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2777:Siege Warfare 2772: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2627: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2587: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2415:0-340-56911-5 2412: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2366:0-340-56911-5 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165:chevauxlegers 2162: 2159: 2157:, 6 squadrons 2156: 2155:chevauxlegers 2152: 2149: 2148:chevauxlegers 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087:Army of Condé 2085: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Gaston Bodart 1730: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1490:in a line of 1489: 1484: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1439:tete de point 1429: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1316:(24 August), 1315: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1226:Aulic Council 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Anton Sztáray 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1001: 997: 994:), part of a 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Swiss Cantons 956: 947: 945: 944:Aulic Council 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:Anton Sztáray 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 819: 809: 807: 806:enfilade fire 803: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 780: 774: 772: 768: 767:Aulic Council 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 695: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:Baden-Durlach 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:siege of Kehl 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 415: 409: 405: 395: 390: 388: 383: 381: 376: 375: 372: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 268: 263: 253: 248: 246: 241: 239: 234: 233: 230: 219: 216: 215: 210: 206: 203: 202: 197: 194: 189: 184: 182: 178: 173: 168: 167: 162: 159: 154: 149: 147: 142: 137: 136: 131: 123: 120: 119: 114: 110:48.575; 7.805 85: 82:(present-day 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 39: 34: 31:Siege of Kehl 29: 22: 3404: 3390: 3387:Walker, Mack 3380: 3366: 3348: 3331: 3328:Smith, Digby 3314: 3300: 3281: 3272: 3270:Rickard, J. 3263: 3261:Rickard, J. 3246: 3226: 3215: 3197: 3190: 3174: 3157: 3142: 3121: 3104: 3073: 3052: 3032: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2771: 2750: 2731: 2723: 2703: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2568: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2489: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2459: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2422: 2417:, pp. 41–59. 2406: 2390: 2368:, pp. 41–59. 2357: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2306: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2233: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2179: 2164: 2154: 2147: 2079:Sebottendorf 2055: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1909: 1882: 1878: 1867: 1848: 1837: 1815: 1790: 1779: 1747: 1738: 1732: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1648:aide-de-camp 1647: 1640: 1636: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1524: 1514: 1500: 1480: 1468:Laying siege 1462: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1432:Consequences 1418: 1374: 1366: 1346: 1310: 1297: 1261:Louis Desaix 1233:Sankt Wendel 1230: 1167: 1136: 1109: 1105:Reichskreise 1104: 1096:Hohenzollern 1094:domains and 1083: 1055:Kleinstaaten 1053: 1043: 1005: 991: 979: 972:Schaffhausen 961: 873: 856: 843: 821: 801: 789:Louis Desaix 783: 777: 775: 736: 700:barrage dams 696: 648: 646: 526:Newfoundland 491:Altenkirchen 358: 274:Altenkirchen 177:Louis Desaix 133:Belligerents 36:Part of the 3374:(in German) 3362:(in German) 3212:(in French) 3171:(in German) 3029:(in French) 2802:(in German) 2747:(in German) 2728:Digby Smith 2615:J. Rickard, 2582:(in German) 2565:Digby Smith 2473:(in German) 2454:, pp. 5–19. 2303:Digby Smith 2207:called the 2167:6 squadrons 2150:6 squadrons 1407: / 1332:possession. 1253:Saarbrücken 1247:River near 1080:Württemberg 996:rift valley 992:Rheingraben 846:nobles and 718:during the 710:during the 657:Württemberg 579:Chouannerie 344:Emmendingen 108: / 40:during the 3411:Categories 3399:0801406706 3198:The Rhine. 2342:Data Book. 2209:Frei-Corps 2146:Levenher, 1943:Kollowrath 1821:, Bridges. 1727:See also: 1488:earthworks 1444:After the 1392:48°34′12″N 1190:Nahe River 1178:Düsseldorf 1151:Sardinians 988:Rhine knee 984:Laufenburg 976:High Rhine 892:Düsseldorf 816:See also: 812:Background 784:status quo 759:Francis II 673:Strasbourg 481:Den Helder 476:Guadeloupe 471:Martinique 441:Thionville 421:Porrentruy 349:Schliengen 309:Theiningen 93:48°34′30″N 2444:The Rhine 2284:Citations 2137:Nauendorf 2062:3. Column 2026:2. Column 1986:1. Column 1879:d' ligne, 1761:in 1799. 1723:Aftermath 1707:Surrender 1588:Erlenkopf 1580:peninsula 1544:casemates 1511:howitzers 1503:gunpowder 1425:case shot 1395:7°50′38″E 1382:horn work 1143:Prussians 1117:Louis XIV 1017:causeways 1008:Iffezheim 980:Hochrhein 968:Rheinfall 687:, in the 566:Diersheim 556:Fishguard 516:Neresheim 426:Quiévrain 304:Neresheim 299:Ettlingen 96:7°48′18″E 3323:12261230 2760:Archived 2492:(2012), 2153:Karacay 2133:O'Reilly 2129:Merveldt 1958:Infantry 1934:General 1849:d'ligne, 1561:hornwork 1557:ravelins 1548:enfilade 1540:bastions 1353:Bruchsal 1318:Würzburg 1214:Mannheim 1159:Habsburg 1103:(called 1092:Habsburg 1064:Augsburg 1013:viaducts 924:Mannheim 857:émigrés 771:Hüningen 728:Hüningen 679:city, a 677:Alsatian 653:Habsburg 546:Biberach 541:2nd Kehl 531:Würzburg 506:1st Kehl 501:Kircheib 486:Siegburg 466:Sardinia 461:Jemappes 431:Marquain 359:3rd Kehl 354:Hüningen 339:Biberach 334:2nd Kehl 324:Würzburg 289:1st Kehl 199:Strength 71:Location 3357:2276157 3256:8721194 3237:1171138 3152:1458451 2220:in the 2163:Kaiser 2123:Kospoth 2112:Cavalry 2081:, Hegel 1910:d'ligne 1883:d'ligne 1868:d'ligne 1838:d'ligne 1739:Memoirs 1673:sappers 1626:hussars 1607:bridge. 1536:polygon 1507:mortars 1477:Ehrlen. 828:Leopold 561:Neuwied 551:Ireland 536:Limburg 496:Wetzlar 329:Limburg 294:Rastatt 284:Wetzlar 279:Maudach 3397: 3355: 3338: 3321: 3309:653511 3307: 3289: 3254: 3235: 3204: 3164: 3150: 3131: 3111: 2450: 2413: 2364: 2180: 2069:Riesch 1759:battle 1717:Nivôse 1644:spiked 1565:glacis 1531:Kinzig 1483:Latour 1377:Kinzig 1314:Amberg 1249:Landau 1245:Queich 1157:, the 1113:France 844:émigré 832:Joseph 797:sortie 761:, the 521:Amberg 511:Malsch 436:Verdun 314:Amberg 207:40,000 204:20,000 121:Result 2194:Notes 1993:Terzi 1819:Dédon 1665:salvo 1527:paces 1218:Trier 970:, by 936:Trier 896:Mainz 732:Basel 714:, in 675:, an 456:Mainz 451:Lille 446:Valmy 220:3,800 217:4,000 3395:ISBN 3353:OCLC 3336:ISBN 3319:OCLC 3305:OCLC 3287:ISBN 3252:OCLC 3233:OCLC 3202:ISBN 3162:ISBN 3148:OCLC 3129:ISBN 3109:ISBN 2448:ISBN 2411:ISBN 2362:ISBN 2121:and 1616:and 1573:moat 1509:and 1291:and 1283:and 1271:and 1208:and 1184:and 1174:Sieg 1015:and 904:Nahe 898:and 888:Sieg 824:1789 724:1796 716:1733 708:1703 665:Kehl 655:and 647:The 408:List 76:Kehl 63:Date 753:at 3413:: 3389:. 3347:. 3330:. 3299:. 3244:. 3224:. 3189:. 3140:. 3120:. 3103:. 3093:. 3061:^ 3040:^ 3021:^ 3009:^ 2998:, 2842:^ 2739:^ 2730:, 2711:^ 2702:. 2647:^ 2635:^ 2567:, 2535:, 2525:, 2398:^ 2389:, 2373:^ 2356:. 2321:, 2305:, 2291:^ 2135:, 2131:, 2077:, 1741:, 1567:. 1542:, 1295:. 1279:, 1255:. 1204:, 1086:(" 918:, 906:. 694:. 78:, 3293:. 3258:. 3229:. 3208:. 3178:. 3125:. 2754:. 2551:, 2496:. 2429:, 978:( 410:) 406:( 393:e 386:t 379:v 251:e 244:t 237:v 23:.

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Knowledge

Siege of Kehl (1796–1797)

Index