Siege of Shkodra - Knowledge

1096: 1257:, an estimated thirty to fifty percent of the population of northern Albania eventually converted by the early seventeenth century. They "converted … mainly not for theological reasons, but primarily to have the right to bear weapons, to have access in the Ottoman state high ranks, to make career in the military and to avoid higher taxes". Franciscan missionary activity helped to stem this tide; nevertheless, conversions "continued unabated throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". According to Albanian historian and Osmanolog Dritan Egro many high ranking Ottoman Albanians would push other Albanian to convert in Islam in order to fill Ottoman ranks and create an Albanian pyramid of power inside the Empire. It is not a confidence that the 2 Pashas that were send to take Shkodra, Ghedik Pasha and Davut Pasha were both Albanian. 54: 1204:

treaty, the old Albanian families "such as the Arianiti, the Dukagjins, the Castriotas, the Musachi, and the Topias were obliged to take refuge in Naples, Venice, or northern Italy". Many Albanians, however, did remain in their fatherland. Some espoused Islam and some retreated deeper into the mountains and organized occasional uprisings, maintaining a "rigorous resistance" against the Ottomans until well into the seventeenth century. Both the besieged and the besiegers acknowledged both victory and loss. The Shkodran garrison indeed withstood the military assault, but they eventually lost and left the city; whereas the Ottomans indeed gained the city, but only after failing to conquer it by military force and sustaining significant casualties.

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his commanders to attack the smaller fortresses nearby who were aiding Shkodra. Žabljak, "where Ivan Crnojevic (1465–1490), 'lord of the Zeta,' had established his court, surrendered to the governor of Rumelia almost without a blow (not by Crnojević but by his cousin and small number of men). Drisht, however, ... resisted bravely," but the Ottomans captured it easily on 1 September 1478, using their artillery. 300 captives from Drisht were taken to Shkodra and executed in the sight of the besieged. Then the Ottomans marched on

852: 3472: 746: 1467:Говорећи о турским снагама, хроничари, по обичају, наводе огромне бројке, које достижу 150.000, па чак и 300.000 војника. Помињу и 10.000 камила. Може се претпоставити да је ту било неколико десетинахиљада бораца...Отприлике у исто вријеме султан је напустио бојиште. Повео је са собом већи дио војске, тако да је, према хроничарима, остало око 8.000 људи да чувају заузете положаје и наставе са опсадом 1342:) was published in Venice. It is a firsthand account the siege presented to the Venetian Senate. It was republished several times and translated into other European languages in the sixteenth century (and later into Albanian and English). In 2018 Venetian scholar Lucia Nadin discovered a manuscript of Marin Barleti, dated ca. 1500, presumed to be the original manuscript of 945:. Count Carlo da Braccio repulsed the invaders, but before returning to Bosnia, "the Turkish bands nevertheless did enormous damage and carried away large numbers of men and cattle." Despite these losses, Venice refused to yield to Mehmed II's demands to surrender Shkodra, being its "last bastion in the East". In 1477 the Ottomans captured most of the nearby territory of 971:

Ottoman threat grew imminent, many Venetian mercenaries deserted Shkodra. Therefore, the Venetian Senate finally approved the locals' requests for arms and gave permission for the recruitment of warriors from the surrounding villages. The city of Shkodra would be defended by its strong walls and a mixed garrison of locals and the remaining Venetian mercenaries.

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Dhe në të vërtetë kjo qytezë, për natyrë që ka, bie krejt thik nga të katër anët me pëijashtim të asaj ane që asht nga veriu, aty zbret si të thuesh me nji farë pjerrësie dhe aty afer, me distancë sa hjedh nji shigjetë, ndodhet nji kodër plot vneshta e ullishta ... Pastaj ne na mbron vetë pozicioni i

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After the fall of Shkodra in 1479, the Ottomans effectively controlled the entire territory of Albania and could focus on advancing to Italy. Ottoman chronicler Ashik Pashazade (ca. 1400–1481) claimed "Shkodra has been conquered, a fortress near land and sea ... the hope of passage to Italy!" Indeed,

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On July 30, the sultan gathered his general council desiring to plan a sixth ground attack, but was persuaded to halt attacks on the Shkodrans who, according to Ottoman historian Kivami, were fighting "like tigers on the mountaintops". The sultan accepted this counsel at the end of August and ordered

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On June 22, the first two Ottoman cannons were installed and began to fire on the city. By July 11, eleven cannons were being employed, as well as two mortars whose projectiles exploded upon impact. Babinger records artillery of enormous caliber and "incendiary rockets, balls of rags impregnated with

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led by Ali Bey, 4,000 horsemen led by Iskender Bey, and 3,000 horsemen led by Malkoch (Malkoçoğlu). The citizens intensified their work to fortify the citadel, adding secondary defenses in anticipation of seeing the outer walls demolished by the Ottoman cannonade. The Ottomans set fire to surrounding

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recorded thousands of Ottoman casualties and hundreds of Shkodran casualties. Albanian historian Aleks Buda, in his analysis of Venetian chronicles of the event, concludes that of the approximately 1,600 Shkodran men and women who fought in the citadel, approximately 450 men and 150 women survived.

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they captured two Venetian galleys with 200 sailors, who were taken near the walls of Shkodra and killed in front of the people of Shkodra. Mehmed II ordered bridges to be built on the Bojana River to prevent Venetian ships from coming to Shkodra's aid via the Adriatic Sea. He ordered a siege force

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and find a haven in Italy. The treaty was ratified in Venice on April 25, 1479. The Shkodrans in the castle had to choose between emigrating to Venice or dwelling under the rule of their enemies. Marin Barleti records that every citizen chose emigration. Babinger records that, after the 1479 peace

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Ottoman soldiers continued to flow into Shkodra throughout the latter half of June. Around June 18, a small delegation of Ottoman leaders demanded the Shkodrans surrender, offering peace and rewards if they chose to comply and threatening torture and execution if they chose to resist. On behalf of

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Shkodra nuk ishte shembulli i një qyteti, që e ruante garnizoni venedikas, por është mbrojtur nga vetë popullsia lokale dhe nga mercenarët venedikas. (Shkodra was not an example of a city that was guarded by the Venetian garrison, but it was defended by the local population itself and by Venetian

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When the Ottomans approached Shkodra in May 1478, Venetian commander Antonio da Lézze sent the women and children to the seaside villages, but some women stayed behind to help the men. Approximately 2,000 people defended the castle from within, whereas hundreds of Albanian men and youths from the

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was the focal point of the siege, the natural position and architectural reinforcements of which allowed the vastly outnumbered garrison to withstand bombardment and successive ground attacks by the besiegers. The castle (as it is sometimes called) was considered the central leg of a trivet (or

919:, the Ottoman Empire seeking expansion and the Venetians seeking to secure their trading colonies. Venice held and was arming a number of Albanian towns, including Shkodra, which it had taken in 1396 and renamed Scutari. By 1466 Venice considered Shkodra the heart and capital of Albania Veneta. 800:

called the siege "one of the most remarkable episodes in the struggle between the West and the Crescent". A small force of approximately 1,600 Albanian and Italian men and a much smaller number of women faced a massive Ottoman force containing artillery cast on site and an army reported (though

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was intent on defending Shkodra. Expecting the new Ottoman attack, the Venetians prepared vigorously, sending their expert engineers to reinforce the fortifications according to the most modern techniques and maintaining a garrison of about 800 mercenaries in the city. In late 1477, as the new

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El se rosono de soa libera volonta ne la cita de Scutari 350 Albanesi del contado de la dicta terra i qual romaxeno nel assedio, tra i qual ne sono rimasti solamente 110 vivi, la probita, gagliardia, constantia, virilita e fede de i qual non e necessario explicar, che la esperientia ne ha ben

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Around June 5, Davud Pasha climbed St. Mark's Mountain (today's Mt. Tarabosh, opposite the castle to the west) to survey the positions and strategize. Several days later, the pasha of Anatolia (Mustafa Bey) arrived bringing approximately 46,000 cavalry. On June 15, about 5,000 of the sultan's

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Five days later, the pasha of Rumelia, Davud Pasha, arrived and set up camp on the hill due north of the castle, known as "Pasha's Hill," where much of the Ottoman cannonade would be positioned (at approximately the same altitude as the fortress). The defenders were stationed on all sides but

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late in 1477 or early 1478. Crnojević soon recovered Žabljak but held it only briefly while the Ottomans concentrated on their attack on Shkodra. Among the population of Shkodra there were people who were suspected to be connected to the Ottomans and who supported the surrender of the city.

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that he came personally to ensure triumph. After nineteen days of bombarding the castle walls, the Ottomans launched five successive general attacks which all ended in victory for the besieged. With dwindling resources, Mehmed attacked and defeated the smaller surrounding fortresses of

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where the high mountains narrowed the passage between the lake and the sea". All faces of the fortress mount were recorded as being steep, but the northern face was least steep and more easily climbed. Ottoman chroniclers reported the difficulties of ascending the fortress mount.

1442: 1153:" upon the Ottomans. Incredibly, the Shkodran garrison held yet again. Barleti records that the arrows fired by the Ottoman archers were so copious that the Shkodrans used them for kindling to start fires—and needed no other kindling for an entire month. The Venetian historian 1321:

and Antonio da Lézze—are honored by the inclusion of their coats-of-arms. The Latin inscription means: “The people of Shkodra put up this everlasting monument of their outstanding loyalty toward the Republic of Venice and of the Venetian Senate's extraordinary beneficence.”

1242:. So important was Albania to the Otranto invasion that Gedik Ahmet Pasha (the Ottoman army and navy commander) utilized it as a supply station and place of quick retreat. Goffman records a 1548 battle off the coast of Préveza in which an inferior Ottoman fleet led by 1128:. Those in Kruja, dying of hunger, were given the choice of staying and submitting to Ottoman rule or withdrawing safely with their possessions. They chose the latter, but instead were "mercilessly beheaded". By June 16, 1478, Kruja was finally under Ottoman control. 1013:

support, sailed over the lake and attacked Ottoman tents at night. Other notable figures in the defense of Shkodra were Friar Bartholomew of Epirus, who had fought alongside Scanderbeg before taking holy orders and gave rousing speeches to rally the defenders, and

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roused his ailing troops with a thrilling speech. The sultan climbed Pasha's Hill to observe the battle. Determined to triumph, the sultan ordered heavy artillery fire simultaneous to the ground assault, resulting in at least three instances of devastating

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wax, sulfur, oil, and other inflammable materials" being "used for the first time". The besieged also had cannons of their own. The Shkodran priest Marin Barleti recorded a daily tally of incoming cannon fire, with the total reaching over 3,200 shots.

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vendit që vjen shumë nalt e thik. Atyne, tue u ngjitë përpjetë, do t'u dridhen e do t'u kputen kambët, do t'u dalë shpirti, do t'i kapë frika sikur të ishin fëmijë, do të heqin mundim të madh për të ardhë këtu nalt, sepse kodra asht mjaft e rrëpinët.

2524:(a compendium of Ottoman chronicles including Kivami, Bidlisi, Tursun, A. Pashazade, K. Pashazade, etc., in both the original languages and Albanian translations). Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968. 1215:

claims that the Ottomans lost "12,000 of their best troops" on the attack of July 22 alone, then describes a further one-third of the Ottoman army being lost on July 27; the Shkodran garrison is said to have lost 400 on July 22. Ottoman historian

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that among other concessions ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire. The defenders of the citadel emigrated to Venice, whereas many Albanians from the region retreated into the mountains. Shkodra then became a seat of the newly established Ottoman

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Ex quo rerum periti, & qui alias cum ipso Meumethe militauerant, censuerunt ccc. & quinquaginta millia Barbarorum in castris fuisse. Quae tam innumera pene multitudo fidelissimos Christianos ad contemplationem & admirationem sui

2218:...После турско-млетачког рата који је имао за последицу и предају Скадра Турцима 1479, Млечани су се морали сложити са губицима и жртвовати савезника Ивана Црнојевића. Он није ни укључен у мир па је напустио Зету и склонио се у Италију." 996:

recorded that there may have been up to 350,000 Ottoman soldiers involved in the attack. Ottoman chronicler Kivami wrote of 100,000 Ottoman soldiers in one attack alone. Venice wanted to aid the besieged and sent their galleys up the

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and said to have contained between 10,000 and 40,000 soldiers—to starve the city into surrender. Then, "disappointed at the outcome of his Albanian campaign, Mehmed started the return journey" to Constantinople, "with 40,000 men".

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On July 11, the sultan launched the first of five ground attacks. The climb proved difficult for the Ottoman soldiers, who were repulsed in every attack. On July 27, the Ottomans launched their fifth and final assault. Shkodran

1903:Млечани су очекивали нов турски напад на своје градове у северној Албанији. У међувремену су поправљали зидине и набављали нове залихе хране, а у Скадар слали нове најамнике у жељи да их у сваком тренутку буде око осам стотина. 1078:

warfare, in 1458, Venetian architects Andrea and Francesco Venier and Malchiore da Imola drew plans for the citadel's reinforcements and a cistern system designed to collect rain water. Additionally, the Venetians added a

2190:Затим је узео Љеш, у коме више готово никога није ни било. На Дриму је заробио двије млетачке галије, покупио с њих двјеста морнара, довео их под скадарске зидине и наредио да се ту сасијеку пред очима уплашених Скадрана. 1220:(1468–1534) recorded that "hundreds of the infidels and Muslims died each day and hundreds more escaped with wounded heads … swollen with lumps and craters like the surface of the moon." Another Ottoman historian, 1989:Уз помоћ Дубровчана људи Ивана Црнојевића су крстарили језером и ноћу нападали турске шаторе. Иванов син је у свом завештању из 1499. године навео како је његов отац "цара против себе разјаривао и храну му отимао" 2156:Сулејман је повео чамцима преко језера јаничаре и азапе на Жабљак. Тамо нису ни затекли Ивана Црнојевића. Тврђаву је бранио неки његов рођак с малим бројем људи, који нису ни помишљали да се одупру турској сили. 1264:

and it was one of the main Ottoman cities in the Balkans. The city became famous for its artisan weapon manufacturing by the locals for the Albanian mercenaries to use in battle or show as a sign of power.

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In the Spring of 1478, Mehmed II sent out advance scouts and then his commanders to march on Shkodra, inducing panic across the countryside. On May 14, the first soldiers arrived in Shkodra: 8,000 Ottoman

1087:, the citizens rebuilt the walls, but when they sensed that the Ottomans were approaching again with an even stronger attack, they constructed secondary fortifications and redoubts made of wood and earth. 1400:

Porse interesimi dhe angazhimi i Venedikut për mbrojtjen e Shkodrës përcaktoheshin vetëm nga interesat e ngushta të Republikës. Të vetmit që ishin të interesuar për ta mbrojtur deri në fund Shkodrën qenë

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and extra gate to reinforce what they (correctly) forecast to be the main point of conflict. In the failed Ottoman siege of 1474, the outer walls were damaged significantly. According to Barleti's

299: 1043:) including Zabljak, Drisht, and Lezhë. The city of Shkodra had been burned and rampaged by the Turks in 1467, so from that time the citizens had moved into the fortress for greater security. 1250:'s Catholic galleys largely because of the fresh reinforcements coming from the Ottoman-controlled Albanian shores. Thirty-six of Doria's vessels were captured, whereas Barbarossa lost none. 937:

Meanwhile, Mehmed II had demanded that Venice surrender Kruja, Shkodra, and other Albanian towns in exchange for peace, and added leverage to this demand by instructing Iskender Bey, the

2529: 1191:, which decided to send forces to lift the siege; four days later, however, the decision was reversed. On January 25, 1479, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire signed the 1157:

reported anecdotal accounts from eyewitnesses inside the castle, such as: "a miserable cat, scared from her hiding place by the war-cries, fell pierced by eleven shafts at once"

3508: 2588: 292: 1095: 3834: 2293: 3885: 1317:). Sultan Mehmed II is depicted with his Grand Vizier below a cliff on which the Rozafa Castle is perched. The hero commanders of both the 1474 and 1478 battles — 285: 1253:

In Shkodra and other parts of northern Albania, the Ottomans transformed churches into mosques and promoted conversion to Islam. According to the Albanologist

3346: 1431:{{Fatih Sultan Mehemmed Han (Ciltli) İki Karanın Sultanı, İki Denizin Hakanı, Kayser-i Rum Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık | TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI KÜLTÜR YAYINLARI}} 92: 1807:

The second Ottoman wave of 1477 overran much of Zeta, taking Žabljak and the late in 1477 or early 1478 meeting and defeating John Crnojevićs main army.

3501: 3945: 3875: 3308: 2581: 908:, a united front of Albanian forces which was formed in 1444 to resist the Ottomans, had collapsed in 1468. Scanderbeg died in 1468; nevertheless, 496: 503: 2269:

File:Venezia - Ex Scola degli albanesi (sec. XV) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 12-Aug-2007 - 11 - Maometto II assedia Scutari.jpg#Summary Summary

3494: 3920: 3644: 571: 2574: 931: 578: 564: 1873:Међу скадарским становништвом било је људи који су сматрали да град треба предати Турцима и на које се сумњало да с њима одржавају везе. 3005: 3940: 3774: 2644: 2121:... prae sagittis infixis cernebantur: adeo, ut Scodrenses per integru mensem nullis aliis lignis ad conficiendos ignes usi sint... 45: 1712: 3054: 1268:

In between the 1750s to 1830s the city was the centre of the semi-independent Pashalluk of Shkodra led by the powerful Albanian

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Ivan Crnojevic, a nephew of Scanderbeg, attacked Žabljak, which had fallen to the Ottomans in 1477, and recovered the fortress.

1790: 492: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 2173:Анадолски беглербег Мустафа кренуо је најприје на Дриваст,који је пред артиљеријском ватром 1. септембра 1478. год. лако пао. 1849: 1800: 1722: 1666: 900:

in 1453, but now desired to dominate the Albanian coastline and be better poised to cross the Adriatic and march upon Rome.

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in Venice contains a relief created by an unknown sculptor and placed there in 1532 (it has been erroneously attributed to

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In November 1478, as the siege wore on and as the besieged had resorted to eating mice and rats, Antonio Da Lézze (the

675: 2533:(containing archival documents). Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1967. 2423: 2338: 3789: 2932: 631: 3581: 2967: 2649: 2605: 916: 793: 436: 2294:"Përmbyset historia e "Rrethimit të Shkodrës": Luçia Nadin zbulon në Paris dorëshkrimin më të hershëm të Barletit" 3819: 3044: 1192: 823: 3814: 3571: 416: 384: 3694: 3601: 3517: 3049: 3000: 2696: 1195:

which ceded Shkodra to Mehmed II on the condition that the citizens be spared. Venice did not include its ally

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L. Nadin, Migrazioni e integrazione. Il caso degli Albanesi a Venezia (1479-1552), Bulzoni, Contesti Adriatici

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The siege of Shkodra is depicted in several works of European literature and art. The façade of the former

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Venetian gate (outer), barbican, and original Illyrian gate (inner) at the northern face of the fortress

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An historical geography of the Ottoman empire from earliest times to the end of the sixteenth century

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Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, Grossentheils aus bisher unbenützten, Handschriften und Archiven.

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called it "the hope of passage to the lands of Italy". The Ottomans attempted to take Shkodra in the

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Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, Grossentheils aus bisher unbenützten, Handschriften und Archiven

2401: 2333:. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1954:. Burime osmane. Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968 603: 3890: 3784: 3649: 3576: 3551: 3475: 3356: 2654: 1365: 1358: 986:, Mustafa Bey, to Shkodra with the armies under their control. In his eyewitness testimony (book), 870: 392: 352: 58: 3621: 2942: 2937: 2927: 1841:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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Archives of Venetian Senate, Sen. Mar, Rº 11, c. 22, 08 May 1479. Documented in Zamputi, Injac.

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Shkodra was so important to the Empire's aims that, shortly after the siege, Ottoman chronicler

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widely disputed) to have been as many as 350,000 in number. The campaign was so important to

745: 520: 360: 3714: 2873: 2433: 2233:. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e R. P. të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, 1974. pp. 3, 8. 2203: 1276: 1116:

concentrated their resources on the main gate area where the Ottomans focused their attack.

865:, also known as Shkodër or as Scutari, was both a strategic town and an important region of 3709: 3704: 3679: 3674: 3453: 3438: 3382: 3061: 3039: 2883: 1243: 934:

failed; therefore the Ottomans retreated and the sultan planned a more powerful offensive.

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Shpuza, Gazmend. “La Lutte pour la défense de Shkodër dans années 1474 et 1478–1479,” in

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region helped from without, making guerilla attacks on the Ottoman tent camps. Forces of

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wrote and published a panegyric about the siege, in praise of the Republic of Venice.

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dechiarita e mostrata (from Venetian Archive Arch. St. Ven., Sen. Mar, R° 11, c. 22).

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Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968

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came to prepare for Mehmed II's arrival on July 1. Mehmed was in Kruja to conclude

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from the Adriatic Sea, but they were prevented by an Ottoman blockade at Shirgj.

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Kamsi, Vili. "Shtrirja e qytetit të Shkodrës në kohën e lashtë dhe të mesme" in

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Istorija srpskog naroda. Knj. 1, Od najstarijih vremena do maričke bitke (1371)

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and some northern Albanian garrisons were still holding with Venetian support.

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Monumentet: materialet e sesionit III të institutit të monumenteve të kulturës

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all the Shkodrans, Peter Pagnanus refused the offer with threats of his own.

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8,000–40,000 under Gedik Ahmet after sultan left the siege in September 1478

3022: 2213: 2086:, 1 (ed. Gani Strazimiri). Tiranë: Ministria e Arsimit dhe e Kulturës, 1971 2000:

Kivami (Ottoman Chronicler, ca. 1426–1491), cited in Pulaha, Selami (ed.).

1254: 1247: 1166: 1145: 1063: 1055: 1051: 1047: 998: 3729: 2511: 2376: 3556: 3531: 1916: 1184: 1121: 1067: 1059: 328: 2442:

History of Serbs, Book 1, From earliest times to Battle of Marica (1371)

904:

had thwarted Ottoman success in Albania for a quarter of a century; his

768:) took place from May 1478 to April 1479 as a confrontation between the 3091: 2415:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century

1221: 1154: 938: 901: 818:, left a siege force to starve Shkodra into surrender, and returned to 243:

Contemporary Ottoman and Shkodran chronicles: 150,000–350,000 soldiers

2530:

Dokumenta të shekullit XV për historinë e Shqipërisë v. IV (1479-1506)

1447:(in Latin). Venice: Bernardinus Venetus de Vitalibus. pp. 58–59. 1112:

villages and many citizens of the Shkodra region fled to safer haven.

82: 3414: 3404: 3106: 3027: 3017: 2995: 1217: 781: 186: 165: 1080: 983: 1576:, vol. 4, pt. 1. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave të Shqipërisë, 1967. 1162: 974:

In the spring of 1478, Mehmed II dispatched both the beylerbey of

975: 882: 862: 785: 2017:, 11. Tirana: Instituti i Monumenteve të Kulturës, 1967. p. 122. 1272:

who would expand its power in large areas of western Balkans.

1260:

Shkodra became an administrative and military center known as a

3101: 1261: 1108: 1040: 942: 886: 828: 811: 2257:

A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture.

2208:(in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, p. 129, 2028:

The Illyrians to the Albanians in the Dawn of Albanian History

1611:

The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

1368:

depicted the great battle of July 27 with an etching entitled

1199:

in this peace treaty; therefore Crnojević was forced to leave

890: 2082:

Kamsi, Vili. “Kështjella e Shkodrës dhe Restaurimi i Saj” in

1075: 909: 815: 2231:

Defteri i regjistrimit të Sanxhakut të Shkodrës i vitit 1485

1394:"Lufta per mbrojtjen e Shkodrës në vitet 1474 dhe 1478–1479" 1238:

the Ottomans would pass on to Italy in July, 1480, at the

1417:, Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë, pp. 33–34, 1275:

In 1867 it merged with the sanjak of Skopje to form the

881:

in 1395, then ceded (along with the nearby fortresses of

3516: 2444:] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1593:. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, 1968. p. 207 1357:, oil on canvas, which is located on the ceiling of the 749:

Object of the siege: an ancient Albanian citadel on the

2518:

A. Pashazade, Tursun, et al., in Pulaha, Selami (ed.).

2361:(in Serbian), Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Črne Gore 1779:. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, 1968. p. 72 1099:

A relief commemorating the siege from the 15th century

2596: 2066:

Tursun (ca. 1426-1491), text cited in Pulaha, Selami.

1856:

The Ottomans then concentrated their forces at Skadar.

1398:, Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë, p. 214, 2329:. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by 2002:

Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime osmane.

2521:

Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV: Burime osmane

2464:. Pest: C.A. Hartlenben's Verlage. pp. 154–171. 2418:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 2377:

Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime Osmane

2068:

Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime Osmane

1777:

Lufta shqiptaro turke në shekullin XV: burime osmane

1775:

Ashik Pashazade (ca. 1480) cited in Pulaha, Selami.

1591:

Lufta shqiptaro turke në shekullin XV: burime osmane

1574:

Dokumenta të shekullit XV për historinë e Shqipërisë

1283:

from the Ottoman Empire, procuring the favor of the

265:

Allegedly one-third of the Ottoman forces on July 27

2283:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988 2281:

Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio

2044:, Tirana: Instituti i Historisë, pp. 63, 140, 1589:, def. VII (Ankara 1957), cited in Pulaha, Selami. 1415:

Dokumenta të sheullit XV për historinë e Shqipërisë

2094: 2092: 1886:Shqiptarët në Venedik: Mërgim e integrim 1479–1552 1541:Buda, Aleks. "Hyrja" published in Barleti, Marin. 307: 1187:of the city) continued to appeal for help to the 1165:but found it nearly completely abandoned; on the 822:. On January 25, 1479, Venice and Constantinople 3867: 2140:, New York: J. & J. Harper, pp. 134–135 2118:, Venice: Bernardino de Vitalibus, p. 122, 2070:. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror, 1962, p. 105. 1346:(scholars have begun to study this manuscript). 1021: 3886:Military campaigns involving the Ottoman Empire 2089: 1515:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978. 2553:, München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, 1762:Schmitt, Oliver (translated by Ardian Klosi). 1396:in Konferenca e Dytë e Studimeve Albanologjike 915:The Venetians and the Ottoman Empire had been 34: 3502: 2582: 1844:, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, 1795:, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, 1714:Skanderbeg. Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan 1686:Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime 1623: 1621: 1619: 873:since 1355, Shkodra was briefly taken by the 293: 251:Unknown number of forces outside the garrison 2259:London: Hurst & Company, 2001, pp. 51–52 16:Battle during the First Ottoman-Venetian War 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 3509: 3495: 3352:Ottoman – Albanian nobility 2589: 2575: 2455: 2246:. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 148 2244:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1915:Schmitt, Oliver (2010). Ben Andoni (ed.). 1758: 1756: 1754: 1740: 1738: 1616: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1305:depicting a noblewoman being taken captive 1066:; it was esteemed to have been "a kind of 300: 286: 3006:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 2509:Barleti, Marin (trans. David Hosaflook). 2111: 2039: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1680: 1678: 1639: 1637: 1440: 1046:The fortress was a natural bastion above 2515:. Tirana: Onufri Publishing House, 2012. 2432: 2319: 2078: 2076: 1983: 1897: 1294: 1094: 1025: 850: 744: 3705:Kelmendi & Dukagjin Uprising (1609) 2543: 2133: 2102:. Tirana: Instituti i Historisë, 1967. 1957: 1914: 1878: 1751: 1735: 1710: 1609:Kinross, John Patrick Douglas Balfour. 1596: 1472: 1412: 268:Approximately 1,000 inside the garrison 137:Shkodra was ceded to the Ottoman Empire 3868: 2550:Das venezianische Albanien (1392-1479) 2408: 2372: 2098:Barleti, Marin (trans. Henrik Lacaj). 1974:. Tiranë: Instituti i Historisë, 1967, 1935: 1675: 1661:. The Scarecrow Press. pp. xxix. 1634: 1631:Pest: C.A. Hartlenben's Verlage, 1828. 1585:Kemal Pashazade (ca. 1520) cited from 1545:. Tiranë: Instituti i Historisë, 1967. 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1390: 3830:League of Prizren's Seccessionist War 3490: 2570: 2354: 2201: 2184: 2167: 2150: 2073: 1952:Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV 1888:. Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "55", 2008. 1867: 1656: 1461: 1290: 1140:gives a figure of 2,534 total shots. 893:) to the Republic of Venice in 1405. 281: 270:200 sailors and 2 galleys from Lezhë 3685:Epirus & Acarnania Revolt (1585) 3518:Wars and battles involving Albanians 2358:Istorija Črne Gore, Volume 2, Part 2 1837: 1788: 685:Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra 3921:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire 3876:Sieges of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars 1613:. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002. 1518: 839:captured it in April 1913, after a 835:. The Ottomans held the city until 13: 3735:Malësia & Brda Uprising (1689) 2597:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire 2537: 2493: 1917:"Skënderbeu duhet ri-interpretuar" 961: 14: 3957: 2381:. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror. 2326:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 1821:Ukrainian Quarterly Volumes 46-47 1513:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 1101:School of the Albanians in Venice 858:went personally to lead the siege 61:'s 1860 etching of the 1478 siege 3946:Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) 3537:Epirote-Albanian War (1381-1384) 3471: 3470: 2506:. Venice: B. de Vitalibus, 1504. 1659:Historical Dictionary of Albania 1587:Ibn Kemal, Tevarih-i al-i 'osman 1285:London Conference of Ambassadors 52: 46:Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) 3941:Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror 3740:Muhammad Ali's seizure of Egypt 3607:Skanderbeg's Italian expedition 2286: 2273: 2262: 2249: 2236: 2223: 2195: 2178: 2161: 2144: 2127: 2105: 2060: 2033: 2020: 2007: 1994: 1977: 1908: 1891: 1861: 1838:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), 1831: 1812: 1789:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), 1782: 1769: 1704: 1699:The Albanians: A Modern History 1691: 1650: 1579: 1566: 1232: 930:. Sultan Mehmed II's commander 796:(1463–1479). Ottoman historian 2137:Sketches from Venetian History 1688:, vol. 1. Tirana: Toena, 2002. 1557: 1548: 1455: 1434: 1425: 1406: 1384: 953:and defeated the main army of 309:Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars 1: 3805:Montenegrin Civil War of 1847 3645:Albanian Landings (1481-1484) 2702:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 2312: 1281:Albania declared independence 1207: 1178: 1022:Rozafa Fortress and the siege 896:Sultan Mehmed II had already 846: 788:(Scutari in Italian) and its 3825:Battles for Plav and Gusinje 3627:Siege of Shkodra (1478-1479) 3582:Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 2456:Von Hammer, Joseph. (1828). 1764:Arbëria Venedike (1392-1479) 1377: 1371:I Turchi respinti da Scutari 1170:to remain in Shkodra—led by 1090: 318:Early Ottoman invasions and 7: 3881:Medieval history of Albania 3855:Declaration of Independence 3770:Second siege of Missolonghi 3760:Wallachian uprising of 1821 3660:Himara Uprising (1494-1509) 3612:Himara Uprising (1473-1479) 3013:Declaration of Independence 2112:Barletius, Marinus (1504), 2040:Barletius, Marinus (1967), 1717:. Verlag Friedrich Pustet. 1441:Barletius, Marinus (1504). 982:, and the new beylerbey of 10: 3962: 3931:1479 in the Ottoman Empire 3926:1478 in the Ottoman Empire 3775:First Egyptian–Ottoman War 3725:Seven-fold barjak Uprising 869:. After being held by the 794:First Ottoman-Venetian War 612:Ballaban's fourth Campaign 493:Mehmed II's first Campaign 263:At least 12,000 on July 22 249:1,600 inside the garrison 241:Modern estimations: 62,000 73:May, 1478 – April 25, 1479 18: 3936:Battles involving Albania 3635: 3524: 3466: 3365: 3307: 3264: 3257: 3124: 2983: 2917: 2841: 2725: 2717:Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion 2620: 2613: 2602: 2279:Brown, Patricia Fortini. 1332:In 1504, Marin Barleti's 729: 650:Contemporaneous Campaigns 315: 257: 234: 177: 145: 65: 51: 43: 30: 3785:Uprising of Dervish Cara 3710:Kelmendi Uprising (1613) 3675:Kelmendi Uprising (1538) 2968:1912 – 13 2963:1478 – 79 2943:1477 – 78 2933:1466 – 67 2655:1843 – 44 2650:1432 – 36 2373:Pulaha, Selami. (1968). 2355:Bešić, Zarij M. (1970), 2134:Smedley, Edward (1832), 1766:, Tirana: K&B, 2002. 1748:. Leiden, Brill, 1972, . 1744:Pitcher, Donald Edward. 1711:Schmitt, Oliver (2009). 1684:Prifti, Kristaq, et al. 1391:Shpuza, Gazmend (1969), 1366:Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri 1193:Treaty of Constantinople 898:conquered Constantinople 824:signed a peace agreement 272:300 captives from Drisht 3680:Malësia Uprising (1565) 3617:Siege of Shkodra (1474) 2205:Nemirno pomorje XV veka 2030:. Tiranë: Migjeni, 2006 1647:, VI, 1968, pp. 181–90. 1413:Zamputi, Injac (1969), 1311:School of the Albanians 253:8,000 albanian warriors 3700:Convention of Dukagjin 3655:Himara Uprising (1488) 3592:Skanderbeg's rebellion 3373:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2628:Skanderbeg's rebellion 2527:Zamputi, Injac (ed.). 2504:De obsidione Scodrensi 2192: 2175: 2158: 2115:De obsidione Scodrensi 1991: 1950:Pulaha, Selami (ed.). 1905: 1875: 1657:Elsie, Robert (2010). 1554:Grand Turk John Freely 1469: 1444:De Obsidione Scodrensi 1344:De obsidione Scodrensi 1340:De obsidione Scodrensi 1306: 1103: 1031: 859: 765: 753: 733:Wars involving Albania 427:Skanderbeg's Rebellion 189:(Until September 1478) 178:Commanders and leaders 35: 3810:Epirus Revolt of 1854 3720:Siege of Kotor (1657) 3622:Siege of Krujë (1478) 3597:Albanian–Venetian War 3577:Kastrioti-Ottoman War 3557:Siege of Ohrid (1395) 3532:Siege of Ohrid (1375) 2692:Ali Pasha's Rebellion 2687:Albanian–Venetian War 2188: 2171: 2154: 1987: 1901: 1871: 1465: 1298: 1098: 1029: 992:, Shkodran historian 854: 748: 258:Casualties and losses 3780:Uprisings of 1833-39 3562:Zenevisi-Ottoman War 3552:Bayezid I's Campaign 3062:Partition of Albania 2991:Albanian Renaissance 2707:Mehmed II's campaign 2545:Schmitt, Oliver Jens 2512:The Siege of Shkodra 2296:. MAPO. 23 June 2018 2229:Pulaha, Selami, ed. 2202:Božić, Ivan (1979), 1824:, 1990, p. 72, 1627:Von Hammer, Joseph. 1355:The Siege of Scutari 1335:The Siege of Shkodra 989:The Siege of Shkodra 941:of Bosnia to invade 877:in 1393, retaken by 803:Mehmed the Conqueror 353:Bayezid I's Campaign 19:For other uses, see 3765:Battle of Karpenisi 3755:Bushati-Ottoman War 3695:Palabardhi Uprising 3602:Dukagjini Civil War 2697:Ballaban's campaign 2638:Macedonian campaign 2434:Srejović, Dragoslav 2100:Rrethimi i Shkodrës 2042:Rrethimi i Shkodrës 1972:Rrethimi i Shkodrës 1543:Rrethimi i Shkodrës 1464:, pp. 314, 315 1240:invasion of Otranto 871:Balšić noble family 766:Rrethimi i Shkodrës 668:Dukagjini Civil War 561:Macedonian Campaign 108:42.0465°N 19.4935°E 104: / 36:Rrethimi i Shkodrës 3916:History of Shkodër 3745:Yanina-Ottoman War 3715:Convention of Kuçi 3650:Liberation of Zeta 3572:Muzaka-Ottoman War 2633:Italian expedition 2500:Barletius, Marinus 2410:Setton, Kenneth M. 1697:Vickers, Miranda. 1307: 1291:Art and literature 1277:Vilayet of Shkodra 1189:Signoria of Venice 1104: 1032: 968:Republic of Venice 860: 808:Žabljak Crnojevića 776:together with the 754: 676:Italian Expedition 168:resistance forces 158:Republic of Venice 3911:Conflicts in 1479 3906:Conflicts in 1478 3863: 3862: 3820:Battle of Gjakova 3790:Uprising in Dibër 3690:Convention of Mat 3665:Dukagjini Landing 3484: 3483: 3462: 3461: 3120: 3119: 2477:External link in 2394:External link in 2242:Goffman, Daniel. 1851:978-0-472-08260-5 1802:978-0-472-08260-5 1724:978-3-7917-2229-0 1668:978-0-8108-6188-6 1511:Babinger, Franz. 1315:Vittore Carpaccio 1172:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 1126:a year-long siege 1085:firsthand account 917:at war since 1463 833:Sanjak of Scutari 740: 739: 722: 714: 706: 698: 689: 680: 672: 664: 655: 644: 636: 627: 620: 608: 600: 592: 583: 576: 569: 557: 549: 541: 533: 525: 517: 508: 501: 489: 481: 473: 465: 457: 449: 441: 432: 421: 413: 405: 397: 389: 381: 373: 365: 357: 349: 341: 333: 325: 276: 275: 219:Friar Bartholomew 201:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 141: 140: 3953: 3850:Uprising of 1912 3845:Uprising of 1911 3840:Uprising of 1910 3835:Uprising of 1909 3815:Uprising of 1862 3800:Uprising of 1847 3795:Uprising of 1845 3670:Mirdita Uprising 3567:Capture of Krujë 3547:Battle of Kosovo 3525:Medieval Albania 3511: 3504: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3474: 3473: 3262: 3261: 2645:Albanian revolts 2618: 2617: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2465: 2452: 2429: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2352: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2176: 2165: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2096: 2087: 2080: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1970:Barleti, Marin. 1968: 1955: 1948: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1912: 1906: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1786: 1780: 1773: 1767: 1760: 1749: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1727:. Archived from 1708: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1654: 1648: 1641: 1632: 1625: 1614: 1607: 1594: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1516: 1509: 1470: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1388: 1303:Siege of Scutari 1050:, three rivers ( 980:Koca Davud Pasha 856:Sultan Mehmed II 758:siege of Shkodra 720: 712: 704: 696: 687: 678: 670: 662: 653: 642: 634: 625: 618: 606: 598: 590: 581: 574: 567: 555: 547: 539: 531: 523: 515: 506: 499: 487: 479: 471: 463: 455: 447: 439: 430: 419: 411: 403: 395: 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 331: 323: 310: 302: 295: 288: 279: 278: 211:Antonio Da Lézze 193:Koca Davud Pasha 172:Lordship of Zeta 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 113:42.0465; 19.4935 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 67: 66: 56: 39: 38: 31:Siege of Shkodra 28: 27: 21:Siege of Shkodër 3961: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3891:Ottoman Albania 3866: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3631: 3542:Battle of Savra 3520: 3515: 3485: 3480: 3458: 3361: 3303: 3253: 3116: 3112:Vithkuqi script 3097:Skanderbeg myth 3071:Principalities 3055:North Macedonia 2979: 2913: 2837: 2721: 2609: 2598: 2595: 2561: 2540: 2538:Further reading 2496: 2494:Primary sources 2491: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2426: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2364: 2362: 2341: 2321:Babinger, Franz 2315: 2310: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2255:Elsie, Robert. 2254: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2200: 2196: 2183: 2179: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2128: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2090: 2081: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2038: 2034: 2026:Ceka, Neritan. 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1958: 1949: 1936: 1922: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1836: 1832: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1736: 1725: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1655: 1651: 1645:Studia Albanica 1642: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1597: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1519: 1510: 1473: 1460: 1456: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1411: 1407: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1319:Antonio Loredan 1293: 1235: 1218:Kemal Pashazade 1210: 1181: 1093: 1036:Rozafa Fortress 1024: 1016:Nicholas Moneta 964: 962:Forces involved 924:Ashik Pashazade 906:League of Lezha 879:Đurađ II Balšić 849: 841:six-month siege 778:League of Lezhe 743: 742: 741: 736: 725: 417:Arianiti Revolt 401:Albanian Revolt 311: 308: 306: 271: 269: 264: 252: 250: 244: 242: 230: 222: 215:Nicholas Moneta 205: 170: 162:League of Lezhe 160: 133: 127:Ottoman victory 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 89: 57: 33: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3959: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3901:1479 in Europe 3898: 3896:1478 in Europe 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730:Siege of Medun 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3420:Western Thrace 3417: 3412: 3407: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2624: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2560:3-486-56569--9 2559: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2453: 2430: 2424: 2406: 2370: 2339: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2285: 2272: 2261: 2248: 2235: 2222: 2194: 2177: 2160: 2143: 2126: 2104: 2088: 2072: 2059: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1976: 1956: 1934: 1919:. Revista MAPO 1907: 1890: 1884:Nadin, Lucia. 1877: 1860: 1850: 1830: 1811: 1801: 1781: 1768: 1750: 1734: 1731:on 2011-07-23. 1723: 1703: 1690: 1674: 1667: 1649: 1633: 1615: 1595: 1578: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1517: 1471: 1454: 1433: 1424: 1405: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1351:Paolo Veronese 1327:Marin Becikemi 1292: 1289: 1270:Bushati family 1234: 1231: 1213:Franz Babinger 1209: 1206: 1197:Ivan Crnojević 1180: 1177: 1092: 1089: 1023: 1020: 1007:Ivan Crnojević 963: 960: 955:Ivan Crnojević 949:together with 932:Suleiman Pasha 867:Albania Veneta 848: 845: 820:Constantinople 798:Franz Babinger 770:Ottoman Empire 738: 737: 730: 727: 726: 724: 723: 715: 707: 699: 682: 681: 673: 665: 646: 645: 637: 629: 609: 601: 593: 585: 558: 550: 542: 534: 526: 518: 510: 490: 482: 474: 466: 458: 450: 442: 423: 422: 414: 406: 398: 390: 382: 374: 366: 358: 350: 342: 334: 316: 313: 312: 305: 304: 297: 290: 282: 274: 273: 266: 260: 259: 255: 254: 247: 237: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 226:Ivan Crnojević 221: 220: 217: 212: 208: 206: 204: 203: 198: 195: 190: 183: 180: 179: 175: 174: 154: 152:Ottoman Empire 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 87:Albania Veneta 81: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 49: 48: 41: 40: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3958: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750:Albanian Beys 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3587:Muzaka Revolt 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347:Grand Viziers 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842:Congregations 2840: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2471: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2425:0-87169-127-2 2421: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340:0-691-09900-6 2336: 2332: 2331:Ralph Manheim 2328: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2191: 2187:, p. 315 2186: 2181: 2174: 2170:, p. 315 2169: 2164: 2157: 2153:, p. 315 2152: 2147: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1990: 1986:, p. 410 1985: 1984:Srejović 1981 1980: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1931: 1930:mercenaries). 1918: 1911: 1904: 1900:, p. 409 1899: 1898:Srejović 1981 1894: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1870:, p. 313 1869: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1359:Doge's Palace 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1230: 1227: 1226:Marin Barleti 1223: 1219: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151:friendly fire 1147: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1002: 1000: 995: 994:Marin Barleti 991: 990: 985: 981: 977: 972: 969: 959: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928:siege of 1474 925: 920: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 857: 853: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 799: 795: 791: 790:Rozafa Castle 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 752: 747: 735: 734: 728: 719: 716: 711: 708: 703: 700: 695: 692: 691: 690: 686: 677: 674: 669: 666: 661: 658: 657: 656: 652: 651: 641: 638: 633: 630: 624: 617: 613: 610: 605: 602: 597: 594: 589: 586: 580: 573: 566: 562: 559: 554: 551: 546: 543: 538: 535: 530: 527: 522: 519: 514: 511: 505: 498: 494: 491: 486: 483: 478: 475: 470: 467: 462: 459: 454: 451: 446: 443: 438: 435: 434: 433: 429: 428: 418: 415: 410: 409:Muzaka Revolt 407: 402: 399: 394: 393:Kastrioti War 391: 386: 383: 378: 375: 370: 367: 362: 359: 354: 351: 346: 343: 338: 335: 330: 327: 326: 322: 321: 314: 303: 298: 296: 291: 289: 284: 283: 280: 267: 262: 261: 256: 248: 245: 239: 238: 233: 227: 224: 223: 218: 216: 213: 210: 209: 207: 202: 199: 196: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 173: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 153: 150: 149: 144: 136: 131: 130: 126: 123: 122: 117: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 55: 50: 47: 42: 37: 29: 22: 3626: 3342:20th century 3337:19th century 3332:18th century 3327:17th century 3322:16th century 3317:15th century 3277:Islamization 3035:Mësonjëtorja 3023:Bashi-Bazouk 2984:Other events 2962: 2712:Morea revolt 2604: 2549: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2503: 2480:|title= 2462: 2457: 2441: 2437: 2414: 2397:|title= 2379: 2374: 2363:, retrieved 2357: 2325: 2298:. 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In 1912, 1185:proveditore 1122:janissaries 1074:Foreseeing 1068:Thermopylae 1062:), and the 792:during the 688:(1468–1479) 654:(1447–1462) 431:(1443–1468) 324:(1385–1443) 197:Mustafa Bey 132:Territorial 111: / 3870:Categories 3282:Bektashism 3092:Rum Millet 2884:Manastir I 2606:Background 2365:17 January 2313:References 2185:Bešić 1970 2168:Bešić 1970 2151:Bešić 1970 2084:Monumentet 1868:Bešić 1970 1701:. pp. 8-9. 1462:Bešić 1970 1300:Veronese's 1244:Barbarossa 1208:Casualties 1179:Conclusion 1167:Drin River 1155:Sabellicus 1138:Von Hammer 939:sanjak bey 902:Scanderbeg 847:Background 837:Montenegro 780:and other 751:Buna River 385:Muzaka War 164:and other 99:19°29′37″E 96:42°02′47″N 3432:Arbëreshë 3415:Souliotes 3405:Arvanites 3223:Vilayets 3147:Pashaliks 3125:Geography 3107:Stratioti 3080:Kastrioti 3075:Dukagjini 3028:Devshirme 3018:Janissary 2996:Armatoles 2975:Svetigrad 2803:Oranik II 2763:Martinići 2621:Rebellion 2470:cite book 2450:456125379 2387:cite book 2349:716361786 2323:(1992) . 2050:556839252 1378:Citations 1364:In 1860, 1349:In 1585, 1325:In 1503, 1091:The siege 782:Albanians 774:Venetians 721:(1478–79) 713:(1477–78) 697:(1473–79) 679:(1460–62) 671:(1456–57) 663:(1447–48) 635:(1466–67) 469:Svetigrad 437:Svetigrad 412:(1437–38) 404:(1432–36) 396:(1428–30) 388:(1415–17) 372:(1414–18) 187:Mehmed II 3476:Category 3388:Arbanasi 3378:Bulgaria 3294:Nobility 3242:Manastir 3207:Monastir 3202:Ioannina 3168:Sanjaks 3135:Ioannina 3131:Eyalets 2954:Shkodër 2859:Dukagjin 2823:Torvioll 2798:Oranik I 2778:Mokra II 2733:Albulena 2547:(2001), 2436:(1981), 2412:(1978). 1353:painted 1081:barbican 984:Anatolia 875:Ottomans 772:and the 762:Albanian 537:Albulena 445:Torvioll 235:Strength 166:Albanian 78:Location 44:Part of 3454:Ukraine 3439:Romania 3383:Croatia 3265:Culture 3258:Society 3247:Scutari 3227:Albania 3217:Scutari 3192:Elbasan 3182:Delvina 3172:Albania 3157:Scutari 3140:Rumelia 3045:Albania 2909:Prizren 2904:Preveza 2869:Frashër 2864:Elbasan 2808:Otonetë 2788:Novšiće 2773:Mokra I 2726:Battles 2614:History 2300:11 July 2214:5845972 1450:traxit. 1246:routed 1011:Ragusan 1009:, with 976:Rumelia 951:Žabljak 883:Drivast 863:Shkodra 786:Shkodra 718:Shkodra 702:Shkodra 623:Kashari 497:Modrica 461:Otonetë 134:changes 83:Shkodër 59:Gatteri 3449:Turkey 3400:Greece 3357:Pashas 3309:People 3299:Tribes 3237:Kosovo 3232:Janina 3197:Görice 3177:Avlona 3162:Yanina 3102:Spahiu 3085:Muzaka 3067:Piracy 3050:Kosovo 2924:Krujë 2918:Sieges 2833:Vaikal 2828:Ulcinj 2783:Murino 2753:Lopate 2748:Kosovo 2738:Ankara 2557: 2448: 2422: 2347: 2337: 2212: 2048: 1848: 1799: 1721: 1665: 1262:sanjak 1222:Tursun 1109:akinci 1058:, and 1052:Bojana 1041:tripod 943:Friuli 889:, and 887:Dagnum 831:, the 829:sanjak 814:, and 812:Drisht 705:(1474) 694:Himarë 643:(1467) 626:(1465) 619:(1465) 616:Vajkal 607:(1465) 599:(1465) 596:Vajkal 591:(1464) 582:(1462) 575:(1462) 572:Pollog 568:(1462) 556:(1462) 548:(1459) 540:(1457) 532:(1456) 529:Oranik 524:(1455) 516:(1453) 513:Pollog 507:(1452) 500:(1452) 488:(1450) 480:(1448) 477:Oranik 472:(1448) 464:(1446) 456:(1445) 448:(1444) 440:(1443) 420:(1443) 380:(1415) 364:(1395) 356:(1394) 348:(1389) 345:Kosovo 340:(1385) 332:(1375) 124:Result 3444:Syria 3427:Italy 3395:Egypt 3289:Kanun 3212:Ohrid 3187:Dibra 3152:Berat 2950:Berat 2879:Lezhë 2854:Dibra 2849:Dibër 2818:Savra 2813:Polog 2793:Ohrid 2768:Meçad 2743:Deçiq 2440:[ 1163:Lezhë 1076:siege 910:Kruja 816:Lezha 710:Krujë 640:Krujë 632:Krujë 604:Meçad 588:Ohrid 579:Livad 565:Mokra 553:Mokra 521:Berat 504:Meçad 485:Krujë 453:Mokra 377:Krujë 361:Ohrid 337:Savra 329:Ohrid 3410:Cham 3272:Besa 2958:1474 2938:1467 2928:1450 2899:Peja 2874:Kuçi 2758:Lumë 2680:1912 2675:1911 2670:1910 2665:1847 2660:1845 2555:ISBN 2485:help 2446:OCLC 2420:ISBN 2402:help 2367:2012 2345:OCLC 2335:ISBN 2302:2018 2210:OCLC 2046:OCLC 1925:2012 1846:ISBN 1797:ISBN 1719:ISBN 1663:ISBN 1201:Zeta 1056:Drin 1034:The 966:The 947:Zeta 756:The 545:Sati 320:rule 70:Date 2894:Mat 1060:Kir 891:Šas 784:at 3872:: 2502:. 2474:: 2472:}} 2468:{{ 2391:: 2389:}} 2385:{{ 2343:. 2216:, 2091:^ 2075:^ 2052:, 1959:^ 1937:^ 1927:. 1854:, 1805:, 1753:^ 1737:^ 1677:^ 1636:^ 1618:^ 1598:^ 1520:^ 1474:^ 1374:. 1287:. 1054:, 1018:. 978:, 885:, 843:. 810:, 764:: 621:• 577:• 570:• 502:• 85:, 3510:e 3503:t 3496:v 2590:e 2583:t 2576:v 2487:) 2483:( 2428:. 2404:) 2400:( 2353:* 2351:. 2304:. 1671:. 1338:( 1149:" 760:( 628:) 614:( 584:) 563:( 509:) 495:( 301:e 294:t 287:v 23:.

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