1001:
22:
992:
configuration (silver wire coated in silver chloride with no frit or potassium chloride reservoir), ensure the local chloride concentration is both constant and sufficiently high to maintain a stable potential and stable silver chloride layer. Silver chloride is slightly soluble in strong potassium chloride solutions, so it is sometimes recommended the potassium chloride be saturated with silver chloride to avoid stripping the silver chloride off the silver wire.
1788:
1831:
For use in soil they are usually manufactured with saturated potassium chloride electrolyte, but can be used with lower concentrations such as 1 M potassium chloride. In seawater or chlorinated potable water they are usually directly immersed with no separate electrolyte. As noted above, changing the
991:
potassium chloride. As noted above, changing the electrolyte concentration changes the electrode potential. Thus care should be taken to either use silver chloride reference electrodes in a frit-sealed chamber of saturated potassium chloride (see picture above), or for the quasi-reference electrode
1412:
1144:
When appropriately constructed, the silver chloride electrode can be used up to 300 °C. The standard potential (i.e., the potential when the chloride activity is 1 mol/kg) of the silver chloride electrode is a function of temperature as follows:
1537:
1605:
1059:
such that the ion charge can be carried through the electrolyte solution. Therefore, the electrolyte solution has the same conductivity for the ion current as the human tissues. When the ion current develops, the metallic silver atoms
2164:
Greeley, Richard S.; Smith, William T.; Stoughton, Raymond W.; Lietzke, M. H. (May 1960). "ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE STUDIES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. I. THE STANDARD POTENTIAL OF THE SILVER-SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODE".
1832:
electrolyte concentration changes the electrode potential. Silver chloride is slightly soluble in strong potassium chloride solutions, so it is sometimes recommended that the potassium chloride be saturated with silver chloride.
1598:
Farmer gives the following correction for the potential of the silver chloride electrode with 0.1 mol/kg KCl solution between 25 and 275 °C, accounting for the activity of Cl at the elevated temperature:
1256:
1112:
electrode surface. The reaction allows the ion current to pass from the electrolyte solution to the electrode while the electron current passes through the electrical wire connected to the measuring instrument.
333:
565:
203:
1036:
of copper and zinc) coated with a thin film of silver. In today's applications, most biomonitoring electrodes are silver/silver chloride sensors which are fabricated by coating a thin layer of silver on
708:
446:
1250:
Bard et al. give the following correlations for the standard potential of the silver chloride electrode between 0 and 95 °C as a function of temperature (where t is temperature in °C):
1120:
associated with the current. In the direct current (DC) system that is used by the ECG and EEG instruments, the difference between the half-cell potential and the zero potential is shown as
1593:
1423:
1048:
at the surface of human tissues to electron current to be delivered through an electrical wire to the measurement instrument. An important component of the operation is the
1783:{\displaystyle E^{0.1\ {\ce {mol/kg\ KCl}}}(V)=0.23735-\left(5.3783\times 10^{-4}\right)t-\left(2.3728\times 10^{-6}\right)t^{2}+\left(2.2671\times 10^{-4}\right)(t+273)}
1124:
which is an undesirable characteristic. Silver/silver chloride is a common choice of biological electrodes due to its low half-cell potential of about +222 mV (SHE), low
1851:"Investigation of the AgCl Formation Mechanism on the Ag Wire Surface for the Fabrication of a Marine Low-Frequency-Electric-Field-Detection Ag/AgCl Sensor Electrode"
748:
A porous (or fibrous) filter located at/near the tip of the reference electrode allows to establishing a liquid contact between the solution to be measured and the
721:
which make it more negative. The more exact standard potential given by an IUPAC review paper is +0.22249 V, with a standard deviation of 0.13 mV at 25 °C.
616:
ions as Ag metal onto the surface of the Ag wire). The reaction has been proven to obey these equations in solutions of pH values between 0 and 13.5.
1407:{\displaystyle E^{0}(V)=0.23659-\left(4.8564\times 10^{-4}\right)t-\left(3.4205\times 10^{-6}\right)t^{2}-\left(5.869\times 10^{-9}\right)t^{3}}
1417:
The same source also gives the fit to the high-temperature potential between 25 and 275 °C, which reproduces the data in the table above:
2201:
Farmer, Joseph C. (26 February 1998). Waste package degradation expert elicitation panel: Input on the corrosion of CRM alloy C-22 (Report).
1017:
1078:
to the solution while the discharged electrons carry the electrical charge through the electrical wire. At the same time, the chloride
1008:
Silver chloride electrodes are also used by many applications of biological electrode systems such as biomonitoring sensors as part of
729:
Commercial reference electrodes consist of a glass or plastic tube electrode body. The electrode consists of a metallic silver wire (Ag
214:
733:) coated with a thin layer of silver chloride (AgCl), either physically by dipping the wire in molten silver chloride, chemically by
452:
103:
53:
measurements. As an example of the latter, the silver chloride electrode is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing
987:
They are usually manufactured with saturated potassium chloride electrolyte, but can be used with lower concentrations such as 1
637:
344:
2025:"Comparative Studies of the Electrochemical Behavior of Silver Electrode in Chloride, Bromide and Iodide Aqueous Solutions"
1097:(positively charged electrode) where they are precipitated as silver chloride (AgCl) as they bond with the silver cations (
1814:
2141:
2002:
D.T. Sawyer, A. Sobkowiak, J.L. Roberts, "Electrochemistry for
Chemists", 2nd edition, J. Wiley and Sons Inc., 1995.
1545:
1020:(TENS) to deliver current. Historically, the electrodes were fabricated from pure silver, or from metals such as
570:
AgCl does not form by direct combination of Ag and Cl, rather through the transformation of soluble species AgCl
2105:
1976:
deBethune, A. J.; Licht, T. S.; Swendeman, N. (1959). "The
Temperature Coefficients of Electrode Potentials".
1938:
Bratsch, Steven G. (1989). "Standard
Electrode Potentials and Temperature Coefficients in Water at 298.15 K".
2079:
1532:{\displaystyle E^{0}(V)=0.23735-\left(5.3783\times 10^{-4}\right)t-\left(2.3728\times 10^{-6}\right)t^{2}}
2056:
1809:
1804:
1160:
830:
776:
714:
42:
2191:
A.J. Bard, R. Parson, J. Jordan, "Standard
Potentials in Aqueous Solution", Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1985.
951:
1898:
Bates, R.G.; MacAskill, J.B. (1978). "Standard
Potential of the Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode".
2023:
Hassan, Hamdy H.; Ibrahim, Magdy A.M.; Abd El Rehim, Sayed S.; Amin, Mohammed A. (February 2010).
1116:
When there is an uneven distribution of cations and anions, there will be a small voltage called
756:
surface. An insulated electrical wire connects the silver rod with the measuring instrument. The
1849:
Cho, Kang Rae; Kim, Minhye; Kim, Bupmo; Shin, Gahye; Lee, Sangkyu; Kim, Wooyul (24 June 2022).
1013:
962:
775:
of seawater. The potential of a silver:silver chloride reference electrode with respect to the
602:
623:
below shows the dependence of the potential of the silver-silver(I) chloride electrode on the
582:
1150:
Temperature dependence of the standard potential (E) of the silver/silver chloride electrode
1000:
1947:
1125:
1038:
944:(National Association of Corrosion Engineers), except where a separate reference is given.
624:
79:(AgCl(s), also called silver(I) chloride) in a chloride solution of a given concentration.
574:(0 ≤ n ≤ 3) first formed from the combination of the Ag and Cl into the solid AgCl phase.
8:
2246:
1925:
1819:
1799:
1009:
717:(SHE) is 0.230 V ± 10 mV. The potential is however very sensitive to traces of
578:
54:
50:
34:
1951:
1875:
1850:
941:
764:
598:
2041:
2024:
988:
901:
886:
871:
856:
2210:
2137:
1880:
1133:
1129:
738:
2202:
2174:
2036:
1985:
1955:
1907:
1870:
1862:
1824:
83:
38:
21:
581:
and is characterized by fast electrode kinetics, meaning that a sufficiently high
2131:
771:, this body can be removed and the chloride concentration is fixed by the stable
620:
76:
68:
1004:
Tab electrode using silver/silver chloride sensing for electrocardiography (ECG)
1044:
The principle of silver/silver chloride sensors operation is the conversion of
734:
2240:
1866:
628:
86:
1911:
1884:
779:
depends on the composition of the electrolyte solution and on temperature.
970:
The electrode has many features making it suitable for use in the field:
1049:
1045:
955:
749:
718:
94:
2178:
1924:
Detail of Making and
Setting up a Microelectrode, University of Denver,
594:
1989:
752:
solution in equilibrium with the silver chloride (AgCl) coating the Ag
2214:
1959:
1121:
1055:
applied between the electrode and the tissues. The gel contains free
757:
590:
61:
57:
2206:
1056:
916:
772:
768:
46:
41:
measurements. For environmental reasons it has widely replaced the
1041:
while the outer layer of silver is converted to silver chloride.
328:{\displaystyle {\ce {AgCl(s) + e^- <=> Ag(s) + Cl^- (aq)}}}
45:. For example, it is usually the internal reference electrode in
767:
to stabilize the silver chloride concentration. When working in
585:
can be passed through the electrode with 100% efficiency of the
1075:
1025:
560:{\displaystyle {\ce {AgCl(s) <=> Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)}}}
198:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Ag(s)}\ |\ {AgCl(s)}\ |\ KCl(aq)\ (3M)}}}
72:
2022:
1094:
1079:
1033:
1029:
959:
742:
586:
208:
The corresponding half-reaction can be presented as follows:
2163:
815:
703:{\displaystyle E=E^{0}-{\frac {RT}{F}}\ln a_{{\ce {Cl-}}}}
2130:
Dickter, Cheryl L; Kieffaber, Paul D (20 December 2013).
1093:) present in the electrolyte solution travel towards the
1052:
1021:
741:(HCl) or electrochemically by oxidising the silver at an
2231:
1975:
441:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag^+ (aq) + e^- <=> Ag(s)}}}
2232:
NACE International
Website for Corrosion Professionals
2011:
1926:
http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~bstith/detailelectrode.doc
492:
404:
267:
16:
Common type of reference electrode in electrochemistry
2106:
Biopotential
Electrode Sensors in ECG/EEG/EMG Systems
1608:
1548:
1426:
1259:
640:
455:
347:
217:
106:
1139:
1782:
1587:
1531:
1406:
702:
559:
440:
327:
197:
760:negative terminal is connected to the test wire.
500:
499:
482:
481:
412:
411:
394:
393:
275:
274:
257:
256:
2238:
2129:
2029:International Journal of Electrochemical Science
2012:"NACE International CP Specialist Course Manual"
1940:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
995:
89:, the silver chloride electrode is written as,
1897:
1848:
1588:{\displaystyle E^{0}(V)=-0.138\ \mathrm {V} }
71:and the equilibrium is between the solid (s)
1827:(especially electrodes used for surface EMG)
1064:) of the electrode oxidize and it releases
1018:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
713:The standard electrode potential E against
338:Which is a summary of these two reactions:
2133:EEG Methods for the Psychological Sciences
2040:
1874:
1128:, with a toxicity lower than that of the
186:
999:
67:The electrode functions as a reversible
20:
2123:
2080:"A Brief Look at ECG Sensor Technology"
1937:
1542:The extrapolation to 300 °C gives
475:
387:
250:
2239:
2200:
2099:
2097:
1978:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
2078:Emma, Salvatore Jr. (8 August 2011).
49:and it is often used as reference in
2103:
2082:. Medical Design Technology Magazine
2077:
1971:
1969:
597:of the Ag metal along with cathodic
2094:
1815:Copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode
958:and a reference electrolyte with a
13:
1581:
14:
2258:
2225:
2167:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
1966:
75:metal (Ag(s)) and its solid salt—
1140:Elevated temperature application
2194:
2185:
2157:
2071:
724:
2049:
2016:
2005:
1996:
1931:
1918:
1891:
1842:
1777:
1765:
1647:
1641:
1565:
1559:
1443:
1437:
1276:
1270:
784:Reference Electrode Potentials
552:
546:
528:
522:
502:
477:
467:
461:
433:
427:
414:
389:
366:
360:
320:
314:
296:
290:
277:
252:
229:
223:
190:
180:
172:
166:
155:
146:
140:
128:
119:
113:
1:
2111:(Report). Analog Devices, Inc
2042:10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15284-9
1835:
965:of chloride of 1 mol/kg.
940:(1) The table data source is
996:Biological electrode systems
763:The electrode body contains
7:
2104:Lee, Stephen; Kruse, John.
1810:Standard hydrogen electrode
1805:Saturated calomel electrode
1793:
831:Standard hydrogen electrode
777:standard hydrogen electrode
715:standard hydrogen electrode
43:saturated calomel electrode
25:Ag-AgCl reference electrode
10:
2263:
1900:Pure and Applied Chemistry
983:Inexpensive to manufacture
1244:-0.090
1236:-0.054
952:liquid junction potential
737:the wire in concentrated
31:silver chloride electrode
2136:. SAGE. pp. 14–15.
1867:10.1021/acsomega.2c01481
1164:at the same temperature
745:in a chloride solution.
1912:10.1351/pac197850111701
1784:
1589:
1533:
1408:
1014:electroencephalography
1005:
704:
561:
442:
329:
199:
26:
1785:
1590:
1534:
1409:
1108:) present onto the Ag
1003:
844:Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl
825:at ~ 25 °C
705:
562:
443:
330:
200:
97:solution of KCl 3 M:
24:
1906:(11–12): 1701–1706.
1606:
1546:
1424:
1257:
977:Non-toxic components
638:
453:
345:
215:
104:
2179:10.1021/j100834a031
2057:"CARDEX Electrodes"
1952:1989JPCRD..18....1B
1861:(29): 25110–25121.
1820:Cathodic protection
1800:Reference electrode
1159:Potential E versus
1152:
1118:half-cell potential
1010:electrocardiography
980:Simple construction
935:Notes to this table
811:at room temperature
786:
579:reversible reaction
577:This reaction is a
488:
400:
263:
60:control systems in
55:cathodic protection
51:reduction potential
37:, commonly used in
35:reference electrode
1928:(link is obsolete)
1780:
1585:
1529:
1404:
1148:
1039:plastic substrates
1006:
954:between the given
942:NACE International
782:
765:potassium chloride
700:
631:of chloride-ions:
557:
507:
438:
419:
325:
282:
195:
27:
1990:10.1149/1.2427448
1637:
1634:
1631:
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1619:
1579:
1248:
1247:
1130:calomel electrode
967:
929:
928:
739:hydrochloric acid
690:
673:
589:reaction (anodic
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1960:10.1063/1.555839
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1825:Electromyography
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2228:
2223:
2222:
2199:
2195:
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2158:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
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2085:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
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1932:
1923:
1919:
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1847:
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1747:
1740:
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1727:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1580:
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1544:
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1523:
1519:
1505:
1501:
1494:
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1470:
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621:Nernst equation
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84:electrochemical
77:silver chloride
69:redox electrode
39:electrochemical
17:
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2226:External links
2224:
2221:
2220:
2207:10.2172/664591
2193:
2184:
2173:(5): 652–657.
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2142:
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1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1228:-0.0051
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1141:
1138:
1109:
1103:
1088:
1070:
1061:
1016:(EEG), and in
997:
994:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
947:
927:
926:
923:
920:
912:
911:
908:
905:
897:
896:
893:
890:
882:
881:
878:
875:
867:
866:
863:
860:
852:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
834:
827:
826:
821:
812:
806:
805:
800:
796:
791:
753:
735:electroplating
730:
726:
723:
711:
710:
694:
684:
680:
677:
672:
668:
665:
659:
654:
650:
646:
643:
611:
571:
568:
567:
554:
548:
542:
534:
530:
524:
518:
504:
497:
486:
479:
469:
463:
448:
435:
429:
416:
409:
398:
391:
380:
372:
368:
362:
356:
336:
335:
322:
316:
310:
302:
298:
292:
279:
272:
261:
254:
243:
235:
231:
225:
206:
205:
192:
185:
182:
174:
168:
157:
148:
142:
130:
121:
115:
64:environments.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2145:
2143:9781446296745
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1058:
1057:chloride ions
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1002:
993:
990:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
964:
961:
957:
953:
943:
937:
936:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
822:
820:at 25 °C
817:
813:
808:
807:
801:
792:
789:
788:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
722:
720:
716:
692:
682:
678:
675:
670:
666:
663:
657:
652:
648:
644:
641:
634:
633:
632:
630:
629:concentration
627:or effective
626:
622:
617:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
540:
532:
516:
495:
484:
449:
407:
396:
378:
370:
354:
341:
340:
339:
308:
300:
270:
259:
241:
233:
211:
210:
209:
183:
100:
99:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:cell notation
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:is a type of
32:
23:
19:
2196:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2132:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2084:. Retrieved
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2007:
1998:
1981:
1977:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1830:
1597:
1541:
1416:
1249:
1149:
1143:
1117:
1115:
1043:
1007:
986:
969:
934:
933:
932:
930:
900:Ag/AgCl/0.6
885:Ag/AgCl/1.0
870:Ag/AgCl/3.0
855:Ag/AgCl/3.5
839: 0.000
836: 0.000
804:coefficient
783:
762:
747:
728:
725:Applications
719:bromide ions
712:
618:
576:
569:
337:
207:
90:
81:
66:
30:
28:
18:
1946:(1): 1–21.
1156:Temperature
1132:containing
1050:electrolyte
1046:ion current
956:electrolyte
802:Temperature
750:electrolyte
595:dissolution
95:electrolyte
2247:Electrodes
1984:(7): 616.
1836:References
1012:(ECG) and
603:deposition
2149:21 August
2115:21 August
2086:20 August
2063:21 August
1855:ACS Omega
1753:−
1745:×
1711:−
1703:×
1692:−
1676:−
1668:×
1657:−
1572:−
1507:−
1499:×
1488:−
1472:−
1464:×
1453:−
1382:−
1374:×
1363:−
1340:−
1332:×
1321:−
1305:−
1297:×
1286:−
1126:impedance
1122:DC offset
915:Ag/AgCl (
793:Potential
790:Electrode
758:voltmeter
693:−
679:
658:−
599:reduction
591:oxidation
541:−
503:⇀
496:−
485:−
478:↽
415:⇀
408:−
397:−
390:↽
379:−
309:−
278:⇀
271:−
260:−
253:↽
242:−
93:, for an
62:sea water
58:corrosion
47:pH meters
2241:Category
2059:. CARDEX
1885:35910151
1794:See also
1180:0.22233
963:activity
917:seawater
895:+0.235
850:+0.214
773:salinity
769:seawater
625:activity
1948:Bibcode
1876:9330149
1654:0.23735
1450:0.23735
1283:0.23659
1220:0.0348
1212:0.0708
1204:0.1032
1196:0.1330
1188:0.1968
1172:(Volt)
1134:mercury
1076:cations
950:is the
823:(mV/°C)
816:Volt, V
605:of the
583:current
2215:664591
2213:
2140:
1883:
1873:
1742:2.2671
1700:2.3728
1665:5.3783
1633:
1618:
1578:
1496:2.3728
1461:5.3783
1329:3.4205
1294:4.8564
1080:anions
1026:nickel
989:mol/kg
922:+0.266
907:+0.250
902:mol/kg
892:+0.235
887:mol/kg
877:+0.210
872:mol/kg
862:+0.205
857:mol/kg
847:+0.197
809:(Unit)
795:(E + E
177:
160:
152:
133:
125:
73:silver
2109:(PDF)
1575:0.138
1371:5.869
1095:anode
1034:alloy
1030:brass
1028:, or
960:molal
946:(2) E
833:(SHE)
743:anode
587:redox
572:n + 1
2211:OSTI
2151:2014
2138:ISBN
2117:2014
2088:2014
2065:2014
1881:PMID
1169:(°C)
1032:(an
619:The
601:and
593:and
458:AgCl
220:AgCl
137:AgCl
91:e.g.
2203:doi
2175:doi
2037:doi
1986:doi
1982:106
1956:doi
1908:doi
1871:PMC
1863:doi
1775:273
1636:KCl
1622:mol
1615:0.1
1241:275
1233:250
1225:225
1217:200
1209:175
1201:150
1193:125
1161:SHE
1110:(s)
1062:(s)
1060:(Ag
1053:gel
1022:tin
904:KCl
889:KCl
874:KCl
859:KCl
754:(s)
731:(s)
163:KCl
82:In
2243::
2209:.
2171:64
2169:.
2096:^
2031:.
2027:.
1980:.
1968:^
1954:.
1944:18
1942:.
1904:50
1902:.
1879:.
1869:.
1857:.
1853:.
1749:10
1707:10
1672:10
1630:kg
1595:.
1503:10
1468:10
1378:10
1336:10
1301:10
1185:60
1177:25
1136:.
1099:Ag
1084:Cl
1066:Ag
1024:,
948:lj
925:?
910:?
880:?
865:?
797:lj
689:Cl
676:ln
607:Ag
550:aq
537:Cl
526:aq
513:Ag
424:Ag
364:aq
351:Ag
318:aq
305:Cl
287:Ag
170:aq
110:Ag
29:A
2217:.
2205::
2181:.
2177::
2153:.
2119:.
2090:.
2067:.
2045:.
2039::
2033:5
1992:.
1988::
1962:.
1958::
1950::
1914:.
1910::
1887:.
1865::
1859:7
1778:)
1772:+
1769:t
1766:(
1762:)
1756:4
1738:(
1734:+
1729:2
1725:t
1720:)
1714:6
1696:(
1689:t
1685:)
1679:4
1661:(
1651:=
1648:)
1645:V
1642:(
1626:/
1611:E
1582:V
1569:=
1566:)
1563:V
1560:(
1555:0
1551:E
1525:2
1521:t
1516:)
1510:6
1492:(
1485:t
1481:)
1475:4
1457:(
1447:=
1444:)
1441:V
1438:(
1433:0
1429:E
1400:3
1396:t
1391:)
1385:9
1367:(
1358:2
1354:t
1349:)
1343:6
1325:(
1318:t
1314:)
1308:4
1290:(
1280:=
1277:)
1274:V
1271:(
1266:0
1262:E
1082:(
938::
919:)
818:)
814:(
799:)
683:a
671:F
667:T
664:R
653:0
649:E
645:=
642:E
553:)
547:(
533:+
529:)
523:(
517:+
468:)
465:s
462:(
434:)
431:s
428:(
375:e
371:+
367:)
361:(
355:+
321:)
315:(
301:+
297:)
294:s
291:(
238:e
234:+
230:)
227:s
224:(
191:)
188:M
184:3
181:(
173:)
167:(
156:|
147:)
144:s
141:(
129:|
120:)
117:s
114:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
