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fair-haired. When Piper reached
Houndsditch he saw two policemen from the adjoining beats—constables Woodhams and Walter Choate—who watched 120 Houndsditch and 11 Exchange Buildings while Piper went to the nearby Bishopsgate Police Station to report. By 11:30 seven uniformed and two plain clothes policemen had gathered in the locality, each armed with his wooden truncheon. Sergeant Robert Bentley from Bishopsgate police station knocked at number 11, unaware that Piper had already done so, which alerted the gang. The door was answered by Gardstein, who made no response when Bentley asked if anyone was working there. Bentley asked him to fetch someone who spoke English; Gardstein left the door half-closed and disappeared inside. Bentley entered the hall with Sergeant Bryant and Constable Woodhams; as they could see the bottom of his trouser legs, they soon realised that someone was watching them from the stairs. The police asked the man if they could step into the back of the property, and he agreed. As Bentley moved forward, the back door opened and one of the gang exited, firing from a pistol as he did so; the man on the stairs also began firing. Bentley was shot in the shoulder and the neck—the second round severing his spine. Bryant was shot in the arm and chest and Woodhams was wounded in the leg, which broke his femur; both collapsed. Although they survived, neither Bryant or Woodhams fully recovered from their injuries.
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managed to shoot him in the leg. Other members of the gang ran to
Gardstein's assistance, shooting Choate twelve times in the process, but Gardstein was also wounded; as the policeman collapsed, Gardstein was carried away by his accomplices, who included Peters. As these men, aided by an unknown woman, made their escape with Gardstein they were accosted by Isaac Levy, a passer-by, whom they threatened at pistol-point. He was the only witness to the escape who was able to provide firm details; other witnesses confirmed they saw a group of three men and a woman, and thought one of the men was drunk as he was being helped by his friends. The group went to Svaars' and Peter the Painter's lodgings at 59 Grove Street (now Golding Street), off Commercial Road, where Gardstein was tended by two of the gang's associates, Milstein and Trassjonsky. As they left Gardstein on the bed, Peters left his Dreyse pistol under the mattress, either to make it seem the wounded man was the one who had killed Tucker, or to enable him to defend himself against a possible arrest.
129:
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William (or Joseph) Sokoloff (or
Sokolow) was a Latvian who had lived in Latvia and had been arrested in Riga in 1905 for murder and robbery before travelling to London. Another of the group's members was Karl Hoffman—whose real name was Alfred Dzircol—who had been involved in revolutionary and criminal activities for several years, including gun-running. In London he had worked as a decorator. John Rosen—real name John Zelin or Tzelin—came to London in 1909 from Riga and worked as a barber, while another member of the gang was Max Smoller, also known as Joe Levi and "Josepf the Jew". He was wanted in his native Crimea for several jewel robberies. Three women members of the gang, or associates of members of the gang, were among those who faced charges arising from the Houndsditch robbery attempt: Nina Vassileva—who was convicted of a minor offence but was cleared on appeal—Luba Milstein and Rosa Trassjonsky.
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396:, considers that Peter the Painter was not at the property that night. Donald Rumbelow, a former policeman who wrote a history of the events, takes a different view. He considers that those present consisted of Gardstein, Smoller, Peters and Dubof, with a second group in case the work needed to continue into the following day, which included among their number Sokolow and Svaars. Rumbelow considers a third group on standby, staying at Hoffman's lodgings, to have comprised Hoffman, Rosen and Osip Federoff, an unemployed locksmith. Rumbelow also considers that present at the events—either as lookouts or in unknown capacities—were Peter the Painter and Nina Vassilleva.
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unable to rent number 10, which was directly behind their target, 119 Houndsditch, the jeweller's shop owned by Henry Samuel Harris. The safe in the jeweller's was reputed to contain between ÂŁ20,000 and ÂŁ30,000 worth of jewellery; Harris's son later stated the total was only around ÂŁ7,000. Over the next two weeks the gang brought in various pieces of necessary equipment, including a 60 foot (18 m) length of India rubber gas hose, a cylinder of compressed gas and a selection of tools, including diamond-tipped drills. Some of this equipment had been obtained from the
Italian anarchist exile
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for information. About 90 detectives vigorously searched the East End, spreading details of those they were looking for. A local landlord, Isaac Gordon, reported one of his lodgers, Nina
Vassileva, after she had told him she had been one of the people living at Exchange Buildings. Wensley questioned the woman, finding anarchist publications in her rooms, along with a photograph of Gardstein. Information began to come in from the public and the group's associates: on 18 December Federoff was arrested at home, and on 22 December Dubof and Peters were both captured.
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982:. A council spokesman said that "There is no evidence that Peter the Painter killed the three policemen, so we knew we were not naming the block after a murderer. ... but he is the name that East Enders associate with the siege and Sidney Street." In December 2010, on the centenary of the events at Houndsditch, a memorial plaque for the three murdered policemen was unveiled near the location. Three weeks later, on the anniversary of the siege, a plaque was unveiled in honour of Pearson, the fireman who died because the building collapsed on him.
288:, most of whom were Jewish. The small group of Latvians who became involved in the events at Houndsditch and Sidney Street were not all anarchists—although anarchist literature was later found among their possessions. Most members of the group were revolutionaries who had been radicalised by their involvement in the unsuccessful 1905 revolution in Latvia and its violent suppression. All had left-wing political views and believed the expropriation of private property was a valid practice.
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Clarke, in his history of the events, located information from another
Latvian who stated that Beron had been killed not because he was one of the informers who had passed on information, but because he was planning to pass the information on, and the act was a pre-emptive one, designed to scare the locals into not informing on the anarchists. The police believed that the Clapham Common murder was not connected to the Houndsditch police murders.
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798:, and Hoffman was taken into custody on 15 February. The committal proceedings spread from December 1910—with Milstein and Trassjonsky appearing—to March 1911, and included Hoffman from 15 February. The proceedings consisted of 24 individual hearings. In February Milstein was discharged on the basis that there was insufficient evidence against her; Hoffman, Trassjonsky and Federoff were released in March on the same basis.
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and evacuated. Wensley woke the ground floor tenants at number 100 and asked them to fetch
Gershon, claiming that she was needed by her sick husband. When Gershon appeared she was grabbed by the police and taken to the City of London police headquarters; the ground floor lodgers also evacuated. Number 100 was now empty of all residents, apart from Svaars and Sokoloff, neither of whom seemed to be aware of the evacuation.
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790:, remarked, "He was, I understand, in military phrase, in what is known as the zone of fire—he and a photographer were both risking valuable lives. I understand what the photographer was doing, but what was the right hon. Gentleman doing? That I neither understood at the time, nor do I understand now." Jenkins suggests that he went simply because "he could not resist going to see the fun himself".
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his goods". The case lasted for eleven days; there were problems with the proceedings because of the language difficulties and the chaotic personal lives of the accused. The case resulted in acquittals for all except
Vassileva, who was convicted of conspiracy in the burglary and sentenced to two years' imprisonment; her conviction was overturned on appeal.
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pieces. Sokoloff's body was found soon after the firemen entered. A wall collapsed on a group of five firemen, who were all taken to the London
Hospital. One of the men, Superintendent Charles Pearson, had a fractured spine; he died six months later. After shoring up the building, the firemen resumed
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the
Guildhall police court. In addition to Federoff, Peters and Dubof, present in the dock were Milstein and Trassjonsky. With some of the defendants having a low standard of English, interpreters were used throughout the proceedings. At the end of the day the case was adjourned until 6 January 1911.
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police station on 23 December. Isaac Levy, who had seen the group leaving Exchange Buildings, identified Peters and Dubof as the two he had seen carrying Gardstein. It was also ascertained that Federoff had been witnessed at the events. The following day Federoff, Peters and Dubof all appeared at the
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In the early hours of the morning of 17 December Milstein and Trassjonsky became increasingly concerned as Gardstein's condition worsened, and they sent for a local doctor, explaining that their patient had been wounded accidentally by a friend. The doctor thought the bullet was still in the chest—it
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Piper reported that as he was leaving Exchange Buildings to return to Houndsditch he saw a man acting suspiciously in the shadows of the cul-de-sac. As the policeman approached him, the man walked away; Piper later described him as being approximately 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m), pale and
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of January 1909, by two revolutionary Russians in London—Paul Helfeld and Jacob Lepidus—was an attempt to rob a payroll van, which left two dead and twenty injured. The event used a tactic often employed by revolutionary groups in Russia: the expropriation or theft of private property to fund radical
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An inquest was held in January into the deaths at Houndsditch and Sidney Street. The jury took fifteen minutes to reach the conclusion that the two bodies located were those of Svaars and Sokoloff, that Tucker, Bentley and Choate had been murdered by Gardstein and others during the burglary attempt.
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On 27 December the poster bearing Gardstein's picture was seen by his landlord, who alerted police. Wensley and his colleagues visited the lodgings on Gold Street, Stepney and found knives, a gun, ammunition, false passports and revolutionary publications. Two days later there was another hearing at
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As the gang exited the property and made to escape up the cul-de-sac, other police intervened. Sergeant Charles Tucker from Bishopsgate police station was hit twice, once in the hip and once in the heart by Peters: he died instantly. Choate grabbed Gardstein and wrestled for his gun, but the Russian
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With the exception of Gardstein, the identities of the gang members present in Houndsditch on the night of 16 December 1910 have never been confirmed. It is likely that as well as Gardstein, Fritz Svaars and William Sokoloff—the two gunmen who died in the Sidney Street siege—were present, along with
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in May. Dubof and Peters were accused of Tucker's murder, Dubof, Peters, Rosen and Vassilleva were charged with "feloniously harbouring a felon guilty of murder" and for "conspiring and agreeing together and with others unknown to break and enter the shop of Henry Samuel Harris with intent to steal
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I did not interfere in any way with the dispositions made by the police authorities on the spot. I never overruled those authorities nor overrode them. From beginning to end the police had an absolutely free hand. ... I did not send for the Artillery or the Engineers. I was not consulted as to
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Just after midnight on 3 January, 200 police officers from the City of London and Metropolitan forces cordoned off the area around 100 Sidney Street. Armed officers were placed at number 111, directly opposite number 100, and throughout the night the residents of the houses on the block were roused
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in South London. He had been badly beaten and two S-shaped cuts, both two inches long, were on his cheeks. The case became connected in the press with the Houndsditch murders and the subsequent events at Sidney Street, although the evidence at the time for the link was scant. The historian F G
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Piper on his beat and informed him of the noises. Piper checked at 118 and 121 Houndsditch, where he could hear the noise, which he thought was unusual enough to investigate further. At 11:00 he knocked at the door of 11 Exchange Buildings—the only property with a light on in the back. The door was
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On 16 December, working from the small yard behind 11 Exchange Buildings, the gang began to break through the back wall of the shop; number 10 had been unoccupied since 12 December. At around 10:00 that evening, returning to his home at 120 Houndsditch, Max Weil heard curious noises coming from his
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am a policeman knocked on the door of number 100, which elicited no response; stones were then thrown at the window to wake the men. Svaars and Sokoloff appeared at the window and opened fire at the police. A police sergeant was wounded in the chest; he was evacuated under fire across the rooftops
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Gardstein's body was removed to a local mortuary where his face was cleaned, his hair brushed, his eyes opened and his photograph taken. The picture, and descriptions of those who had helped Gardstein escape from Exchange Buildings, were distributed on posters in English and Russian, asking locals
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The posters of Gardstein proved effective, and late on New Year's Day a member of the public came forward to provide information about Svaars and Sokoloff. The informant told police that the men were hiding at 100 Sidney Street, along with a lodger, Betty Gershon, who was Sokoloff's mistress. The
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At the beginning of December 1910 Smoller, using the name Joe Levi, visited Exchange Buildings, a small cul-de-sac that backed onto the properties of Houndsditch. He rented No. 11 Exchange Buildings; a week later Svaars rented number 9 for a month, saying he needed it for storage. The gang were
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Another member was "Peter the Painter", a nickname for an man also known as Peter Piaktow (or Piatkov, Pjatkov or Piaktoff); his real name was Janis Zaklis. The police suggested he was the ringleader of the gang, although there is no evidence that he was present at Houndsditch or Sidney Street.
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The police's operating procedure—and the law which governed their actions—meant they were unable to open fire without being fired upon first. This, along with the structure of the building, which had a narrow, winding stairwell up which police would have to pass, meant any approach to the gang
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The City of London police informed the Metropolitan force, as their protocol demanded, and both services issued revolvers to the detectives involved in the search. The subsequent investigation was challenging for the police because of the cultural differences between the British police and the
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The members of the group dispersed after the events. Peter the Painter was never seen or heard from again. It was assumed he left the country, and there were several possible sightings in the years afterwards; none were confirmed. Jacob Peters returned to Russia, rose to be deputy head of the
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pm the shooting from the house had ceased. One of the detectives present walked close to the wall and pushed the door open, before retreating. Other police officers, and some of the soldiers, came out and waited for the men to exit. None did, and as part of the roof collapsed, it was clear to
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pm, but at 12:50 smoke was seen coming from the building's chimneys and from the second floor windows; it has not been established how the fire was started, whether by accident or design. The fire slowly spread, and by 1:30 it had taken a firm hold and had spread to the other floors. A second
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A leading figure in the group was George Gardstein, whose real name was probably Hartmanis; he also used the aliases Garstin, Poloski, Poolka, Morountzeff, Mourimitz, Maurivitz, Milowitz, Morintz, Morin and Levi. Gardstein, who probably was an anarchist, had been accused of murder and acts of
99:. His presence caused a political row over the level of his operational involvement. At the trial in May 1911 of those arrested for the Houndsditch jewellery robbery, all but one of the accused were acquitted; the conviction was overturned on appeal. The events were fictionalised in film—in
528:. Many of the papers recovered linked the suspects to the East End, particularly to the anarchist groups active in the area. Wensley, who had extensive knowledge of the Whitechapel area, subsequently acted as a liaison officer to the City of London force throughout the investigation.
296:, had been an agitator in Russia while in the army and later as a dockyard worker. He had served a term in prison for his activities and had been tortured by the removal of his fingernails. Yourka Dubof was another Russian agitator who had fled to England after being flogged by
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for their bravery; Woodhams was still badly injured and had to be carried to the king on a stretcher for the presentation. Both Bryant and Woodhams were also promoted; as they were being invalided out of the force, the promotions ensured they were paid a higher pension. The
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cameras—one of their earliest stories and the first siege to be captured on film—and it included footage of Churchill. When the newsreels were screened in cinemas, Churchill was booed with shouts of "shoot him" from audiences. His presence was controversial to many and the
718:, which was never used. Horse-drawn artillery field guns were also brought from St John's Wood barracks, but again not used. Shortly afterwards Sokoloff put his head out of the window; he was shot by one of the soldiers and he fell back inside. The senior officer of the
696:, both consider that he gave no operational commands to the police, but a Metropolitan police history of the event states that the events of Sidney Street were "a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions". In a subsequent letter to
336:. The events in Houndsditch in December 1910 fell into the purview of the City of London service, and the subsequent actions at Sidney Street in January 1911 were in the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan force. Both services came under the political control of the
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in 1963. Hoffman moved to New York where he lived for many years with Luba Milstein, who had given birth to Fritz Svaars child. Smoller left the country in 1911 and travelled to Paris, after which he disappeared; Milstein later emigrated to the United States.
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objected, and wrote to Churchill to ask him not to introduce the hard-line measures "You know as well as I do that human life does not matter a rap in comparison with the death of ideas and the betrayal of English traditions." The bill did not become law.
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I now intervened to settle this dispute, at one moment quite heated. I told the fire-brigade officer on my authority as Home Secretary that the house was to be allowed to burn down and that he was to stand by in readiness to prevent the conflagration from
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am and found the body. He had not heard of the events at Exchange Buildings the night before, and so reported the death to the coroner, not the police. At midday the coroner reported the death to the local police who, led by Divisional Detective Inspector
1058:. To advertise a game he had patented, Silisteanu hired girls to play it in the window of his office; the ensuing crowd of onlookers blocked the pavement and the police made him stop the demonstration. Disgusted by his treatment, Silisteanu left for
308:) was a Latvian who had been arrested by the Russian authorities three times for terrorist offences, but escaped each time. He had travelled through the United States, where he undertook a series of robberies, before arriving in London in June 1910.
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informant was persuaded to visit the property the following day to confirm the two men were still present. A meeting took place on the afternoon of 2 January to decide the next steps. Wensley, high-ranking members of the Metropolitan force and
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opened in a furtive manner and Piper became suspicious immediately. So as not to rouse the man's concerns, Piper asked him "is the missus in?" The man answered in broken English that she was out, and the policeman said he would return later.
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of the heart. The doctor wanted to take Gardstein to the London Hospital, but he refused; with no other course open to him, the doctor sold them pain medication and left. The Russian was dead by 9:00 that morning. The doctor returned at
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named two tower blocks in Sidney Street, Peter House and Painter House; Peter the Painter was only involved in a minor capacity in the events and was not present at the siege. The name plaques on the buildings call Peter the Painter an
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and taken to the London Hospital. Some members of the police returned fire, but their guns were only effective over shorter ranges, and proved ineffective against the comparatively advanced automatic weapons of Svaars and Sokoloff.
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am it was apparent that the two gunmen possessed superior weapons and ample ammunition. The police officers in charge on the scene, Superintendent Mulvaney and Chief Superintendent Stark, contacted Assistant Commissioner Major
575:. After the service, when the coffins were being transported on an eight-mile (13 km) journey to the cemeteries, it was estimated that 750,000 people lined the route, many throwing flowers onto the hearses as they passed.
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present on the scene sought permission to extinguish the blaze, but was refused. He approached Churchill in order to have the decision overturned, but the Home Secretary approved the police decision. Churchill later wrote:
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The inadequacy of the police's firepower led to criticism in the press, and on 12 January 1911 several alternative weapons were tested. The trials resulted in the Metropolitan Police replacing the Webley revolver with the
524:, went to Grove Street and discovered the corpse. Trassjonsky was in the next room when they entered, and she was soon found by the police, hastily burning papers; she was arrested and taken to the police headquarters at
79:. The siege lasted for about six hours. Towards the end of the stand-off, the building caught fire; no single cause has been identified. One of the agitators in the building was shot before the fire spread. While the
567:. The crime had shocked Londoners and the service showed evidence of their feelings. An estimated ten thousand people waited in St Paul's environs, and many local businesses closed as a mark of respect; the nearby
86:
The siege marked the first time the police had requested military assistance in London to deal with an armed stand-off. It was also the first siege in Britain to be caught on camera, as the events were filmed by
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pm on 17 December his condition worsened, and he died at 7:30. The killings of Tucker, Bentley and Choate remain one of the largest multiple murders of police officers carried out in Britain in peacetime.
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Subsequent stories that a bullet passed through Churchill's top hat are apocryphal, and no reference to such an occurrence appears in either the official records, or Churchill's accounts of the siege.
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115:, one of the minor members of the gang who was probably not present at either Houndsditch or Sidney Street. The murdered policemen and the fireman who died are commemorated with memorial plaques.
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described the Whitechapel area as one that "harbours some of the worst alien anarchists and criminals who seek our too hospitable shore. And these are the men who use the pistol and the knife."
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forces identified Gardstein's accomplices, most of whom were arrested within two weeks. The police were informed that the last two members of the gang were hiding at 100 Sidney Street in
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Guildhall police court where they were charged with being connected to the murder of the three policemen, and with conspiracy to burgle the jewellery shop. All three pleaded not guilty.
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665:. It was the first time that the police had requested military assistance in London to deal with an armed siege. Twenty-one volunteer marksmen from the Guards arrived at about 10:00
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by a gang of Latvian immigrants which resulted in the murder of three policemen, the wounding of two others, and the death of George Gardstein, a key member of the Latvian gang.
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am to observe the incident at first hand; he later reported that he thought the crowd were unwelcoming to him, as he heard people asking "Oo let 'em in?", in reference to the
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132:
1900 map of Jewish East London. Circled on the left of the map is the location of the Houndsditch murders; circled on the right is the location of 100 Sidney Street.
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75:. The police evacuated local residents, and on the morning of 3 January a firefight broke out. Armed with inferior weapons, the police sought assistance from the
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479:. He was half-conscious on arrival, but recovered enough to be able to have a conversation with his pregnant wife and answer questions about the events. At 6:45
234:, in his examination of migration into Britain, opines that the Act "gave official sanction to xenophobic reflexes which might ... have remained dormant".
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onlookers that the men were both dead; the fire brigade was allowed to start extinguishing the fire. At 2:40 Churchill left the scene, at about the time the
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914:, where she died in 1971. Dubof and Federoff disappeared from the records; Vassilleva remained in the East End for the remainder of her life and died at
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While on the beat, or in the course of their normal duties, the officers of the City of London and Metropolitan forces were provided with a short wooden
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The influx of émigrés and the increase of violent crime associated with it, led to popular concerns and comments in the press. The government passed the
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Some of the expatriates were revolutionaries, many of whom were unable to adapt to life in the politically less oppressive London. The social historian
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am and took firing positions at each end of the street and in the houses opposite. The shooting continued without either side gaining any advantage.
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Saunders, David (April 1985). "Review: Clarke, F G: Will-O'-The Wisp: Peter the Painter and the Anti-Tsarist Terrorists in Britain and Australia".
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154:. The influx reached its peak in the late 1890s when large numbers of Jewish immigrants—mostly poor and semi-skilled or unskilled—settled in the
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158:. The concentration of Jewish immigrants into some areas was almost 100 per cent of the population, and a study undertaken in 1900 showed that
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largely foreign residents of the area covered by the search. The police did not have any Russian, Latvian or Yiddish speakers on the force.
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supported the bill to bar "the dirty, destitute, diseased, verminous and criminal foreigner who dumps himself on our soil". The journalist
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Porter, Bernard (February 1985). "Review: Will-O'-The Wisp: Peter the Painter and the Anti-Tsarist Terrorists in Britain and Australia".
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revolutionaries. The siege was the culmination of a series of events that began in December 1910, with an attempted jewellery robbery at
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Other policemen arrived in Houndsditch, and began to attend to the wounded. Tucker's body was put into a taxi and he was taken to the
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London's Burning: Pulp Fiction, the Politics of Terrorism and the Destruction of the Capital in British Popular Culture, 1840 – 2005
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caption reads: "Scots Guards on active service in Sidney Street: Two of the men firing from a bedroom opposite the besieged house."
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The map is coloured to show the density of Jewish residents in East London: the darker the blue, the higher the Jewish population.
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presented the King's Police Medal to the families of the three murdered policemen. For each child of the murdered policemen, the
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Scene of the robbery, showing a group of policemen in Exchange Buildings, which backs onto the Houndsditch frontage of the shop
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189:" had been conflated in the British press, who used the terms interchangeably to refer to those with revolutionary beliefs. A
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immigration policy that had allowed the influx from Russia. Churchill's role during the siege is unclear. His biographers,
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in an attempt to reduce immigration. The popular press reflected the opinions of many at the time; a leading article in
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Stepney: Profile of a London Borough from the Outbreak of the First World War to the Festival of Britain, 1914–1951
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284:. Many of its members were not anarchists, and the club became a meeting and social venue for the Russian émigré
817:, Churchill decided to strengthen the legislation, and proposed the Aliens (Prevention of Crime) Bill under the
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George Gardstein; the photograph was taken post-mortem and issued by the police in their search for information
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members was too perilous to attempt. It was decided to wait until dawn before taking any action. At about 7:30
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for protection. When they faced armed opponents—as was the case in Sidney Street—the police were issued with
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1325:"Siege of Sidney Street: How the Dramatic Stand-Off Changed British Police, Politics and the Media Forever"
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1075:, which meant the streets were quieter than normal, and the noise created by the gang was more noticeable.
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were damping down the ruins—in which they found the two bodies—the building collapsed, killing a fireman.
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Number 10 had been rented by Michail Silisteanu, a Romanian businessman who had offices at the nearby 73
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Forty Years of Scotland Yard: A Record of Lifetime's Service in the Criminal Investigation Department
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111:(1960)—and novels. On the centenary of the events two tower blocks in Sidney Street were named after
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semi-automatic pistol later that year; the City of London Police adopted the weapon in 1912.
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Sergeants Tucker and Bentley and Constable Choate, murdered while on duty on 16 December 1910
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4291:
1678:
875:
564:
146:, the largest Jewish community at the time. Subjected to religious persecution and violent
8:
4594:
4416:
4354:
3909:
719:
646:
572:
571:
ceased trading for half an hour to allow traders and staff to watch the procession along
325:
150:, many emigrated and between 1875 and 1914 around 120,000 arrived in the United Kingdom,
80:
3843:
2886:
593:
On New Year's Day 1911 the body of LĂ©on Beron, a Russian Jewish immigrant, was found on
375:
4659:
4489:
3806:
A Towering Flame. The Life and Times of the Elusive Latvian Anarchist Peter the Painter
2459:
2432:
1355:
685:
603:
292:
terrorism in Warsaw in 1905 before his arrival in London. Another member of the group,
181:(crazy) Anarchists were almost accepted as part of the East End landscape"; the terms "
170:
155:
45:
547:
On 22 December a public memorial service took place for Tucker, Bentley and Choate at
4089:
4053:
3998:
3979:
3960:
3887:
3866:
3849:
3828:
3809:
3790:
3744:
3721:
3700:
3681:
3662:
3638:
3614:
3604:
3592:
3573:
3552:
3533:
3525:
3511:
3490:
3469:
963:
521:
511:
341:
270:
215:
112:
96:
25:
1346:
Shpayer-Makov, Haia (Summer 1988). "Anarchism in British Public Opinion 1880–1914".
364:
4838:
4472:
4267:
3765:
3442:
1128:
923:
806:
560:
468:
385:
324:
and the City of London Police Act 1839, the capital was policed by two forces, the
301:
3777:
3454:
862:
Plaque in Sidney Street to Charles Pearson, the fireman who died from his injuries
4653:
4614:
4556:
3317:
939:
911:
818:
814:
795:
753:
662:
578:
464:
388:, who had a workshop in Islington; he was not aware it was for use in a robbery.
352:
223:
773:
Detectives inspect the house at 100 Sidney Street at the conclusion of the siege
367:, the last of which were more commonly used on small indoor shooting galleries.
4719:
4608:
3769:
3628:
3446:
1045:
He used several other aliases, including Schtern, Straume, Makharov and Dudkin.
787:
594:
337:
333:
280:
By 1910 Russian émigrés met regularly at the Anarchist Club in Jubilee Street,
139:
92:
57:
3863:
Greater London Murders: 33 True Stories of Revenge, Jealousy, Greed & Lust
4767:
4749:
4736:
4566:
4275:
4235:
3976:
A Devilish Kind of Courage. Anarchists, Aliens and the Siege of Sidney Street
3853:
3596:
943:
903:
650:
231:
4046:
4023:
3717:
The Political Life of Josiah C Wedgwood: Land, Liberty and Empire, 1872–1943
2756:
Churchill, Winston (12 January 1911). "Mr Churchill and the Stepney Siege".
778:
614:
471:. Choate was also taken there, where he was operated on, but he died at 5:30
202:
From the turn of the century, gang warfare persisted in the Whitechapel and
88:
3537:
3432:
3308:
801:
The case against the four remaining arrested gang members was heard at the
769:
689:
440:
293:
76:
1539:"Information Leaflet Number 43; Records of City of London Police Officers"
4677:
3845:
The Jew in London. A Study of Racial Character and Present-Day Conditions
3652:
1055:
907:
844:
837:
Memorials to the members of the police and fire services who were killed.
693:
654:
582:
273:, as he appeared on the wanted poster issued by the City of London Police
163:
159:
53:
2436:
3377:"Tower Blocks Named after Notorious Criminal Linked to Police Killings"
3051:
2463:
1359:
915:
802:
750:
730:
Firemen tackle the fire at 100 Sidney Street after the end of the siege
454:
207:
4561:
2342:"Three Foreigners Charges in Connection with the Houndsditch Crime".
975:
910:. Trassjonsky had a mental breakdown and was confined for a time at
715:
709:
Shooting between the two sides reached a peak between 12:00 and 12:30
525:
401:
195:
190:
186:
182:
4058:
1135:
264:
252:
166:
were both identified as a "well-defined intensely Jewish district".
2372:"The Houndsditch Murders: Three Suspects before the Police Court".
1843:
1841:
883:
657:
and obtained permission from Churchill to bring in a detachment of
552:
487:
297:
285:
49:
41:
1260:
4227:
4032:
3043:"Zurka Dubof, Jacob Peters, John Rosen, Nina Vassileva [
2941:
1072:
448:
360:
281:
203:
72:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2257:
1838:
434:
392:
Max Smoller and Nina Vassileva. Bernard Porter, writing in the
211:
147:
2525:"Ball-Cartridges in a London Street: Scots Guards in Action".
1366:
1147:
850:
Memorial plaque to the three policemen murdered in Houndsditch
214:; various revolutionary factions were active in the area. The
3248:
2644:
1794:"Houndsditch Murders: Five Prisoners before the Magistrate".
1059:
899:
3272:
3201:
3095:
3071:
3020:
2824:
2800:
2632:
2569:
2557:
2482:
2245:
1516:
1494:
1492:
1465:
954:). The siege was also the inspiration for two other novels,
2494:
2470:
2404:
2194:
1994:"The Murder of Police in Houndsditch: Prisoners in Court".
1789:
1787:
143:
3107:
2764:
2724:
2722:
2182:
1417:
1159:
3391:
3344:
3189:
3119:
2883:"Sidney Street Murdered Police Trio Honoured by Memorial"
2788:
2170:
2098:
2038:
2014:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1802:
1721:
1489:
1429:
1248:
794:
Rosen was arrested on 2 February at work in Well Street,
714:
detachment of Scots Guards arrived, bringing with them a
245:
Two members of the émigré group involved in the robberies
123:
28:(second from left), the then Home Secretary, at the siege
3177:
3008:
2917:
2812:
2751:
2749:
2695:
2545:
1784:
1084:
The police officer—Sergeant Leeson—made a full recovery.
2969:
2957:
2719:
2506:
2392:
2380:
2311:
2269:
2223:
2221:
2146:
2110:
2086:
2050:
1948:
1814:
1745:
1675:"Winter 1910–1911 (Age 36); The Siege of Sidney Street"
1533:
1531:
1395:
1393:
1105:
932:; the story was heavily fictionalised in the 1960 film
3935:. Police Firearms Officers Association. Archived from
3908:. Police Firearms Officers Association. Archived from
3825:
The Houndsditch Murders and the Siege of Sidney Street
3468:. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
3356:
3332:
3284:
3260:
3236:
3165:
3083:
3037:
3035:
2996:
2905:
2893:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2776:
2734:
2683:
2586:
2584:
2518:
2357:"The Houndsditch Murders: Three Foreigners in Court".
2074:
1972:
1877:
1504:
1477:
1441:
1299:
332:, who were responsible for law enforcement within the
3153:
2746:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2533:
2062:
2002:
1989:
1987:
1936:
1826:
1733:
1289:
1287:
1272:
922:
The siege was the inspiration for the final scene in
700:, Churchill clarified his role while he was present:
606:, the Commissioner of the City Police, were present.
488:
Investigation, 17 December 1910 – 2 January 1911
370:
3699:(Kindle ed.). Stroud, Glos: The History Press.
3544:
2707:
2323:
2233:
2218:
2206:
2122:
1960:
1924:
1853:
1772:
1709:
1697:
1528:
1453:
1390:
1266:
1213:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1141:
340:, who in 1911 was the 36-year-old rising politician
3032:
2661:
2581:
2365:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1602:
1600:
1405:
400:neighbour's property. Outside his house Weil found
3736:
3545:Cohen, Steve; Humphries, Beth; Mynott, Ed (2002).
3435:(2014). "Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer".
3131:
2158:
2026:
1984:
1284:
1198:
1036:At the time Latvia was part of the Russian Empire.
328:, who held sway over most of the capital, and the
3368:
3222:"Sidney Street Siege Resonates Even 100 Years On"
3213:
2929:
2134:
1171:
48:between a combined police and army force and two
4765:
1892:
1597:
1378:
1339:
1318:
1316:
1314:
902:, the Soviet secret police, and was executed in
813:After the high levels of criticism aimed at the
543:for Tucker, Bentley and Choate, 23 December 1910
3697:Scotland Yard's History of Crime in 100 Objects
2981:
2877:
2875:
2443:
676:Churchill observing the events at Sidney Street
4809:History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
3675:
3569:Conservative Party Attitudes to Jews 1900–1950
3403:
3296:
2655:
2251:
886:a week until they reached the age of fifteen.
4074:
3758:Porter, Bernard (2011). "Piatkoff , Peter ".
3720:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
3548:From Immigration Controls to Welfare Controls
3145:. 22 April 1911. pp. 1–2. Archived from
2416:
2303:"Public Funeral of the Houndsditch Victims".
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1345:
1311:
761:pm the second body—that of Svaars—was found.
175:
91:. Some of the footage included images of the
16:1911 siege in the East End of London, England
3841:
3764:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3507:Historical Dictionary of British Spy Fiction
3486:Victoria's Madmen: Revolution and Alienation
3441:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3411:"Memorial for Murdered Houndsditch Officers"
2872:
2296:
2281:
1757:
1153:
1111:
869:Bryant and Woodhams were presented with the
496:Police finding Gardstein's body, as seen in
4376:Never was so much owed by so many to so few
3739:The East End: Four Centuries of London Life
3694:
3101:
2806:
2675:. 4 January 1911. p. 7. Archived from
1667:
1372:
1117:
4081:
4067:
2350:
1630:
315:
4322:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
3973:
3860:
3524:
3374:
3350:
3254:
2818:
2794:
2755:
2488:
2335:
1906:"Sidney St: The Siege That Shook Britain"
1832:
1820:
1751:
1567:
1522:
1471:
1423:
1225:
510:was later found to be touching the right
3822:
3676:Keily, Jackie; Hoffbrand, Julia (2015).
3613:. Nottingham: Five Leaves Publications.
3278:
3207:
3183:
3077:
3026:
3014:
2923:
2830:
2701:
2638:
2575:
2563:
2500:
2476:
2449:
2410:
2263:
2200:
2176:
2104:
2080:
2044:
2020:
1978:
1886:
1847:
1808:
1727:
1510:
1483:
1447:
1435:
1305:
1231:
768:
725:
671:
613:
534:
491:
475:am on 17 December. Bentley was taken to
407:
374:
127:
20:
3954:
3927:
3900:
3761:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3651:
3627:
3603:
3565:
3438:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3431:
3413:. BBC. 16 December 2010. Archived from
3397:
3195:
3125:
2975:
2963:
2899:
2885:. BBC. 16 December 2010. Archived from
2842:
2740:
2728:
2713:
2614:
2539:
2512:
2227:
2188:
1715:
1322:
1165:
985:
680:Churchill arrived on the scene at 11:50
4789:Battles and military actions in London
4766:
4696:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill
4499:
4445:Schools and higher education (various)
3992:
3879:
3784:
3757:
3734:
3713:
3503:
3362:
3338:
3290:
3171:
3159:
3113:
3089:
3002:
2911:
2854:
2782:
2770:
2689:
2626:
2602:
2551:
2422:
2398:
2386:
2329:
2317:
2275:
2239:
2212:
2152:
2128:
2116:
2092:
2056:
1966:
1954:
1871:
1859:
1778:
1498:
1459:
1399:
1278:
1254:
1219:
1192:
609:
563:; also present were Churchill and the
237:
124:Immigration and demographics in London
4221:The Story of the Malakand Field Force
4204:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955
4088:
4062:
3842:Russell, Charles; Lewis, H S (1900).
3482:
3375:Cockcroft, Lucy (25 September 2008).
3219:
2452:The Slavonic and East European Review
1930:
1703:
4794:History of the City of London Police
3803:
3586:
3510:. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
3461:
3266:
3242:
2937:"His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech"
2866:
2590:
2164:
2140:
2068:
2032:
2008:
1942:
1903:
1739:
1575:"Historical Organisation of the Met"
1411:
1384:
1293:
971:Tower Hamlets London Borough Council
4308:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)
3865:. Stroud, Glos: The History Press.
3695:Moss, Alan; Skinner, Keith (2015).
3304:"Man Who Knew Too Much, The (1934)"
1234:"Face Has Changed but Fear Remains"
467:(now the Royal London Hospital) in
36:of January 1911, also known as the
13:
4779:1911 murders in the United Kingdom
4199:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945
3903:"Policing and Firearms – Timeline"
3610:East End Jewish Radicals 1875–1914
3589:The Mystery of 'Peter the Painter'
2953:from the original on 10 June 2016.
1904:Berg, Sanchia (13 December 2010).
1323:McSmith, Andy (11 December 2010).
1267:Cohen, Humphries & Mynott 2002
1205:"The Police Murders in the City".
1142:Cohen, Humphries & Mynott 2002
371:Houndsditch murders, December 1910
363:and small-bore rifles fitted with
206:areas of London between groups of
14:
4860:
4467:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel
4450:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario
4402:Bibliography of Winston Churchill
4182:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945
4013:
3886:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
3220:Bates, Stephen (2 January 2011).
3059:from the original on 2 March 2016
2949:: cols. 44–122. 6 February 1911.
2288:"Honour for Murdered Policemen".
1015:Light blue: 50% and less than 75%
892:Webley & Scott .32 calibre MP
4245:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
3959:. London: Kessinger Publishing.
1232:Cesarani, David (27 June 2003).
1087:
1078:
1018:Light red: 25% and less than 50%
855:
843:
705:whether they should be sent for.
447:
433:
427:Type of weapons used by the gang
394:Dictionary of National Biography
263:
251:
228:The Manchester Evening Chronicle
4620:1940 British war cabinet crisis
4412:International Churchill Society
4285:Marlborough: His Life and Times
1798:. 30 December 1910. p. 12.
1209:. 19 December 1910. p. 11.
1071:The break-in took place on the
1065:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1024:Dark red: Less than 5% of Jews"
1012:Mid blue: 75% and less than 95%
942:drew on the story for his 1930
142:was home to about five million
4819:Metropolitan Police operations
4714:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill
4417:Churchill War Rooms and Museum
4341:A total and unmitigated defeat
3591:. London: Stevens & Sons.
3489:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2376:. 26 December 1910. p. 7.
2361:. 25 December 1910. p. 7.
2346:. 26 December 1910. p. 6.
2307:. 22 December 1910. p. 3.
2292:. 23 December 1910. p. 1.
1768:. 24 December 1910. p. 6.
1006:"Proportion of Jews indicated.
996:
980:Metropolitan Police Federation
1:
4362:We shall fight on the beaches
4124:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939
3901:Waldren, Mike (August 2012).
2992:. 19 January 1911. p. 8.
1998:. 7 January 1911. p. 10.
1099:
1021:Mid red: 5% and less than 25%
118:
4834:Sieges in the United Kingdom
4428:Churchill College, Cambridge
4348:Blood, toil, tears and sweat
3955:Wensley, Frederick (2005) .
3930:"The Siege of Sidney Street"
3778:UK public library membership
3455:UK public library membership
2669:"Murderers' Siege in London"
2529:. 7 January 1911. p. 6.
1645:"The Siege of Sidney Street"
1546:London Metropolitan Archives
978:"; the decision angered the
926:'s original 1934 version of
764:
757:their search; at around 6:30
661:, who were stationed at the
322:Metropolitan Police Act 1829
7:
4804:Deaths by firearm in London
4602:Terminological inexactitude
4029:Newsreels and documentaries
3928:Waldren, Mike (July 2013).
2988:"The Sidney-Street Fight".
2527:The Illustrated London News
1764:"The Houndsditch Murders".
1649:Metropolitan Police Service
1579:Metropolitan Police Service
912:Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum
620:The Illustrated London News
499:The Illustrated Police News
10:
4865:
4589:St Martin's Church, Bladon
4369:This was their finest hour
3974:Whitehead, Andrew (2024).
3848:. London: T Fisher Unwin.
3808:. London: Breviary Stuff.
3678:The Crime Museum Uncovered
3462:Bird, Samantha L. (2010).
3424:
2656:Keily & Hoffbrand 2015
2252:Keily & Hoffbrand 2015
956:The Siege of Sidney Street
935:The Siege of Sidney Street
880:City of London Corporation
777:The siege was captured by
108:The Siege of Sidney Street
4638:
4630:Honorary U.S. citizenship
4549:
4433:Churchill Archives Centre
4422:National Churchill Museum
4392:
4332:
4324:(1956–1958, four volumes)
4287:(1933–1938, four volumes)
4271:(1923–1931, five volumes)
4212:
4174:
4096:
3861:Stratmann, Linda (2010).
3823:Rumbelow, Donald (1988).
3661:. London: Pan Macmillan.
1127:(Television production).
929:The Man Who Knew Too Much
829:
477:St Bartholomew's Hospital
138:In the 19th century, the
102:The Man Who Knew Too Much
4316:(1948–1953, six volumes)
4114:Liberal Party, 1904–1924
4050:: Siege of Sidney Street
2290:Dundee Evening Telegraph
2266:, pp. 107, 112–114.
1850:, pp. 66–67, 81–83.
1154:Russell & Lewis 1900
1112:Russell & Lewis 1900
1002:The map's legend reads:
990:
958:(1960) by F Oughton and
784:Leader of the Opposition
441:Model 1907 Dreyse pistol
334:historic City boundaries
63:An investigation by the
4774:1910s murders in London
4690:Lord Randolph Churchill
4261:Lord Randolph Churchill
4131:World War II, 1939–1945
3993:Winder, Robert (2005).
3880:Taylor, Antony (2012).
3743:. London: John Murray.
3566:Defries, Harry (2014).
3530:Thoughts and Adventures
3102:Moss & Skinner 2015
2807:Moss & Skinner 2015
2673:The Manchester Guardian
2374:The Manchester Guardian
2305:Nottingham Evening Post
1996:The Manchester Guardian
1796:The Manchester Guardian
1373:Moss & Skinner 2015
365:.22 Morris-tube barrels
316:Policing in the capital
294:Jacob (or Yakov) Peters
4708:John Spencer-Churchill
4584:Siege of Sidney Street
4109:In politics, 1900–1939
4038:Siege of Sidney Street
4020:Siege of Sidney Street
3785:Rogers, Colin (1981).
3770:10.1093/ref:odnb/92479
3447:10.1093/ref:odnb/32413
3314:British Film Institute
1238:Times Higher Education
1009:Dark blue: 95% to 100%
774:
738:
731:
707:
677:
624:
604:Sir William Nott-Bower
544:
502:
413:
380:
305:
176:
135:
34:siege of Sidney Street
29:
4625:Bengal famine of 1943
4573:Operation Unthinkable
4510:Palace of Westminster
4301:Arms and the Covenant
4136:Later life, 1945–1965
4119:Chancellor, 1924–1929
4104:Early life, 1874–1904
4042:Huntley Film Archives
3827:. London: W H Allen.
3804:Ruff, Philip (2019).
3787:The Battle of Stepney
3735:Palmer, Alan (2004).
3714:Mulvey, Paul (2010).
3680:. London: IB Tauris.
3572:. London: Routledge.
3551:. London: Routledge.
3532:. London: Macmillan.
3504:Burton, Alan (2016).
3483:Bloom, Clive (2013).
2889:on 26 September 2015.
1908:. BBC. Archived from
1612:City of London Police
1608:"Houndsditch Murders"
960:A Death Out of Season
772:
747:Royal Horse Artillery
733:
729:
702:
675:
617:
569:London Stock Exchange
538:
495:
411:
378:
330:City of London Police
131:
69:City of London Police
24:
4814:London crime history
4750:51.51833°N 0.05528°W
4648:Clementine Churchill
4314:The Second World War
4293:Great Contemporaries
4253:Ian Hamilton's March
3978:. London: Reaktion.
1685:on 20 September 2016
1679:The Churchill Centre
1168:, pp. 269, 287.
986:Notes and references
876:Lord Mayor of London
653:. He telephoned the
565:Lord Mayor of London
4824:January 1911 events
4746: /
4595:Sword of Stalingrad
4484:Cultural depictions
4479:Sutherland portrait
4355:Be ye men of valour
3637:. London: Pimlico.
3281:, pp. 181–183.
3257:, pp. 214–221.
3210:, pp. 194–195.
3116:, pp. 191–196.
3080:, pp. 171–172.
3029:, pp. 166–172.
2833:, pp. 137–138.
2773:, pp. 111–112.
2641:, pp. 132–133.
2578:, pp. 128–129.
2566:, pp. 127–128.
2503:, pp. 115–118.
2491:, pp. 177–178.
2479:, pp. 204–205.
2413:, pp. 203–204.
2203:, pp. 100–101.
2191:, pp. 164–165.
1874:, pp. 147–148.
1525:, pp. 193–220.
1501:, pp. 180–181.
1474:, pp. 221–235.
1257:, pp. 123–125.
1131:. 15 November 2001.
871:King's Police Medal
807:Mr Justice Grantham
720:London Fire Brigade
647:Frederick Wodehouse
610:Events of 3 January
573:Threadneedle Street
555:was represented by
549:St Paul's Cathedral
541:St Paul's Cathedral
326:Metropolitan Police
238:Latvian émigré gang
81:London Fire Brigade
4844:East End of London
4755:51.51833; -0.05528
4672:Marigold Churchill
4660:Randolph Churchill
4579:Political ideology
4490:Churchillian Drift
4424:(Fulton, Missouri)
3997:. London: Abacus.
3915:on 11 October 2016
3789:. London: R Hale.
3605:Fishman, William J
3587:Eddy, J P (1946).
3526:Churchill, Winston
3320:on 18 January 2015
3139:"News of the Week"
1912:on 20 January 2016
1655:on 25 January 2016
1156:, p. xxxviii.
969:In September 2008
775:
732:
678:
625:
545:
503:
414:
381:
210:and refugees from
171:William J. Fishman
156:East End of London
136:
46:East End of London
30:
4849:Winston Churchill
4799:Conflicts in 1911
4729:
4728:
4684:Winston Churchill
4545:
4544:
4515:Parliament Square
4166:Death and funeral
4141:Electoral history
4090:Winston Churchill
4054:BBC World Service
4004:978-0-349-11566-5
3995:Bloody Foreigners
3985:978-1-78914-844-2
3966:978-1-4179-8997-3
3893:978-1-4411-7156-6
3872:978-0-7524-5124-4
3834:978-0-491-03178-3
3815:978-0-9929466-8-5
3796:978-0-7091-9146-9
3776:(Subscription or
3750:978-0-7195-6640-0
3727:978-0-86193-308-2
3706:978-0-7509-6655-9
3687:978-1-78130-041-1
3668:978-0-330-47607-2
3644:978-0-7126-6725-8
3634:Churchill: A Life
3620:978-0-907123-45-3
3579:978-1-135-28462-6
3558:978-0-415-25083-2
3517:978-1-4422-5587-6
3496:978-1-137-31897-8
3475:978-1-4438-2612-9
3453:(Subscription or
3400:, pp. 17–18.
3387:on 19 March 2016.
3269:, pp. 171–2.
3245:, pp. 31–32.
3198:, pp. 15–16.
3128:, pp. 35–36.
2869:, pp. 24–25.
2554:, pp. 86–87.
2401:, pp. 79–80.
2389:, pp. 72–73.
2320:, pp. 61–63.
2278:, pp. 61–62.
2179:, pp. 95–97.
2155:, pp. 36–37.
2119:, pp. 30–31.
2107:, pp. 74–76.
2095:, pp. 38–39.
2071:, pp. 18–19.
2059:, pp. 35–36.
2047:, pp. 73–74.
2023:, pp. 72–73.
2011:, pp. 16–17.
1957:, pp. 26–27.
1945:, pp. 15–16.
1811:, pp. 77–78.
1742:, pp. 13–14.
1730:, pp. 64–65.
1438:, pp. 34–35.
1348:Victorian Studies
1144:, pp. 13–14.
964:Emanuel Litvinoff
952:Pietr the Latvian
823:Josiah C Wedgwood
749:arrived with two
716:Maxim machine gun
557:Edward Wallington
539:Memorial service
522:Frederick Wensley
455:Mauser C96 pistol
342:Winston Churchill
271:Peter the Painter
216:Tottenham Outrage
173:writes that "the
152:mostly in England
113:Peter the Painter
97:Winston Churchill
38:Battle of Stepney
26:Winston Churchill
4856:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4537:Washington, D.C.
4497:
4496:
4473:The Roaring Lion
4269:The World Crisis
4083:
4076:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4008:
3989:
3970:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3942:on 23 March 2016
3941:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3897:
3876:
3857:
3838:
3819:
3800:
3781:
3773:
3754:
3742:
3731:
3710:
3691:
3672:
3648:
3624:
3600:
3583:
3562:
3541:
3521:
3500:
3479:
3458:
3450:
3419:
3418:
3417:on 6 March 2016.
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3383:. Archived from
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3316:. Archived from
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3232:on 4 March 2016.
3228:. Archived from
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:The Daily Mirror
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1681:. Archived from
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1651:. Archived from
1641:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1614:. Archived from
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:. Archived from
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1548:. Archived from
1543:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1426:, p. 79-81.
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:on 4 March 2016.
1331:. Archived from
1320:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1244:on 7 March 2016.
1240:. Archived from
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1000:
946:detective novel
924:Alfred Hitchcock
859:
847:
760:
743:
712:
683:
668:
643:
635:
579:Identity parades
561:Groom in Waiting
518:
482:
474:
469:Whitechapel Road
451:
437:
402:Police Constable
386:Errico Malatesta
300:. Fritz Svaars (
267:
255:
179:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4666:Sarah Churchill
4654:Diana Churchill
4634:
4615:Tonypandy riots
4557:Blenheim Palace
4541:
4495:
4440:Memorial Trusts
4394:
4388:
4328:
4208:
4170:
4092:
4087:
4048:Witness History
4016:
4011:
4005:
3986:
3967:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3894:
3873:
3835:
3816:
3797:
3775:
3751:
3728:
3707:
3688:
3669:
3645:
3629:Gilbert, Martin
3621:
3580:
3559:
3518:
3497:
3476:
3452:
3427:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3381:Daily Telegraph
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3149:on 15 May 2016.
3137:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2679:on 14 May 2016.
2667:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2515:, pp. 3–4.
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2448:
2444:
2431:(228): 152–53.
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1618:on 3 March 2016
1606:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:on 4 March 2016
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1555:on 7 March 2016
1552:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1344:
1340:
1329:The Independent
1321:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1125:Scenes of Crime
1123:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:on 12 December.
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
948:Pietr-le-Letton
940:Georges Simenon
938:. The novelist
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
860:
852:
851:
848:
839:
838:
832:
819:Ten Minute Rule
767:
758:
754:field artillery
741:
710:
686:Liberal Party's
681:
666:
663:Tower of London
641:
633:
612:
516:
490:
480:
472:
465:London Hospital
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
452:
444:
443:
438:
429:
428:
373:
318:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
268:
260:
259:
256:
247:
246:
240:
224:Aliens Act 1905
191:leading article
133:
126:
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4784:1911 in London
4781:
4776:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4720:Leonard Jerome
4717:
4711:
4705:
4702:Jack Churchill
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4609:The Other Club
4605:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4503:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4015:
4014:External links
4012:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3990:
3984:
3971:
3965:
3952:
3925:
3898:
3892:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3839:
3833:
3820:
3814:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3755:
3749:
3732:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3649:
3643:
3625:
3619:
3601:
3584:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3542:
3522:
3516:
3501:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3459:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3402:
3390:
3367:
3365:, p. 194.
3355:
3353:, p. 259.
3351:Whitehead 2024
3343:
3341:, p. 389.
3331:
3295:
3293:, p. 197.
3283:
3271:
3259:
3255:Whitehead 2024
3247:
3235:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3186:, p. 156.
3176:
3174:, p. 151.
3164:
3152:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3092:, p. 191.
3082:
3070:
3031:
3019:
3017:, p. 155.
3007:
3005:, p. 178.
2995:
2980:
2978:, p. 194.
2968:
2966:, p. 224.
2956:
2928:
2926:, p. 142.
2916:
2914:, p. 120.
2904:
2892:
2871:
2859:
2857:, p. 118.
2847:
2835:
2823:
2819:Churchill 1942
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 141.
2795:Whitehead 2024
2787:
2785:, p. 113.
2775:
2763:
2745:
2733:
2731:, p. 195.
2718:
2706:
2704:, p. 135.
2694:
2692:, p. 105.
2682:
2660:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2489:Whitehead 2024
2481:
2469:
2442:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2364:
2349:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2295:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1933:, p. 270.
1923:
1891:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1837:
1833:Whitehead 2024
1825:
1821:Whitehead 2024
1813:
1801:
1783:
1771:
1756:
1752:Stratmann 2010
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1706:, p. 271.
1696:
1666:
1629:
1596:
1566:
1527:
1523:Whitehead 2024
1515:
1503:
1488:
1476:
1472:Whitehead 2024
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1424:Whitehead 2024
1416:
1414:, p. xiv.
1404:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1354:(4): 487–516.
1338:
1310:
1298:
1283:
1281:, p. 260.
1271:
1259:
1247:
1224:
1222:, p. 111.
1212:
1197:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1116:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1073:Jewish Sabbath
1064:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
861:
854:
853:
849:
842:
841:
840:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:
828:
788:Arthur Balfour
766:
763:
611:
608:
595:Clapham Common
489:
486:
453:
446:
445:
439:
432:
431:
430:
426:
425:
424:
423:
372:
369:
338:Home Secretary
320:Following the
317:
314:
269:
262:
261:
257:
250:
249:
248:
244:
243:
242:
241:
239:
236:
140:Russian Empire
125:
122:
120:
117:
93:Home Secretary
58:City of London
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4861:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4722:(grandfather)
4721:
4718:
4716:(grandmother)
4715:
4712:
4710:(grandfather)
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:Norway Debate
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Epstein busts
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4277:My Early Life
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4237:The River War
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:Addison, Paul
3430:
3429:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3279:Rumbelow 1988
3275:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3208:Rumbelow 1988
3204:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3184:Rumbelow 1988
3180:
3173:
3168:
3162:, p. 37.
3161:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3143:The Spectator
3140:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3078:Rumbelow 1988
3074:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:Rumbelow 1988
3023:
3016:
3015:Rumbelow 1988
3011:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2924:Rumbelow 1988
2920:
2913:
2908:
2902:, p. 14.
2901:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2845:, p. 13.
2844:
2839:
2832:
2831:Rumbelow 1988
2827:
2821:, p. 59.
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2743:, p. 11.
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2702:Rumbelow 1988
2698:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2658:, p. 64.
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:Rumbelow 1988
2635:
2629:, p. 98.
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2605:, p. 94.
2604:
2599:
2593:, p. 23.
2592:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:Rumbelow 1988
2572:
2565:
2564:Rumbelow 1988
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2501:Rumbelow 1988
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2477:Rumbelow 1988
2473:
2465:
2461:
2458:(2): 306–07.
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2411:Rumbelow 1988
2407:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2332:, p. 67.
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2264:Rumbelow 1988
2260:
2254:, p. 67.
2253:
2248:
2242:, p. 39.
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2215:, p. 43.
2214:
2209:
2202:
2201:Rumbelow 1988
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2177:Rumbelow 1988
2173:
2167:, p. 19.
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2131:, p. 36.
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2105:Rumbelow 1988
2101:
2094:
2089:
2083:, p. 85.
2082:
2081:Rumbelow 1988
2077:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2045:Rumbelow 1988
2041:
2035:, p. 18.
2034:
2029:
2022:
2021:Rumbelow 1988
2017:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1981:, p. 71.
1980:
1979:Rumbelow 1988
1975:
1969:, p. 27.
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1889:, p. 66.
1888:
1887:Rumbelow 1988
1883:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1862:, p. 22.
1861:
1856:
1849:
1848:Rumbelow 1988
1844:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1823:, p. 90.
1822:
1817:
1810:
1809:Rumbelow 1988
1805:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1781:, p. 45.
1780:
1775:
1767:
1766:The Spectator
1760:
1754:, p. 61.
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1728:Rumbelow 1988
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1513:, p. 64.
1512:
1511:Rumbelow 1988
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1486:, p. 55.
1485:
1484:Rumbelow 1988
1480:
1473:
1468:
1462:, p. 48.
1461:
1456:
1450:, p. 35.
1449:
1448:Rumbelow 1988
1444:
1437:
1436:Rumbelow 1988
1432:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1402:, p. 16.
1401:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1308:, p. 39.
1307:
1306:Rumbelow 1988
1302:
1296:, p. 12.
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1269:, p. 14.
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
983:
981:
977:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
931:
930:
925:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:Joseph Stalin
901:
895:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
858:
846:
827:
824:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
797:
791:
789:
785:
780:
771:
762:
755:
752:
748:
737:
728:
724:
721:
717:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
674:
670:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Scotland Yard
648:
638:
629:
622:
621:
616:
607:
605:
599:
596:
591:
587:
584:
581:were held at
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:King George V
550:
542:
537:
533:
529:
527:
523:
513:
507:
501:
500:
494:
485:
478:
470:
466:
456:
450:
442:
436:
422:
418:
410:
406:
403:
397:
395:
389:
387:
377:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
287:
283:
272:
266:
254:
235:
233:
232:Robert Winder
229:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
130:
116:
114:
110:
109:
104:
103:
98:
94:
90:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
23:
19:
4829:Scots Guards
4731:
4583:
4471:
4383:Iron Curtain
4321:
4313:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4231:(1899 novel)
4228:
4220:
4156:Racial views
4146:As a painter
4047:
3994:
3975:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3937:the original
3917:. Retrieved
3910:the original
3882:
3862:
3844:
3824:
3805:
3786:
3759:
3738:
3716:
3696:
3677:
3657:
3653:Jenkins, Roy
3633:
3608:
3588:
3568:
3547:
3529:
3506:
3485:
3464:
3436:
3415:the original
3405:
3398:Waldren 2012
3393:
3385:the original
3380:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:the original
3309:Screenonline
3307:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3230:the original
3226:The Guardian
3225:
3215:
3203:
3196:Waldren 2012
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3147:the original
3142:
3133:
3126:Defries 2014
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3050:
3044:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2976:Jenkins 2012
2971:
2964:Gilbert 2000
2959:
2946:
2940:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2900:Waldren 2013
2895:
2887:the original
2862:
2850:
2843:Waldren 2013
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2760:. p. 8.
2757:
2741:Waldren 2013
2736:
2729:Jenkins 2012
2714:Addison 2014
2709:
2697:
2685:
2677:the original
2672:
2663:
2634:
2622:
2617:, p. 9.
2615:Waldren 2013
2610:
2598:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2542:, p. 4.
2540:Waldren 2013
2535:
2526:
2520:
2513:Waldren 2013
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2359:The Observer
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2230:, p. 2.
2228:Waldren 2013
2208:
2196:
2189:Wensley 2005
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2143:, p. 3.
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1995:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1867:
1855:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1795:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1718:, p. 4.
1716:Waldren 2012
1711:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1587:. Retrieved
1583:the original
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1518:
1506:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1380:
1368:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1333:the original
1328:
1301:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1242:the original
1237:
1227:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1166:Fishman 2004
1161:
1149:
1137:
1124:
1119:
1107:
1089:
1080:
1067:
1050:
1041:
1032:
998:
968:
959:
955:
951:
947:
933:
927:
921:
896:
888:
868:
812:
800:
792:
776:
739:
734:
708:
703:
697:
690:Paul Addison
679:
659:Scots Guards
639:
630:
626:
618:
600:
592:
588:
577:
546:
530:
508:
504:
497:
462:
419:
415:
398:
393:
390:
382:
346:
319:
310:
306:Fricis Svars
290:
279:
227:
221:
219:activities.
208:Bessarabians
201:
194:
174:
168:
137:
106:
100:
85:
65:Metropolitan
62:
37:
33:
31:
18:
4753: /
4678:Mary Soames
4192:conferences
4151:As a writer
3363:Taylor 2012
3339:Burton 2016
3291:Rogers 1981
3172:Rogers 1981
3160:Mulvey 2010
3114:Rogers 1981
3090:Rogers 1981
3003:Rogers 1981
2912:Rogers 1981
2855:Rogers 1981
2783:Rogers 1981
2771:Rogers 1981
2690:Rogers 1981
2627:Rogers 1981
2603:Rogers 1981
2552:Rogers 1981
2399:Rogers 1981
2387:Rogers 1981
2330:Rogers 1981
2318:Rogers 1981
2276:Rogers 1981
2240:Rogers 1981
2213:Rogers 1981
2153:Rogers 1981
2129:Rogers 1981
2117:Rogers 1981
2093:Rogers 1981
2057:Rogers 1981
1967:Rogers 1981
1955:Rogers 1981
1872:Palmer 2004
1860:Rogers 1981
1779:Rogers 1981
1499:Rogers 1981
1460:Rogers 1981
1400:Rogers 1981
1279:Winder 2005
1255:Rogers 1981
1220:Palmer 2004
1193:Porter 2011
1056:St Mary Axe
694:Roy Jenkins
655:Home Office
583:Bishopsgate
359:revolvers,
177:meschuggena
164:Whitechapel
160:Houndsditch
105:(1934) and
54:Houndsditch
4768:Categories
4741:00°03′19″W
4738:51°31′06″N
4686:(grandson)
4680:(daughter)
4674:(daughter)
4668:(daughter)
4656:(daughter)
4395:depictions
4393:Legacy and
4175:Ministries
4024:Pathé News
3946:30 January
3919:30 January
3780:required.)
3457:required.)
3324:9 February
3063:8 February
3052:Old Bailey
1931:Bloom 2013
1916:26 January
1704:Bloom 2013
1689:15 January
1589:15 January
1559:15 January
1375:, 3061–64.
1100:References
962:(1973) by
916:Brick Lane
908:1938 purge
882:gave five
815:Aliens Act
803:Old Bailey
779:Pathé News
751:13-pounder
736:spreading.
119:Background
89:Pathé News
4704:(brother)
4562:Chartwell
3854:162217108
3658:Churchill
3597:844864776
3267:Ruff 2019
3243:Eddy 1946
2990:The Times
2867:Eddy 1946
2758:The Times
2591:Eddy 1946
2165:Eddy 1946
2141:Bird 2010
2069:Eddy 1946
2033:Eddy 1946
2009:Eddy 1946
1943:Eddy 1946
1740:Eddy 1946
1659:5 January
1622:5 January
1412:Ruff 2019
1385:Ruff 2019
1294:Eddy 1946
1207:The Times
976:anti-hero
884:shillings
821:. The MP
765:Aftermath
698:The Times
526:Old Jewry
512:ventricle
349:truncheon
196:The Times
187:anarchist
183:socialist
4698:(mother)
4692:(father)
4520:Woodford
4333:Speeches
4213:Writings
4187:timeline
4161:His pets
3655:(2012).
3631:(2000).
3607:(2004).
3528:(1942).
3057:Archived
2951:Archived
2437:24415042
361:shotguns
357:Bull Dog
298:Cossacks
286:diaspora
42:gunfight
40:, was a
4839:Stepney
4550:Related
4532:Toronto
4506:London
4500:Statues
4407:Honours
4229:Savrola
4033:YouTube
3538:1028252
3425:Sources
3104:, 3063.
2942:Hansard
2809:, 3064.
2464:4209108
2425:History
1360:3827854
944:Maigret
796:Hackney
740:By 2:30
640:By 9:00
302:Latvian
282:Stepney
204:Aldgate
185:" and "
148:pogroms
73:Stepney
56:in the
50:Latvian
44:in the
4650:(wife)
4640:Family
4455:others
4303:(1938)
4295:(1937)
4279:(1930)
4263:(1906)
4255:(1900)
4247:(1900)
4239:(1899)
4223:(1898)
4001:
3982:
3963:
3890:
3869:
3852:
3831:
3812:
3793:
3774:
3747:
3724:
3703:
3684:
3665:
3641:
3617:
3595:
3576:
3555:
3536:
3514:
3493:
3472:
3451:
3047:]"
2462:
2435:
1358:
830:Legacy
759:
742:
711:
682:
667:
642:
634:
559:, his
517:
481:
473:
353:Webley
212:Odessa
4662:(son)
4527:Paris
3940:(PDF)
3933:(PDF)
3913:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
2460:JSTOR
2433:JSTOR
1553:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1356:JSTOR
1060:Paris
991:Notes
900:Cheka
515:11:00
4097:Life
3999:ISBN
3980:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3948:2016
3921:2016
3888:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3850:OCLC
3829:ISBN
3810:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3745:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3701:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3639:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3593:OCLC
3574:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3534:OCLC
3512:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3326:2016
3065:2016
1918:2016
1691:2016
1661:2016
1624:2016
1591:2016
1561:2016
692:and
355:and
162:and
144:Jews
77:army
67:and
32:The
4052:on
4040:at
4031:on
4022:at
3766:doi
3443:doi
3045:sic
1129:ITV
906:'s
805:by
649:at
193:in
4770::
3379:.
3312:.
3306:.
3224:.
3141:.
3055:.
3049:.
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2947:21
2945:.
2939:.
2874:^
2748:^
2721:^
2671:.
2646:^
2583:^
2456:63
2454:.
2429:70
2427:.
2220:^
1986:^
1894:^
1879:^
1840:^
1786:^
1677:.
1647:.
1632:^
1610:.
1599:^
1577:.
1544:.
1530:^
1491:^
1392:^
1352:31
1350:.
1327:.
1313:^
1286:^
1236:.
1173:^
966:.
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551:.
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